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Los Alamos, New Mexico: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 35°53′28″N 106°15′50″W / 35.89111°N 106.26389°W / 35.89111; -106.26389
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{{short description|Census-designated place in New Mexico, United States}}
{{For|other places named Los Alamos|Los Alamos (disambiguation)|Los Alamos National Laboratory}}
{{For|other places named Los Alamos|Los Alamos (disambiguation)|Los Alamos National Laboratory}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2023}}
{{short description|Census-designated place in New Mexico, United States}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2023}}

{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
| name =
| name =
| official_name = Los Alamos, New Mexico
| official_name = Los Alamos, New Mexico
| settlement_type = [[Census-designated place]]
| settlement_type = [[Census-designated place]]
| nickname = ''Atomic City''; ''The Hill'';<br> ''[[Site Y]]''; ''Secret City'' (''past'')
| nickname = ''Atomic City''; ''The Hill'';<br /> ''[[Site Y]]''; ''Secret City'' (''past'')
| motto = "Where discoveries are made"
| motto = "Where discoveries are made"

<!-- Images -->
<!-- Images -->
| image_skyline = Los Alamos Aerial.jpg
| image_skyline = Los Alamos Aerial.jpg
Line 18: Line 18:
| mapsize = 250px
| mapsize = 250px
| map_caption = Location of Los Alamos, New Mexico
| map_caption = Location of Los Alamos, New Mexico
| image_map1 =
| mapsize1 =
| map_caption1 = <!-- Location -->
| pushpin_map = New Mexico#USA
| pushpin_map = New Mexico#USA
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in New Mexico##Location in the contiguous United States
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in New Mexico##Location in the contiguous United States
Line 36: Line 33:
| leader_name1 =
| leader_name1 =
| established_title =
| established_title =
| established_date = <!-- Area -->
| established_date =
| unit_pref = Imperial
| unit_pref = Imperial
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Gazetteer 2019">{{cite web| url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_35.txt| title=U.S. Gazetteer Files: 2019: Places: New Mexico| website=U.S. Census Bureau Geography Division| access-date=May 18, 2020}}</ref>
| area_footnotes = <ref name="TigerWebMapServer">{{cite web|title=ArcGIS REST Services Directory|url=https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer/5/query?where=STATE='35'&outFields=NAME,STATE,PLACE,AREALAND,AREAWATER,LSADC,CENTLAT,CENTLON&orderByFields=PLACE&returnGeometry=false&returnTrueCurves=false&f=json|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=October 12, 2022}}</ref>
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_km2 = 28.77
| area_total_km2 = 28.8
| area_land_km2 = 28.77
| area_land_km2 = 28.8
| area_water_km2 = 0.00
| area_water_km2 = 0.0
| area_total_sq_mi = 11.11
| area_total_sq_mi =
| area_land_sq_mi = 11.11
| area_land_sq_mi =
| area_water_sq_mi = 0.00
| area_water_sq_mi =

<!-- Population -->
<!-- Population -->
| population_as_of = 2010
| population_as_of = [[2020 United States Census|2020]]
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2010">{{cite web| url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US3542320&tid=DECENNIALSF12010.P1| title=Total Population: 2010 Census DEC Summary File 1 (P1), Los Alamos CDP, New Mexico| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau| website=data.census.gov| access-date=May 18, 2020}}</ref>
| population_footnotes = <ref name="USCensusDecennial2020CenPopScriptOnly">{{cite web|url=https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get=P1_001N,NAME&for=place:*&in=state:35&key=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108|title=Census Population API|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=October 12, 2022}}</ref>
| population_total = 12019
| population_total = 13179
| population_density_km2 = 417.1
| population_density_km2 = 458.09
| population_density_sq_mi =
| population_density_sq_mi = 1186.44

<!-- General information -->
<!-- General information -->
| timezone = [[Mountain Time Zone|Mountain (MST)]]
| timezone = [[Mountain Time Zone|Mountain (MST)]]
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| timezone_DST = MDT
| timezone_DST = MDT
| utc_offset_DST = &minus;6
| utc_offset_DST = &minus;6
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name=gnis/>
| elevation_m = 2231
| elevation_ft = 7300
| elevation_ft = 7320
| coordinates = {{coord|35|53|28|N|106|15|50|W|region:US-NM|display=it}}
| coordinates = {{coord|35|53|28|N|106|17|52|W|region:US-NM|display=it}}

<!-- Area/postal codes & others -->
<!-- Area/postal codes & others -->
| postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]s
| postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]s
Line 71: Line 63:
| blank_info = 35-42320
| blank_info = 35-42320
| blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info = 0901357
| blank1_info = 2408132<ref name=gnis>{{GNIS|2408132}}</ref>
| website =
| website =
| footnotes =
| footnotes =
}}
}}
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Fuller Lodge Los Alamos.jpg|thumb|Fuller Lodge, located near Ashley Pond in Los Alamos. It was the main building of the [[Los Alamos Ranch School]].]] -->
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Fuller Lodge Los Alamos.jpg|thumb|Fuller Lodge, located near Ashley Pond in Los Alamos. It was the main building of the [[Los Alamos Ranch School]].]] -->
'''Los Alamos''' is a town in [[Los Alamos County, New Mexico|Los Alamos County]], [[New Mexico]], United States, that is recognized as the development and creation place of the [[Nuclear weapon|atomic bomb]]—the primary objective of the [[Manhattan Project]] by [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] during [[World War II]]. The town is located on four [[mesa]]s of the [[Pajarito Plateau]], and has a population of 19,369 as of 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Los Alamos County, New Mexico|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/losalamoscountynewmexico|access-date=2021-08-10|website=www.census.gov|language=en}}</ref> It is the [[county seat]] and one of two population centers in the county known as [[census-designated place]]s (CDPs); the other is [[White Rock, New Mexico|White Rock]].
'''Los Alamos''' ({{langx|es|Los Álamos|link=}}, meaning ''The Cottonwoods'') is a [[census-designated place]] in [[Los Alamos County, New Mexico]], United States, that is recognized as one of the development and creation places of the [[Nuclear weapon|atomic bomb]]—the primary objective of the [[Manhattan Project]] by [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] during [[World War II]]. The town is located on four [[mesa]]s of the [[Pajarito Plateau]], and had a population of about 13,200 as of 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Los Alamos County, New Mexico; New Mexico; Los Alamos CDP, New Mexico |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/losalamoscountynewmexico,NM,losalamoscdpnewmexico/PST045223 |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=www.census.gov |language=en}}</ref> It is the [[county seat]] and one of two population centers in the county known as [[census-designated place]]s (CDPs); the other is [[White Rock, New Mexico|White Rock]].

==Toponym==
''Los Alamos'' is a [[Spanish language|Spanish]] place name that typically refers to poplar or [[Populus sect. Aigeiros|cottonwood trees]]. Alternatively, ''Los Alamos'' could refer to the large groves of [[Populus tremuloides|quaking aspen]] that intersperse the coniferous forest on the mountainsides above the townsite, where they are distinctly visible during the autumn months due to their spectacular [[Autumn leaf color|autumn colors]].<ref>{{cite book|editor=Pearce, T.M.|title=New Mexico Place Names: A Geographical Dictionary|publisher= UNM Press|year= 1965|isbn=0-8263-0082-0}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last1 = Julyan | first1 = Robert Hixson| title = The Place Names of New Mexico| place = Albuquerque| publisher = [[University of New Mexico Press]]| pages = 208| date = 1998| isbn = 978-08263-1689-9 }}</ref><ref>
{{cite web |url=https://wnpa.org/the-lure-of-the-implacable-aspen-at-bandelier-national-monument/ |title=The Lure of the Hardy Aspen at Bandelier National Monument |last=Jensen |first=Barbara |website=Western National Parks Association |access-date=September 5, 2024 |quote=...&nbsp;The prolonged moisture necessary to the reproductive success of quaking aspen (populus tremuloides) is long absent here.&nbsp;... }}</ref>


==History==
==History==
[[File:Los Alamos Main Gate.jpg|thumb|right|alt=small guard shack with sign stating that passes must be presented to guards, a nineteen forties era car is parked there|The entrance to Los Alamos was guarded at the Main Gate during the Manhattan Project.]]
[[File:Los Alamos Main Gate.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=small guard shack with sign stating that passes must be presented to guards, a nineteen forties era car is parked there|The entrance to Los Alamos was guarded at the Main Gate during the Manhattan Project.]]
[[File:Los Alamos Post Office.jpg|thumb|right|[[Los Alamos United States Post Office|Los Alamos post office]], built in 1948]]
The ruins of permanent [[Puebloans|Puebloan]] settlements, such as those located in nearby [[Bandelier National Monument]] and [[Tsankawi]], and numerous other sites such as [[cliff dwellings]] indicate that the area has been inhabited during various eras since around 1150 AD. The first settlers on the plateau are thought to be [[Keresan languages|Keres]] speaking Native Americans around the 10th century. Around 1300, [[Tewa people|Tewa]] settlers immigrated from the Four Corners Region and built large cities but were driven out within 50 years by [[Navajo people|Navajo]] and [[Apache]] raids and by drought.
The ruins of [[Puebloans|Puebloan]] settlements, such as those located in nearby [[Bandelier National Monument]] and [[Tsankawi]], and numerous other sites such as [[cliff dwellings]] indicate that the area has been inhabited during various eras since around 1150 AD. The first settlers on the plateau are thought to be [[Keresan languages|Keres]] speaking Native Americans around the 10th century. Around 1300, [[Tewa people|Tewa]] settlers immigrated from the Four Corners Region and built large cities but were driven out within 50 years by [[Navajo people|Navajo]] and [[Apache]] raids and by drought.


In the late 19th century, [[Homestead Acts|homesteaders]] utilized the land for ranching. Most homesteaders built simple log cabins that they only lived in during warm weather to feed livestock. Many of the homesteaders later moved down to the warmer [[Rio Grande]] Valley.<!-- Do not link to [[Rio Grande Valley (Texas)]], which is an entirely different region hundreds of miles away. --> In 1917, homesteader Harold H. Brook sold part of his land and buildings to Ashley Pond II, a businessman from Detroit who founded the [[Los Alamos Ranch School]]. The area was used to teach young men basic ranching and other outdoor survival skills.
In the late 19th century, [[Homestead Acts|homesteaders]] utilized the land for ranching. Most homesteaders built simple log cabins that they only lived in during warm weather to feed livestock. Many of the homesteaders later moved down to the warmer [[Rio Grande]] Valley.<!-- Do not link to [[Rio Grande Valley (Texas)]], which is an entirely different region hundreds of miles away. --> In 1917, homesteader Harold H. Brook sold part of his land and buildings to Ashley Pond II, a businessman from Detroit who founded the [[Los Alamos Ranch School]]. The area was used to teach young men basic ranching and other outdoor survival skills.


In 1943, during [[World War II]], the [[United States Department of War]] exercised [[eminent domain]] over the Ranch School and all remaining homesteads in the area so that the relatively isolated location could be used for the secretive [[Manhattan Project]], which ultimately developed the world's first nuclear weapons.<ref>https://www.lanl.gov/about/history-innovation/</ref> Facilities for research and development were quickly built and scientists and engineers from all over the world were assigned to the project, however all information about the town and project was held secretively away from public awareness. Los Alamos was referred to under the code name "[[Project Y|Site Y]]" by military personnel, and was known only as "The Hill" by many in nearby Santa Fe. The specific location of the project and all of its residents was also concealed by designating its mailing address as PO Box 1663, Santa Fe, NM. All incoming truckloads were falsely labeled as common items in order to conceal the true nature of their contents, and any outbound correspondence by those working and living in Los Alamos was censored by military officials. Not until after the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|bombing of Hiroshima]] was information about the purpose of the Manhattan Project released to the public.
In 1943, during [[World War II]], the [[United States Department of War]] exercised [[eminent domain]] over the Ranch School and all remaining homesteads in the area so that the relatively isolated location could be used for the secretive [[Manhattan Project]], which ultimately developed the world's first nuclear weapons.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lanl.gov/about/history-innovation/|title = Our History}}</ref> Facilities for research and development were quickly built and scientists and engineers from all over the world were assigned to the project; however, all information about the town and project was held secret from the public. Los Alamos was referred to under the code name "[[Project Y|Site Y]]" by military personnel, and was known only as "The Hill" by many in nearby Santa Fe.

Los Alamos was originally built as a [[closed city]] accessible from the outside world through only two gates.<ref name="Conant_Page_112">{{cite book |last1=Conant |first1=Jennet |author1-link=Jennet Conant |title=109 East Palace: Robert Oppenheimer and the Secret City of Los Alamos |date=2005 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |isbn=9781416585428 |page=112 |edition=2005 paperback |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0sJL-nN_DHQC&pg=PA112 |access-date=August 3, 2023}}</ref> The specific location of the project was a tightly guarded secret. All employees recruited to work at the Los Alamos site were given a memorandum instructing them to travel to Santa Fe and report to the [[U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]] office at 109 East Palace Avenue.<ref name="Conant_Page_84">{{cite book |last1=Conant |first1=Jennet |author1-link=Jennet Conant |title=109 East Palace: Robert Oppenheimer and the Secret City of Los Alamos |date=2005 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |isbn=9781416585428 |page=84 |edition=2005 paperback |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0sJL-nN_DHQC&pg=PA84 |access-date=August 3, 2023}}</ref> At that location, [[Dorothy McKibbin]] provided newcomers with the necessary documentation to get through security checkpoints (initially, letters signed by [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]] himself, and later, security passes), along with specific directions to the Hill.<ref name="Conant_Page_59">{{cite book |last1=Conant |first1=Jennet |author1-link=Jennet Conant |title=109 East Palace: Robert Oppenheimer and the Secret City of Los Alamos |date=2005 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |isbn=9781416585428 |page=59 |edition=2005 paperback |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0sJL-nN_DHQC&pg=PA59 |access-date=August 3, 2023}}</ref> The project was further concealed by designating its mailing address as [[Post office box|PO Box]] 1663, Santa Fe, N.M.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manhattan Project cover |url=https://postalmuseum.si.edu/object/npm_2007.2029.1 |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=postalmuseum.si.edu |language=en}}</ref> All incoming truckloads were falsely labeled as common items in order to conceal the true nature of their contents, and any outbound correspondence by those working and living in Los Alamos was censored by military officials.

Not until after the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|bombing of Hiroshima]] in 1945 was information about the [[Manhattan Project]] released to the public; being announced by the White House at 11 am on 6 August. A set of press releases were given out over three days.<ref>{{cite book |last= Nichols |first= Kenneth |title= The Road to Trinity: A Personal Account of How America's Nuclear Policies Were Made |accessdate= |edition= |origyear= |year= 1987 |publisher= William Morrow and Company |location= New York |isbn= 0-688-06910-X |oclc= |page= 202 }}</ref>


In the years after World War II, the laboratory was formally established as a research government facility under the civilian control of the [[United States Atomic Energy Commission|U.S. Atomic Energy Commission]], and is now known as [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]]. In 1957, the AEC pulled back the security perimeter to the laboratory itself and opened up the town for visits by the general public. The first visitor to enter the town that year without a permit from the federal government was New Mexico Governor [[Edwin L. Mechem]].<ref name="Rothman_Page_246">{{cite book |last1=Rothman |first1=Hal |title=On Rims & Ridges: The Los Alamos Area Since 1880 |date=1997 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |location=Lincoln, Nebraska |isbn=9780803289666 |page=246 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xMV1Z-9_iFEC&pg=PA246 |access-date=August 3, 2023}}</ref> The AEC was later succeeded by the [[United States Department of Energy|U.S. Department of Energy]].
In the years after World War II, the laboratory was established as a research government facility under the [[United States Department of Energy|Department of Energy]], and is now known as [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]].


Los Alamos became the shooting location and setting for the 2023 film ''[[Oppenheimer (film)|Oppenheimer]]''.
===Etymology===
''Los Alamos'' is a [[Spanish language|Spanish]] place name that typically refers to poplar or [[Populus sect. Aigeiros|cottonwood trees]]. Alternatively, ''Los Alamos'' could refer to the large groves of [[aspen|aspen trees]] ({{lang|es|alamo temblon}}) that intersperse the coniferous forest on the mountainsides above the townsite, where they are distinctly visible during the autumn months due to their spectacular [[Autumn leaf color|autumn colors]].<ref>Pearce, T.M. ed., ''New Mexico Place Names: A Geographical Dictionary'', UNM Press 1965, {{ISBN|0-8263-0082-0}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last1 = Julyan | first1 = Robert Hixson| title = The Place Names of New Mexico| place = Albuquerque| publisher = [[University of New Mexico Press]]| pages = 208| date = 1998| isbn = 978-08263-1689-9 }}</ref>


==Geography==
==Geography==
Los Alamos is located in northern New Mexico between the Rio Grande and the eastern rim of the [[Valles Caldera]] on the Pajarito Plateau, approximately {{convert|35|mi|abbr=on}} to the northwest of [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]]. The elevation at the post office is {{convert|7320|feet|m|-1}} and total land area is {{convert|11.14|sqmi|km2}}.
Los Alamos is located in northern New Mexico between the Rio Grande and the eastern rim of the [[Valles Caldera]] on the Pajarito Plateau, approximately {{convert|35|mi|abbr=on}} to the northwest of [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]]. The elevation at the post office is {{convert|7320|feet|m|-1}} and total land area is {{convert|11.14|sqmi|km2}}.


The Los Alamos Townsite and White Rock are located on flat [[mesa|mesa tops]] separated by steep canyons. This location was chosen for its relative inaccessibility to help protect the secret activities of the Manhattan Project.
The Los Alamos Townsite and White Rock are located on flat [[mesa|mesa tops]] separated by steep canyons, known as [[Potrero (landform)|potreros]]. This location was chosen for its relative inaccessibility to help protect the secret activities of the Manhattan Project.


The town of Los Alamos was built on four mesas—Barranca Mesa, North Mesa, Los Alamos Mesa and South Mesa—along with the connecting communities at the base of the mountain. [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] occupies half of South Mesa, Two Mile Mesa, Frijoles Mesa, Mesita de Buey and several nearby areas in the region (in the valleys and at the base of the mountain). White Rock lies at the top of White Rock Canyon.
The town of Los Alamos was built on four potreros—Barranca Mesa, North Mesa, Los Alamos Mesa and South Mesa—along with the connecting communities at the base of the mountain. [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] occupies half of South Mesa, Two Mile Mesa, Frijoles Mesa, Mesita de Buey and several nearby areas in the region (in the valleys and at the base of the mountain). White Rock lies at the top of White Rock Canyon.


Much of Los Alamos County is within the Española Ranger District of the [[Santa Fe National Forest]].
Much of Los Alamos County is within the Española Ranger District of the [[Santa Fe National Forest]].


{{wide image|OttowiView.jpg|1280px|View from the Anderson Overlook.|alt=cliffs, mesas, pine-filled canyons, and distant mountains}}
{{wide image|OttowiView.jpg|800px|View from the Anderson Overlook.|alt=cliffs, mesas, pine-filled canyons, and distant mountains}}


===Climate===
===Climate===
Los Alamos has a borderline [[semi-arid climate#Cold semi-arid climates|cool semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''BSk'')/[[humid continental climate]] (''Dfb'')<ref name=BowenClimatology>{{cite book |last=Bowen |first=Brent M. |date=May 1990 |title=Los Alamos Climatology |location=Los Alamos |publisher=Los Alamos National Laboratory |pages=3–5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |date=September 2009 |title=Environmental Surveillance at Los Alamos during 2008 |publisher=Los Alamos National Laboratory |page=32}}</ref> with four distinct seasons. Summer days are moderately warm in the 70s and 80s, but infrequently reach {{convert|90|F|C|1}}.<ref name=BowenClimatology />
Los Alamos has a [[humid continental climate]] (''Dfb'')<ref name=BowenClimatology>{{cite book |last=Bowen |first=Brent M. |date=May 1990 |title=Los Alamos Climatology |location=Los Alamos |publisher=Los Alamos National Laboratory |pages=3–5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |date=September 2009 |title=Environmental Surveillance at Los Alamos during 2008 |publisher=Los Alamos National Laboratory |page=32}}</ref> with four distinct seasons. Summer days are moderately warm in the 70s°F (low 20s°C) and 70s°F (high 20s°C), but reach 90&nbsp;°F (32&nbsp;°C) on only 5 days per year on average.


{{Weather box <!-- Infobox begins -->
{{Weather box|width=auto
|location = Los Alamos, New Mexico, 1991&ndash;2020 normals, extremes 1918&ndash;present
| collapsed =
| open =
|single line = Y
|collapsed = Yes
| single line = yes

| location = Los Alamos, New Mexico (1942-2006)
|Jan record high F = 65
| temperature colour =
|Feb record high F = 69
<!-- Maximum Humidex -->
|Mar record high F = 74
<!-- The humidex table can be used only if the source provides humidex values. As of July 2015, few if any countries other than Canada use the Humidex. -->
|Apr record high F = 80
| Jan maximum humidex =
|May record high F = 93
| Feb maximum humidex =
|Jun record high F = 96
| Mar maximum humidex =
|Jul record high F = 98
| Apr maximum humidex =
|Aug record high F = 92
| May maximum humidex =
|Sep record high F = 94
| Jun maximum humidex =
|Oct record high F = 82
| Jul maximum humidex =
|Nov record high F = 72
| Aug maximum humidex =
|Dec record high F = 64
| Sep maximum humidex =
|year record high F =
| Oct maximum humidex =

| Nov maximum humidex =
| Dec maximum humidex =
|Jan avg record high F = 51.9
|Feb avg record high F = 56.5
| year maximum humidex =
<!-- Record high temperatures -->
|Mar avg record high F = 66.9
|Apr avg record high F = 73.6
<!-- Note that record temperatures should only be used when the data period is of the greatest length possible. -->
| Jan record high F =65
|May avg record high F = 81.3
| Feb record high F =69
|Jun avg record high F = 89.7
| Mar record high F =73
|Jul avg record high F = 90.2
| Apr record high F =80
|Aug avg record high F = 86.7
| May record high F =92
|Sep avg record high F = 82.7
| Jun record high F =95
|Oct avg record high F = 74.9
| Jul record high F =94
|Nov avg record high F = 62.5
| Aug record high F =91
|Dec avg record high F = 53.5
| Sep record high F =90
|year avg record high F = 91.7

| Oct record high F =84
| Nov record high F =72
| Jan high F = 40.3
| Dec record high F =64
| Feb high F = 44.5
| year record high F =95
| Mar high F = 53.4
| Apr high F = 61.0
<!-- Average monthly absolute maximum temperatures (that is, on average, the highest temperature to be observed in a month). It is important to note that this data is not very prominent in most climate data archives. -->
| Jan avg record high F =
| May high F = 70.2
| Feb avg record high F =
| Jun high F = 80.9
| Mar avg record high F =
| Jul high F = 82.5
| Apr avg record high F =
| Aug high F = 79.5
| May avg record high F =
| Sep high F = 74.0
| Jun avg record high F =
| Oct high F = 62.7
| Jul avg record high F =
| Nov high F = 50.1
| Aug avg record high F =
| Dec high F = 40.3
| Sep avg record high F =
|year high F =

| Oct avg record high F =
| Nov avg record high F =
|Jan mean F = 30.4
| Dec avg record high F =
|Feb mean F = 34.1
| year avg record high F =
|Mar mean F = 41.5
|Apr mean F = 48.2
<!-- Average high temperatures -->
| Jan high F =40
|May mean F = 57.2
| Feb high F =43
|Jun mean F = 67.2
| Mar high F =50
|Jul mean F = 69.6
| Apr high F =59
|Aug mean F = 67.3
| May high F =68
|Sep mean F = 61.5
| Jun high F =78
|Oct mean F = 50.6
| Jul high F =81
|Nov mean F = 39.1
| Aug high F =78
|Dec mean F = 30.5
| Sep high F =73
|year mean F =

| Oct high F =62
| Nov high F =49
| Jan low F = 20.5
| Dec high F =41
| Feb low F = 23.6
| year high F = 60
| Mar low F = 29.6
| Apr low F = 35.4
<!-- Mean daily temperature -->
| Jan mean F =29
| May low F = 44.2
| Feb mean F =33
| Jun low F = 53.5
| Mar mean F =38
| Jul low F = 56.7
| Apr mean F =46
| Aug low F = 55.1
| May mean F =56
| Sep low F = 49.1
| Jun mean F =65
| Oct low F = 38.4
| Jul mean F =68
| Nov low F = 28.2
| Aug mean F =66
| Dec low F = 20.6
| Sep mean F =60
|year low F =

| Oct mean F =50
| Nov mean F =38
|Jan avg record low F = 4.8
| Dec mean F =30
|Feb avg record low F = 7.5
| year mean F =48
|Mar avg record low F = 13.7
|Apr avg record low F = 21.4
<!-- Average low temperatures -->
| Jan low F =19
|May avg record low F = 30.5
| Feb low F =22
|Jun avg record low F = 42.0
| Mar low F =27
|Jul avg record low F = 49.8
| Apr low F =34
|Aug avg record low F = 48.1
| May low F =43
|Sep avg record low F = 36.6
| Jun low F =52
|Oct avg record low F = 22.3
| Jul low F =56
|Nov avg record low F = 11.4
| Aug low F =54
|Dec avg record low F = 3.6
| Sep low F =48
|year avg record low F = 0.2

| Oct low F =38
| Nov low F =27
|Jan record low F = -18
| Dec low F =20
|Feb record low F = -17
| year low F =37
|Mar record low F = -3
|Apr record low F = 5
<!-- Average monthly absolute minimum temperatures (that is, on average, the lowest temperature to be observed in a month). It is important to note that this data is not very prominent in most climate data archives. -->
| Jan avg record low F =
|May record low F = 22
| Feb avg record low F =
|Jun record low F = 28
| Mar avg record low F =
|Jul record low F = 37
| Apr avg record low F =
|Aug record low F = 38
| May avg record low F =
|Sep record low F = 23
| Jun avg record low F =
|Oct record low F = 6
| Jul avg record low F =
|Nov record low F = -14
| Aug avg record low F =
|Dec record low F = -13
| Sep avg record low F =
|year record low F =
|precipitation color = green
| Oct avg record low F =
| Nov avg record low F =
| Jan precipitation inch = 0.90
| Dec avg record low F =
| Feb precipitation inch = 0.72
| Mar precipitation inch = 1.04
| year avg record low F = <!-- Note: the yearly data does NOT necessarily reflect the lowest temperature in any of the months. This refers to the yearly lowest temperature, that is, on average, the highest temperature to be observed in a year. -->
| Apr precipitation inch = 0.93
<!-- Record low temperatures -->
| May precipitation inch = 1.17
<!-- Note that record temperatures should only be used when the data period is of the greatest length possible. -->
| Jun precipitation inch = 1.17
| Jan record low F =-18
| Jul precipitation inch = 2.94
| Feb record low F =-17
| Mar record low F =-3
| Aug precipitation inch = 3.20
| Sep precipitation inch = 2.02
| Apr record low F =8
| Oct precipitation inch = 1.58
| May record low F =24
| Nov precipitation inch = 0.95
| Jun record low F =32
| Dec precipitation inch = 0.87
| Jul record low F =40
|year precipitation inch = 17.49
| Aug record low F =31
| unit precipitation days = 0.01 in
| Sep record low F =25
| Jan precipitation days = 5.5
| Oct record low F =6
| Feb precipitation days = 6.5
| Nov record low F =-14
| Mar precipitation days = 6.5
| Dec record low F =-13
| Apr precipitation days = 5.5
| year record low F =-18
| May precipitation days = 6.5
<!-- Minimum wind chill -->
| Jun precipitation days = 6.7
| Jan chill =
| Jul precipitation days = 13.0
| Feb chill =
| Aug precipitation days = 14.6
| Mar chill =
| Sep precipitation days = 8.5
| Apr chill =
| Oct precipitation days = 6.5
| May chill =
| Nov precipitation days = 4.6
| Jun chill =
| Dec precipitation days = 5.7
| Jul chill =
| year precipitation days = 90.1
| Aug chill =
|Jan snow inch = 9.9
| Sep chill =
|Feb snow inch = 8.8
| Oct chill =
|Mar snow inch = 5.9
| Nov chill =
|Apr snow inch = 3.3
| Dec chill =
| year chill =
|May snow inch = 0.1
|Jun snow inch = 0.0
<!-- Total precipitation, this should include rain and snow. -->
|Jul snow inch = 0.0
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation inch =0.9
|Aug snow inch = 0.0
| Feb precipitation inch =0.8
|Sep snow inch = 0.0
| Mar precipitation inch =1.1
|Oct snow inch = 1.7
| Apr precipitation inch =1.0
|Nov snow inch = 4.4
| May precipitation inch =1.2
|Dec snow inch = 8.0
| Jun precipitation inch =1.3
|year snow inch = 42.1
|unit snow days = 0.1 in
| Jul precipitation inch =3.0
| Aug precipitation inch =3.7
|Jan snow days = 3.8
|Feb snow days = 4.3
| Sep precipitation inch =1.8
|Mar snow days = 2.8
| Oct precipitation inch =1.5
|Apr snow days = 1.4
| Nov precipitation inch =0.9
| Dec precipitation inch =0.9
|May snow days = 0.1
|Jun snow days = 0.0
| year precipitation inch =18.1
|Jul snow days = 0.0
<!-- Rainfall -->
|Aug snow days = 0.0
| rain colour = <!-- Enter "green" for green rainfall colours, "none" for no colours, remove this line for blue colouring. -->
| Jan rain inch =
|Sep snow days = 0.0
| Feb rain inch =
|Oct snow days = 0.8
| Mar rain inch =
|Nov snow days = 2.0
| Apr rain inch =
|Dec snow days = 4.1
|year snow days = 19.3
| May rain inch =
|source 1 = NOAA<ref>{{cite web
| Jun rain inch =
| url = https://www.weather.gov/wrh/climate?wfo=abq
| Jul rain inch =
| title = NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data
| Aug rain inch =
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| Sep rain inch =
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| Oct rain inch =
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USC00295084&format=pdf
| Nov rain inch =
| title = Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020
| Dec rain inch =
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| year rain inch =
| accessdate = October 29, 2021
<!-- Snowfall -->
}}</ref> }}
<!-- IMPORTANT: Do NOT use snow depth information in the snowfall area! These are 2 different kinds of data! -->
| snow colour =
| Jan snow inch =12.0
| Feb snow inch =9.3
| Mar snow inch =10
| Apr snow inch =4.5
| May snow inch =0.6
| Jun snow inch =0.0
| Jul snow inch =0.0
| Aug snow inch =0.0
| Sep snow inch =0.0
| Oct snow inch =2.0
| Nov snow inch =5.0
| Dec snow inch =10.6
| year snow inch =54.0
<!-- Average number of precipitation days -->
| unit precipitation days = <!-- If entering the average number of days, then the unit requirement should be used, because this varies between countries. E.g. 0.1 in, 0.01 in. -->
| precip days colour = <!-- Enter "green" for green colours, "pastel" for pastel colours, "none" for no colours, remove this line for blue colouring. Affects rain and snow days as well -->
| Jan precipitation days =5
| Feb precipitation days =6
| Mar precipitation days =7
| Apr precipitation days =6
| May precipitation days =7
| Jun precipitation days =7
| Jul precipitation days =13
| Aug precipitation days =15
| Sep precipitation days =8
| Oct precipitation days =6
| Nov precipitation days =5
| Dec precipitation days =5
| year precipitation days =90
<!-- Average number of rainy days -->
| unit rain days = <!-- If entering the average number of days, then the unit requirement should be used, because this varies between countries. E.g. 0.1 in, 0.01 in. -->
| Jan rain days =
| Feb rain days =
| Mar rain days =
| Apr rain days =
| May rain days =
| Jun rain days =
| Jul rain days =
| Aug rain days =
| Sep rain days =
| Oct rain days =
| Nov rain days =
| Dec rain days =
| year rain days =
<!-- Average number of snowy days -->
| unit snow days = <!-- If entering the average number of days, then the unit requirement should be used, because this varies between countries. E.g. 0.1 in, 0.01 in. -->
| Jan snow days =
| Feb snow days =
| Mar snow days =
| Apr snow days =
| May snow days =
| Jun snow days =
| Jul snow days =
| Aug snow days =
| Sep snow days =
| Oct snow days =
| Nov snow days =
| Dec snow days =
| year snow days =
<!-- Average daily % humidity -->
<!-- If entering the average daily % humidity, then the humidex table should be used. -->
| humidity colour = <!-- Enter "green" for green humidity colors, "pastel" for pastel humidity colours, "none" for no colours, remove this line for blue coloring. Affects afternoon % humidity as well -->
| time day = <!-- The time of day the humidity was measured at. Affects afternoon % humidity as well -->
| daily = <!-- Enter "Y" if the humidity is for the entire day. Affects afternoon % humidity as well -->
| Jan humidity =
| Feb humidity =
| Mar humidity =
| Apr humidity =
| May humidity =
| Jun humidity =
| Jul humidity =
| Aug humidity =
| Sep humidity =
| Oct humidity =
| Nov humidity =
| Dec humidity =
| year humidity =
<!-- Average afternoon % humidity -->
<!-- If entering the average afternoon % humidity, then the average daily % humidity table should be used. -->
| Jan afthumidity =
| Feb afthumidity =
| Mar afthumidity =
| Apr afthumidity =
| May afthumidity =
| Jun afthumidity =
| Jul afthumidity =
| Aug afthumidity =
| Sep afthumidity =
| Oct afthumidity =
| Nov afthumidity =
| Dec afthumidity =
| year afthumidity =
<!-- Average monthly sunshine hours, monthly totals are preferred, and will produce colours, but percentages are accepted. Use either the monthly or daily sunshine (depending on the source) but not both. -->
| Jan sun =
| Feb sun = <!-- For February only if the source gives daily hours, please multiply by 28.25, not 28 -->
| Mar sun =
| Apr sun =
| May sun =
| Jun sun =
| Jul sun =
| Aug sun =
| Sep sun =
| Oct sun =
| Nov sun =
| Dec sun =
| year sun =
<!-- Average daily sunshine hours. Use either the monthly or daily sunshine (depending on the source) but not both. -->
| Jand sun =
| Febd sun =
| Mard sun =
| Aprd sun =
| Mayd sun =
| Jund sun =
| Juld sun =
| Augd sun =
| Sepd sun =
| Octd sun =
| Novd sun =
| Decd sun =
| yeard sun =
<!-- Average percent of possible sunshine. Number of daylight hours already factored into this number. Note that since this is possible sunshine, nighttime hours should not be included in this calculation. Will produce colours. -->
| Jan percentsun =
| Feb percentsun =
| Mar percentsun =
| Apr percentsun =
| May percentsun =
| Jun percentsun =
| Jul percentsun =
| Aug percentsun =
| Sep percentsun =
| Oct percentsun =
| Nov percentsun =
| Dec percentsun =
| year percentsun =
<!-- Mandatory fields, source -->
| source = Western Regional Climate Center - Temperature <ref name="Period of Record General Climate Summary - Temperature, Western Regional Climate Center">{{cite web |url=http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliGCStT.pl?nmlosa |title=Period of Record General Climate Summary - Temperature |publisher=WRCC |access-date=January 5, 2017 }}</ref>
<!-- For a second source -->
| source 2 = Western Regional Climate Center - Precipitation <ref name="Period of Record General Climate Summary - Precipitation, Western Regional Climate Center">{{cite web |url=http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliGCStP.pl?nmlosa |title=Period of Record General Climate Summary - Precipitation |publisher=WRCC |access-date=January 5, 2017 }}</ref>
}}<!-- Infobox ends -->


===Wildlife and vegetation===
===Wildlife and vegetation===
Line 448: Line 308:


====Wildfires====
====Wildfires====
[[Wildfire]]s have affected the county, but the most destructive to the townsite was the [[Cerro Grande Fire]] of May 2000, which caused an estimated $1 billion in damages and destroyed more than 400 homes. The town was evacuated for eight days. The [[Federal Emergency Management Agency]] (FEMA) built temporary housing on North Mesa for those who were displaced by the fire. Though there was no loss of life, other effects include damage to LANL facilities ([[special nuclear material|nuclear material]] was not affected), flash-flooding, and erosion.
[[Wildfire]]s have affected the county, but the most destructive to the townsite was the [[Cerro Grande Fire]] of May 2000, which caused an estimated $1 billion in damages and destroyed more than 400 homes. The CDP was evacuated for eight days. The [[Federal Emergency Management Agency]] (FEMA) built temporary housing on North Mesa for those who were displaced by the fire. Though there was no loss of life, other effects include damage to LANL facilities ([[special nuclear material|nuclear material]] was not affected), flash-flooding, and erosion.
[[File:FEMA - 3539 - Photograph by Andrea Booher taken on 05-04-2000 in New Mexico.jpg|thumb|350px|right|alt=aerial photo of burned trees and homes|Aftermath of the Cerro Grande Fire of 2000]]


The [[Las Conchas Fire]] of June 26, 2011<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://earthsky.org/earth/wildfires-may-contribute-more-to-global-warming-than-previously-predicted|title=Wildfires may contribute more to global warming than previously predicted {{!}} EarthSky.org|website=earthsky.org|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-06}}</ref> burned about three times as many acres and also prompted evacuation of Los Alamos, but there was no damage to property in Los Alamos.<ref>{{cite web |title=Las Conchas Wildfire |url=http://www.inciweb.org/incident/2385/ |work=Incident Information System |access-date=6 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709210305/http://www.inciweb.org/incident/2385/ |archive-date=9 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was the biggest wildfire New Mexico had endured.<ref name=":0" />
The [[Las Conchas Fire]] of June 26, 2011<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://earthsky.org/earth/wildfires-may-contribute-more-to-global-warming-than-previously-predicted|title=Wildfires may contribute more to global warming than previously predicted |website=EarthSky.org |date=July 9, 2013|access-date=May 6, 2019}}</ref> burned about three times as many acres and also prompted evacuation of Los Alamos, but there was no damage to property in Los Alamos.<ref>{{cite web |title=Las Conchas Wildfire |url=http://www.inciweb.org/incident/2385/ |access-date=July 6, 2011 |work=Incident Information System |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709210305/http://www.inciweb.org/incident/2385/ |archive-date=July 9, 2011}}</ref> It was the largest recorded wildfire in New Mexico until the [[Whitewater-Baldy complex fire]] in 2012.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=These are the largest recorded wildfires in New Mexico history |url=https://www.lcsun-news.com/story/news/2023/07/05/these-are-the-largest-recorded-wildfires-in-new-mexico-history/70369177007/ |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=Las Cruces Sun-News |language=en-US}}</ref>


[[File:FEMA - 3539 - Photograph by Andrea Booher taken on 05-04-2000 in New Mexico.jpg|thumb|alt=aerial photo of burned trees and homes|Aftermath of the Cerro Grande Fire of 2000]]
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable" style="font-size: 90%;"
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable" style="font-size: 90%;"
!class="unsortable" style="background-color:#F7C58D;"|Wildfire (year) !! data-sort-type=number style="background-color:#F7C58D;"|Burned area !! class="unsortable" style="background-color:#F7C58D;"|Cause
!class="unsortable" style="background-color:#F7C58D;"|Wildfire (year) !! data-sort-type=number style="background-color:#F7C58D;"|Burned area !! class="unsortable" style="background-color:#F7C58D;"|Cause
|-
|-
| [[Water Canyon Fire]] (1954)|| {{convert|3000|acre|km2|round=5}}<ref name=FuelsInventories1997>{{cite web | title=Fuels Inventories in the Los Alamos National Laboratory | url=https://www.osti.gov/scitech/servlets/purl/7385 | publisher=[[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] | date=March 1999 | access-date=January 10, 2016 }}</ref> || trash/[[construction debris]] fire<ref name=FuelsInventories1997/>
| [[Water Canyon Fire]] (1954)|| {{convert|3000|acre|km2|round=5}}<ref name=FuelsInventories1997>{{cite report | title=Fuels Inventories in the Los Alamos National Laboratory | publisher=[[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] | date=March 1999 | doi=10.2172/7385 | last1=Balice | first1=R.G. | last2=Oswald | first2=B.P. | last3=Martin | first3=C. | s2cid=140538562 | doi-access=free | url=https://www.osti.gov/scitech/servlets/purl/7385 | access-date=January 10, 2016 }}</ref> || trash/[[construction debris]] fire<ref name=FuelsInventories1997/>
|-
|-
| [[La Mesa Fire]] (1977) || {{convert|15400|acre|km2|round=5}}<ref name=FuelsInventories1997/> || human-caused<ref name=FuelsInventories1997/>
| [[La Mesa Fire]] (1977) || {{convert|15400|acre|km2|round=5}}<ref name=FuelsInventories1997/> || human-caused<ref name=FuelsInventories1997/>
Line 464: Line 324:
| [[Oso Complex Fire]] (1998) || {{convert|5200|acre|km2|round=5}} || arson
| [[Oso Complex Fire]] (1998) || {{convert|5200|acre|km2|round=5}} || arson
|-
|-
| [[Cerro Grande Fire]] (2000) || {{convert|48000|acre|km2|round=5}}<ref name=CerroGAO>{{cite web|title=Lessons Learned From the Cerro Grande (Los Alamos) Fire|url=http://www.gao.gov/new.items/rc00257t.pdf|work=United States General Accounting Office Testimony|publisher=US Government Accountability Office|access-date=January 10, 2017}}</ref>|| controlled burn
| [[Cerro Grande Fire]] (2000) || {{convert|48000|acre|km2|round=5}}<ref name=CerroGAO>{{cite web|title=Lessons Learned From the Cerro Grande (Los Alamos) Fire|url=http://www.gao.gov/new.items/rc00257t.pdf|work=United States General Accounting Office Testimony|publisher=US Government Accountability Office|access-date=January 10, 2017|archive-date=February 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228233458/http://www.gao.gov/new.items/rc00257t.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>|| [[controlled burn]]
|-
|-
| [[Las Conchas Fire]] (2011) || {{convert|156800|acre|km2|round=5|abbr=}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Las Conchas Wildfire|url=http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/2385/|work=Incident Information System|access-date=August 14, 2011}}</ref>
| [[Las Conchas Fire]] (2011) || {{convert|156800|acre|km2|round=5|abbr=}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Las Conchas Wildfire|url=http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/2385/|work=Incident Information System|access-date=August 14, 2011|archive-date=October 16, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016012328/http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/2385/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|| Power line<ref name=cause>{{cite news|url=http://nmfireinfo.wordpress.com/2011/07/03/investigators-determine-cause-of-las-conchas-fire/|title=Investigators determine cause of Las Conchas Fire|newspaper=New Mexico Fire Information|date=July 3, 2011|access-date=July 5, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715044836/http://nmfireinfo.wordpress.com/2011/07/03/investigators-determine-cause-of-las-conchas-fire/|archive-date=July 15, 2011}}</ref>
|| Power line<ref name="cause">{{cite news|url=http://nmfireinfo.wordpress.com/2011/07/03/investigators-determine-cause-of-las-conchas-fire/|title=Investigators determine cause of Las Conchas Fire|newspaper=New Mexico Fire Information|date=July 3, 2011|access-date=July 5, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715044836/http://nmfireinfo.wordpress.com/2011/07/03/investigators-determine-cause-of-las-conchas-fire/|archive-date=July 15, 2011}}</ref>

|}
|}


Line 473: Line 334:


===Environmental remediation===
===Environmental remediation===
Over two thousand sites in the area have been determined to have been impacted as a result of past activities at LANL. The location of these sites have been identified throughout the county, and are primarily (but not exclusively) on DOE property. Contaminated sites vary widely in significance. Corrective action and environmental restoration has been deemed necessary for certain areas; LANL takes part in this process.<ref name="LANL Environmental Stewardship">{{cite web|title=Environmental Stewardship|url=https://www.lanl.gov/environment/index.php|website=LANL.gov|publisher=Los Alamos National Security for US Department of Energy|access-date=13 January 2018}}</ref> Some residents have voiced concern about a lack of public participation and opportunity to comment on the clean-up schedule and funding.<ref>{{cite news |first= marie|last= o'neil|title= doe/nmed host meeting on legacy waste clean-up|work= los alamos daily post|date= 3 January 2018}}</ref>
Over two thousand sites in the area have been determined to have been impacted as a result of past activities at LANL. The location of these sites have been identified throughout the county, and are primarily (but not exclusively) on DOE property. Contaminated sites vary widely in significance. Corrective action and environmental restoration has been deemed necessary for certain areas; LANL takes part in this process.<ref name="LANL Environmental Stewardship">{{cite web|title=Environmental Stewardship |url=https://www.lanl.gov/environment/index.php|website=LANL.gov|publisher=Los Alamos National Security for US Department of Energy |access-date=January 13, 2018}}</ref> Some residents have voiced concern about a lack of public participation and opportunity to comment on the cleanup schedule and funding.<ref>{{cite news |first= Marie|last= O'Neil|title= doe/nmed host meeting on legacy waste clean-up |work= los alamos daily post|date= January 3, 2018}}</ref>


==Demographics==
==Demographics==
===2020 census===
The current population is 12,019 with a [[population density]] of {{convert|1078.7|PD/sqmi|/km2}}.<ref name=CensusQuickFacts/> The median age is 40 years.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}} 24.8% of the people are under the age of 18, 4.8% are ages 18 to 24, 29.2% are ages 25 to 44, 28.2% are ages 45 to 64, and 12.9% are ages 65 years or older.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}} For every 100 females, there were 101.3 males.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}
The [[2020 United States census]] counted 13,179 people, 5,653 households, and 3,522 families in Los Alamos.<ref>{{Cite web |title=US Census Bureau, Table P16: HOUSEHOLD TYPE |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=Los%20Alamos%20CDP,%20New%20Mexico%20p16&y=2020 |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref><ref name=:2020/> The population density was {{convert|1,186.4|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 6,026 housing units at an average density of {{convert|542.5|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}.<ref name=:2020>{{Cite web |title=US Census Bureau, Table DP1: PROFILE OF GENERAL POPULATION AND HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS |url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDP2020.DP1?q=Los%20Alamos%20CDP,%20New%20Mexico%20dp1 |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gazetteer Files |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2020/geo/gazetter-file.html |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Census.gov}}</ref> The racial makeup was 73.15% (9,640) [[White (U.S. Census)|white]] or [[European American]] (67.79% [[Non-Hispanic White|non-Hispanic white]]), 0.99% (131) [[African American (U.S. Census)|black]] or [[African American|African-American]], 0.74% (98) [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]] or [[Alaska Native]], 7.96% (1,049) [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.09% (12) [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]] or [[Native Hawaiian]], 3.95% (520) from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 13.12% (1,729) from [[Multiracial Americans|two or more races]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=US Census Bureau, Table P1: RACE |url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020.P1?q=Los%20Alamos%20CDP,%20New%20Mexico%20p1&y=2020 |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref> [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race was 17.35% (2,287) of the population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=US Census Bureau, Table P2: HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE |url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020.P2?q=Los%20Alamos%20CDP,%20New%20Mexico%20p2&y=2020 |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref>
{{Historical populations|type=USA

| 1970|11310
Of the 5,653 households, 30.6% had children under the age of 18; 50.4% were married couples living together; 22.0% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present. 32.4% of households consisted of individuals and 10.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.<ref name=:2020/> The average household size was 2.2 and the average family size was 2.9.<ref>{{Cite web |title=US Census Bureau, Table S1101: HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES |url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020.S1101?q=Los%20Alamos%20CDP,%20New%20Mexico%20s1101%20&y=2020 |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref> The percent of those with a bachelor's degree or higher was estimated to be 50.6% of the population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=US Census Bureau, Table S1501: EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT |url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020.S1501?q=Los%20Alamos%20CDP,%20New%20Mexico%20s1501%20&y=2020 |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref>
| 1980|11039

| 1990|11455
22.8% of the population was under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 26.9% from 45 to 64, and 16.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.9 males.<ref name=:2020/> For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 97.6 males.<ref name=:2020/>
| 2000|11909

| 2010|12019
The 2016-2020 5-year [[American Community Survey]] estimates show that the median household income was $114,034 (with a margin of error of +/- $9,349) and the median family income was $139,184 (+/- $15,168).<ref>{{Cite web |title=US Census Bureau, Table S1903: MEDIAN INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2020 INFLATION-ADJUSTED DOLLARS) |url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020.S1903?q=Los%20Alamos%20CDP,%20New%20Mexico%20s1903%20&y=2020 |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref> Males had a median income of $83,875 (+/- $7,095) versus $57,000 (+/- $11,331) for females. The median income for those above 16 years old was $72,606 (+/- $8,291).<ref>{{Cite web |title=US Census Bureau, Table S2001: EARNINGS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2020 INFLATION-ADJUSTED DOLLARS) |url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020.S2001?q=Los%20Alamos%20CDP,%20New%20Mexico%20s2001%20&y=2020 |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref> Approximately, 3.2% of families and 4.7% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 4.2% of those under the age of 18 and 3.6% of those ages 65 or over.<ref>{{Cite web |title=US Census Bureau, Table S1701: POVERTY STATUS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS |url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020.S1701?q=Los%20Alamos%20CDP,%20New%20Mexico%20s1701%20&y=2020 |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=US Census Bureau, Table S1702: POVERTY STATUS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS OF FAMILIES |url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020.S1702?q=Los%20Alamos%20CDP,%20New%20Mexico%20s1702&y=2020 |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref>
| 2015|11814

===2010 census===
As of the [[2010 United States census]], there were 12,019 people with a [[population density]] of {{convert|1078.7|PD/sqmi|/km2}}.<ref name=CensusQuickFacts/> The median age is 40 years.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}} 24.8% of the people are under the age of 18, 4.8% are ages 18 to 24, 29.2% are ages 25 to 44, 28.2% are ages 45 to 64, and 12.9% are ages 65 years or older.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}} For every 100 females, there were 101.3 males.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}
{{Historical populations
|type= USA
|1970|11310
|1980|11039
|1990|11455
|2000|11909
|2010|12019
|2020|13179
|source=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|accessdate=June 4, 2016}}</ref>
}}
}}


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{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"
!Racial composition !! 2010<ref name=CensusQuickFacts>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/3542320 |title=Los Alamos CDP, New Mexico |work=State & County QuickFacts |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref>
!Racial composition !! 2010<ref name=CensusQuickFacts>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/3542320 |title=Los Alamos CDP, New Mexico |work=State & County QuickFacts |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref>
!2020<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov| access-date=2023-08-18 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[White American|White]] || 85.9%
|[[White American|White]] || 85.9%
|73.2%
|-
|-
| —[[Non-Hispanic whites|Non-Hispanic]] || 74.8%
| —[[Non-Hispanic whites|Non-Hispanic]] || 74.8%
|67.8%
|-
|-
| [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (of any race) || 14.3%
| [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (of any race) || 14.3%
|17.4%
|-
|-
| [[Asian American|Asian]] || 7.2%
| [[Asian American|Asian]] || 7.2%
|8%
|-
|-
| [[American Indian and Alaska Native]] || 0.8%
| [[American Indian and Alaska Native]] || 0.8%
|0.7%
|-
|-
| [[African American|Black or African American]] || 0.6%
| [[African American|Black or African American]] || 0.6%
|1%
|}
|}
Los Alamos is demographically unique compared to its surrounding counties and the state as a whole. Over 35% of the population of surrounding counties ([[Rio Arriba County|Rio Arriba]], [[Santa Fe County|Santa Fe]], and [[Sandoval County|Sandoval]]) and the state of New Mexico are Hispanic or Latino, while only about 15% of Los Alamosans are Hispanic or Latino. The white and especially the Asian populations of Los Alamos are significantly higher than the rest of New Mexico.<ref name=CensusQuickFacts/>
Los Alamos is demographically unique compared to its surrounding counties and the state as a whole. Over 35% of the population of surrounding counties ([[Rio Arriba County|Rio Arriba]], [[Santa Fe County|Santa Fe]], and [[Sandoval County|Sandoval]]) and the state of New Mexico are Hispanic or Latino, while only about 20% of Los Alamosans are Hispanic or Latino. The white and especially the Asian populations of Los Alamos are significantly higher than the rest of New Mexico.<ref name=CensusQuickFacts/>


== Culture ==
== Culture ==


=== Notable people ===
=== Notable people ===
[[File:JROppenheimer-LosAlamos.jpg|thumb|right|J. Robert Oppenheimer, c. 1944]]
[[File:Oppenheimer (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|J. Robert Oppenheimer, c. 1944]]


====Manhattan Project====
====Manhattan Project====
* [[Leona Woods]], physicist and constructor of the first nuclear chain reaction leading to the development of the bomb.
''See also Category:Manhattan Project people''

* [[Harold Agnew]], physicist and third director of Los Alamos National Laboratory (1970-1979)
* [[Harold Agnew]], physicist and third director of Los Alamos National Laboratory (1970-1979)
* [[Luis Walter Alvarez|Luis Alvarez]], nuclear physicist
* [[Luis Walter Alvarez|Luis Alvarez]], nuclear physicist
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* [[Charles Critchfield]], mathematical physicist. Returned to Los Alamos in 1961 and remained there for the rest of his life.
* [[Charles Critchfield]], mathematical physicist. Returned to Los Alamos in 1961 and remained there for the rest of his life.
* [[Harry Daghlian]], physicist, died from [[radiation poisoning]] at Los Alamos in September 1945.
* [[Harry Daghlian]], physicist, died from [[radiation poisoning]] at Los Alamos in September 1945.
* [[Enrico Fermi]], Italian-American theoretical and experimental physicist, has been called “architect of the nuclear age.”
* [[Enrico Fermi]], Italian-American theoretical and experimental physicist, has been called "architect of the nuclear age."
* [[Val Logsdon Fitch|Val Fitch]], nuclear physicist and recipient of the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physics.
* [[Val Logsdon Fitch|Val Fitch]], nuclear physicist and recipient of the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physics.
* [[Richard Feynman]], theoretical physicist, awarded 1965 Nobel Prize in Physics, shared with Sin-Itiro Tomonaga and Julian Schwinger<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1965/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1965|website=www.nobelprize.org}}</ref>
* [[Richard Feynman]], theoretical physicist, awarded 1965 Nobel Prize in Physics, shared with Sin-Itiro Tomonaga and Julian Schwinger<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1965/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1965|website=www.nobelprize.org}}</ref>
* [[Klaus Fuchs]], German theoretical physicist and later [[atomic spy]] who supplied information to the [[Soviet Union]].
* [[Klaus Fuchs]], German theoretical physicist and later [[atomic spy]] who supplied information to the [[Soviet Union]].
* [[George Kistiakowsky]], chemist and designer of shaped implosive charges. He was also an avid skier who used implosive rings to fell trees for development of the Sawyer’s Hill ski area near Los Alamos.
* [[George Kistiakowsky]], chemist and designer of shaped implosive charges. He was also an avid skier who used implosive rings to fell trees for development of the Sawyer's Hill ski area near Los Alamos.
* [[J. Carson Mark]], Canadian mathematician, joined the Manhattan Project in 1945 and was involved with development of [[thermonuclear weapon]]s. He remained in Los Alamos for the rest of his life.
* [[Joseph Laws McKibben]], physicist and engineer; designer of the [[air muscle]]. Remained in Los Alamos for the rest of his life.
* [[Joseph Laws McKibben]], physicist and engineer; designer of the [[air muscle]]. Remained in Los Alamos for the rest of his life.
* [[Edwin McMillan]], physicist and recipient of the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
* [[Edwin McMillan]], physicist and recipient of the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
* [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]], theoretical physicist and first director of the Los Alamos Laboratory.
* [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]], theoretical physicist and first director of the Los Alamos Laboratory.
* [[William Sterling Parsons|Deak Parsons]], Navy Captain (later Rear Admiral); Robert Oppenheimer’s second in command.
* [[William Sterling Parsons|Deak Parsons]], Navy Captain (later Rear Admiral); Robert Oppenheimer's second in command.
* [[Frederick Reines]], theoretical physicist, awarded 1995 Nobel Prize in Physics
* [[Frederick Reines]], theoretical physicist, awarded 1995 Nobel Prize in Physics
* [[Bruno Rossi]], Italian-American experimental physicist, who developed diagnostic instruments for development of the atomic bomb.
* [[Bruno Rossi]], Italian-American experimental physicist, who developed diagnostic instruments for development of the atomic bomb.
* [[Emilio Segre]], Italian physicist and recipient of the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physics.
* [[Emilio Segrè]], Italian physicist and recipient of the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physics.
* [[Louis Slotin]], physicist and chemist; died from radiation poisoning at Los Alamos in September 1945.
* [[Louis Slotin]], physicist and chemist; died from radiation poisoning at Los Alamos in May 1946.
* [[Edward Teller]], Hungarian-American theoretical physicist sometimes called “father of the hydrogen bomb.”
* [[Edward Teller]], Hungarian-American theoretical physicist sometimes called "father of the hydrogen bomb."
* [[James L. Tuck]], British physicist specializing in [[shaped charge]]s. Returned to Los Alamos 1949-1972, researching [[thermonuclear fusion]] for power generation, for which he developed the [[Perhapsatron]]
* [[James L. Tuck]], British physicist specializing in [[shaped charge]]s. Returned to Los Alamos in 1949, researching [[thermonuclear fusion]] for power generation, for which he developed the [[Perhapsatron]]. Retired from LANL in 1972 but remained in Los Alamos for the rest of his life.
* [[Stanislaw Ulam]], Polish-American mathematician. Remained a consultant with LANL for many years after the Manhattan Project, with a home in nearby Santa Fe for the rest of his life.
* [[Stanislaw Ulam]], Polish-American mathematician. Remained a consultant with LANL for many years after the Manhattan Project, with a home in nearby Santa Fe for the rest of his life.
* [[Robert R. Wilson]], physicist and a developer of the [[cyclotron]].
* [[Robert R. Wilson]], physicist and a developer of the [[cyclotron]].


====1945 onwards====
====1945 onwards====
* [[George Irving Bell]], physicist, biophysicist, mountaineer -- worked at Los Alamos
* [[George Irving Bell]], physicist, biophysicist, mountaineer—worked at Los Alamos
*[[Irene Beyerlein]], materials scientist, born in Los Alamos, and [[J. R. Oppenheimer]] Fellow at the Los Alamos National Laboratory
* [[Sterling Foster Black]], lawyer and state senator.
* [[Sterling Foster Black]], lawyer and state senator.
* [[Judy Blume]], author of many books for children and adults, lived in Los Alamos from 1975 to 1978 and set her novel ''Tiger Eyes'' there
* [[Judy Blume]], author of many books for children and adults, lived in Los Alamos from 1975 to 1978 and set her novel ''[[Tiger Eyes]]'' there
* [[Clayborne Carson]], civil rights activist and professor of history at [[Stanford University]], grew up in Los Alamos
* [[Clayborne Carson]], civil rights activist and professor of history at [[Stanford University]], grew up in Los Alamos
* [[Susann Cokal]], award-winning writer, attended junior and senior high school in Los Alamos
* [[Susann Cokal]], award-winning writer, attended junior and senior high school in Los Alamos
* [[Stirling Colgate]], physicist, worked at Los Alamos, member of the last graduating class from the Los Alamos Ranch School
* [[Stirling Colgate]], physicist, worked at Los Alamos, member of the last graduating class from the Los Alamos Ranch School
* [[Michael Creutz]], physicist, born in Los Alamos
* [[Michael Creutz]], physicist, born in Los Alamos
* [[Mitchell Feigenbaum]], chaos theorist
* [[James Glimm]], American mathematician and physicist, founder of [[constructive quantum field theory]], winner of [[National Medal of Science]], and researcher at Los Alamos National Laboratory.
* [[Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović]], former president of [[Croatia]] (2015-2020); graduated from Los Alamos High School in 1986
* [[Brooke Green]], member of the [[Idaho House of Representatives]]
* [[Brooke Green]], member of the [[Idaho House of Representatives]]
* [[Michelle Lujan Grisham]], current governor of New Mexico and former U.S. congresswoman, born in Los Alamos
* [[Michelle Lujan Grisham]], current governor of New Mexico and former U.S. congresswoman, born in Los Alamos
* [[Ed Grothus]], machinist and technician at LANL, later peace and anti-nuclear activist and proprietor of the Los Alamos Sales Company, known as "The Black Hole"
* [[Ed Grothus]], machinist and technician at LANL, later peace and anti-nuclear activist and proprietor of the Los Alamos Sales Company, known as "The Black Hole"
* [[Kevin Johnson (executive)|Kevin R. Johnson]], chief executive officer (CEO) of [[Starbucks]] Coffee Company; graduated from Los Alamos High School in 1978
* [[Kevin Johnson (executive)|Kevin R. Johnson]], chief executive officer (CEO) of [[Starbucks]] Coffee Company; graduated from Los Alamos High School in 1978
* [[Howard O. McMahon]] (1914–1990), Canadian-born American [[Electrical engineering|electrical engineer]], inventor of the [[Cryocooler#GM-refrigerators|Gifford-McMahon cryocooler]], and the Science Director, Vice President, Head of the Research and Development Division, and then President of [[Arthur D. Little|Arthur D. Little, Inc]]; lived and worked partially in Los Alamos during development of the first [[Hydrogen bomb]]
* [[Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović]], former president of [[Croatia]] (2015-2020); graduated from Los Alamos High School in 1986
* [[Jack Roland Murphy]], jewel thief
* [[Alexandr Wang]], AI entrepreneur, born in Los Alamos


=== Sports and recreation ===
=== Sports and recreation ===
The geography of Los Alamos lends itself to several sports and recreational activities. There is an extensive system of trails within the canyons and into the mountains above the town, catering to all skill levels of running, hiking and [[mountain biking]]. The Aquatic Center is an indoor, Olympic-length public swimming pool (soon to be joined by a lazy river), and a public 18-hole golf course (par 72, 6500 yards) has existed since 1947.
The geography of Los Alamos lends itself to several sports and recreational activities. There is an extensive system of trails within the canyons and into the mountains above the town, catering to all skill levels of running, hiking and [[mountain biking]]. The Aquatic Center is an indoor, Olympic-length public swimming pool with a therapy pool and lazy river, and a public 18-hole golf course (par 72, 6500 yards) has existed since 1947.


Winter sports include skiing at the community-owned [[Pajarito Mountain Ski Area]] on 10,440&nbsp;ft. Pajarito Mountain<ref name="Pajarito Mountain Ski Area">{{cite web |url=https://www.pajarito.ski | title=Pajarito Mountain Ski Area}}</ref> between November and April. The County maintains New Mexico's only refrigerated, [[NHL]] regulation, outdoor [[ice rink|ice skating rink]] on the sun-shaded floor of Los Alamos Canyon, almost beneath the Omega Bridge. [[Snowshoeing]] and [[cross-country skiing]] are possible at [[Valles Caldera National Preserve]] and other locations, weather permitting.
Winter sports include skiing at the community-owned [[Pajarito Mountain Ski Area]] on 10,440&nbsp;ft. Pajarito Mountain<ref name="Pajarito Mountain Ski Area">{{cite web |url=https://www.pajarito.ski | title=Pajarito Mountain Ski Area}}</ref> between November and April. The county maintains New Mexico's only refrigerated, [[NHL]] regulation, outdoor [[ice rink|ice skating rink]] on the sun-shaded floor of Los Alamos Canyon, almost beneath the Omega Bridge. [[Snowshoeing]] and [[cross-country skiing]] are possible at [[Valles Caldera National Preserve]] and other locations, weather permitting.


Los Alamos is host to several sporting events:
Los Alamos is host to several sporting events:
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On November 10, 2015, the [[National Park Service]] and the U.S. [[United States Department of Energy|Department of Energy]] announced the establishment of [[Manhattan Project National Historical Park]] in Los Alamos, along with units in [[Hanford, Washington]] and [[Oak Ridge, Tennessee]].
On November 10, 2015, the [[National Park Service]] and the U.S. [[United States Department of Energy|Department of Energy]] announced the establishment of [[Manhattan Project National Historical Park]] in Los Alamos, along with units in [[Hanford, Washington]] and [[Oak Ridge, Tennessee]].

=== In popular culture ===
====Film====
*Director [[Christopher Nolan]] shot scenes from ''[[Oppenheimer (film)|Oppenheimer]]'' in Los Alamos in March 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |title=NMFO: 'Oppenheimer' Filming In Abiquiu And Los Alamos |url=https://ladailypost.com/nmfo-oppenheimer-filming-in-abiquiu-and-los-alamos/ |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=ladailypost.com}}</ref> filming at select locations including the historic Fuller Lodge, Oppenheimer's house, Civilian's Women's Dormitory<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oppenheimer Filming Locations Around Los Alamos - Manhattan Project National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/mapr/learn/historyculture/los-alamos-oppenheimer-movie-manhattan-project-film-locations.htm |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=www.nps.gov |language=en}}</ref> and United Church,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Crew Prepares For Filming At United Church |url=https://ladailypost.com/movie-crew-prepares-for-filming-at-united-church/ |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=ladailypost.com}}</ref> among others. The production sought approximately 450 local background talent<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-07 |title=County: Gadget Films LLC Production Filming In Los Alamos Mar. 9-16 |website=Los Alamos Reporter |url=https://losalamosreporter.com/2022/03/07/county-gadget-films-llc-production-filming-in-los-alamos-mar-9-16/ |access-date=2023-07-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> for the film, including real local scientists.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Clark Collis |date=May 9, 2023 |title=Christopher Nolan and Cillian Murphy discuss their epic movie partnership |website=EW.com |url=https://ew.com/movies/oppenheimer-christopher-nolan-cillian-murphy-in-conversation/ |access-date=2023-07-07}}</ref>
*''[[Tiger Eyes (film)|Tiger Eyes]]'' is a 2012 film based on the 1981 young adult novel of the same name, written by [[Judy Blume]]. This was the first major motion picture adaptation from the author's work, whose books have sold more than 82 million copies in 41 countries.<ref name="Washington Post">{{cite web|last=Chaney |first=Jen |url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/celebritology/2010/10/judy_blumes_tiger_eyes_heads_t.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224174225/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/celebritology/2010/10/judy_blumes_tiger_eyes_heads_t.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 24, 2013 |title=Celebritology 2.0 - Judy Blume's 'Tiger Eyes' heads to the big screen, prompting the question: Which of her other books should become a movie? |publisher=Voices.washingtonpost.com |date=2010-10-19}}</ref> Several outdoor scenes were shot in and around Los Alamos.
*''[[The Atomic City]]'' is a 1952 American [[film noir]] spy [[thriller film]] about [[H-bomb]] secrets, which was the first [[feature film]] to be shot at Los Alamos, during the period that the community was still closed to the public at large. Scenes include the East Gate and its tower (some inside the building), and documentary footage of laboratory interiors, with workers’ faces redacted. Filming was also done at the nearby [[Puye Cliff Dwellings]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ruidosonews.com/story/entertainment/2015/12/21/movie-review-blasting-off-atomic-city/77555402/|title = Movie review: Blasting off with'Atomic City'}}</ref>


==Education==
==Education==
[[Los Alamos Public Schools]] provides public [[Kindergarten]] through High School education (5 elementary schools, 1 middle school, and 1 high school<ref>{{Cite web|last=Goettee|first=Consetta|title=home|url=https://laschools.net/|access-date=2021-08-15|website=Los Alamos Public Schools|language=en-US}}</ref>). Education in Los Alamos is often said to be among the best in New Mexico.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Top 10 Best Public Schools in New Mexico (2021)|url=https://www.publicschoolreview.com/top-ranked-public-schools/new-mexico|access-date=2021-08-15|website=www.publicschoolreview.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=2021 Best School Districts in New Mexico|url=https://www.niche.com/k12/search/best-school-districts/s/new-mexico/|access-date=2021-08-15|website=Niche|language=en}}</ref> The graduation rate, as of March 6, 2021, is 99.3%, in comparison to New Mexico's 76.9% rate and America's average rate of 85%. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Reporter|first=Los Alamos|date=2021-03-06|title=Los Alamos Public Schools Four-Year Graduation Rate Is 93.3 Percent|url=https://losalamosreporter.com/2021/03/06/los-alamos-public-schools-four-year-graduation-rate-is-93-3-percent/|access-date=2021-08-15|website=Los Alamos Reporter|language=en}}</ref>
[[Los Alamos Public Schools]] provides public [[Kindergarten]] through High School education (5 elementary schools, 1 middle school, and 1 high school: [[Los Alamos High School]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Goettee|first=Consetta|title=home|url=https://laschools.net/|access-date=August 15, 2021|website=Los Alamos Public Schools|language=en-US}}</ref>). The graduation rate, as of March 6, 2021, is 93.3%, in comparison to New Mexico's 76.9% rate and America's average rate of 85%.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Reporter|first=Los Alamos|date=March 6, 2021|title=Los Alamos Public Schools Four-Year Graduation Rate Is 93.3 Percent|url=https://losalamosreporter.com/2021/03/06/los-alamos-public-schools-four-year-graduation-rate-is-93-3-percent/|access-date=August 15, 2021|website=Los Alamos Reporter|language=en}}</ref>


The [[University of New Mexico]] also has a branch campus in Los Alamos.
The [[University of New Mexico]] also has a branch campus in Los Alamos.
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===Income and poverty===
===Income and poverty===
The median household income in Los Alamos is $98,458, and per capita income is $54,067. Income is significantly higher than the rest of New Mexico.<ref name=CensusQuickFacts/> Los Alamos has the highest millionaire concentration of any US city, with 12.4 percent of households having at least $1 million in assets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lamonitor.com/content/los-alamos-ranked-highest-wealthy-households|title=Los Alamos ranked highest in wealthy households {{!}} LAMonitor.com|website=www.lamonitor.com|access-date=2019-04-18}}</ref> This is a result of chemists, engineers, and physicists working at LANL since the Manhattan Project.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Burney|first=Teresa|date=December 7, 2011|title=Jobs Gained, Jobs Lost, and Millionaire-Making Jobs|url=https://www.builderonline.com/money/economics/jobs-gained-jobs-lost-and-millionaire-making-jobs_o|journal=Builder|volume=34|issue=12|pages=16}}</ref> Only 6.6% of people are below the poverty line; half the rate of the United States, and one-third the rate of New Mexico.<ref name=CensusQuickFacts/> As of January 2015, there were zero homeless individuals.<ref>http://www.nmceh.org/pages/reports/2015%20Point%20In%20Time%20by%20County.pdf</ref>
The median household income in Los Alamos is $98,458, and per capita income is $54,067. Income is significantly higher than the rest of New Mexico.<ref name=CensusQuickFacts/> Los Alamos has the highest millionaire concentration of any US city, with 12.4 percent of households having at least $1 million in assets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lamonitor.com/content/los-alamos-ranked-highest-wealthy-households |title=Los Alamos ranked highest in wealthy households |website=LAMonitor.com|access-date=April 18, 2019}}</ref> This is a result of chemists, engineers, and physicists working at LANL since the Manhattan Project.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Burney|first=Teresa |date=December 7, 2011|title=Jobs Gained, Jobs Lost, and Millionaire-Making Jobs|journal=Builder|volume=34|issue=12 |url=https://www.builderonline.com/money/economics/jobs-gained-jobs-lost-and-millionaire-making-jobs_o |pages=16}}</ref> Only 6.6% of people are below the poverty line; one-third the rate of New Mexico.<ref name=CensusQuickFacts/> As of January 2015, there were zero homeless individuals.<ref>http://www.nmceh.org/pages/reports/2015%20Point%20In%20Time%20by%20County.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>


===Families and housing===
===Families and housing===
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===Principal employers===
===Principal employers===
[[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] is the area's largest employer with approximately 10,500 employees, and is foundational to the economy of Los Alamos, with an annual budget of about $2.45 billion. Approximately 40% of the laboratory's employees live in Los Alamos, while the remainder commute from Santa Fe, Española, Taos, and Albuquerque. About 66% of the people who work in the national laboratories commute daily to the lab; some take the Atomic City Transit, Rail Runner Express, use the Park and Ride, or carpool with other employees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lanl.gov/careers/life-at-lab/transportation.php|title=Transportation for Lab Employees|last=Energy|first=Los Alamos National Laboratory, Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC, for the U. S. Department of|website=www.lanl.gov|language=en|access-date=2019-05-06}}</ref>
[[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] is the area's largest employer with approximately 10,500 employees, and is foundational to the economy of Los Alamos, with an annual budget of about $2.45 billion. Approximately 40% of the laboratory's employees live in Los Alamos, while the remainder commute from Santa Fe, Española, Taos, and Albuquerque. About 66% of the people who work in the national laboratories commute daily to the lab; some take the Atomic City Transit, Rail Runner Express, use the Park and Ride, or carpool with other employees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lanl.gov/careers/life-at-lab/transportation.php|title=Transportation for Lab Employees |publisher=Los Alamos National Laboratory|website=www.lanl.gov |language=en|access-date=May 6, 2019}}</ref>


Other major employers in Los Alamos include [[Smith's Food and Drug]], Los Alamos National Bank, [[LifePoint Health|Los Alamos Medical Center]], National Security Technologies, [[Los Alamos County, New Mexico|Los Alamos County]], [[Los Alamos Public Schools]], and Del Norte Credit Union.<ref>Search Results - Los Alamos, New Mexico - [http://www.referenceusa.com/ ReferenceUSA] Current Businesses</ref>
Other major employers in Los Alamos include [[Los Alamos County, New Mexico|Los Alamos County]], [[Los Alamos Public Schools]], [[LifePoint Health|Los Alamos Medical Center]], [[Smith's Food and Drug]], Enterprise Bank & Trust, and Del Norte Credit Union.<ref>Search Results - Los Alamos, New Mexico - [http://www.referenceusa.com/ ReferenceUSA] Current Businesses</ref>


==Transportation==
==Transportation==
Los Alamos provides several transportation services:<ref>http://www.losalamosnm.us/transit/Documents/Los%20Alamos%20Transit%20Study_FINAL.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.losalamoscountycompplan2016.com/documents/pdfs/white_papers/transportation_v4.pdf</ref>
Los Alamos provides several transportation services:<ref>{{Cite report |title=Los Alamos Comprehensive Transit Study and Updated Five-Year Service Plan – Final Report |url=http://www.losalamosnm.us/transit/Documents/Los%20Alamos%20Transit%20Study_FINAL.pdf |access-date=January 7, 2017 |author=LSC Transportation Consultants |date=March 3, 2015 |archive-date=January 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108095740/http://www.losalamosnm.us/transit/Documents/Los%20Alamos%20Transit%20Study_FINAL.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |url=http://www.losalamoscountycompplan2016.com/documents/pdfs/white_papers/transportation_v4.pdf |access-date=January 7, 2017 |date=June 2, 2016 |archive-date=January 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108185954/http://www.losalamoscountycompplan2016.com/documents/pdfs/white_papers/transportation_v4.pdf |title=Transportation White Paper – Draft}}</ref>


===Roads===
===Roads===
Line 600: Line 492:


===Transit systems===
===Transit systems===
* Atomic City Transit<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.losalamosnm.us/government/departments/public_works/atomic_city_transit | title=Atomic City Transit }}</ref>
* Atomic City Transit
* New Mexico Department of Transportation (NMDOT) [[NMDOT Park and Ride|Park-and-Ride]]
* New Mexico Department of Transportation (NMDOT) [[NMDOT Park and Ride|Park-and-Ride]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dot.nm.gov/travel-information/park-and-ride-bus-shuttle-service/ |title=NMDOT Park and Ride Route List |access-date = Aug 21, 2024}}</ref>
* [[New Mexico Rail Runner Express]], from its nearest station at Santa Fe.


===Air===
===Air===
[[Los Alamos County Airport]], located on the eastern edge of Los Alamos, is the only airport in the county. The main source of activity is from small private aircraft, with intermittent commercial commuter service.
[[Los Alamos County Airport]], located on the eastern edge of Los Alamos, is the only airport in the county. The main source of activity is from small private aircraft, with intermittent commercial commuter service.


[[Albuquerque International Sunport]] is a 100 mile drive south of Los Alamos, and serves most national destinations.
[[Albuquerque International Sunport]] is a 100-mile drive south of Los Alamos, and serves most national destinations.


==Health care==
==Health care==
The 47-bed acute-care facility known as '''Los Alamos Medical Center''' is the only hospital in Los Alamos and is a [[LifePoint Health]] hospital. The hospital provides "complete medical, surgical, obstetrical, pediatric, emergency, and diagnostic services"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.losalamosmedicalcenter.com/for-patients-and-visitors/about-us|title=About Us - Los Alamos Medical Center|website=www.losalamosmedicalcenter.com}}</ref> and employs about 300 Northern New Mexicans.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.losalamosmedicalcenter.com/for-patients-and-visitors/about-us|title=About Us {{!}} Los Alamos Medical Center|website=www.losalamosmedicalcenter.com|access-date=2019-05-06}}</ref>
The 47-bed acute-care facility known as '''Los Alamos Medical Center''' is the only hospital in Los Alamos and is a [[LifePoint Health]] hospital. The hospital provides "complete medical, surgical, obstetrical, pediatric, emergency, and diagnostic services"<ref name=MC>{{cite web |url=http://www.losalamosmedicalcenter.com/for-patients-and-visitors/about-us|title=About Us |publisher=Los Alamos Medical Center |website=www.losalamosmedicalcenter.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506024221/https://www.losalamosmedicalcenter.com/for-patients-and-visitors/about-us |archive-date=2019-05-06}}</ref> and employs about 300 Northern New Mexicans.<ref name=MC/>


'''Medical Associates of Northern New Mexico''' (MANNM) is a group of medical providers that offers family medicine, internal medicine, cardiology, nephrology, radiology, and endocrinology among its many services.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mannm.com/services.html|title=Services - Medical Associates of Northern New Mexico - Cardiology|website=www.mannm.com}}</ref>
'''Medical Associates of Northern New Mexico''' (MANNM) is a group of medical providers that offers family medicine, internal medicine, cardiology, nephrology, radiology, and endocrinology among its many services.<ref>{{cite web |title=Services - Medical Associates of Northern New Mexico - Cardiology |website=www.mannm.com |url=http://www.mannm.com/services.html}}</ref>


During the [[Cold War]], workers at LANL were in contact with radiation and other toxins, causing many of these individuals illness. A non-profit organization called '''Cold War Patriots''' provides these individuals and their families with information about the healthcare benefits available to them.<ref>https://www.coldwarpatriots.org/about/</ref>
During the [[Cold War]], workers at LANL were in contact with radiation and other toxins, causing many of these individuals illness. A non-profit organization called '''Cold War Patriots''' provides these individuals and their families with information about the healthcare benefits available to them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.coldwarpatriots.org/about/|title = Home}}</ref>


==VLBA node==
==VLBA node==
Line 625: Line 516:


===Coworking===
===Coworking===
In June 2016 a collaboration was initiated between the County of Los Alamos, the Los Alamos Commerce & Development Corporation and the Los Alamos National Laboratory's Feynman Center for Innovation and Community Relations and Partnerships Office, to open a private, non-profit coworking space called [[ProjectY cowork Los Alamos]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abqjournal.com/856677/l-2.html|title=Updated: Coworking spaces blooming in Los Alamos, elsewhere|last=Writer|first=T. S. Last {{!}} Journal Staff|website=www.abqjournal.com|access-date=2016-10-14}}</ref> which helped create educational programs for the two cities to learn more about each other's culture and communities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lasarov.org/home.htm|title=Los Alamos - Sarov Sister Cities - Home|website=www.lasarov.org|access-date=2019-05-06}}</ref>
In June 2016 a collaboration was initiated between the County of Los Alamos, the Los Alamos Commerce & Development Corporation and the Los Alamos National Laboratory's Feynman Center for Innovation and Community Relations and Partnerships Office, to open a private, non-profit coworking space called ProjectY cowork Los Alamos,<ref>{{Cite web|author=T. S. Last |title=Updated: Coworking spaces blooming in Los Alamos, elsewhere|url=https://www.abqjournal.com/856677/l-2.html |website=www.abqjournal.com|access-date=October 14, 2016}}</ref> which helped create educational programs and resources for entrepreneurs and remote workers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Los Alamos - Sarov Sister Cities - Home |website=www.lasarov.org |url=http://www.lasarov.org/home.htm |access-date=May 6, 2019 |archive-date=May 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507121727/http://www.lasarov.org/home.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]]
* [[Bradbury Science Museum]]
* [[Bradbury Science Museum]]
* [[Casa Mesita]]
* [[Casa Mesita]]
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{{commons category}}
{{commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage|Los Alamos}}
{{Wikivoyage|Los Alamos}}
* [http://www.losalamosnm.us/ Los Alamos County website]
* [https://www.lanl.gov/ Los Alamos National Laboratory]
* [https://www.losalamosnm.us Los Alamos County website]
* [https://www.lanl.gov/museum/ Bradbury Science Museum]
* [https://www.losalamoshistory.org/ Los Alamos History Museum]
* [https://www.nps.gov/places/000/fuller-lodge.htm Historic Fuller Lodge]
* [https://peecnature.org/ Los Alamos Nature Center]
* [http://www.losalamoschamber.com/ Los Alamos Chamber of Commerce]
* [http://www.losalamoschamber.com/ Los Alamos Chamber of Commerce]
* [http://www.losalamoshistory.org/ Los Alamos Historical Society]
* [https://www.losalamosmainstreet.com Los Alamos MainStreet and Creative District]
* [https://www.visitlosalamos.org Visit Los Alamos]
* [http://www.nps.gov/band/index.htm Bandelier National Monument]
* [http://www.nps.gov/band/index.htm Bandelier National Monument]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A593156 h2g2 article on Los Alamos, New Mexico]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A593156 h2g2 article on Los Alamos, New Mexico]
* [http://www.losalamossarov.org Los Alamos-Sarov Sister Cities website]
* [http://www.losalamossarov.org Los Alamos-Sarov Sister Cities website]
* {{curlie|Regional/North_America/United_States/New_Mexico/Localities/L/Los_Alamos/|Los Alamos, NM}}


{{Los Alamos County, New Mexico}}
{{Los Alamos County, New Mexico}}
{{New Mexico}}
{{New Mexico}}
{{New Mexico county seats}}


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:County seats in New Mexico]]
[[Category:County seats in New Mexico]]
[[Category:Jemez Mountains]]
[[Category:Jemez Mountains]]
[[Category:Atomic Cities]]
[[Category:Manhattan Project sites]]
[[Category:Manhattan Project sites]]
[[Category:Planned cities in the United States]]
[[Category:Planned communities in the United States]]
[[Category:Census-designated places in Los Alamos County, New Mexico]]
[[Category:Census-designated places in Los Alamos County, New Mexico]]

Latest revision as of 23:59, 10 December 2024

For other places named Los Alamos, see Los Alamos (disambiguation) and Los Alamos National Laboratory.

Los Alamos, New Mexico
Census-designated place
A westward aerial view of Los Alamos
A westward aerial view of Los Alamos
Nickname(s): 
Atomic City; The Hill;
Site Y; Secret City (past)
Motto: 
"Where discoveries are made"
Location of Los Alamos, New Mexico
Location of Los Alamos, New Mexico
Los Alamos, New Mexico is located in New Mexico
Los Alamos, New Mexico
Los Alamos, New Mexico
Location in New Mexico
Los Alamos, New Mexico is located in the United States
Los Alamos, New Mexico
Los Alamos, New Mexico
Location in the contiguous United States
Coordinates: 35°53′28″N 106°15′50″W / 35.89111°N 106.26389°W / 35.89111; -106.26389
Country United States
State New Mexico
CountyLos Alamos
Area
[1]
 • Total
11.11 sq mi (28.77 km2)
 • Land11.11 sq mi (28.77 km2)
 • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)
Elevation
[2]
7,300 ft (2,200 m)
Population
 (2020)[3]
 • Total
13,179
 • Density1,186.44/sq mi (458.09/km2)
Time zoneUTC−7 (Mountain (MST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC−6 (MDT)
ZIP codes
87544, 87547
Area code505
FIPS code35-42320
GNIS feature ID2408132[2]

Los Alamos (Spanish: Los Álamos, meaning The Cottonwoods) is a census-designated place in Los Alamos County, New Mexico, United States, that is recognized as one of the development and creation places of the atomic bomb—the primary objective of the Manhattan Project by Los Alamos National Laboratory during World War II. The town is located on four mesas of the Pajarito Plateau, and had a population of about 13,200 as of 2020.[4] It is the county seat and one of two population centers in the county known as census-designated places (CDPs); the other is White Rock.

Toponym

[edit]

Los Alamos is a Spanish place name that typically refers to poplar or cottonwood trees. Alternatively, Los Alamos could refer to the large groves of quaking aspen that intersperse the coniferous forest on the mountainsides above the townsite, where they are distinctly visible during the autumn months due to their spectacular autumn colors.[5][6][7]

History

[edit]
small guard shack with sign stating that passes must be presented to guards, a nineteen forties era car is parked there
The entrance to Los Alamos was guarded at the Main Gate during the Manhattan Project.
Los Alamos post office, built in 1948

The ruins of Puebloan settlements, such as those located in nearby Bandelier National Monument and Tsankawi, and numerous other sites such as cliff dwellings indicate that the area has been inhabited during various eras since around 1150 AD. The first settlers on the plateau are thought to be Keres speaking Native Americans around the 10th century. Around 1300, Tewa settlers immigrated from the Four Corners Region and built large cities but were driven out within 50 years by Navajo and Apache raids and by drought.

In the late 19th century, homesteaders utilized the land for ranching. Most homesteaders built simple log cabins that they only lived in during warm weather to feed livestock. Many of the homesteaders later moved down to the warmer Rio Grande Valley. In 1917, homesteader Harold H. Brook sold part of his land and buildings to Ashley Pond II, a businessman from Detroit who founded the Los Alamos Ranch School. The area was used to teach young men basic ranching and other outdoor survival skills.

In 1943, during World War II, the United States Department of War exercised eminent domain over the Ranch School and all remaining homesteads in the area so that the relatively isolated location could be used for the secretive Manhattan Project, which ultimately developed the world's first nuclear weapons.[8] Facilities for research and development were quickly built and scientists and engineers from all over the world were assigned to the project; however, all information about the town and project was held secret from the public. Los Alamos was referred to under the code name "Site Y" by military personnel, and was known only as "The Hill" by many in nearby Santa Fe.

Los Alamos was originally built as a closed city accessible from the outside world through only two gates.[9] The specific location of the project was a tightly guarded secret. All employees recruited to work at the Los Alamos site were given a memorandum instructing them to travel to Santa Fe and report to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers office at 109 East Palace Avenue.[10] At that location, Dorothy McKibbin provided newcomers with the necessary documentation to get through security checkpoints (initially, letters signed by J. Robert Oppenheimer himself, and later, security passes), along with specific directions to the Hill.[11] The project was further concealed by designating its mailing address as PO Box 1663, Santa Fe, N.M.[12] All incoming truckloads were falsely labeled as common items in order to conceal the true nature of their contents, and any outbound correspondence by those working and living in Los Alamos was censored by military officials.

Not until after the bombing of Hiroshima in 1945 was information about the Manhattan Project released to the public; being announced by the White House at 11 am on 6 August. A set of press releases were given out over three days.[13]

In the years after World War II, the laboratory was formally established as a research government facility under the civilian control of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, and is now known as Los Alamos National Laboratory. In 1957, the AEC pulled back the security perimeter to the laboratory itself and opened up the town for visits by the general public. The first visitor to enter the town that year without a permit from the federal government was New Mexico Governor Edwin L. Mechem.[14] The AEC was later succeeded by the U.S. Department of Energy.

Los Alamos became the shooting location and setting for the 2023 film Oppenheimer.

Geography

[edit]

Los Alamos is located in northern New Mexico between the Rio Grande and the eastern rim of the Valles Caldera on the Pajarito Plateau, approximately 35 mi (56 km) to the northwest of Santa Fe. The elevation at the post office is 7,320 feet (2,230 m) and total land area is 11.14 square miles (28.9 km2).

The Los Alamos Townsite and White Rock are located on flat mesa tops separated by steep canyons, known as potreros. This location was chosen for its relative inaccessibility to help protect the secret activities of the Manhattan Project.

The town of Los Alamos was built on four potreros—Barranca Mesa, North Mesa, Los Alamos Mesa and South Mesa—along with the connecting communities at the base of the mountain. Los Alamos National Laboratory occupies half of South Mesa, Two Mile Mesa, Frijoles Mesa, Mesita de Buey and several nearby areas in the region (in the valleys and at the base of the mountain). White Rock lies at the top of White Rock Canyon.

Much of Los Alamos County is within the Española Ranger District of the Santa Fe National Forest.

cliffs, mesas, pine-filled canyons, and distant mountains
View from the Anderson Overlook.

Climate

[edit]

Los Alamos has a humid continental climate (Dfb)[15][16] with four distinct seasons. Summer days are moderately warm in the 70s°F (low 20s°C) and 70s°F (high 20s°C), but reach 90 °F (32 °C) on only 5 days per year on average.

Climate data for Los Alamos, New Mexico, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1918–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 65
(18) 		69
(21) 		74
(23) 		80
(27) 		93
(34) 		96
(36) 		98
(37) 		92
(33) 		94
(34) 		82
(28) 		72
(22) 		64
(18) 		98
(37)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 51.9
(11.1) 		56.5
(13.6) 		66.9
(19.4) 		73.6
(23.1) 		81.3
(27.4) 		89.7
(32.1) 		90.2
(32.3) 		86.7
(30.4) 		82.7
(28.2) 		74.9
(23.8) 		62.5
(16.9) 		53.5
(11.9) 		91.7
(33.2)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 40.3
(4.6) 		44.5
(6.9) 		53.4
(11.9) 		61.0
(16.1) 		70.2
(21.2) 		80.9
(27.2) 		82.5
(28.1) 		79.5
(26.4) 		74.0
(23.3) 		62.7
(17.1) 		50.1
(10.1) 		40.3
(4.6) 		61.6
(16.5)
Daily mean °F (°C) 30.4
(−0.9) 		34.1
(1.2) 		41.5
(5.3) 		48.2
(9.0) 		57.2
(14.0) 		67.2
(19.6) 		69.6
(20.9) 		67.3
(19.6) 		61.5
(16.4) 		50.6
(10.3) 		39.1
(3.9) 		30.5
(−0.8) 		49.8
(9.9)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 20.5
(−6.4) 		23.6
(−4.7) 		29.6
(−1.3) 		35.4
(1.9) 		44.2
(6.8) 		53.5
(11.9) 		56.7
(13.7) 		55.1
(12.8) 		49.1
(9.5) 		38.4
(3.6) 		28.2
(−2.1) 		20.6
(−6.3) 		37.9
(3.3)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 4.8
(−15.1) 		7.5
(−13.6) 		13.7
(−10.2) 		21.4
(−5.9) 		30.5
(−0.8) 		42.0
(5.6) 		49.8
(9.9) 		48.1
(8.9) 		36.6
(2.6) 		22.3
(−5.4) 		11.4
(−11.4) 		3.6
(−15.8) 		0.2
(−17.7)
Record low °F (°C) −18
(−28) 		−17
(−27) 		−3
(−19) 		5
(−15) 		22
(−6) 		28
(−2) 		37
(3) 		38
(3) 		23
(−5) 		6
(−14) 		−14
(−26) 		−13
(−25) 		−18
(−28)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 0.90
(23) 		0.72
(18) 		1.04
(26) 		0.93
(24) 		1.17
(30) 		1.17
(30) 		2.94
(75) 		3.20
(81) 		2.02
(51) 		1.58
(40) 		0.95
(24) 		0.87
(22) 		17.49
(444)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 9.9
(25) 		8.8
(22) 		5.9
(15) 		3.3
(8.4) 		0.1
(0.25) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		1.7
(4.3) 		4.4
(11) 		8.0
(20) 		42.1
(107)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 5.5 6.5 6.5 5.5 6.5 6.7 13.0 14.6 8.5 6.5 4.6 5.7 90.1
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 3.8 4.3 2.8 1.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 2.0 4.1 19.3
Source: NOAA[17][18]

Wildlife and vegetation

[edit]

Los Alamos' geographical location causes its wildlife and vegetation to be diverse compared to surrounding areas in the state. "The variation in elevation creates precipitation and temperature gradients that support a wide diversity of plant communities..."[19] There are six different plant communities within the county; each is home to unique flora and fauna.[19] Ponderosa pine trees are the most common trees at the elevation of Los Alamos (7,000 and 8,000 feet (2,100 and 2,400 m)). Common shrubs in the area include sagebrush, Gambel oak, and wild rose.[19]

Black bears (brown-color variation), elk, mule deer, bobcats, gray foxes, skunks and chipmunks are examples of mammals living in the area.[20] "Over 200 species of birds have been reported" in the Pajarito Ornithological Survey conducted by LANL.[21] Among these are broad-tailed hummingbirds, hairy woodpeckers, zone-tailed hawks, common ravens, western bluebirds, and great horned owls.[21]

Wildfires

[edit]

Wildfires have affected the county, but the most destructive to the townsite was the Cerro Grande Fire of May 2000, which caused an estimated $1 billion in damages and destroyed more than 400 homes. The CDP was evacuated for eight days. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) built temporary housing on North Mesa for those who were displaced by the fire. Though there was no loss of life, other effects include damage to LANL facilities (nuclear material was not affected), flash-flooding, and erosion.

The Las Conchas Fire of June 26, 2011[22] burned about three times as many acres and also prompted evacuation of Los Alamos, but there was no damage to property in Los Alamos.[23] It was the largest recorded wildfire in New Mexico until the Whitewater-Baldy complex fire in 2012.[22][24]

aerial photo of burned trees and homes
Aftermath of the Cerro Grande Fire of 2000
Wildfire (year) Burned area Cause
Water Canyon Fire (1954) 3,000 acres (10 km2)[25] trash/construction debris fire[25]
La Mesa Fire (1977) 15,400 acres (60 km2)[25] human-caused[25]
Dome Fire (1996) 16,500 acres (65 km2) abandoned campfire[26]
Oso Complex Fire (1998) 5,200 acres (20 km2) arson
Cerro Grande Fire (2000) 48,000 acres (195 km2)[27] controlled burn
Las Conchas Fire (2011) 156,800 acres (635 km2)[28] Power line[29]

Wildfires have altered plant communities in the area. Plant species are migrating to cover burn areas.

Environmental remediation

[edit]

Over two thousand sites in the area have been determined to have been impacted as a result of past activities at LANL. The location of these sites have been identified throughout the county, and are primarily (but not exclusively) on DOE property. Contaminated sites vary widely in significance. Corrective action and environmental restoration has been deemed necessary for certain areas; LANL takes part in this process.[30] Some residents have voiced concern about a lack of public participation and opportunity to comment on the cleanup schedule and funding.[31]

Demographics

[edit]

2020 census

[edit]

The 2020 United States census counted 13,179 people, 5,653 households, and 3,522 families in Los Alamos.[32][33] The population density was 1,186.4 inhabitants per square mile (458.1/km2). There were 6,026 housing units at an average density of 542.5 per square mile (209.5/km2).[33][34] The racial makeup was 73.15% (9,640) white or European American (67.79% non-Hispanic white), 0.99% (131) black or African-American, 0.74% (98) Native American or Alaska Native, 7.96% (1,049) Asian, 0.09% (12) Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian, 3.95% (520) from other races, and 13.12% (1,729) from two or more races.[35] Hispanic or Latino of any race was 17.35% (2,287) of the population.[36]

Of the 5,653 households, 30.6% had children under the age of 18; 50.4% were married couples living together; 22.0% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present. 32.4% of households consisted of individuals and 10.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.[33] The average household size was 2.2 and the average family size was 2.9.[37] The percent of those with a bachelor's degree or higher was estimated to be 50.6% of the population.[38]

22.8% of the population was under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 26.9% from 45 to 64, and 16.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.9 males.[33] For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 97.6 males.[33]

The 2016-2020 5-year American Community Survey estimates show that the median household income was $114,034 (with a margin of error of +/- $9,349) and the median family income was $139,184 (+/- $15,168).[39] Males had a median income of $83,875 (+/- $7,095) versus $57,000 (+/- $11,331) for females. The median income for those above 16 years old was $72,606 (+/- $8,291).[40] Approximately, 3.2% of families and 4.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.2% of those under the age of 18 and 3.6% of those ages 65 or over.[41][42]

2010 census

[edit]

As of the 2010 United States census, there were 12,019 people with a population density of 1,078.7 inhabitants per square mile (416.5/km2).[43] The median age is 40 years.[citation needed] 24.8% of the people are under the age of 18, 4.8% are ages 18 to 24, 29.2% are ages 25 to 44, 28.2% are ages 45 to 64, and 12.9% are ages 65 years or older.[citation needed] For every 100 females, there were 101.3 males.[citation needed]

Historical population
YearPop.±%
197011,310—    
198011,039−2.4%
199011,455+3.8%
200011,909+4.0%
201012,019+0.9%
202013,179+9.7%
Source: U.S. Decennial Census[44]

Race

[edit]
Racial composition 2010[43] 2020[45]
White 85.9% 73.2%
—Non-Hispanic 74.8% 67.8%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 14.3% 17.4%
Asian 7.2% 8%
American Indian and Alaska Native 0.8% 0.7%
Black or African American 0.6% 1%

Los Alamos is demographically unique compared to its surrounding counties and the state as a whole. Over 35% of the population of surrounding counties (Rio Arriba, Santa Fe, and Sandoval) and the state of New Mexico are Hispanic or Latino, while only about 20% of Los Alamosans are Hispanic or Latino. The white and especially the Asian populations of Los Alamos are significantly higher than the rest of New Mexico.[43]

Culture

[edit]

Notable people

[edit]
J. Robert Oppenheimer, c. 1944

Manhattan Project

[edit]
  • Leona Woods, physicist and constructor of the first nuclear chain reaction leading to the development of the bomb.
  • Harold Agnew, physicist and third director of Los Alamos National Laboratory (1970-1979)
  • Luis Alvarez, nuclear physicist
  • Robert Bacher, nuclear physicist
  • Hans Bethe, German-American nuclear physicist, awarded 1967 Nobel Prize in Physics
  • Norris Bradbury, physicist and second director of Los Alamos National Laboratory (1945-1970). He remained in Los Alamos for the rest of his life.
  • James Chadwick, British physicist and recipient of the 1935 Nobel Prize in Physics for discovery of the neutron.
  • Charles Critchfield, mathematical physicist. Returned to Los Alamos in 1961 and remained there for the rest of his life.
  • Harry Daghlian, physicist, died from radiation poisoning at Los Alamos in September 1945.
  • Enrico Fermi, Italian-American theoretical and experimental physicist, has been called "architect of the nuclear age."
  • Val Fitch, nuclear physicist and recipient of the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physics.
  • Richard Feynman, theoretical physicist, awarded 1965 Nobel Prize in Physics, shared with Sin-Itiro Tomonaga and Julian Schwinger[46]
  • Klaus Fuchs, German theoretical physicist and later atomic spy who supplied information to the Soviet Union.
  • George Kistiakowsky, chemist and designer of shaped implosive charges. He was also an avid skier who used implosive rings to fell trees for development of the Sawyer's Hill ski area near Los Alamos.
  • J. Carson Mark, Canadian mathematician, joined the Manhattan Project in 1945 and was involved with development of thermonuclear weapons. He remained in Los Alamos for the rest of his life.
  • Joseph Laws McKibben, physicist and engineer; designer of the air muscle. Remained in Los Alamos for the rest of his life.
  • Edwin McMillan, physicist and recipient of the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
  • J. Robert Oppenheimer, theoretical physicist and first director of the Los Alamos Laboratory.
  • Deak Parsons, Navy Captain (later Rear Admiral); Robert Oppenheimer's second in command.
  • Frederick Reines, theoretical physicist, awarded 1995 Nobel Prize in Physics
  • Bruno Rossi, Italian-American experimental physicist, who developed diagnostic instruments for development of the atomic bomb.
  • Emilio Segrè, Italian physicist and recipient of the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physics.
  • Louis Slotin, physicist and chemist; died from radiation poisoning at Los Alamos in May 1946.
  • Edward Teller, Hungarian-American theoretical physicist sometimes called "father of the hydrogen bomb."
  • James L. Tuck, British physicist specializing in shaped charges. Returned to Los Alamos in 1949, researching thermonuclear fusion for power generation, for which he developed the Perhapsatron. Retired from LANL in 1972 but remained in Los Alamos for the rest of his life.
  • Stanislaw Ulam, Polish-American mathematician. Remained a consultant with LANL for many years after the Manhattan Project, with a home in nearby Santa Fe for the rest of his life.
  • Robert R. Wilson, physicist and a developer of the cyclotron.

1945 onwards

[edit]

Sports and recreation

[edit]

The geography of Los Alamos lends itself to several sports and recreational activities. There is an extensive system of trails within the canyons and into the mountains above the town, catering to all skill levels of running, hiking and mountain biking. The Aquatic Center is an indoor, Olympic-length public swimming pool with a therapy pool and lazy river, and a public 18-hole golf course (par 72, 6500 yards) has existed since 1947.

Winter sports include skiing at the community-owned Pajarito Mountain Ski Area on 10,440 ft. Pajarito Mountain[47] between November and April. The county maintains New Mexico's only refrigerated, NHL regulation, outdoor ice skating rink on the sun-shaded floor of Los Alamos Canyon, almost beneath the Omega Bridge. Snowshoeing and cross-country skiing are possible at Valles Caldera National Preserve and other locations, weather permitting.

Los Alamos is host to several sporting events:

  • Tour de Los Alamos (road cycling race)
  • Run the Caldera Marathon
  • Pajarito Punishment (mountain-biking race)
  • Los Alamos Triathlon (Los Alamos Junior Triathlon)
  • Jemez Mountain Trail Run

On November 10, 2015, the National Park Service and the U.S. Department of Energy announced the establishment of Manhattan Project National Historical Park in Los Alamos, along with units in Hanford, Washington and Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

[edit]

Film

[edit]
  • Director Christopher Nolan shot scenes from Oppenheimer in Los Alamos in March 2022,[48] filming at select locations including the historic Fuller Lodge, Oppenheimer's house, Civilian's Women's Dormitory[49] and United Church,[50] among others. The production sought approximately 450 local background talent[51] for the film, including real local scientists.[52]
  • Tiger Eyes is a 2012 film based on the 1981 young adult novel of the same name, written by Judy Blume. This was the first major motion picture adaptation from the author's work, whose books have sold more than 82 million copies in 41 countries.[53] Several outdoor scenes were shot in and around Los Alamos.
  • The Atomic City is a 1952 American film noir spy thriller film about H-bomb secrets, which was the first feature film to be shot at Los Alamos, during the period that the community was still closed to the public at large. Scenes include the East Gate and its tower (some inside the building), and documentary footage of laboratory interiors, with workers’ faces redacted. Filming was also done at the nearby Puye Cliff Dwellings.[54]

Education

[edit]

Los Alamos Public Schools provides public Kindergarten through High School education (5 elementary schools, 1 middle school, and 1 high school: Los Alamos High School[55]). The graduation rate, as of March 6, 2021, is 93.3%, in comparison to New Mexico's 76.9% rate and America's average rate of 85%.[56]

The University of New Mexico also has a branch campus in Los Alamos.

Economy

[edit]

Los Alamos is the fifth-fastest-growing city in New Mexico, after Albuquerque, Rio Rancho, Las Cruces, and Ruidoso.[citation needed]

Income and poverty

[edit]

The median household income in Los Alamos is $98,458, and per capita income is $54,067. Income is significantly higher than the rest of New Mexico.[43] Los Alamos has the highest millionaire concentration of any US city, with 12.4 percent of households having at least $1 million in assets.[57] This is a result of chemists, engineers, and physicists working at LANL since the Manhattan Project.[58] Only 6.6% of people are below the poverty line; one-third the rate of New Mexico.[43] As of January 2015, there were zero homeless individuals.[59]

Families and housing

[edit]

There are 5,249 households and an average household size of 2.23 people. There are 5,863 housing units, and the median value of owner-occupied housing units is $281,500. Median gross rent is $921.[43]

31.4% of households have children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.4% are married couples living together, 6.5% have a female householder with no husband present, and 34.0% are non-families. 29.8% of all households are made up of individuals, and 7.6% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older.[citation needed]

Principal employers

[edit]

Los Alamos National Laboratory is the area's largest employer with approximately 10,500 employees, and is foundational to the economy of Los Alamos, with an annual budget of about $2.45 billion. Approximately 40% of the laboratory's employees live in Los Alamos, while the remainder commute from Santa Fe, Española, Taos, and Albuquerque. About 66% of the people who work in the national laboratories commute daily to the lab; some take the Atomic City Transit, Rail Runner Express, use the Park and Ride, or carpool with other employees.[60]

Other major employers in Los Alamos include Los Alamos County, Los Alamos Public Schools, Los Alamos Medical Center, Smith's Food and Drug, Enterprise Bank & Trust, and Del Norte Credit Union.[61]

Transportation

[edit]

Los Alamos provides several transportation services:[62][63]

Roads

[edit]

Los Alamos is relatively isolated, and can only be accessed from NM 4 from the south and NM 502 from the east.

NM 502 sees significantly more traffic because it connects with US 84/285, which delivers access to several Pueblo communities between Española and Santa Fe. Approximately 10,000 commuters use NM 502 daily. NM 502 begins at Pojoaque, and traverses San Ildefonso Pueblo and the Rio Grande.

Interstate 25 is the nearest major interstate highway, and passes through or near Santa Fe, Albuquerque and Denver.

There are three access roads between White Rock and Los Alamos—Main Hill Road, Jemez Road and Pajarito Road. Since the attacks of September 11, 2001, Pajarito Road has been restricted to LANL badge holders for security reasons.

Transit systems

[edit]

Air

[edit]

Los Alamos County Airport, located on the eastern edge of Los Alamos, is the only airport in the county. The main source of activity is from small private aircraft, with intermittent commercial commuter service.

Albuquerque International Sunport is a 100-mile drive south of Los Alamos, and serves most national destinations.

Health care

[edit]

The 47-bed acute-care facility known as Los Alamos Medical Center is the only hospital in Los Alamos and is a LifePoint Health hospital. The hospital provides "complete medical, surgical, obstetrical, pediatric, emergency, and diagnostic services"[66] and employs about 300 Northern New Mexicans.[66]

Medical Associates of Northern New Mexico (MANNM) is a group of medical providers that offers family medicine, internal medicine, cardiology, nephrology, radiology, and endocrinology among its many services.[67]

During the Cold War, workers at LANL were in contact with radiation and other toxins, causing many of these individuals illness. A non-profit organization called Cold War Patriots provides these individuals and their families with information about the healthcare benefits available to them.[68]

VLBA node

[edit]

The radio telescope located in Los Alamos is one of ten dishes composing the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA).

City and regional partnerships

[edit]

Sister city

[edit]

Los Alamos maintains sister city status with:

Coworking

[edit]

In June 2016 a collaboration was initiated between the County of Los Alamos, the Los Alamos Commerce & Development Corporation and the Los Alamos National Laboratory's Feynman Center for Innovation and Community Relations and Partnerships Office, to open a private, non-profit coworking space called ProjectY cowork Los Alamos,[69] which helped create educational programs and resources for entrepreneurs and remote workers.[70]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
  2. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Los Alamos, New Mexico
  3. ^ "Census Population API". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
  4. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Los Alamos County, New Mexico; New Mexico; Los Alamos CDP, New Mexico". www.census.gov. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
  5. ^ Pearce, T.M., ed. (1965). New Mexico Place Names: A Geographical Dictionary. UNM Press. ISBN 0-8263-0082-0.
  6. ^ Julyan, Robert Hixson (1998), The Place Names of New Mexico, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, p. 208, ISBN 978-08263-1689-9
  7. ^ Jensen, Barbara. "The Lure of the Hardy Aspen at Bandelier National Monument". Western National Parks Association. Retrieved September 5, 2024. ... The prolonged moisture necessary to the reproductive success of quaking aspen (populus tremuloides) is long absent here. ...
  8. ^ "Our History".
  9. ^ Conant, Jennet (2005). 109 East Palace: Robert Oppenheimer and the Secret City of Los Alamos (2005 paperback ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 112. ISBN 9781416585428. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
  10. ^ Conant, Jennet (2005). 109 East Palace: Robert Oppenheimer and the Secret City of Los Alamos (2005 paperback ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 84. ISBN 9781416585428. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
  11. ^ Conant, Jennet (2005). 109 East Palace: Robert Oppenheimer and the Secret City of Los Alamos (2005 paperback ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 59. ISBN 9781416585428. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
  12. ^ "Manhattan Project cover". postalmuseum.si.edu. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
  13. ^ Nichols, Kenneth (1987). The Road to Trinity: A Personal Account of How America's Nuclear Policies Were Made. New York: William Morrow and Company. p. 202. ISBN 0-688-06910-X.
  14. ^ Rothman, Hal (1997). On Rims & Ridges: The Los Alamos Area Since 1880. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. p. 246. ISBN 9780803289666. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
  15. ^ Bowen, Brent M. (May 1990). Los Alamos Climatology. Los Alamos: Los Alamos National Laboratory. pp. 3–5.
  16. ^ Environmental Surveillance at Los Alamos during 2008. Los Alamos National Laboratory. September 2009. p. 32.
  17. ^ "NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
  18. ^ "Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  19. ^ a b c Foxx, Teralene; Craig, Martin; Dorothy, Noonan (2016). Plants of the Jemez Mountains, Volume 1. Los Alamos, NM: All Seasons Publishing. pp. 1–3. ISBN 978-0-963-90407-2.
  20. ^ Findley, James S.; Arthur H., Harris; Don E., Wilson; Clyde, Jones (1975). Mammals of New Mexico. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. pp. 289, 293, 319, 327. ISBN 0-8263-0369-2.
  21. ^ a b Travis, James R. (October 1992). Atlas of the Breeding Birds of Los alamos County, New Mexico. Los Alamos: Los Alamos National Laboratory. pp. 2–3, 14, 51, 71, 87, 101, 145, 177.
  22. ^ a b "Wildfires may contribute more to global warming than previously predicted". EarthSky.org. July 9, 2013. Retrieved May 6, 2019.
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  24. ^ "These are the largest recorded wildfires in New Mexico history". Las Cruces Sun-News. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
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  26. ^ "N.M. fire threatens Indian sites". Lawrence Journal-World. Associated Press. April 29, 1996. Retrieved January 10, 2016.
  27. ^ "Lessons Learned From the Cerro Grande (Los Alamos) Fire" (PDF). United States General Accounting Office Testimony. US Government Accountability Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 28, 2017. Retrieved January 10, 2017.
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  35. ^ "US Census Bureau, Table P1: RACE". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
  36. ^ "US Census Bureau, Table P2: HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
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  38. ^ "US Census Bureau, Table S1501: EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
  39. ^ "US Census Bureau, Table S1903: MEDIAN INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2020 INFLATION-ADJUSTED DOLLARS)". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
  40. ^ "US Census Bureau, Table S2001: EARNINGS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2020 INFLATION-ADJUSTED DOLLARS)". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
  41. ^ "US Census Bureau, Table S1701: POVERTY STATUS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
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  44. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
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  46. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1965". www.nobelprize.org.
  47. ^ "Pajarito Mountain Ski Area".
  48. ^ "NMFO: 'Oppenheimer' Filming In Abiquiu And Los Alamos". ladailypost.com. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
  49. ^ "Oppenheimer Filming Locations Around Los Alamos - Manhattan Project National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
  50. ^ "Movie Crew Prepares For Filming At United Church". ladailypost.com. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
  51. ^ "County: Gadget Films LLC Production Filming In Los Alamos Mar. 9-16". Los Alamos Reporter. March 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
  52. ^ Clark Collis (May 9, 2023). "Christopher Nolan and Cillian Murphy discuss their epic movie partnership". EW.com. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
  53. ^ Chaney, Jen (October 19, 2010). "Celebritology 2.0 - Judy Blume's 'Tiger Eyes' heads to the big screen, prompting the question: Which of her other books should become a movie?". Voices.washingtonpost.com. Archived from the original on February 24, 2013.
  54. ^ "Movie review: Blasting off with'Atomic City'".
  55. ^ Goettee, Consetta. "home". Los Alamos Public Schools. Retrieved August 15, 2021.
  56. ^ Reporter, Los Alamos (March 6, 2021). "Los Alamos Public Schools Four-Year Graduation Rate Is 93.3 Percent". Los Alamos Reporter. Retrieved August 15, 2021.
  57. ^ "Los Alamos ranked highest in wealthy households". LAMonitor.com. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
  58. ^ Burney, Teresa (December 7, 2011). "Jobs Gained, Jobs Lost, and Millionaire-Making Jobs". Builder. 34 (12): 16.
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  60. ^ "Transportation for Lab Employees". www.lanl.gov. Los Alamos National Laboratory. Retrieved May 6, 2019.
  61. ^ Search Results - Los Alamos, New Mexico - ReferenceUSA Current Businesses
  62. ^ LSC Transportation Consultants (March 3, 2015). Los Alamos Comprehensive Transit Study and Updated Five-Year Service Plan – Final Report (PDF) (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 8, 2017. Retrieved January 7, 2017.
  63. ^ Transportation White Paper – Draft (PDF) (Report). June 2, 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 8, 2017. Retrieved January 7, 2017.
  64. ^ "Atomic City Transit".
  65. ^ "NMDOT Park and Ride Route List". Retrieved August 21, 2024.
  66. ^ a b "About Us". www.losalamosmedicalcenter.com. Los Alamos Medical Center. Archived from the original on May 6, 2019.
  67. ^ "Services - Medical Associates of Northern New Mexico - Cardiology". www.mannm.com.
  68. ^ "Home".
  69. ^ T. S. Last. "Updated: Coworking spaces blooming in Los Alamos, elsewhere". www.abqjournal.com. Retrieved October 14, 2016.
  70. ^ "Los Alamos - Sarov Sister Cities - Home". www.lasarov.org. Archived from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2019.
[edit]
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