Jump to content

Battle of Sufetula (647): Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
changed to what source states
No edit summary
 
(51 intermediate revisions by 35 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{short description|7th-century Arab-Byzantine conflict}}
{{About||the 6th-century battle at the same location|Battle of Sufetula (546 or 547)}}
{{Infobox military conflict
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Sufetula
| conflict = Battle of Sufetula
| partof = the [[Muslim Conquests]]
| partof = the [[Muslim conquest of the Maghreb]] and [[Arab–Byzantine wars]]
| date = 647
| date = 647
| place = [[Sbeitla|Sufetula]], North Africa (modern [[Tunisia]])
| place = [[Sbeitla|Sufetula]], [[North Africa]]
| result = Rashidun victory
| result =Rashidun victory
| combatant1 = [[Rashidun Caliphate]]
| combatant1 = '''[[Rashidun Caliphate]]'''
| combatant2 = [[Byzantine Empire]]
| combatant2 = '''[[Byzantine Empire]]'''
| commander1 = [[Abdallah ibn Sa'd]] <br />[[Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr]] <br />[[Uqba ibn Nafi]]
| commander1 = '''[[Abdallah ibn Sa'd]]'''<br />[[Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr]]<br />[[Uqba ibn Nafi]]
| commander2 = [[Gregory the Patrician]]{{KIA}}
| commander2 = '''[[Gregory the Patrician]]'''{{KIA}}
| strength1 = 20,000<ref name="ألوكة">[https://www.alukah.net/culture/0/117572/ معركة سبيطلة سنة 27هـ، مقال لمحمد منير الجنباز، شبكة الألوكة] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140127/http://www.alukah.net/culture/0/117572/ |date=12 يونيو 2018}}</ref>
| strength1 = 20,000 men<ref name="ألوكة">[https://www.alukah.net/culture/0/117572/ معركة سبيطلة سنة 27هـ، مقال لمحمد منير الجنباز، شبكة الألوكة] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140127/http://www.alukah.net/culture/0/117572/ |date=12 يونيو 2018}}</ref> (Arab claim)
| strength2 = 120,000
| strength2 = 120,000 men<ref name="ألوكة" /> (Arab claim)
| casualties1 = Unknown
<ref name="ألوكة" />
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 = Heavy
⚫
| casualties2 =
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Arab–Byzantine Wars}}
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Arab–Byzantine Wars}}
{{Campaignbox Berber Wars}}
{{Campaignbox Berber Wars}}
| coordinates = {{coord|35|13|47|N|9|7|46|E}}
| map_type = Tunisia
| map_label = Battle of Sufetula
⚫
| map_size = 280
}}
}}
The '''Battle of Sufetula''' took place in 647 between the [[Rashidun army|Arab Muslim forces]] of the [[Rashidun Caliphate]] and the [[Byzantine]] [[Exarchate of Africa]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kaegi|first1=Walter E.|title=Muslim Expansion and Byzantine Collapse in North Africa|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=2010 |isbn=0521196779}}</ref>
The '''Battle of Sufetula''' ({{langx|ar|معركة سبيطلة|Ma'rakat Sbeitla}}) took place in 647 between the [[Rashidun army|Arab Muslim forces]] of the [[Rashidun Caliphate]] and the [[Byzantine]] [[Exarchate of Africa]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kaegi|first1=Walter E.|title=Muslim Expansion and Byzantine Collapse in North Africa|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=2010 |isbn=978-0-521-19677-2}}</ref>


==Background==
==Background==
Line 23: Line 28:
The Exarchate of Africa was in internal turmoil due to the conflict between the mainly Orthodox [[Chalcedonian]] population and the supporters of [[Monotheletism]], an attempt at compromise between Chalcedonianism and [[Monophysitism]] devised and promoted by Emperor [[Heraclius]] in 638.
The Exarchate of Africa was in internal turmoil due to the conflict between the mainly Orthodox [[Chalcedonian]] population and the supporters of [[Monotheletism]], an attempt at compromise between Chalcedonianism and [[Monophysitism]] devised and promoted by Emperor [[Heraclius]] in 638.


In 642–643, the Arabs had seized [[Cyrenaica]] and the eastern half of [[Tripolitania]], along with [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]], where according to [[Ibn Abd al-Hakam]], during the siege of [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] by [[Amr ibn al-As]], seven of his soldiers from the clan of Madhlij, sub branch of [[Kinana]], unintentionally found a section on the western side of Tripoli beach that are not walled during their hunting routine.<ref name="Ibn Abd al Hakam" /> those seven soldiers then manage to infiltrate through this way without detected by the city guards, then manage to do incite riot within the city while shouting Takbir, causing the confused Byzantine garrison soldiers thought the Muslim forces were already inside in the city and fled towards their ship leaving Tripoli, thus, allowing Amr to subdue the city easily.<ref name="Ibn Abd al Hakam">{{cite web |last1=Khalid |first1=Mahmud |title=Libya in the shadows of Islam.. How did Amr ibn al-Aas and his companions conquer Cyrenaica and Tripoli? |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/midan/intellect/history/2020/10/5/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B8%D9%90%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%81-%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD-%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88-%D8%A8%D9%86 |website=aljazeera |access-date=5 December 2021 |page=Ibn Abd al-Hakam: al-Maqrib, pp. 198, 199 |language=ar |date=2020 |quote=Ibn Abd al-Hakam: al-Maqrib, pp. 198, 199}}</ref> It was only an order from Caliph [[Umar]] (r. 634–644) that halted their westward expansion.<ref>Diehl (1896), pp. 557–558</ref>
In 642–643, the Arabs had seized [[Cyrenaica]] and the eastern half of [[Tripolitania]], along with [[Tripoli]]. It was only an order from Caliph [[Umar]] (r. 634–644) that halted their westward expansion.<ref>Diehl (1896), pp. 557–558</ref>


In 646, the exarch [[Gregory the Patrician]] launched a rebellion against Emperor [[Constans II]]. The obvious reason was the latter's support for Monothelitism, but it undoubtedly was also a reaction to the [[Muslim conquest of Egypt]], and the threat it presented to Byzantine Africa. The revolt seems to have found broad support among the populace as well, not only among the Romanized Africans, but also among the [[Berbers]] of the provincial hinterland.
In 646, the exarch [[Gregory the Patrician]] launched a rebellion against Emperor [[Constans II]]. The obvious reason was the latter's support for Monothelitism, but it undoubtedly was also a reaction to the [[Muslim conquest of Egypt]], and the threat it presented to [[Byzantine Africa]]. The revolt seems to have found broad support among the populace as well, not only among the Romanized Africans, but also among the [[Berbers]] of the provincial hinterland.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}


==Battle==
==Battle==
In 647, Umar's successor [[Uthman]] ordered [[Abdallah ibn Sa'ad]] to invade the Exarchate with 20,000 men. The Muslims invaded western Tripolitania and advanced up to the northern boundary of the Byzantine province of [[Byzacena]]. Gregory confronted the Arabs on their return at [[Sbeitla|Sufetula]], but was defeated and killed.<ref>Pringle (1981), p. 47</ref> [[Agapius of Hierapolis]] and some [[Syriac language|Syriac]] sources claim that he survived the defeat and fled to [[Constantinople]], where he was reconciled with Constans, but most modern scholars accept the Arab chroniclers' account of his death in battle. The Arab accounts also claim that the Muslims captured Gregory's daughter, who had fought at her father's side. She was carried back to Egypt as captive, but she threw herself from the camel while on the march and died.<ref>Diehl (1896), p. 559</ref>
In 647, Umar's successor [[Uthman]] ordered [[Abdallah ibn Sa'ad]] to invade the Exarchate with 20,000 men. The Muslims invaded western Tripolitania and advanced up to the northern boundary of the Byzantine province of [[Byzacena]]. Gregory confronted the Arabs on their return at [[Sbeitla|Sufetula]], but during the battle he was assassinated by Abdallah ibn Zubayr and his army was subsequently defeated.<ref>{{Cite book |last=UNESCO |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVYT4Kraym0C&dq=Gregory+the+Patrician,+20,000&pg=PA306 |title=The different aspects of islamic culture: The Spread of Islam throughout the World |date=2011-12-31 |publisher=UNESCO Publishing |isbn=978-92-3-104153-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>Pringle (1981), p. 47</ref> Records from al-Bidayah wal Nihayah state that Abdullah's troops were completely surrounded by Gregory's army. However, [[Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr|Abdullah ibn Zubayr]] spotted Gregory in his chariot and asked Abdullah ibn Sa'ad to lead a small detachment to intercept him. The interception was successful, and Gregory was slain by Zubayr's ambush party. Consequently, the morale of Byzantine army started crumbling and soon they were routed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Johnston |first=Harry H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AudzrCkSFRYC&dq=gregory+the+patrician+battle+death&pg=PA56 |title=A History of the Colonization of Africa by Alien Races |date=2011-06-09 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-23128-2 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Agapius of Hierapolis]] and some [[Syriac language|Syriac]] sources claim that he survived the defeat and fled to [[Constantinople]], where he was reconciled with Constans, but most modern scholars accept the Arab chroniclers' account of his death in battle. The Arab accounts also claim that the Muslims captured Gregory's daughter, who had fought at her father's side. She was carried back to Egypt as captive, but she threw herself from the camel while on the march and died.<ref>Diehl (1896), p. 559</ref>


==Aftermath==
==Aftermath==
Line 40: Line 47:
==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
*{{Citation|title=L'Afrique byzantine: histoire de la domination byzantine en Afrique (533-709)|author=[[Charles Diehl]]|location=Paris|year=1896|language=fr}}
*{{Citation|title=L'Afrique byzantine: histoire de la domination byzantine en Afrique (533-709)|author=[[Charles Diehl]]|location=Paris|year=1896|language=fr}}
*{{Citation|title=The defence of Byzantine Africa from Justinian to the Arab conquest: an account of the military history and archaeology of the African provinces in the sixth and seventh centuries|author=Denys Pringle|publisher=B.A.R.|year=1981|isbn=9780860541196}}
*{{Citation|title=The defence of Byzantine Africa from Justinian to the Arab conquest: an account of the military history and archaeology of the African provinces in the sixth and seventh centuries|author=[[Denys Pringle]]|publisher=B.A.R.|year=1981|isbn=978-0-86054-119-6}}

{{coord missing|Tunisia}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Sufetula, Battle of}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sufetula, Battle of}}

Latest revision as of 00:04, 1 December 2024

For the 6th-century battle at the same location, see Battle of Sufetula (546 or 547).
Battle of Sufetula
Part of the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb and Arab–Byzantine wars
Date647
Location
Sufetula, North Africa
35°13′47″N 9°7′46″E / 35.22972°N 9.12944°E / 35.22972; 9.12944
Result Rashidun victory
Belligerents
Rashidun Caliphate Byzantine Empire
Commanders and leaders
Abdallah ibn Sa'd
Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr
Uqba ibn Nafi		 Gregory the Patrician †
Strength
20,000 men[1] (Arab claim) 120,000 men[1] (Arab claim)
Casualties and losses
Unknown Heavy
Battle of Sufetula is located in Tunisia
Battle of Sufetula
Battle of Sufetula
class=notpageimage|
Location within Tunisia

The Battle of Sufetula (Arabic: معركة سبيطلة, romanized: Ma'rakat Sbeitla) took place in 647 between the Arab Muslim forces of the Rashidun Caliphate and the Byzantine Exarchate of Africa.[2]

Background

[edit]

The Exarchate of Africa was in internal turmoil due to the conflict between the mainly Orthodox Chalcedonian population and the supporters of Monotheletism, an attempt at compromise between Chalcedonianism and Monophysitism devised and promoted by Emperor Heraclius in 638.

In 642–643, the Arabs had seized Cyrenaica and the eastern half of Tripolitania, along with Tripoli, where according to Ibn Abd al-Hakam, during the siege of Tripoli by Amr ibn al-As, seven of his soldiers from the clan of Madhlij, sub branch of Kinana, unintentionally found a section on the western side of Tripoli beach that are not walled during their hunting routine.[3] those seven soldiers then manage to infiltrate through this way without detected by the city guards, then manage to do incite riot within the city while shouting Takbir, causing the confused Byzantine garrison soldiers thought the Muslim forces were already inside in the city and fled towards their ship leaving Tripoli, thus, allowing Amr to subdue the city easily.[3] It was only an order from Caliph Umar (r. 634–644) that halted their westward expansion.[4]

In 646, the exarch Gregory the Patrician launched a rebellion against Emperor Constans II. The obvious reason was the latter's support for Monothelitism, but it undoubtedly was also a reaction to the Muslim conquest of Egypt, and the threat it presented to Byzantine Africa. The revolt seems to have found broad support among the populace as well, not only among the Romanized Africans, but also among the Berbers of the provincial hinterland.[citation needed]

Battle

[edit]

In 647, Umar's successor Uthman ordered Abdallah ibn Sa'ad to invade the Exarchate with 20,000 men. The Muslims invaded western Tripolitania and advanced up to the northern boundary of the Byzantine province of Byzacena. Gregory confronted the Arabs on their return at Sufetula, but during the battle he was assassinated by Abdallah ibn Zubayr and his army was subsequently defeated.[5][6] Records from al-Bidayah wal Nihayah state that Abdullah's troops were completely surrounded by Gregory's army. However, Abdullah ibn Zubayr spotted Gregory in his chariot and asked Abdullah ibn Sa'ad to lead a small detachment to intercept him. The interception was successful, and Gregory was slain by Zubayr's ambush party. Consequently, the morale of Byzantine army started crumbling and soon they were routed.[7]

Agapius of Hierapolis and some Syriac sources claim that he survived the defeat and fled to Constantinople, where he was reconciled with Constans, but most modern scholars accept the Arab chroniclers' account of his death in battle. The Arab accounts also claim that the Muslims captured Gregory's daughter, who had fought at her father's side. She was carried back to Egypt as captive, but she threw herself from the camel while on the march and died.[8]

Aftermath

[edit]

After Gregory's death, the Arabs sacked Sufetula and raided across the Exarchate, while the Byzantines withdrew to their fortresses. Unable to storm the Byzantine fortifications, and satisfied with the huge amounts of plunder they had made, the Arabs agreed to depart in exchange for the payment of a heavy tribute in gold.[9]

Despite the fact that the Arab raid was not followed up for some time, and the restoration of ties with Constantinople, Byzantine rule over Africa was shaken to its roots by Gregory's rebellion and the Arab victory. The Berber tribes in particular shook off their allegiance to the Empire, and most of southern Tunisia seems to have slipped outside the control of Carthage.[10] Thus the Battle of Sufetula marked "the end, more or less near, but inevitable, of Byzantine domination in Africa".[11]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b معركة سبيطلة سنة 27هـ، مقال لمحمد منير الجنباز، شبكة الألوكة Archived 2018-06-12 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ Kaegi, Walter E. (2010). Muslim Expansion and Byzantine Collapse in North Africa. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-19677-2.
  3. ^ a b Khalid, Mahmud (2020). "Libya in the shadows of Islam.. How did Amr ibn al-Aas and his companions conquer Cyrenaica and Tripoli?". aljazeera (in Arabic). p. Ibn Abd al-Hakam: al-Maqrib, pp. 198, 199. Retrieved 5 December 2021. Ibn Abd al-Hakam: al-Maqrib, pp. 198, 199
  4. ^ Diehl (1896), pp. 557–558
  5. ^ UNESCO (2011-12-31). The different aspects of islamic culture: The Spread of Islam throughout the World. UNESCO Publishing. ISBN 978-92-3-104153-2.
  6. ^ Pringle (1981), p. 47
  7. ^ Johnston, Harry H. (2011-06-09). A History of the Colonization of Africa by Alien Races. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-23128-2.
  8. ^ Diehl (1896), p. 559
  9. ^ Diehl (1896), pp. 559–560
  10. ^ Diehl (1896), pp. 560–561
  11. ^ Diehl (1896), p. 562

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Charles Diehl (1896), L'Afrique byzantine: histoire de la domination byzantine en Afrique (533-709) (in French), Paris{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Denys Pringle (1981), The defence of Byzantine Africa from Justinian to the Arab conquest: an account of the military history and archaeology of the African provinces in the sixth and seventh centuries, B.A.R., ISBN 978-0-86054-119-6
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Sufetula_(647)&oldid=1260478013"