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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
'''South South Nigeria''' is one of the [[geopolitical zones of Nigeria]], consisting of the following states;<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eaIPAQAAMAAJ&q=south+south+nigeria&dq=south+south+nigeria&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiJmPPJi5_SAhWDthQKHRIwDkQQ6AEIHzAC|title=Southsouth zone of Nigeria|last=Isumonah|first=V. Adefemi|last2=Gaskia|first2=Jaye|date=2001-01-01|publisher=The Lord's Creations|isbn=9789783420342|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Akwa Ibom]]
*[[Bayelsa]]
*[[Cross-River State|Cross River]]
*[[Delta State|Delta]]
*[[Edo State|Edo]]
* [[Rivers State|Rivers]]


{{More categories|date=December 2024}}{{More sources|date=December 2024}}{{Infobox settlement
South South Nigeria provides the economic mainstream of the country. It also makes up a significant number of people in Nigeria's population.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/features/noun-makes-uyo-south-south-operational-centre/|title=NOUN makes Uyo South South operational centre|access-date=2017-02-20|language=en-US}}</ref>
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->
| name = South South
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Geopolitical zone
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 2/2/2
| image1 = Climate and weather in Nigeria 03.jpg
| image2 = Ososo hills and mountain 82.jpg
| image3 = Niger bridge.jpg
| image4 = Kwafalls.jpg
| image5 = Government House , Yenagoa, Bayelsa.jpg
| image6 = Bonny City - panoramio.jpg
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = '''From top, left to right''': [[Ibeno Beach]], [[Ososo]] Hills, [[River Niger Bridge]], [[Cross River National Park]], [[Yenagoa]], [[Bonny Island]]
| motto =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| coordinates =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Nigeria}}
| subdivision_type1 = States
| subdivision_name1 = {{plainlist|
* '''[[Akwa Ibom State]]'''
* '''[[Bayelsa State]]'''
* '''[[Cross River State]]'''
* '''[[Delta State]]'''
* '''[[Edo State]]'''
* '''[[Rivers State]]'''
}}
| subdivision_type2 = {{Nowrap|Largest city}}
| subdivision_name2 = [[Port Harcourt]]
| subdivision_type3 = {{Nowrap|Major cities}}
| subdivision_name3 = {{plainlist|
* [[Benin City]]
* [[Warri]]/[[Uvwie]]
* [[Calabar]]
* [[Uyo]]
* [[Ikot Ekpene]]
* [[Ugep]]
* [[Sapele, Nigeria|Sapele]]
* [[Buguma]]
* [[Ekpoma]]
* [[Uromi]]
* [[Auchi]]
* [[Ughelli]]
* [[Ikom]]
* [[Agbor]]
* [[Asaba]]
* [[Yenagoa]]
}}
<!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion -->
<!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_rank =
| area_note =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| timezone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]]
| utc_offset = +1
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| blank_name_sec1 = Languages
| blank_info_sec1 = {{Flatlist|
* [[Annang language|Annang]]
* [[Boki language|Boki]]
* [[Edo language|Edo]]
* [[Efik language|Efik]]
* [[Ekoi language|Ekoi]]
* [[English language|English]]
* [[Esan language|Esan]]
* [[Afenmai language|Etsako]]
* [[Ibibio language|Ibibio]]
* [[Igbo language|Igbo]]
* [[Ika language (Nigeria)|Ika]]
* [[Ikwerre language|Ikwerre]]
* [[Isoko language|Isoko]]
* [[Itsekiri language|Itsekiri]]
* [[Izon language|Izon]]
* [[Kalabari language|Kalabari]]
* [[Obolo language|Obolo]]
* [[Ogba language|Ogba]]
* [[Ogoni language|Ogoni]]
* [[Oro language|Oro]]
* [[Urhobo language|Urhobo]]
* [[Ukwuani]]
* [[Yala language|Yala]]
* [[Yakö language|Yakö]]
* [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]]
}}
| coordinates_region =
}}
[[File:Geopolitical Zones of Nigeria.svg|thumb|250px|The six geopolitical zones of Nigeria.]]

The '''South South''' (often hyphenated to '''South-South''') is one of the six [[geopolitical zones of Nigeria]]. It designates both a geographic and political region of the country's eastern coast. It comprises six [[States of Nigeria|states]] – [[Akwa Ibom]], [[Bayelsa]], [[Cross-River State|Cross River]], [[Delta State|Delta]], [[Edo State|Edo]], and [[Rivers State|Rivers]].

The zone stretches along the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic seaboard]] from the [[Bight of Benin]] coast in the west to the [[Bight of Bonny]] coast in the east. It encloses much of the [[Niger Delta]], which is instrumental in the environment and economic development of the region. Geographically, the zone is divided with the [[Central African mangroves]] in the coastal far south while the major inland ecoregions are–from east to west–the [[Cross–Sanaga–Bioko coastal forests]], [[Cross–Niger transition forests]], [[Niger Delta swamp forests]], and [[Nigerian lowland forests]].

Although the South-South represents only ~5% of Nigerian territory, it contributes greatly to the Nigerian economy due to extensive oil and natural gas reserves. The zone has a population of about 26 million people, around 12% of the total population of the country. [[Port Harcourt]] and [[Benin City]] are the most populous cities in the South-South, and the [[List of Nigerian cities by population|fourth- and fifth-most populous cities]], respectively, in the country. Port Harcourt and its suburbs, together called [[Greater Port Harcourt]], form the largest metropolitan area in the zone, with about 3 million people. Other large South-South cities include (in descending order by population) [[Warri]]/[[Uvwie]], [[Calabar]], [[Uyo]], [[Ikot Ekpene]], [[Ugep]], [[Sapele, Nigeria|Sapele]], [[Buguma]], [[Uromi]], [[Ughelli]], [[Ikom]], and [[Asaba]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Population of Cities in Nigeria (2022) |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/cities/nigeria |website=World Population Review |access-date=11 May 2022}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
{{Unsourced|section|date=December 2024}}{{further|History of Nigeria}}
The South South Region was created from both the Western and Eastern regions of Nigeria on 27 May 1967, by the regime of General [[Yakubu Gowon]].
The South-South Region was created from parts of both the Western and Eastern regions of Nigeria in 1997 through the recommendation of the Alex Ekwueme panel, by the national regime of General [[Sani Abacha]].
Edo and Delta states formerly Bendel state from the Western region, while Bayelsa, Rivers, Akwa Ibom and Cross river states from the Eastern region.

Edo, Delta, one-quarter of Bayelsa, and the Ndoni section of Rivers states were from the old Western region. Three-quarters of the area of [[Bayelsa State|Bayelsa]], Rivers, Akwa Ibom and Cross River states were from the old Eastern region.

<!--===Colonial era===
===Independence and the Civil War===
===State creation===

==Geography==-->
==Environment==
<!--===Flora===
===Fauna===-->
===Protected areas===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+
|-style=line-height:1.3
!scope="col" rowspan=2| Protected area
!scope="col" rowspan=2| Location
!scope="col" rowspan=2| Area
|-
!scope="row"|[[Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary]]
|Northern [[Cross River State]]
|104 km<sup>2</sup> (40 sq mi)
|-

!scope="row"|[[Afi River Forest Reserve]]
|Northern [[Cross River State]]
|312 km<sup>2</sup> (120 sq mi)
|-

!scope="row"|[[Cross River National Park]]
|[[Cross River State]]
|~4,000 km<sup>2</sup> (~1544 sq mi)
|-

!scope="row"|[[Edumanom Forest Reserve]]
|Southeastern [[Bayelsa State]] and Southwestern [[Rivers State]]
|93.24 km<sup>2</sup> (36.00 sq mi)
|-

!scope="row"|[[Mbe Mountains Community Forest]]
|Northern [[Cross River State]]
|86 km<sup>2</sup> (33 sq mi)
|-

!scope="row"|[[Ohosu Game Reserve]]
|Southern [[Edo State]]
|471 km<sup>2</sup> (182 sq mi)
|-

!scope="row"|[[Okomu Forest Reserve]]
|Southern [[Edo State]]
|1,082 km<sup>2</sup> (418 sq mi)
|-

!scope="row"|[[Okomu National Park]]
|Southern [[Edo State]]
|200 km<sup>2</sup> (77 sq mi)
|-
|}


==Languages==
==Demographics==
<!--===Largest cities by population===-->
*[[Akwa Ibom]]
===Languages===
*'''[[Akwa Ibom]]'''
**[[Ibibio language|Ibibio]]
**[[Ibibio language|Ibibio]]
**[[Annang]]
**[[Annang]]
**[[Efik-Ibibio]]
**[[Efik-Ibibio]]
**[[Oro language]]
**[[Oro language|Oron language]]
**[[Obolo language]]
**[[Obolo language]]
*[[Bayelsa]]
*'''[[Bayelsa]]'''
**[[Izon language|Izon]]
**[[Izon language|Izon]]
**[[Ogbia]]
**[[Ogbia]]
**[[Epie language|Epie]]
**[[Epie language|Epie]]
*[[Cross River State|Cross River]]
*[[Cross River State|'''Cross River''']]
**[[Efik language|Efik]]
**[[Efik language|Efik]]
**[[Humono language|Humono]]
**[[Humono language|Humono]]
**[[Yala language|Yala]]
**[[Yala language|Yala]]
**[[Nde-nsele-nta]]
**[[Nde-nsele-nta]]
**[[Boki language|Boki]]
**[[Boki language|Bokyi]]
**[[Etung]]
**[[Etung]]
**[[Agbo people|Legbo-Agbo]]
**[[Agbo people|Legbo-Agbo]]
**[[Ekoid languages|Ejagham]]
**[[Ekoid languages|Ejagham]]
**[[Ekoid languages|Ekoi]]
**[[Ekoid languages|Ekoi]]
Line 38: Line 202:
**[[Yakurr]]
**[[Yakurr]]
**[[Efut]]
**[[Efut]]
*[[Delta State|Delta]]
**[[Kiong language|Kiong]]
*[[Delta State|'''Delta''']]
**[[Enuani people|Enuani]]
**[[Enuani people|Enuani]]
**[[Urhobo language|Urhobo]]
**[[Urhobo language|Urhobo]]
Line 46: Line 211:
**[[Itsekiri]]
**[[Itsekiri]]
**[[Igbo People|Igbo]]
**[[Igbo People|Igbo]]
**[[Ndokwa people|Ndokwa]]
**[[Ndokwa people|Ndokwa]]
**[[Yoruba people|Yoruba]]
**[[Yoruba people|Yoruba]]
**[[Izon language|Izon etc.]]
**[[Izon language|Izon etc.]]
*[[Edo State|Edo]]
*[[Edo State|'''Edo''']]
**[[Esan language|Esan]]
**[[Esan language|Esan]]
**[[Etsako]]
**[[Etsako]]
**[[Ika language (Nigeria)|Ika Igbanke]]
**[[Ika language (Nigeria)|Ika Igbanke]]
**[[Edo language|Bini]]
**[[Edo language|Bini]]
*[[Rivers State|Rivers]]
*[[Rivers State|'''Rivers''']]
**[[Andoni people|Andoni]]
**[[Andoni people|Andoni]]
**[[Okrika]]
**[[Okrika]]
**[[Kalabari language|Kalabari]]
**[[Kalabari language|Kalabari]]
**[[Engenni language|Engenni]]
**[[Engenni language|Engenni]]
**[[Ikwerre people|Ikwerre]]
**[[Ikwerre people|Ikwerre]]
**[[Ogba people|Ogba]]
**[[Ogba people|Ogba]]
**[[Etche people|Etche]] .
**[[Etche people|Etche]] .
** [[Ekpeye people|Ekpeye]]
**[[Ekpeye people|Ekpeye]]
** [[Ndoki people|Ndoki]]
**[[Ndoki people|Ndoki]]
**[[Igbo people|Igbo]]
**[[Igbo people|Igbo]]
**[[Ukwuani people|Ukwuani]]
**[[Ukwuani people|Ukwuani]]
**[[Egbema people|Egbema]]
**[[Egbema people|Egbema]]
**[[Ibani people|ijaw]]
**[[Ibani people|Ijaw]]
**[[Nkoro people|Nkoro]]
**[[Nkoro people|Nkoro]]
**[[Ogoni people|Ogoni]]
**[[Ogoni people|Ogoni]]
**[[Degema language|Degema]]
**[[Degema language|Degema]]
**[[Abua]]
**[[Abua]]
**[[Odual]]
**[[Odual]]
<!--==== Etymology of state names ====
===Religion===
===Ethnicity===-->
==Administration==
===Regional development authorities===
On a federal level, the [[Ministry of Niger Delta Affairs]] and its parastatal — the [[Niger Delta Development Commission]] — cover the South-South in addition to three other oil-producing states ([[Abia State|Abia]], [[Imo State|Imo]], and [[Ondo State|Ondo]]). Unlike the development authorities of other zones like the [[North-East Development Commission]], the present authorities are responsible for the areas outside of the South-South as the NDDC was created in response to protests and [[Conflict in the Niger Delta|conflict]] in the wider [[Niger Delta|Niger Delta region]]. Nonetheless, the creation of a South-South Development Commission has been repeatedly proposed by some lawmakers in the late 2010s and 2020s, with proponents advocating fairness with the other zones' commissions while opponents deride the proposal as redundant.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Baiyewu |first1=Leke |title=Despite NDDC, Reps pass bill creating South-South commission |url=https://punchng.com/despite-nddc-reps-pass-bill-creating-south-south-commission-2/ |website=[[The Punch]] |access-date=6 June 2024 |date=18 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Senator Asuquo Ekpenyong pushes bill for creation of South South development commission |url=https://guardian.ng/news/senator-asuquo-ekpenyong-pushes-bill-for-creation-of-south-south-development-commission/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |access-date=6 June 2024 |date=25 February 2024}}</ref> The remit of the current development agencies includes ecological protection and infrastructure development; however, both the ministry and commission have long been beset by corruption and mismanagement that has led to the abandonment or failure of many projects.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Akinyoade |first1=Demola |title=Doing Both Harm and Good: The Nature, Dynamics and Implications of the Niger Delta Development Commission's (NDDC) Interventions in Odi, Bayelsa State, Nigeria |journal=India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs |date=March 2017 |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=53–76 |doi=10.1177/0974928416683057 |jstor=48505531 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48505531 |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ushie |first1=Ekwuore Monday |last2=Okpa |first2=John Thompson |title=Corruption and Development in Nigeria |date=2021 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-17863-7 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003178637-13/corruption-development-debacle-niger-delta-region-ekwuore-monday-ushie-john-thompson-okpa |access-date=6 June 2024 |chapter=Corruption and the development debacle in the Niger Delta region|doi=10.4324/9781003178637-13 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Grand corruption wrecks Niger delta clean-up |url=https://www.africa-confidential.com/article/id/14152/Grand_corruption_wrecks_Niger_delta_clean-up |website=[[Africa Confidential]] |access-date=6 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Igwe |first1=Uche |title=Corruption and mismanagement may derail cleanup of Niger Delta |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2022/11/22/corruption-and-mismanagement-may-derail-cleanup-of-niger-delta/ |website=Africa at LSE |access-date=6 June 2024 |date=22 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adeleke |first1=Gabriel Osuolale |title=National Question and Systemic Corruption in the Control of Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) |journal=International Journal of Advanced Academic Research |date=April 2022 |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=33–43 |url=https://www.ijaar.org/articles/v8n4/sms/ijaar-v8n4-Apr22-p8410.pdf |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref>


===States and local government areas===
There's multiple different tribes in this area such as Ika, itshekiri Ukwuani Aniocha, Ijaw, Urhobo, Isoko, Ozanogogo, Abavo, etc
{{main|States of Nigeria|Local government areas of Nigeria}}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+
|-style=line-height:1.3
!scope="col" class="unsortable" rowspan=2| Name
!scope="col" class="unsortable" rowspan=2|[[ISO 3166-2:NG|Code]]
!scope="col" class="unsortable" rowspan=2| Seal
!scope="col" class="unsortable" rowspan=2| Location
!scope="col" colspan=2| City
!scope="col" rowspan=2| [[Local government areas of Nigeria|Local government areas]]
!scope="col" rowspan=2| Area
!scope="col" rowspan=2| Population<br />(2019<br />estimate)<ref>[https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/download/1241121 Demographic Statistics Bulletin 2020]</ref>
|-
!scope="col"|Capital
!scope="col"|Largest
|-
!scope="row"|[[Akwa Ibom State|Akwa Ibom]]
|AK
|[[File:The Emblem of Akwa Ibom State.jpg|50px]]
|[[File:Nigeria - Akwa Ibom.svg|80px]]
|colspan=2|[[Uyo]]
|[[Akwa_Ibom_State#Local_Government_Areas|31]]
|{{convert|7081|km2|sqmi|abbr=unit|sortable=on}}
|4,780,581
|-
!scope="row"|[[Bayelsa State|Bayelsa]]
|BY
|
|[[File:Nigeria - Bayelsa.svg|80px]]
|colspan=2|[[Yenagoa]]
|[[Bayelsa_State#Local_Government_Areas|8]]
|{{convert|10773|km2|sqmi|abbr=unit|sortable=on}}
|2,394,725
|-
!scope="row"|[[Cross River State|Cross River]]
|CR
|[[File:Coat of arms state Cross River.jpg|50px]]
|[[File:Nigeria - Cross River.svg|80px]]
|colspan=2|[[Calabar]]
|[[Cross_River_State#Local_Government_Areas|18]]
|{{convert|20156|km2|sqmi|abbr=unit|sortable=on}}
|4,175,020
|-
!scope="row"|[[Delta State|Delta]]
|DE
|
|[[File:Nigeria - Delta.svg|80px]]
|colspan=2|[[Asaba]]
|[[Delta_State#Local_Governments/Indigenous_people|25]]
|{{convert|17698|km2|sqmi|abbr=unit|sortable=on}}
|5,307,543
|-
!scope="row"|[[Edo State|Edo]]
|ED
|[[File:Seal of Edo State.png|50px]]
|[[File:Nigeria - Edo.svg|80px]]
|colspan=2|[[Benin City]]
|[[Edo_State#Local_Government_Areas|18]]
|{{convert|19559|km2|sqmi|abbr=unit|sortable=on}}
|4,461,137
|-
!scope="row"|[[Rivers State|Rivers]]
|RI
|
|[[File:Nigeria - Rivers.svg|80px]]
|colspan=2|[[Port Harcourt]]
|[[Rivers_State#Local_Government_Areas|23]]
|{{convert|11077|km2|sqmi|abbr=unit|sortable=on}}
|7,034,973
|}


<!--===Government===-->
== References ==
{{Reflist}}


===Politics===
{{coord missing|Nigeria}}
Although the areas that now comprise the South-South were electorally competitive during the [[First Nigerian Republic|first]], [[Second Nigerian Republic|second]], and aborted [[Third Nigerian Republic|third]] republics, every state in the region consistently voted for the nominees of the [[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Peoples Democratic Party]] in [[Fourth Nigerian Republic|fourth republic]] presidential elections from 1999 to 2019. After [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] won the South-South by substantial margins of victory in [[1999 Nigerian presidential election|1999]] and [[2003 Nigerian presidential election|2003]], [[Goodluck Jonathan]] — an indigene of [[Bayelsa State]] — expanded PDP margins greatly in [[2011 Nigerian presidential election|2011]] and [[2015 Nigerian presidential election|2015]]. However, PDP margins of victory decreased in [[2019 Nigerian presidential election|2019]], when [[Atiku Abubakar]] was the party nominee. In [[2023 Nigerian presidential election|2023]], with Abubakar again as the PDP nominee, four South-South states broke their streaks of PDP voting — with [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Rivers State|Rivers]] being won by [[Bola Tinubu]] (APC) amid widespread irregularities while [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Cross River State|Cross River]], [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Delta State|Delta]], and [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Edo State|Edo]] voted for [[Peter Obi]] (LP).<ref>{{cite web |title=Nigeria election: The mystery of the altered results in disputed poll |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/65163713 |website=[[BBC]] |access-date=10 June 2024 |date=16 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nigeria election results 2023: Up-to-date results of presidential and parliamentary races - BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-9ff664e9-8cf9-4948-93e5-3268debcee1b |website=[[BBC]] |access-date=10 June 2024}}</ref>


====In presidential elections====
[[Category:Subdivisions of Nigeria]]
Presidential votes in South-South states in the Fourth Republic:


{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|-
! Year
! {{#ifexist:Elections in Akwa Ibom State|[[Elections in Akwa Ibom State|Akwa Ibom]]|[[:Category:Akwa Ibom State elections|Akwa Ibom]]}}
! {{#ifexist:Elections in Bayelsa State|[[Elections in Bayelsa State|Bayelsa]]|[[:Category:Bayelsa State elections|Bayelsa]]}}
! {{#ifexist:Elections in Cross River State|[[Elections in Cross River State|Cross River]]|[[:Category:Cross River State elections|Cross River]]}}
! {{#ifexist:Elections in Delta State|[[Elections in Delta State|Delta]]|[[:Category:Delta State elections|Delta]]}}
! {{#ifexist:Elections in Edo State|[[Elections in Edo State|Edo]]|[[:Category:Edo State elections|Edo]]}}
! {{#ifexist:Elections in Rivers State|[[Elections in Rivers State|Rivers]]|[[:Category:Rivers State elections|Rivers]]}}
|-
| [[1999 Nigerian presidential election|1999]]
|<!--AK-->{{Party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}|'''Obasanjo<br><small>(PDP)</small>'''
|<!--BY-->{{Party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}|'''Obasanjo<br><small>(PDP)</small>'''
|<!--CR-->{{Party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}|'''Obasanjo<br><small>(PDP)</small>'''
|<!--DE-->{{Party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}|'''Obasanjo<br><small>(PDP)</small>'''
|<!--ED-->{{Party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}|'''Obasanjo<br><small>(PDP)</small>'''
|<!--RI-->{{Party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}|'''Obasanjo<br><small>(PDP)</small>'''
|-
| [[2003 Nigerian presidential election|2003]]
|<!--AK-->{{Party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}|'''Obasanjo<br><small>(PDP)</small>'''
|<!--BY-->{{Party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}|'''Obasanjo<br><small>(PDP)</small>'''
|<!--CR-->{{Party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}|'''Obasanjo<br><small>(PDP)</small>'''
|<!--DE-->{{Party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}|'''Obasanjo<br><small>(PDP)</small>'''
|<!--ED-->{{Party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}|'''Obasanjo<br><small>(PDP)</small>'''
|<!--RI-->{{Party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}|'''Obasanjo<br><small>(PDP)</small>'''
|-
| [[2007 Nigerian presidential election|2007]]
|colspan=6|N/A{{efn|State-by-state totals were never released by the [[Independent National Electoral Commission]] in 2007 amid widespread reports of electoral irregularities and fraud.}}
|-
| [[2011 Nigerian presidential election|2011]]
|<!--AK-->{{Party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}|'''Jonathan<br><small>(PDP)</small>'''
|<!--BY-->{{Party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}|'''Jonathan<br><small>(PDP)</small>'''
|<!--CR-->{{Party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}|'''Jonathan<br><small>(PDP)</small>'''
|<!--DE-->{{Party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}|'''Jonathan<br><small>(PDP)</small>'''
|<!--ED-->{{Party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}|'''Jonathan<br><small>(PDP)</small>'''
|<!--RI-->{{Party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}|'''Jonathan<br><small>(PDP)</small>'''
|-
| [[2015 Nigerian presidential election|2015]]
|<!--AK-->{{Party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}|Jonathan<br><small>(PDP)</small>
|<!--BY-->{{Party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}|Jonathan<br><small>(PDP)</small>
|<!--CR-->{{Party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}|Jonathan<br><small>(PDP)</small>
|<!--DE-->{{Party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}|Jonathan<br><small>(PDP)</small>
|<!--ED-->{{Party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}|Jonathan<br><small>(PDP)</small>
|<!--RI-->{{Party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}|Jonathan<br><small>(PDP)</small>
|-
| [[2019 Nigerian presidential election|2019]]
|<!--AK-->{{Party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}|Abubakar<br><small>(PDP)</small>
|<!--BY-->{{Party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}|Abubakar<br><small>(PDP)</small>
|<!--CR-->{{Party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}|Abubakar<br><small>(PDP)</small>
|<!--DE-->{{Party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}|Abubakar<br><small>(PDP)</small>
|<!--ED-->{{Party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}|Abubakar<br><small>(PDP)</small>
|<!--RI-->{{Party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}|Abubakar<br><small>(PDP)</small>
|-
| [[2023 Nigerian presidential election|2023]]
|<!--AK-->{{Party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}|Abubakar<br><small>(PDP)</small>
|<!--BY-->{{Party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}|Abubakar<br><small>(PDP)</small>
|<!--CR-->{{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}|Obi<br><small>(LP)</small>
|<!--DE-->{{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}|Obi<br><small>(LP)</small>
|<!--ED-->{{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}|Obi<br><small>(LP)</small>
|<!--RI-->{{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}}|'''Tinubu<br><small>(APC)</small>'''
|}


<!--==Economy==
{{Nigeria-geo-stub}}
===Gross domestic product per capita===
===Transportation===
====Air====
====Rail====

==See also==-->
== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Subdivisions of Nigeria]]
{{coord missing|Nigeria}}

Latest revision as of 20:45, 3 January 2025

South South
Geopolitical zone
From top, left to right: Ibeno Beach, Ososo Hills, River Niger Bridge, Cross River National Park, Yenagoa, Bonny Island
Map
Country Nigeria
States
Largest cityPort Harcourt
Major cities
Time zoneUTC+1 (WAT)
Languages
The six geopolitical zones of Nigeria.

The South South (often hyphenated to South-South) is one of the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria. It designates both a geographic and political region of the country's eastern coast. It comprises six states – Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo, and Rivers.

The zone stretches along the Atlantic seaboard from the Bight of Benin coast in the west to the Bight of Bonny coast in the east. It encloses much of the Niger Delta, which is instrumental in the environment and economic development of the region. Geographically, the zone is divided with the Central African mangroves in the coastal far south while the major inland ecoregions are–from east to west–the Cross–Sanaga–Bioko coastal forests, Cross–Niger transition forests, Niger Delta swamp forests, and Nigerian lowland forests.

Although the South-South represents only ~5% of Nigerian territory, it contributes greatly to the Nigerian economy due to extensive oil and natural gas reserves. The zone has a population of about 26 million people, around 12% of the total population of the country. Port Harcourt and Benin City are the most populous cities in the South-South, and the fourth- and fifth-most populous cities, respectively, in the country. Port Harcourt and its suburbs, together called Greater Port Harcourt, form the largest metropolitan area in the zone, with about 3 million people. Other large South-South cities include (in descending order by population) Warri/Uvwie, Calabar, Uyo, Ikot Ekpene, Ugep, Sapele, Buguma, Uromi, Ughelli, Ikom, and Asaba.[1]

History

[edit]
Further information: History of Nigeria

The South-South Region was created from parts of both the Western and Eastern regions of Nigeria in 1997 through the recommendation of the Alex Ekwueme panel, by the national regime of General Sani Abacha.

Edo, Delta, one-quarter of Bayelsa, and the Ndoni section of Rivers states were from the old Western region. Three-quarters of the area of Bayelsa, Rivers, Akwa Ibom and Cross River states were from the old Eastern region.

Environment

[edit]

Protected areas

[edit]
Protected area Location Area
Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary Northern Cross River State 104 km2 (40 sq mi)
Afi River Forest Reserve Northern Cross River State 312 km2 (120 sq mi)
Cross River National Park Cross River State ~4,000 km2 (~1544 sq mi)
Edumanom Forest Reserve Southeastern Bayelsa State and Southwestern Rivers State 93.24 km2 (36.00 sq mi)
Mbe Mountains Community Forest Northern Cross River State 86 km2 (33 sq mi)
Ohosu Game Reserve Southern Edo State 471 km2 (182 sq mi)
Okomu Forest Reserve Southern Edo State 1,082 km2 (418 sq mi)
Okomu National Park Southern Edo State 200 km2 (77 sq mi)

Demographics

[edit]

Languages

[edit]

Administration

[edit]

Regional development authorities

[edit]

On a federal level, the Ministry of Niger Delta Affairs and its parastatal — the Niger Delta Development Commission — cover the South-South in addition to three other oil-producing states (Abia, Imo, and Ondo). Unlike the development authorities of other zones like the North-East Development Commission, the present authorities are responsible for the areas outside of the South-South as the NDDC was created in response to protests and conflict in the wider Niger Delta region. Nonetheless, the creation of a South-South Development Commission has been repeatedly proposed by some lawmakers in the late 2010s and 2020s, with proponents advocating fairness with the other zones' commissions while opponents deride the proposal as redundant.[2][3] The remit of the current development agencies includes ecological protection and infrastructure development; however, both the ministry and commission have long been beset by corruption and mismanagement that has led to the abandonment or failure of many projects.[4][5][6][7][8]

States and local government areas

[edit]
Main articles: States of Nigeria and Local government areas of Nigeria
Name Code Seal Location City Local government areas Area Population
(2019
estimate)[9]
Capital Largest
Akwa Ibom AK Uyo 31 7,081 km2 (2,734 sq mi) 4,780,581
Bayelsa BY Yenagoa 8 10,773 km2 (4,159 sq mi) 2,394,725
Cross River CR Calabar 18 20,156 km2 (7,782 sq mi) 4,175,020
Delta DE Asaba 25 17,698 km2 (6,833 sq mi) 5,307,543
Edo ED Benin City 18 19,559 km2 (7,552 sq mi) 4,461,137
Rivers RI Port Harcourt 23 11,077 km2 (4,277 sq mi) 7,034,973


Politics

[edit]

Although the areas that now comprise the South-South were electorally competitive during the first, second, and aborted third republics, every state in the region consistently voted for the nominees of the Peoples Democratic Party in fourth republic presidential elections from 1999 to 2019. After Olusegun Obasanjo won the South-South by substantial margins of victory in 1999 and 2003, Goodluck Jonathan — an indigene of Bayelsa State — expanded PDP margins greatly in 2011 and 2015. However, PDP margins of victory decreased in 2019, when Atiku Abubakar was the party nominee. In 2023, with Abubakar again as the PDP nominee, four South-South states broke their streaks of PDP voting — with Rivers being won by Bola Tinubu (APC) amid widespread irregularities while Cross River, Delta, and Edo voted for Peter Obi (LP).[10][11]

In presidential elections

[edit]

Presidential votes in South-South states in the Fourth Republic:

Year Akwa Ibom Bayelsa Cross River Delta Edo Rivers
1999 Obasanjo
(PDP) 		Obasanjo
(PDP) 		Obasanjo
(PDP) 		Obasanjo
(PDP) 		Obasanjo
(PDP) 		Obasanjo
(PDP)
2003 Obasanjo
(PDP) 		Obasanjo
(PDP) 		Obasanjo
(PDP) 		Obasanjo
(PDP) 		Obasanjo
(PDP) 		Obasanjo
(PDP)
2007 N/A[a]
2011 Jonathan
(PDP) 		Jonathan
(PDP) 		Jonathan
(PDP) 		Jonathan
(PDP) 		Jonathan
(PDP) 		Jonathan
(PDP)
2015 Jonathan
(PDP) 		Jonathan
(PDP) 		Jonathan
(PDP) 		Jonathan
(PDP) 		Jonathan
(PDP) 		Jonathan
(PDP)
2019 Abubakar
(PDP) 		Abubakar
(PDP) 		Abubakar
(PDP) 		Abubakar
(PDP) 		Abubakar
(PDP) 		Abubakar
(PDP)
2023 Abubakar
(PDP) 		Abubakar
(PDP) 		Obi
(LP) 		Obi
(LP) 		Obi
(LP) 		Tinubu
(APC)

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ State-by-state totals were never released by the Independent National Electoral Commission in 2007 amid widespread reports of electoral irregularities and fraud.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Population of Cities in Nigeria (2022)". World Population Review. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  2. ^ Baiyewu, Leke (18 November 2021). "Despite NDDC, Reps pass bill creating South-South commission". The Punch. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
  3. ^ "Senator Asuquo Ekpenyong pushes bill for creation of South South development commission". The Guardian. 25 February 2024. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
  4. ^ Akinyoade, Demola (March 2017). "Doing Both Harm and Good: The Nature, Dynamics and Implications of the Niger Delta Development Commission's (NDDC) Interventions in Odi, Bayelsa State, Nigeria". India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs. 73 (1): 53–76. doi:10.1177/0974928416683057. JSTOR 48505531. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
  5. ^ Ushie, Ekwuore Monday; Okpa, John Thompson (2021). "Corruption and the development debacle in the Niger Delta region". Corruption and Development in Nigeria. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003178637-13. ISBN 978-1-003-17863-7. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
  6. ^ "Grand corruption wrecks Niger delta clean-up". Africa Confidential. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
  7. ^ Igwe, Uche (22 November 2022). "Corruption and mismanagement may derail cleanup of Niger Delta". Africa at LSE. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
  8. ^ Adeleke, Gabriel Osuolale (April 2022). "National Question and Systemic Corruption in the Control of Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC)" (PDF). International Journal of Advanced Academic Research. 8 (4): 33–43. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
  9. ^ Demographic Statistics Bulletin 2020
  10. ^ "Nigeria election: The mystery of the altered results in disputed poll". BBC. 16 May 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
  11. ^ "Nigeria election results 2023: Up-to-date results of presidential and parliamentary races - BBC News". BBC. Retrieved 10 June 2024.

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