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Terraces (Baháʼí)

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-{{mergeto|Terraces (Baháʼí)|date=March 2021}}
+#REDIRECT [[Terraces (Baháʼí)]]
-{{short description|Gardens in Baháʼí places of worship and pilgrimage}}
-[[File:PikiWiki Palestine 16270 Shrine of Bahaacute;ullaacute;h.JPG|thumb|300px|Gardens near the [[Shrine of Baháʼu'lláh]] in [[Acre, Israel]]]]
-'''Baháʼí gardens''' can be found at [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]] [[Baháʼí World Centre buildings|Holy Places in Israel]] and elsewhere, and at [[Baháʼí Houses of Worship]]. Many Baháʼí holy places in [[Haifa]] and around [[Acre, Palestine|Acre]], [[Palestine]] were inscribed on the [[World Heritage List]] in July 2008.<ref name="unesco1">{{Cite web| url = https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/452 | accessdate = 2008-07-08 | date = 2008-07-08 | title = Three new sites inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List | author = UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref><ref name="unesco2">{{Cite web| url = https://whc.unesco.org/archive/2007/whc07-31com-8be.pdf |format=PDF| title = Convention concerning the protection of the world cultural and natural heritage | page = 34 | author = World Heritage Committee | date = 2007-07-02 | accessdate = 2008-07-08}}</ref> Below a description of the most important gardens is given.
-== In Haifa, Palestine ==
-===Terraces of the Shrine of the Báb===
-[[File:Israel - Haifa - Bahai Gardens 004.jpg|thumb|The Terraces from above]]
-[[File:Baha'i cactus gardens Haifa.jpg|thumb|Cactus garden near the Shrine of the Báb]]
-[[File:Baha'i arc from archives.jpg|thumb|[[Arc (Baháʼí)|The Arc gardens]], behind the Shrine of the Báb]]
-{{main|Terraces (Baháʼí)}}
-The Terraces of the Baháʼí Faith, also known as the Hanging Gardens of Haifa, are [[Terrace garden|garden terraces]] around the [[Shrine of the Báb]] on [[Mount Carmel, Israel|Mount Carmel]] in [[Haifa]], [[Israel]]. In total there are 19 terraces and more than 1,500 steps as the garden sweeps down towards Haifa port.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Baha'i Gardens|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-baha-i-gardens|access-date=2021-02-28|website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}</ref> They are one of the most popular destinations for visitors to Israel. The architect is [[Fariborz Sahba]] from [[Iran]], the structural engineers are Karban and Co. from Haifa.
-Fariborz Sahba began work in 1987 designing the gardens and oversaw construction. The terraces were opened to the public in June 2001.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last= Momen |first= Moojan |encyclopedia= Baháʼí Encyclopedia Project |title= Baháʼí World Center |year= 2009 |publisher= National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United States |location= Evanston, IL |url= http://www.bahai-encyclopedia-project.org/index.php?view=article&catid=36%3Aadministrationinstitutions&id=74%3Abahai-world-center-&option=com_content&Itemid=74}}</ref> Beginning at its base, the gardens extend almost a kilometre up the side of Mount Carmel, covering some 200,000 square metres of land. The gardens are linked by a set of stairs flanked by twin streams of running water cascading down the mountainside through the steps and terrace bridges.<ref>[http://www.recreatingeden.com/index.php?pid=8&season=03&episode=30 Gardens of Worship: Recreating Eden (season 3, episode 30, 2006)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301221838/http://www.recreatingeden.com/index.php?pid=8&season=03&episode=30 |date=2012-03-01 }}</ref>
-The gardens have elements of the [[Persian gardens]] of [[Shiraz]], [[Iran]], the [[Nishat Bagh]] gardens of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]] and [[English gardens]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ganbahai.org.il/en/learn-more/design-management/carmel-design |title=Design Features of the Terraced Gardens on Mount Carmel |access-date=2012-02-28 |archive-date=2012-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123101713/http://www.ganbahai.org.il/en/learn-more/design-management/carmel-design |url-status=dead }}</ref> isolating the site from the noise of the surroundings and connecting the different Baháʼí buildings on Mount Carmel together.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ganbahai.org.il/en/learn-more/design-management/ |title=Yael Hammerman: Distinctive Design of the Baháʼí Gardens |access-date=2012-02-28 |archive-date=2019-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407140631/http://www.ganbahai.org.il/en/learn-more/design-management/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-In 2013, 917,031 tourists and 8,000 Baháʼí pilgrims visited the gardens.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kreiner|first=Noga Collins|last2=Shmueli|first2=Deborah F.|last3=Gal|first3=Michal Ben|date=|title=Understanding conflicts at religious-tourism sites: The Baha&#39;i World Center, Israel|url=https://www.academia.edu/15426699/Understanding_conflicts_at_religious_tourism_sites_The_Bahai_World_Center_Israel|journal=Tourism Management Perspectives|language=en|volume=16|pages=230|issn=2211-9736|via=}}</ref>
-Haifa’s Mayor [[Amram Mitzna]] described the gardens as the eighth wonder of the world. "We have been very lucky," he said, "not many cities get a park that is so incredibly beautiful – free of charge."<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Baha'i Gardens|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-baha-i-gardens|access-date=2021-02-28|website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}</ref>
-===Arc and Monument Gardens===
-The [[Monument Gardens (Baháʼí World Centre)|Monument Gardens]], set within the [[Arc (Baháʼí)|Arc gardens]] at the [[Baháʼí World Centre]] on Mount Carmel, are a set of gardens which hold the graves of some of the members of the Baháʼí holy family.
-<gallery class="center">
-Image:monumentbahiyyihkhanum.JPG|The grave of [[Bahíyyih Khánum]], Baháʼu'lláh's daughter
-Image:MirzaMihdiNavvabMonuments.jpg|The graves of [[Ásiyih Khánum]] (Navváb), Baháʼu'lláh's first wife, and [[Mirzá Mihdí]], Baháʼu'lláh's youngest son
-Image:Monumentmunirihkhanum.JPG|The grave of [[Munirih Khánum]], [[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]]'s wife
-</gallery>
-==Near Acre, In Israel==
-===Gardens of Bahjí===
-{{main|Bahjí|Shrine of Baháʼu'lláh}}
-[[File:PikiWiki Israel 15669 Geography of Israel.jpg|thumb|left|Baháʼí gardens at Bahjí]]
-The Mansion of Bahjí (Arabic: ''delight'') is a summer house near [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], Israel, where [[Baháʼu'lláh]], founder of the Baháʼí Faith died in 1892. His [[Shrine of Baháʼu'lláh|shrine]] is located next to this house. The whole area was called ''Al-Bahjá'' (''Place of Delight''). The site has since been beautified with paradise gardens, which are called ''Haram-i-Aqdas'' (the Most Holy Precincts or Sanctuary) and are intersected by a circular path which serves to [[Circumambulation|circumambulate]] the shrine. The Mansion, shrine, and surrounding gardens are among the most sacred spots on earth for Baháʼís and are [[Baháʼí pilgrimage]] sites.<ref name="PSmith">{{Harvnb|Smith|2000|pp=87–89}}</ref><ref name="Balyuzi362">{{Harvnb|Balyuzi|2000|p=362}}</ref>
-[[File:Shrine of Bahá'u'lláh.jpg|thumb|left|Shrine of Baháʼu'lláh with tree-filled indoor garden]]
-The Shrine of Baháʼu'lláh is composed of a central area that contains a small, tree-filled garden surrounded by paths covered with Persian rugs.<ref>{{cite journal | author = National Spiritual Assembly of the United States |date=January 1966 | title = Shrine of Baháʼu'lláh | journal = Baháʼí News | issue = 418 | page = 4 | url = https://bahai.bwc.org/pilgrimage/Intro/visit_2.asp | accessdate = 2006-08-12}}</ref><ref name="aesth">{{cite web | last = Viswanathan | first = G. M. | title = Baháʼí Aesthetics of the Sacred | publisher = bahai-library.com | date= 1994-07-24 |  url = http://bahai-library.com/pilgrims/pilgrimage.viswanathan/pilgrimage08.html | accessdate = 2006-08-12}}</ref> A glass roof was constructed by Qulám-ʻAlíy-i-Najjár after the death of Baháʼu'lláh.<ref>{{Cite book |last = ʻAbdu'l-Bahá |author-link = ʻAbdu'l-Bahá |year = 1915 |publication-date = 1997 |title = Memorials of the Faithful |publisher = Baháʼí Publishing Trust |place = Wilmette, Illinois, USA |isbn = 0-87743-242-2 |url = http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/MF/mf-54.html |page = 144}}</ref> At the northwest corner of the central area there is a small room where Baháʼu'lláh's remains are laid to rest.<ref name="manvell">{{cite web | title = Visits to the Shrine of Baháʼu'lláh and Meeting with the members of the Universal House of Justice | last = Manvell | first = Christ | date = November 1996| accessdate = 2006-08-12 | url= http://bahai-library.com/manvell_bahai_pilgrimage#2 | publisher = bahai-library.com}}</ref><ref>For pictures of the central room and the inner shrine, see ''The Baháʼí World'', Vol III, p. 5 and 11.</ref>
-===Garden of Ridván===
-[[File:Garden-of-Ridvan.jpg|thumb|right|Garden of Ridván, Akká]]
-{{main|Garden of Ridván, Akka}}
-The Garden of Ridván (lit. garden of paradise) is a Baháʼí holy place situated just outside Acre. Originally known as the 'garden of Naʻmayn', it was rented by [[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]] (Baháʼu'lláh's son) for Baháʼu'lláh where he enjoyed spending the later part of his life, after years in a desolate prison cell. Although it shares the same name it does not have the same significance of the Garden of Ridván in Baghdad and no connection to the festival of [[Ridván]].
-During the 1930s and 1940s the island setting of the garden disappeared, as a result of a draining project against malaria. In 2010 a three-year restoration and conservation project of the garden and the original water canals surrounding it was completed, after which the Ridvan Garden, referred to by Baháʼu'lláh as 'Our Verdant Isle', became an island once again.<ref>[http://news.bahai.org/story/797 BWNS: Holy place restoration sheds light on region's heritage] 29 October 2010.</ref>
-==Near Baghdad, Iraq==
-===Garden of Ridván===
-[[File:Ridvan-garden-baghdad.jpg|thumb|Garden of Ridván, Baghdad]]
-{{main|Garden of Ridván, Baghdad}}
-The Garden of Ridván or Najibiyyih Garden<ref name="walbridge">{{cite book |chapter=Ridvan| title = Sacred Acts, Sacred Space, Sacred Time | first = John | last = Walbridge | year = 2005| url = http://bahai-library.com/walbridge_encyclopedia_ridvan | publisher = George Ronald | location = Oxford, UK | isbn = 0-85398-406-9}}</ref> was a wooded garden in what is now [[Baghdad]]'s [[Al-Rusafa, Iraq|Rusafa District]], on the banks of the [[Tigris]] river. It is notable as the location where Baháʼu'lláh stayed for twelve days from April 21 to May 2, 1863, after the [[Ottoman Empire]] exiled him from Baghdad and before commencing his journey to [[Constantinople]].  During his stay in this garden, Baháʼu'lláh announced to his followers that he was the messianic figure whose coming had been foretold by the [[Báb]]. These events are celebrated annually during the [[Ridván|Festival of Ridván]].<ref name="walbridge" />
-==At Baháʼí Houses of Worship==
-{{main|Baháʼí House of Worship}}
-Baháʼí House of Worship, sometimes referred to by its Arabic name of Mas͟hriqu'l-Ad͟hkár ("Dawning-place of the remembrance of God"),<ref name="Smith">{{cite encyclopedia |last= Smith |first= Peter |authorlink= Peter Smith (historian) |encyclopedia= A concise encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith |title= Mashriqu'l-Adhkhár |year= 2000 |publisher= Oneworld Publications |location= Oxford |isbn= 1-85168-184-1 |page= [https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit/page/235 235] |url= https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit/page/235 }}</ref> is the designation of a place of worship, or temple, of the Baháʼí Faith. All Baháʼí temples are surrounded by gardens.
-<gallery class="center">
-File:Lotus Temple, New Delhi.jpg|Gardens at the Lotus Temple [[Lotus Temple]], [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
-File:Templo Baha'i.jpg|Baha'i House of Worship, [[Wilmette]], [[United States]]
-</gallery>
-==References==
-{{reflist}}
-==External links==
-{{Commons|Bahá'í gardens}}
-*{{cite web
- |title=The Baháʼí Gardens - Official Website
- |publisher=Baháʼí World Centre
- |url=http://www.ganbahai.org.il/en
- |date=2012-02-27
- |access-date=2012-02-28
- |archive-date=2009-05-22
- |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522193913/http://www.ganbahai.org.il/en/
- |url-status=dead
- }}
-{{Baháʼí-2}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Baha'i gardens}}
-[[Category:Bahá'í gardens| ]]