F-1 grenade (Russia): Difference between revisions
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{{Other uses|F1 grenade (disambiguation)}} |
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{{Infobox Weapon |
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{{more footnotes needed|date=September 2013}} |
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|name=F-1 anti-personnel hand grenade |
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{{Infobox weapon |
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|image=[[Image:F1 grenade DoD.jpg|300px]] |
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| name = F-1 |
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|caption=F-1 Hand grenade |
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| image = F1 grenade DoD.jpg |
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|origin=[[Russia]] |
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| image_size = 300 |
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|type=[[hand grenade]] |
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| caption = F-1 hand grenade |
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<!-- Type selection --> |
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| origin = [[Soviet Union]] |
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|is_ranged= |
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| type = Anti-personnel [[hand grenade]] |
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|is_bladed= |
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<!-- Type selection -->| is_ranged = |
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|is_explosive=1 |
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| is_bladed = |
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|is_artillery= |
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| is_explosive = 1 |
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|is_vehicle= |
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| is_artillery = |
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<!-- Service history --> |
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| is_vehicle = <!-- Service history --> |
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|service= |
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| service = 1939–present (Russia) |
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|used_by= |
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| used_by = Soviet Union, Cuba, China |
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|wars= |
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| wars = [[World War II]]<br />[[Hukbalahap Rebellion]]<br />[[Korean War]]<br />[[Vietnam War]]<br />[[Rhodesian Bush War]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/cgsc/carl/download/csipubs/ArtOfWar_RhodesianAfricanRifles.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-05-03 |archive-date=2015-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821222415/http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/cgsc/carl/download/csipubs/ArtOfWar_RhodesianAfricanRifles.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />[[Six-Day War]]<br />[[Yom Kippur War]]<br />[[Angolan Civil War]]<br />[[Iran-Iraq War]]<br />[[Iraq War]]<br />[[First Libyan Civil War]]<br />[[Syrian Civil War]]<br />[[War in Donbas (2014–2022)|War in Donbas]]<br />[[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] |
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<!-- Production history --> |
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|designer= |
<!-- Production history -->| designer = |
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|design_date= |
| design_date = |
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|manufacturer= |
| manufacturer = |
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| unit_cost = <!-- $2 <small>(black market of Lebanon, 1992)</small> --> |
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|production_date= |
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| production_date = |
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|number= |
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| number = |
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|variants= |
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<!-- General specifications --> |
| variants = <!-- General specifications --> |
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| weight = {{convert|600|g|lb|abbr=on}} |
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|weight=600 g |
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|length= |
| length = {{convert|130|mm|abbr=on}} |
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|part_length= |
| part_length = |
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| crew = <!-- Explosive specifications --> |
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|crew= |
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| diameter = {{convert|55|mm|abbr=on}} |
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<!-- Ranged weapon specifications --> |
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| filling = [[Trinitrotoluene]] |
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|cartridge= |
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| filling_weight = {{convert|60|g|abbr=on}} |
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|caliber= |
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| detonation = Time delay fuse 3.2 to 4.2 s |
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|action= |
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| yield = |
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|rate= |
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|velocity= |
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|range= |
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|max_range= |
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|feed= |
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|sights= |
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<!-- Artillery specifications --> |
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|breech= |
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|recoil= |
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|carriage= |
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|elevation= |
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|traverse= |
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<!-- Bladed weapon specifications --> |
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|blade_type= |
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|hilt_type= |
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|head_type= |
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|haft_type= |
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<!-- Explosive specifications --> |
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|diameter=55 mm |
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|filling=TNT |
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|filling_weight=60 g |
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|detonation= |
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|yield= |
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}} |
}} |
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[[File:F1 hand grenade (DOSAAF Museum in Minsk) 2.jpg|thumb|Grenade cutaway and training sample ([[DOSAAF]] Museum, Minsk)]] |
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The [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] '''F-1''' [[hand grenade]], nicknamed the ''limonka'' (lemon) is an anti-personnel fragmentation, or 'defensive' grenade. It contains a 60 [[gram]] explosive charge ([[trinitrotoluene|TNT]]). The total weight of the grenade with the [[Fuse (explosives)|fuze]] is about 600 grams. The UZRGM fuze is a universal Russian type also used in the [[RG-41]], [[RG-42]], and [[RGD-5]] grenades. The fuze time is 3.5 to 4 seconds. |
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[[File:Russian_-_MUV_pull_fuze.jpg|thumb|right|Russian MUV [[booby trap]] firing device. A zero-delay pull fuze which is normally connected to a tripwire. The MUV fuze is fully compatible with F-1 and [[RGD-5]] grenades. Fitting an MUV fuze makes it easier to conceal the grenade when setting a boobytrap e.g. partial burial. Note that the detonator is usually threaded, so it can be screwed into the F-1 grenade body]] |
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The [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] '''F-1''' [[hand grenade]] (Russian: Фугасный > ''Fugasnyy 1'', "Explosive, Type No. 1") is an anti-personnel [[Fragmentation (weaponry)|fragmentation]] defensive grenade. It is based on the [[F1 grenade (France)|French F1 grenade]] and contains a {{convert|60|g|abbr=on}} explosive charge ([[trinitrotoluene|TNT]]). The total weight of the grenade with the [[fuze]] is about {{convert|600|g|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Owen |first=J.I.H |title=Brassey's Infantry Weapons of the World |publisher=Bonanza |year=1975 |isbn=0-517-242346 |location=New York, N.Y. |pages=223–224 |language=en}}</ref> |
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Due to its shape and its yellow-green color, it is nicknamed the {{transl|ru|''limonka''}} (fem. 'little lemon'). It is also nicknamed ''Efka'' ({{langx|ru|Эфка}}) for the letter F.<ref>Yu. Veremeev, "[http://army.armor.kiev.ua/hist/lemon.shtml Происхождение "лимонки"].</ref> It is similar to the American [[Mk2 grenade|Mk 2]] "pineapple grenade", which was also ultimately modeled on the French F-1. |
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Based upon the [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Mills bomb]], the grenade is similar in appearance to the [[U.S. Army]] [[Mk 2 grenade|Mk 2 "pineapple" grenade]]. The F1 was introduced during WW2 and subsequently redesigned post-war. It has a steel exterior that is ribbed to generate [[shrapnel]] upon detonation and to prevent hands from slipping. The distance the grenade can be thrown is estimated at 30-45 [[meter]]s. The [[radius]] of the shrapnel dispersion is up to 200 meters (effective radius is about 30 meters, by [http://armor.kiev.ua/army/hist/f-1.shtml some sources] ). |
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F-1 simulation-training grenade is called [[c:File:Urg_(УРГ).jpg|УРГ]] (учебная ручная граната), URG (training hand grenade). |
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The F1 grenade has been supplied to various foreign countries over the years, including [[Iraq]] and other arab nations, and there are different production variations according to country of origin (in terms of finish, markings and spoon/lever design). Though obsolete and no longer in production, it can still be encountered in combat zones. |
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==Fuse== |
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The ''Universal'nyi Zapal, Ruchnaya Granata, Modernizirovannyi'' (UZRGM) ([[Russian (language)|Russian]] for 'universal igniter, hand grenade, improved') [[fuse (explosives)|fuse]] is a universal Russian type also used in the [[RG-42]] and [[RGD-5]] grenades. The standard time delay for this fuse is 3.5 to 4 seconds. There was a myth originating from an article written by [[Peter Kokalis]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} for the [[Soldier of Fortune (magazine)]] that implied UZRGM fuse variants are available in versions with delays from zero (i.e., instantaneous, specifically for use in [[booby-trap]]s) to 13 seconds. However the UZRGM fuse never had such variants, and all UZRGM fuses have delay of 3.2 to 4.2 seconds if working correctly. |
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The myth originated from the author reading the numbers stamped on the fuse body, which are concealed when the fuse is inserted into the grenade. This number indicates the factory production line, not the fuse delay. Having fuses without clear external marking indicating that it is "short fuse" with 0 or 1–2 seconds delay would be dangerous for soldier operating them.<ref>Gordon L. Rottman (2015). The Hand Grenade. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 32. {{ISBN|9781472807359}}.</ref> It is possible to hear a loud "pop" as the fuse ignites and begins to burn. |
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==History== |
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The F-1 was introduced during [[World War II]] and subsequently redesigned post-war. It has a steel exterior that is notched to facilitate [[fragmentation (weaponry)|fragmentation]] upon detonation and to prevent hands from slipping. The distance the grenade can be thrown is estimated at {{convert|30-45|m|abbr=on}}. The [[radius]] of the fragment dispersion is up to {{convert|200|m|abbr=on}} (effective radius is about {{convert|30|m|abbr=on}},<ref>[http://armor.kiev.ua/army/hist/f-1.shtml "Советская ручная граната Ф-1"]</ref>). Hence, the grenade has to be deployed from a defensive position to avoid self-harm. |
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About 60 percent of the grenade body pulverizes during the explosion, only 30 percent of the body splits into 290 high-velocity, sharp-edged splinters each weighing around 1 gram with an initial speed of about {{convert|700|m/s|abbr=on}}. |
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While the F-1 is no longer regarded as a front-line weapon with the former [[Warsaw Pact]] countries, it still remain in widespread use specially with insurgent groups.{{sfn|Jones|Ness|2010|page=751}} |
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==Foreign copies== |
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Several countries produced copies of the F-1 grenade, including China (as the Type 1), Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Georgia, Poland, and Romania.{{sfn|Jones|Ness|2010|pages=751−752}} In 2024, Ukraine started production of an improved F-1 grenade which was approved for military use in September 9, 2024.<ref name="Militarnyi">{{cite news |title=Ukraine produces analogs of Soviet F-1 and RGD-5 grenades |url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/ukraine-produces-analogs-of-soviet-f-1-and-rgd-5-grenades/ |date=9 September 2024 |access-date=10 September 2024 |work=Militarnyi}}</ref> Several insurgent groups have produced their own grenades based on the F-1.{{sfn|Jones|Ness|2010|page=751}} |
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There are different production variations according to country of origin, including fuse and explosive filling. Poland in particular, produced a [[rifle grenade]] based on the F-1 known as the F1/N60. This variant have an impact fuse instead of a time delay fuse.{{sfn|Jones|Ness|2010|pages=751−752}} |
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==Operators== |
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*{{BUL}}{{sfn|Jones|Ness|2010|page=751}} |
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*{{CHN}} − Produced locally as the Type 1 grenade{{sfn|Jones|Ness|2010|page=751}}{{sfn|Rottman|2020|page=21}} |
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*{{CZS}}{{sfn|Smisek|2023|page=149, 158}} |
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*{{CZE}}{{sfn|Jones|Ness|2010|page=751}} |
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*{{GEO}}{{sfn|Jones|Ness|2010|page=752}} |
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*{{flag|Iraq|1991}}<ref>{{cite book | author1-last=[[Marine Corps Intelligence Activity]] | title=Iraq Country Handbook |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office | date=1998 |url=https://www.sabrizain.org/iraq/Marines.pdf |page=A-18 |access-date=12 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050528131010/http://www.sabrizain.org/iraq/Marines.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2005}}</ref> |
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*{{PRK}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=[[Marine Corps Intelligence Activity]] |title=North Korea Country Handbook |date=1997 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists |location=Quantico, VA |page=A-93 |url=https://nuke.fas.org/guide/dprk/nkor.pdf |access-date=13 September 2024}}</ref> |
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*{{POL}} − Remained in frontline service as late as 2010{{sfn|Jones|Ness|2010|pages=751−752}} |
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*{{ROM}}{{sfn|Jones|Ness|2010|page=752}} |
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*{{RUS}}{{sfn|Jones|Ness|2010|page=752}} |
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*{{URS}} |
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*{{flag|South Yemen}} − 50,000 delivered between 1982 and 1987 by Czechoslovakia{{sfn|Smisek|2023|page=149, 158}} |
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*{{SYR}}{{sfn|Campbell|2016|pages=18,75}} |
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*{{UKR}} − Domestically produced copies<ref name="Militarnyi" /> |
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*{{VIE}}{{sfn|Rottman|2020|page=21}} |
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==External links== |
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* [http://www.iremember.ru/help/rgd33.htm I Remember] |
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* [http://www.saunalahti.fi/~junkyard/grenades.html Finnish Junkyard] |
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* [http://www.shooter.com.ua/Usylyvaia_mosch/Hranata_F_11.html F-1 grenade (Russian)] |
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* [http://armor.kiev.ua/army/hist/f-1.shtml Soviet hand grenade F-1 (Russian)] |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[List of Russian weaponry]] |
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==References== |
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{{Template:WWIIUSSRInfWeapons}} |
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{{reflist}} |
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==Bibliography== |
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* {{cite book |last1=Campbell |first1=David |title=Israeli Soldier vs Syrian Soldier: Golan Heights 1967–73 |date=2016 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4728-1331-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_7MODAAAQBAJ|language=en}} |
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{{weapon-stub}} |
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*{{cite book |editor1-last=Jones |editor1-first=Richard D |editor2-last=Ness |editor2-first=Leland S|title=Jane's Infantry Weapons 2010-2011 |date=2010 |publisher=Jane's Information Group |location=Surrey |isbn=978-0-7106-2908-1 |edition=36th |language=en}} |
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*{{cite book |last1=Rottman |first1=Gordon L. |title=Vietnam War Booby Traps |date=2020 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4728-4246-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rXndDwAAQBAJ |language=en}} |
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*{{cite book |last1=Smisek |first1=Martin |title=Czechoslovak Arms Exports to the Middle East: Volume 4 - Iran, Iraq, Yemen Arab Republic and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen 1948-1989 |date=2023 |publisher=Helion and Company |isbn=978-1-80451-524-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcT5EAAAQBAJ |language=en}} |
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==External links== |
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* [[TNT|Trinitrotoluene Filling (TNT)]] |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070224071932/http://www.shooter.com.ua/Usylyvaia_mosch/Hranata_F_11.html F-1 grenade (Russian)] |
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* [http://armor.kiev.ua/army/hist/f-1.shtml Soviet hand grenade F-1 (Russian)] |
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* [http://www.inert-ord.net/russ02i/f1_ww2/index.html Information about the World War II-era F-1] |
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* [http://www.inert-ord.net/russ02i/f1_ebloc/index.html Information about the post World War II F-1] |
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{{WWIIUSSRInfWeapons}} |
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[[Category:grenades]] |
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[[Category: World War II Soviet infantry weapons]] |
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[[Category:World War II infantry weapons of the Soviet Union]] |
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[[pl:Granat F-1]] |
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[[Category:Hand grenades of the Soviet Union]] |
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[[Category:Fragmentation grenades]] |
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[[Category:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1939]] |
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Latest revision as of 23:46, 18 December 2024
 | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (September 2013) |
| F-1 | |
|---|---|
 F-1 hand grenade | |
| Type | Anti-personnel hand grenade |
| Place of origin | Soviet Union |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1939–present (Russia) |
| Used by | Soviet Union, Cuba, China |
| Wars | World War II Hukbalahap Rebellion Korean War Vietnam War Rhodesian Bush War[1] Six-Day War Yom Kippur War Angolan Civil War Iran-Iraq War Iraq War First Libyan Civil War Syrian Civil War War in Donbas Russian invasion of Ukraine |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 600 g (1.3 lb) |
| Length | 130 mm (5.1 in) |
| Diameter | 55 mm (2.2 in) |
| Filling | Trinitrotoluene |
| Filling weight | 60 g (2.1 oz) |
Detonation mechanism | Time delay fuse 3.2 to 4.2 s |
_2.jpg)
The Soviet F-1 hand grenade (Russian: Фугасный > Fugasnyy 1, "Explosive, Type No. 1") is an anti-personnel fragmentation defensive grenade. It is based on the French F1 grenade and contains a 60 g (2.1 oz) explosive charge (TNT). The total weight of the grenade with the fuze is about 600 g (21 oz).[2]
Due to its shape and its yellow-green color, it is nicknamed the limonka (fem. 'little lemon'). It is also nicknamed Efka (Russian: Эфка) for the letter F.[3] It is similar to the American Mk 2 "pineapple grenade", which was also ultimately modeled on the French F-1.
F-1 simulation-training grenade is called УРГ (учебная ручная граната), URG (training hand grenade).
.jpg){kind=link}
Fuse
[edit]The Universal'nyi Zapal, Ruchnaya Granata, Modernizirovannyi (UZRGM) (Russian for 'universal igniter, hand grenade, improved') fuse is a universal Russian type also used in the RG-42 and RGD-5 grenades. The standard time delay for this fuse is 3.5 to 4 seconds. There was a myth originating from an article written by Peter Kokalis [citation needed] for the Soldier of Fortune (magazine) that implied UZRGM fuse variants are available in versions with delays from zero (i.e., instantaneous, specifically for use in booby-traps) to 13 seconds. However the UZRGM fuse never had such variants, and all UZRGM fuses have delay of 3.2 to 4.2 seconds if working correctly.
The myth originated from the author reading the numbers stamped on the fuse body, which are concealed when the fuse is inserted into the grenade. This number indicates the factory production line, not the fuse delay. Having fuses without clear external marking indicating that it is "short fuse" with 0 or 1–2 seconds delay would be dangerous for soldier operating them.[4] It is possible to hear a loud "pop" as the fuse ignites and begins to burn.
History
[edit]The F-1 was introduced during World War II and subsequently redesigned post-war. It has a steel exterior that is notched to facilitate fragmentation upon detonation and to prevent hands from slipping. The distance the grenade can be thrown is estimated at 30–45 m (98–148 ft). The radius of the fragment dispersion is up to 200 m (660 ft) (effective radius is about 30 m (98 ft),[5]). Hence, the grenade has to be deployed from a defensive position to avoid self-harm.
About 60 percent of the grenade body pulverizes during the explosion, only 30 percent of the body splits into 290 high-velocity, sharp-edged splinters each weighing around 1 gram with an initial speed of about 700 m/s (2,300 ft/s).
While the F-1 is no longer regarded as a front-line weapon with the former Warsaw Pact countries, it still remain in widespread use specially with insurgent groups.[6]
Foreign copies
[edit]Several countries produced copies of the F-1 grenade, including China (as the Type 1), Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Georgia, Poland, and Romania.[7] In 2024, Ukraine started production of an improved F-1 grenade which was approved for military use in September 9, 2024.[8] Several insurgent groups have produced their own grenades based on the F-1.[6]
There are different production variations according to country of origin, including fuse and explosive filling. Poland in particular, produced a rifle grenade based on the F-1 known as the F1/N60. This variant have an impact fuse instead of a time delay fuse.[7]
Operators
[edit]
Bulgaria[6]
China − Produced locally as the Type 1 grenade[6][9]
Czechoslovakia[10]- Czech Republic[6]
Georgia[11]
Iraq[12]
North Korea[13]
Poland − Remained in frontline service as late as 2010[7]
Romania[11]
Russia[11]
Soviet Union
South Yemen − 50,000 delivered between 1982 and 1987 by Czechoslovakia[10]
Syria[14]
Ukraine − Domestically produced copies[8]
Vietnam[9]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-08-21. Retrieved 2013-05-03.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Owen, J.I.H (1975). Brassey's Infantry Weapons of the World. New York, N.Y.: Bonanza. pp. 223–224. ISBN 0-517-242346.
- ^ Yu. Veremeev, "Происхождение "лимонки".
- ^ Gordon L. Rottman (2015). The Hand Grenade. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 32. ISBN 9781472807359.
- ^ "Советская ручная граната Ф-1"
- ^ a b c d e Jones & Ness 2010, p. 751.
- ^ a b c Jones & Ness 2010, pp. 751−752.
- ^ a b "Ukraine produces analogs of Soviet F-1 and RGD-5 grenades". Militarnyi. 9 September 2024. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
- ^ a b Rottman 2020, p. 21.
- ^ a b Smisek 2023, p. 149, 158.
- ^ a b c Jones & Ness 2010, p. 752.
- ^ Marine Corps Intelligence Activity (1998). Iraq Country Handbook (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. p. A-18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2005. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
- ^ Marine Corps Intelligence Activity (1997). North Korea Country Handbook (PDF). Quantico, VA: Federation of American Scientists. p. A-93. Retrieved 13 September 2024.
- ^ Campbell 2016, pp. 18, 75.
Bibliography
[edit]- Campbell, David (2016). Israeli Soldier vs Syrian Soldier: Golan Heights 1967–73. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-1331-2.
- Jones, Richard D; Ness, Leland S, eds. (2010). Jane's Infantry Weapons 2010-2011 (36th ed.). Surrey: Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0-7106-2908-1.
- Rottman, Gordon L. (2020). Vietnam War Booby Traps. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-4246-6.
- Smisek, Martin (2023). Czechoslovak Arms Exports to the Middle East: Volume 4 - Iran, Iraq, Yemen Arab Republic and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen 1948-1989. Helion and Company. ISBN 978-1-80451-524-2.