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{{Short description|German theologian, writer, philosopher and politician (1865–1923)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use British English Oxford spelling|date=February 2019}}
{{Use British English Oxford spelling|date=February 2019}}
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|caption =
|caption =
|birth_date = 17 February 1865
|birth_date = 17 February 1865
|birth_place = [[Haunstetten]]
|birth_place = [[Haunstetten]], [[Kingdom of Bavaria]]
|death_date = 1 February 1923
|death_date = 1 February 1923
|death_place = [[Berlin]], Germany
|death_place = [[Berlin]], [[Free State of Prussia]], [[Weimar Republic|German Reich]]
|school_tradition = [[Neo-Kantianism]] ([[Baden school]])<br>[[History of religions school]]<br>[[Liberal Christianity]]<br>[[Classical liberalism]]
|school_tradition = [[Neo-Kantianism]] ([[Baden school]])<br>[[History of religions school]]<br>[[Liberal Christianity]]<br>[[Classical liberalism]]
|main_interests = {{hlist | [[Theology]] | [[philosophy of history]]}}
|main_interests = {{hlist | [[Theology]] | [[philosophy of history]]}}
|notable_ideas = Crisis of Historicism<br>
|notable_ideas = Crisis of [[historicism]]<br>
Church, Sect, Mysticism<br>
Church, Sect, Mysticism<br>
Three principles of [[historiography]]
Three principles of [[historiography]]
|influences = {{hlist | [[Albrecht Ritschl]] | [[Max Weber]]}}
|influenced = {{hlist | [[James Luther Adams]] | [[H. Richard Niebuhr]]}}
|institutions =
|institutions =
|alma_mater = {{ubl | [[University of Erlangen]] | [[University of Göttingen]]}}
|alma_mater = {{ubl | [[University of Erlangen]] | [[University of Göttingen]]}}
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|notable_students =[[Gertrud von Le Fort]]<br>[[Friedrich Gogarten]]
|notable_students =[[Gertrud von Le Fort]]<br>[[Friedrich Gogarten]]
}}
}}
⚫
{{Lutheranism}}

⚫
'''Ernst Peter Wilhelm Troeltsch''' ({{IPAc-en|t|r|ɛ|l|tʃ}};<ref>{{cite book|last=Porter|first=Andrew P.|year=2001|title=By the Waters of Naturalism: Theology Perplexed among the Sciences|location=Eugene, Oregon|publisher=Wipf and Stock|page=57|isbn=1-57910-770-2}}</ref> {{IPA-de|tʁœltʃ|lang}}; 17 February 1865 – 1 February 1923) was a German [[liberal Christianity|liberal]] [[Protestant theologian]], a writer on the [[philosophy of religion]] and the [[philosophy of history]], and a [[classical liberal]] politician. He was a member of the [[history of religions school]]. His work was a synthesis of a number of strands, drawing on [[Albrecht Ritschl]], [[Max Weber]]'s conception of [[sociology]], and the [[Baden school]] of [[neo-Kantianism]].


⚫
'''Ernst Peter Wilhelm Troeltsch''' ({{IPAc-en|t|r|ɛ|l|tʃ}};<ref>{{cite book|last=Porter|first=Andrew P.|year=2001|title=By the Waters of Naturalism: Theology Perplexed among the Sciences|location=Eugene, Oregon|publisher=Wipf and Stock|page=57|isbn=1-57910-770-2}}</ref> {{IPA|de|tʁœltʃ|lang}}; 17 February 1865 – 1 February 1923) was a German [[liberal Christianity|liberal]] [[Protestant theologian]], a writer on the [[philosophy of religion]] and the [[philosophy of history]], and a [[classical liberal]] politician. He was a member of the [[history of religions school]]. His work was a synthesis of a number of strands, drawing on [[Albrecht Ritschl]], [[Max Weber]]'s conception of [[sociology]], and the [[Baden school]] of [[neo-Kantianism]].
His "The Social Teachings of the Christian Church" (''Die Soziallehren der christlichen Kirchen und Gruppen'', 1912)<ref>Two-volume edition in translation by Harper Row, 1960.</ref> is a seminal work in theology.


==Life==
==Life==
Troeltsch was born on 17 February 1865 into a Lutheran family to a doctor but went to a Catholic school in a predominantly Catholic area. He then attended university, at the [[University of Erlangen]] and then at the [[University of Göttingen]]. His ordination in 1889 was followed in 1891 by a post teaching theology at Göttingen. In 1892, he moved on to teach at the [[University of Bonn]]. In 1894, he moved on again to [[Heidelberg University]]. Finally, in 1915, he transferred to teach at what is now the [[University of Berlin]], where he took the title of professor of philosophy and civilization.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of Christian Biography|year=2001|editor=Michael Walsh|publisher=Continuum|isbn=0826452639|page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofchri0000unse/page/1108 1108]|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofchri0000unse/page/1108}}</ref> Troeltsch died on 1 February 1923.
Troeltsch was born on 17 February 1865 into a Lutheran family to a doctor but went to a Catholic school in a predominantly Catholic area. He then attended university, at the [[University of Erlangen]] and then at the [[University of Göttingen]]. During his university years, he experienced difficulties in his student fraternity as a result of his [[homosexuality]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Radkau |first=Joachim |title=Max Weber: A Biography |date=2009 |publisher=Polity |isbn=978-0-7456-4147-8 |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |pages=578 |translator-last=Camiller |translator-first=Patrick |oclc=232365644 |author-link=Joachim Radkau}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Graf |first=Friedrich Wilhelm |title=Ernst Troeltsch in Nachrufen |date=1982 |publisher=Gütersloher Verlagshaus |isbn=978-3-579-00168-5 |editor-last=Graf |editor-first=Friedrich Wilhelm |series=Troeltsch-Studien |location=Gütersloh |pages=167–168 |language=de |chapter=Polymorphes Gedächtnis: Zur Einführung in die Troeltsch-Nekrologie |editor-last2=Nees |editor-first2=Christian}}</ref> His ordination in 1889 was followed in 1891 by a post teaching theology at Göttingen. In 1892, he moved on to teach at the [[University of Bonn]]. In 1894, he moved on again to [[Heidelberg University]]. Finally, in 1915, he transferred to teach at what is now the [[University of Berlin]], where he took the title of professor of philosophy and civilization.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of Christian Biography|year=2001|editor=Michael Walsh|publisher=Continuum|isbn=0826452639|page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofchri0000unse/page/1108 1108]|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofchri0000unse/page/1108}}</ref> Troeltsch died on 1 February 1923. The famous church historian [[Adolf von Harnack]] preached at his funeral.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mikuteit |first=Johannes |date=January 1, 2004 |title=Review of "Ernst Troeltsch in Nachrufen" |url=https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=18364 |access-date=March 7, 2024 |website=H-Soz-u-Kult}}</ref>


==Theology==
==Theology==
Throughout Troeltsch's life, he wrote frequently of his belief that changes in society posed a threat to Christian religion and that "the disenchantment of the world" as described by sociologist [[Max Weber]] was underway. At an academic conference that took place in 1896, after a paper on the doctrine of ''[[Logos (Christianity)|logos]]'', Troeltsch responded by saying, "Gentlemen, everything is tottering!"<ref>{{Cite book|title=Crisis in consciousness: The Thought of Ernst Troeltsch|author=Robert J. Rubanowice|publisher=University Presses of Florida|location=Tallahassee|page=[https://archive.org/details/crisisinconsciou00ruba/page/9 9]|year=1982|isbn=0813007216|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/crisisinconsciou00ruba/page/9}}</ref>
Throughout Troeltsch's life, he wrote frequently of his belief that changes in society posed a threat to Christian religion and that "the disenchantment of the world" as described by sociologist [[Max Weber]] was underway. At an academic conference that took place in 1896, after a paper on the doctrine of ''[[Logos (Christianity)|Logos]]'', Troeltsch responded by saying, "Gentlemen, everything is tottering!"<ref>{{Cite book|title=Crisis in consciousness: The Thought of Ernst Troeltsch|author=Robert J. Rubanowice|publisher=University Presses of Florida|location=Tallahassee|page=[https://archive.org/details/crisisinconsciou00ruba/page/9 9]|year=1982|isbn=0813007216|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/crisisinconsciou00ruba/page/9}}</ref> Troeltsch also agreed with Weber's [[Protestant work ethic]], restating it in his ''[[Protestantism and Progress]]''. He viewed the creation of capitalism as having been the result of the specific Protestant sects named by Weber, rather than as a result of Protestantism as a whole. However, his analysis of Protestanitsm was more optimistic than Weber's in its focus on religious personal conviction as a source for individualism and spiritual mysticism as a source for subjectivism. Troeltsch interpreted non-Calvinist Protestantism as having had a positive effect on the development of the press, modern education systems, and politics.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Whimster |first=Sam |date=July 2005 – January 2006 |title=R.H. Tawney, Ernst Troeltsch and Max Weber on Puritanism and Capitalism |journal=Max Weber Studies |volume=5–6 |issue=2–1 |pages=307–311 |doi=10.1353/max.2006.a808955 |issn=1470-8078 |jstor=24581969 |s2cid=147882750 |id={{Project MUSE|808955}}}}</ref>


His most famous study, ''The Social Teaching of the Christian Churches'' (1912)'','' is devoted to the vast reception history of Christian social precepts -- as they pertain to culture, economics, and institutions -- in the history of Western Civilization. Troeltsch's distinction between churches and sects as social types, for instance, set the course for further theological study.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schweiker |first=William |url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/38655/chapter/335762807 |title=Ernst Troeltsch's The Social Teaching of the Christian Churches |date=2007-08-09 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199227228.003.0025}}</ref>
⚫
Troeltsch sought to explain the decline of religion in the modern era by a description of the historical evolution of the role of religion in society. He described European civilization as having three periods: [[Ancient history|ancient]], [[medieval]], and [[Modern history|modern]]. Troeltsch's understanding of the border between the medieval and modern periods is revisionist. Instead of claiming that modernity starts with the rise of [[Protestantism]], Troeltsch argues that early Protestantism should be understood as a continuation of the medieval period. The modern period starts much later on his account: in the seventeenth century. The Renaissance in Italy and the scientific revolution planted the seeds for the arrival of the modern period, and Protestantism delayed, rather than heralded, its onset. Protestantism, Troeltsch argued, was "in the first place, simply a modification of Catholicism, in which the Catholic formulation of the problems was retained, while a different answer was given to them".<ref>Quoted in Rubanowice, p. 21, from ''Protestantism and Progress'' (translated by W. Montgomery, 1958), p. 59. Original title: ''Die Bedeutung des Protestantismus für die Entstehung de modernen Welt''.</ref>


⚫
Troeltsch sought to explain the decline of religion in the modern era by studying the historical evolution of religion in society. He described European civilization as having three periods: [[Ancient history|ancient]], [[medieval]], and [[Modern history|modern]]. Instead of claiming that modernity starts with the rise of [[Protestantism]], Troeltsch argued that early Protestantism should be understood as a continuation of the medieval period. Therefore, the modern period starts later in his account: in the seventeenth century. The Renaissance in Italy and the scientific revolution planted the seeds for the arrival of the modern period. Protestantism delayed, rather than heralded, modernity. The reform movement around Luther, Troeltsch argued, was "in the first place, simply a modification of Catholicism, in which the Catholic formulation of the problems was retained, while a different answer was given to them."<ref>Quoted in Rubanowice, p. 21, from ''Protestantism and Progress'' (translated by W. Montgomery, 1958), p. 59. Original title: ''Die Bedeutung des Protestantismus für die Entstehung de modernen Welt''.</ref>
⚫
Troeltsch saw the distinction between early and late (or "neo-") Protestantism as "the presupposition for any historical understanding of Protestantism".<ref>Quoted in {{Cite book|author=Toshimasa Yasukata|title=Ernst Troeltsch: Systematic Theologian of Radical Historicality|year=1986|isbn=1555400698|publisher=Scholars Press|location=Atlanta, Georgia|page=51}}</ref>

⚫
Troeltsch saw the distinction between early and late (or "neo-") Protestantism as "the presupposition for any historical understanding of Protestantism."<ref>Quoted in {{Cite book|author=Toshimasa Yasukata|title=Ernst Troeltsch: Systematic Theologian of Radical Historicality|year=1986|isbn=1555400698|publisher=Scholars Press|location=Atlanta, Georgia|page=51}}</ref>


== Historiography ==
== Historiography ==

⚫
Troeltsch developed three principles pertaining to critical [[historiography]]. Each of the principles served as a philosophical retort for the issue of the preconceived notions sustained by the historian. Troeltsch's principles (the principle of criticism, the principle of analogy, and the principle of correlation) were determined to account for the issue surrounding the biases of the historian.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Historian and The Believer: The Morality of Historical Knowledge and Christian Faith|last=Harvey|first=Van Austin|publisher=Macmillan Company|year=1966|location=New York|pages=13–15}}</ref>
⚫
{{Lutheranism}}

⚫
Troeltsch developed three principles pertaining to critical [[historiography]]. Each of the principles served as a philosophical retort for preconceived notions. Troeltsch's principles (criticism, analogy, correlation) were used to account for historians' biases.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Historian and The Believer: The Morality of Historical Knowledge and Christian Faith|last=Harvey|first=Van Austin|publisher=Macmillan Company|year=1966|location=New York|pages=13–15}}</ref>


=== Principle of criticism ===
=== Principle of criticism ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2024}}
⚫
Troeltsch's claim in the principle concludes that absolutes within history cannot exist. Troeltsch surmised that judgments about the past must be varied. As such, the absolute truth of historical reality could not exist, but he claimed historical situation could be examined only as more likely or less likely to have happened. In that, Troeltsch understood to never create a finite and non-revisable claim.

⚫
Troeltsch's claim in the principle concludes that absolutes within history cannot exist. Troeltsch surmised that judgments about the past must be varied. As such, the absolute truth of historical reality could not exist, but he claimed historical situation could be examined as more or less likely to have happened. For Troeltsch, finite and non-revisable historical claims are questionable.


=== Principle of analogy ===
=== Principle of analogy ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2024}}
This principle pertains to averting the historian from applying anachronism to the past. Troeltsch understood that the probability in the former principle cannot be validated unless it is a historian's present situation, when assessing the probability, is not radically different from the past. In that, Troeltsch expects that human nature has been fairly constant throughout time, but that clause is still included as a form of accountability for the historian's narrative.

Historians often think in analogies, which leads them to make anachronistic claims about the past. Troeltsch argued that the probability of analogies cannot usually be validated. He presented human nature as being fairly constant throughout time.


=== Principle of correlation ===
=== Principle of correlation ===
In regards to a historical events, Troeltsch determined through this principlehumanity's historical life is interdependent upon each individual. The understan ding applies a causal nature to all events, equaling thus, an effect. Any radical event, the historian should assume, affected the historical nexus immediately surrounding that event. Troeltsch determines that in historical explanation, it is important to include antecedents and consequences of events in an effort to maintain historical events in their conditioned time and space.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Gesammelte Schriften II|last=Troeltsch|first=Ernst|pages=729–753}}</ref>
In regard to historical events, Troeltsch determined that humanity's historical life is interdependent upon each individual. Since the cumulative actions of individuals create historical events, there is a causal nature to all events that create an effect. Any radical event, the historian should assume, affected the historical nexus immediately surrounding that event. Troeltsch determines that in historical explanation, it is important to include antecedents and consequences of events in an effort to maintain historical events in their conditioned time and space.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Gesammelte Schriften II|last=Troeltsch|first=Ernst|pages=729–753}}</ref>


==Politics==
==Politics==
Troeltsch was politically a [[classical liberal]] and served as a member of the Parliament of the [[Grand Duchy of Baden]]. In 1918, he joined the [[German Democratic Party]] (DDP). He strongly supported Germany's role in [[World War I]]: "Yesterday we took up arms. Listen to the [[ethos]] that resounds in the splendour of heroism: To your weapons, To your weapons!"<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dw.de/ernst-troeltsch-and-the-power-of-the-pen/a-17547502|title=Ernst Troeltsch and the power of the pen|publisher=DW.de|date=9 April 2014|author=Emma Wallis}}</ref>
Troeltsch was politically a [[classical liberal]] and served as a member of the Parliament of the [[Grand Duchy of Baden]]. In 1918, he joined the [[German Democratic Party]] (DDP). He strongly supported Germany's role in [[World War I]]: "Yesterday we took up arms. Listen to the [[ethos]] that resounds in the splendour of heroism: To your weapons, to your weapons!"<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dw.de/ernst-troeltsch-and-the-power-of-the-pen/a-17547502|title=Ernst Troeltsch and the power of the pen|publisher=DW.de|date=9 April 2014|author=Emma Wallis|access-date=15 April 2014|archive-date=13 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413004407/http://www.dw.de/ernst-troeltsch-and-the-power-of-the-pen/a-17547502|url-status=live}}</ref>


==Reception==
==Reception==
In the immediate aftermath of Troeltsch's death, his work was considered passé and irrelevant. This was part of a wider rejection of [[Liberal Christianity|liberal]] thought with the rise of [[neo-orthodoxy]] in Protestant theology, especially with the prominence of [[Karl Barth]] in the German-speaking world. From 1960 onwards, however, Troeltsch's thought has seen a revival of interest in academic circles with a variety of books being published on Troeltsch's theological and sociological work.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.religion-online.org/article/why-troeltsch-why-today-theology-for-the-21st-century/|title=Why Troeltsch? Why today? Theology for the 21st Century|author=Garrett E. Paul|publisher=Religion-Online}}</ref>
In the immediate aftermath of Troeltsch's death, his work neglected as part of a wider rejection of [[Liberal Christianity|liberal]] thought with the rise of [[neo-orthodoxy]] in Protestant theology, especially with the prominence of [[Karl Barth]] in the German-speaking world. From 1960 onwards, however, Troeltsch's thought has enjoyed a revival. Several books on Troeltsch's theological and sociological work have been published since 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.religion-online.org/article/why-troeltsch-why-today-theology-for-the-21st-century/|title=Why Troeltsch? Why today? Theology for the 21st Century|author=Garrett E. Paul|publisher=Religion-Online|access-date=23 October 2017|archive-date=23 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023230257/http://www.religion-online.org/article/why-troeltsch-why-today-theology-for-the-21st-century/|url-status=live}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
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==Sources==
==Sources==

* Chapman, Mark. ''Ernst Troeltsch and Liberal Theology: Religion and Cultural Synthesis in Wilhelmine Germany'' (Oxford University Press 2002)
* Chapman, Mark. ''Ernst Troeltsch and Liberal Theology: Religion and Cultural Synthesis in Wilhelmine Germany'' (Oxford University Press 2002)
*Gerrish, B.&nbsp;A. (1975). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1202070 ''Jesus, Myth, and History: Troeltsch's Stand in the "Christ-Myth" Debate'']. ''[[The Journal of Religion]]'' 55 (1): 13–35.
*Gerrish, B.&nbsp;A. (1975). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1202070 ''Jesus, Myth, and History: Troeltsch's Stand in the "Christ-Myth" Debate'']. ''[[The Journal of Religion]]'' 55 (1): 13–35.
* Pauck, Wilhelm. ''Harnack and Troeltsch: Two historical theologians'' (Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2015)
* Pauck, Wilhelm. ''Harnack and Troeltsch: Two historical theologians'' (Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2015)
* Nix, Jr., Echol, ''Ernst Troeltsch and Comparative Theology'' (Peter Lang Publishing; 2010) 247 pages; a study of Troeltsch and the contemporary American philosopher and theologian Robert Neville (b. 1939).
* Nix, Jr., Echol, ''Ernst Troeltsch and Comparative Theology'' (Peter Lang Publishing; 2010) 247 pages; a study of Troeltsch and the contemporary American philosopher and theologian Robert Neville (b. 1939).
* [[Robert E. Norton|Norton, Robert E.]] ''The Crucible of German Democracy. Ernst Troeltsch and the First World War'' (Mohr Siebeck 2021).
* Troesltch, Ernst, "Historiography" in James Hastings (ed.), Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1914), VI, 716–723.
* Troesltch, Ernst, "Historiography" in James Hastings (ed.), Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1914), VI, 716–723.
* Troeltsch, Ernst, "Protestantism and Progress," (Transaction Publishers, 2013) with an Introduction - "Protestantism and Progress, Redux," by Howard G. Schneiderman.
* Troeltsch, Ernst, "Protestantism and Progress," (Transaction Publishers, 2013) with an Introduction - "Protestantism and Progress, Redux," by Howard G. Schneiderman.


==External links==
==External links==
* [https://troeltsch.badw.de/das-projekt.html ''Ernst Troeltsch-Gesamtausgabe'']
* [https://www.degruyter.com/serial/troest-b/html ''Troeltsch-Studien. Neue Folge'']
* {{BCEWT|id=troeltsch|title=Ernst Troeltsch (1865-1923) |author=Bill Fraatz}}
* {{BCEWT|id=troeltsch|title=Ernst Troeltsch (1865-1923) |author=Bill Fraatz}}
* G. Cantillo, Introduzione a Troeltsch,"I Filosofi", Laterza, Roma-Bari 2004.


{{philosophy of religion}}
{{philosophy of religion}}
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[[Category:Sociologists of religion]]
[[Category:Sociologists of religion]]
[[Category:19th-century German Protestant theologians]]
[[Category:19th-century German Protestant theologians]]
[[Category:Critics of the Christ myth theory]]
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[[Category:German classical liberals]]
[[Category:German Democratic Party politicians]]
[[Category:German Democratic Party politicians]]
[[Category:University of Augsburg alumni]]
[[Category:University of Augsburg alumni]]
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[[Category:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni]]
[[Category:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni]]
[[Category:University of Göttingen alumni]]
[[Category:University of Göttingen alumni]]
[[Category:University of Göttingen faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Göttingen]]
[[Category:University of Bonn faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Bonn]]
[[Category:Heidelberg University faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Heidelberg University]]
[[Category:Burials at the Invalids' Cemetery]]
[[Category:Burials at the Invalids' Cemetery]]
[[Category:History of religions school]]
[[Category:History of religions school]]
[[Category:LGBTQ theologians]]
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[[Category:19th-century German LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:20th-century German LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:LGBTQ Lutherans]]
[[Category:LGBTQ philosophers]]

Latest revision as of 04:28, 24 September 2024

Ernst Troeltsch
Born17 February 1865
Haunstetten, Kingdom of Bavaria
Died1 February 1923
Berlin, Free State of Prussia, German Reich
Alma mater
Era19th-century philosophy
RegionWestern philosophy
SchoolNeo-Kantianism (Baden school)
History of religions school
Liberal Christianity
Classical liberalism
Notable studentsGertrud von Le Fort
Friedrich Gogarten
Main interests
Notable ideas
Crisis of historicism

Church, Sect, Mysticism

Three principles of historiography

Ernst Peter Wilhelm Troeltsch (/trɛltʃ/;[1] German: [tʁœltʃ]; 17 February 1865 – 1 February 1923) was a German liberal Protestant theologian, a writer on the philosophy of religion and the philosophy of history, and a classical liberal politician. He was a member of the history of religions school. His work was a synthesis of a number of strands, drawing on Albrecht Ritschl, Max Weber's conception of sociology, and the Baden school of neo-Kantianism.

Life

[edit]

Troeltsch was born on 17 February 1865 into a Lutheran family to a doctor but went to a Catholic school in a predominantly Catholic area. He then attended university, at the University of Erlangen and then at the University of Göttingen. During his university years, he experienced difficulties in his student fraternity as a result of his homosexuality.[2][3] His ordination in 1889 was followed in 1891 by a post teaching theology at Göttingen. In 1892, he moved on to teach at the University of Bonn. In 1894, he moved on again to Heidelberg University. Finally, in 1915, he transferred to teach at what is now the University of Berlin, where he took the title of professor of philosophy and civilization.[4] Troeltsch died on 1 February 1923. The famous church historian Adolf von Harnack preached at his funeral.[5]

Theology

[edit]

Throughout Troeltsch's life, he wrote frequently of his belief that changes in society posed a threat to Christian religion and that "the disenchantment of the world" as described by sociologist Max Weber was underway. At an academic conference that took place in 1896, after a paper on the doctrine of Logos, Troeltsch responded by saying, "Gentlemen, everything is tottering!"[6] Troeltsch also agreed with Weber's Protestant work ethic, restating it in his Protestantism and Progress. He viewed the creation of capitalism as having been the result of the specific Protestant sects named by Weber, rather than as a result of Protestantism as a whole. However, his analysis of Protestanitsm was more optimistic than Weber's in its focus on religious personal conviction as a source for individualism and spiritual mysticism as a source for subjectivism. Troeltsch interpreted non-Calvinist Protestantism as having had a positive effect on the development of the press, modern education systems, and politics.[7]

His most famous study, The Social Teaching of the Christian Churches (1912), is devoted to the vast reception history of Christian social precepts -- as they pertain to culture, economics, and institutions -- in the history of Western Civilization. Troeltsch's distinction between churches and sects as social types, for instance, set the course for further theological study.[8]

Troeltsch sought to explain the decline of religion in the modern era by studying the historical evolution of religion in society. He described European civilization as having three periods: ancient, medieval, and modern. Instead of claiming that modernity starts with the rise of Protestantism, Troeltsch argued that early Protestantism should be understood as a continuation of the medieval period. Therefore, the modern period starts later in his account: in the seventeenth century. The Renaissance in Italy and the scientific revolution planted the seeds for the arrival of the modern period. Protestantism delayed, rather than heralded, modernity. The reform movement around Luther, Troeltsch argued, was "in the first place, simply a modification of Catholicism, in which the Catholic formulation of the problems was retained, while a different answer was given to them."[9]

Troeltsch saw the distinction between early and late (or "neo-") Protestantism as "the presupposition for any historical understanding of Protestantism."[10]

Historiography

[edit]
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    Troeltsch developed three principles pertaining to critical historiography. Each of the principles served as a philosophical retort for preconceived notions. Troeltsch's principles (criticism, analogy, correlation) were used to account for historians' biases.[11]

    Principle of criticism

    [edit]

    Troeltsch's claim in the principle concludes that absolutes within history cannot exist. Troeltsch surmised that judgments about the past must be varied. As such, the absolute truth of historical reality could not exist, but he claimed historical situation could be examined as more or less likely to have happened. For Troeltsch, finite and non-revisable historical claims are questionable.

    Principle of analogy

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    Historians often think in analogies, which leads them to make anachronistic claims about the past. Troeltsch argued that the probability of analogies cannot usually be validated. He presented human nature as being fairly constant throughout time.

    Principle of correlation

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    In regard to historical events, Troeltsch determined that humanity's historical life is interdependent upon each individual. Since the cumulative actions of individuals create historical events, there is a causal nature to all events that create an effect. Any radical event, the historian should assume, affected the historical nexus immediately surrounding that event. Troeltsch determines that in historical explanation, it is important to include antecedents and consequences of events in an effort to maintain historical events in their conditioned time and space.[12]

    Politics

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    Troeltsch was politically a classical liberal and served as a member of the Parliament of the Grand Duchy of Baden. In 1918, he joined the German Democratic Party (DDP). He strongly supported Germany's role in World War I: "Yesterday we took up arms. Listen to the ethos that resounds in the splendour of heroism: To your weapons, to your weapons!"[13]

    Reception

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    In the immediate aftermath of Troeltsch's death, his work neglected as part of a wider rejection of liberal thought with the rise of neo-orthodoxy in Protestant theology, especially with the prominence of Karl Barth in the German-speaking world. From 1960 onwards, however, Troeltsch's thought has enjoyed a revival. Several books on Troeltsch's theological and sociological work have been published since 2000.[14]

    References

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    1. ^ Porter, Andrew P. (2001). By the Waters of Naturalism: Theology Perplexed among the Sciences. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock. p. 57. ISBN 1-57910-770-2.
    2. ^ Radkau, Joachim (2009). Max Weber: A Biography. Translated by Camiller, Patrick. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Polity. p. 578. ISBN 978-0-7456-4147-8. OCLC 232365644.
    3. ^ Graf, Friedrich Wilhelm (1982). "Polymorphes Gedächtnis: Zur Einführung in die Troeltsch-Nekrologie". In Graf, Friedrich Wilhelm; Nees, Christian (eds.). Ernst Troeltsch in Nachrufen. Troeltsch-Studien (in German). Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlagshaus. pp. 167–168. ISBN 978-3-579-00168-5.
    4. ^ Michael Walsh, ed. (2001). Dictionary of Christian Biography. Continuum. p. 1108. ISBN 0826452639.
    5. ^ Mikuteit, Johannes (1 January 2004). "Review of "Ernst Troeltsch in Nachrufen"". H-Soz-u-Kult. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
    6. ^ Robert J. Rubanowice (1982). Crisis in consciousness: The Thought of Ernst Troeltsch. Tallahassee: University Presses of Florida. p. 9. ISBN 0813007216.
    7. ^ Whimster, Sam (July 2005 – January 2006). "R.H. Tawney, Ernst Troeltsch and Max Weber on Puritanism and Capitalism". Max Weber Studies. 5–6 (2–1): 307–311. doi:10.1353/max.2006.a808955. ISSN 1470-8078. JSTOR 24581969. S2CID 147882750. Project MUSE 808955.
    8. ^ Schweiker, William (9 August 2007). Ernst Troeltsch's The Social Teaching of the Christian Churches. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199227228.003.0025.
    9. ^ Quoted in Rubanowice, p. 21, from Protestantism and Progress (translated by W. Montgomery, 1958), p. 59. Original title: Die Bedeutung des Protestantismus für die Entstehung de modernen Welt.
    10. ^ Quoted in Toshimasa Yasukata (1986). Ernst Troeltsch: Systematic Theologian of Radical Historicality. Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Press. p. 51. ISBN 1555400698.
    11. ^ Harvey, Van Austin (1966). The Historian and The Believer: The Morality of Historical Knowledge and Christian Faith. New York: Macmillan Company. pp. 13–15.
    12. ^ Troeltsch, Ernst. Gesammelte Schriften II. pp. 729–753.
    13. ^ Emma Wallis (9 April 2014). "Ernst Troeltsch and the power of the pen". DW.de. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
    14. ^ Garrett E. Paul. "Why Troeltsch? Why today? Theology for the 21st Century". Religion-Online. Archived from the original on 23 October 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2017.

    Sources

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    • Chapman, Mark. Ernst Troeltsch and Liberal Theology: Religion and Cultural Synthesis in Wilhelmine Germany (Oxford University Press 2002)
    • Gerrish, B. A. (1975). Jesus, Myth, and History: Troeltsch's Stand in the "Christ-Myth" Debate. The Journal of Religion 55 (1): 13–35.
    • Pauck, Wilhelm. Harnack and Troeltsch: Two historical theologians (Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2015)
    • Nix, Jr., Echol, Ernst Troeltsch and Comparative Theology (Peter Lang Publishing; 2010) 247 pages; a study of Troeltsch and the contemporary American philosopher and theologian Robert Neville (b. 1939).
    • Norton, Robert E. The Crucible of German Democracy. Ernst Troeltsch and the First World War (Mohr Siebeck 2021).
    • Troesltch, Ernst, "Historiography" in James Hastings (ed.), Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1914), VI, 716–723.
    • Troeltsch, Ernst, "Protestantism and Progress," (Transaction Publishers, 2013) with an Introduction - "Protestantism and Progress, Redux," by Howard G. Schneiderman.
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