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{{short description|State highway in Santa Cruz and Santa Clara counties in California, United States}}
{{Short description|State highway in Santa Cruz and Santa Clara counties in California, United States}}
{{Redirect|CA 17|the congressional district|California's 17th congressional district}}
{{Redirect|CA 17|the congressional district|California's 17th congressional district}}
{{Redirect|Santa Cruz Highway|the highway on Santa Cruz Island in the Galápagos|Ecuador Highway 5}}
{{Infobox road
{{Infobox road
|state=CA
|state=CA
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|section=317
|section=317
|maint=[[California Department of Transportation|Caltrans]]
|maint=[[California Department of Transportation|Caltrans]]
| map = {{Maplink-road|raw={{Wikipedia:Map data/Wikipedia KML/California State Route 17}}}}
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|map_notes=SR 17 highlighted in red
| map_custom = yes
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| map_notes = SR 17 highlighted in red
|length_mi=26.49
|length_mi=26.49
|length_ref=<ref name="bridgelog" />
|length_ref=<ref name="bridgelog" />
|length_round=2
|length_round=2
|established=1930s<ref name="cah 17">[http://cahighways.org/017-024.html#017 California Highways: State Route 17]</ref>
|established=1930s<ref name="cah 17">{{Cite web|url=https://cahighways.org/017-024.html|title=California Highways: Routes 017-024 to Individual Page Detour|website=cahighways.org|accessdate=19 February 2024}}</ref>
|direction_a=South
|direction_a=South
|terminus_a={{Jct|state=CA|SR|1|road|Ocean Street}} in [[Santa Cruz, California|Santa Cruz]]
|terminus_a={{Jct|state=CA|SR|1|road|Ocean Street}} in [[Santa Cruz, California|Santa Cruz]]
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|next_route=18
|next_route=18
}}
}}
'''State Route 17''' ('''SR&nbsp;17''') is a [[state highway]] in the [[U.S. state]] of [[California]] that runs from [[California State Route 1|State Route 1]] in [[Santa Cruz, California|Santa Cruz]] to [[Interstate 280 (California)|I-280]] and [[Interstate 880 (California)|I-880]] in [[San Jose, California|San Jose]]. SR&nbsp;17, a [[freeway]] and [[Limited-access road|expressway]], carries substantial commuter and vacation traffic through the [[Santa Cruz Mountains]] at [[Patchen Pass]] ("The Summit") between Santa Cruz and the [[San Francisco Bay Area]].
'''State Route 17''' ('''SR&nbsp;17''', locally known as '''Highway 17''') is a [[state highway]] in the [[U.S. state]] of [[California]] that runs from [[California State Route 1|State Route 1]] in [[Santa Cruz, California|Santa Cruz]] to [[Interstate 280 (California)|I-280]] and [[Interstate 880 (California)|I-880]] in [[San Jose, California|San Jose]]. SR&nbsp;17, a [[freeway]] and [[Limited-access road|expressway]], carries substantial commuter and vacation traffic through the [[Santa Cruz Mountains]] at [[Patchen Pass]] ("The Summit") between Santa Cruz and the [[San Francisco Bay Area]].


==Route description==
==Route description==
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===Safety===
===Safety===
[[Image:Cal Highway 17 curves.jpg|280px|thumb|Looking downhill from the Summit Road overpass; brake lights can be seen as cars slow down before the curve known as "Valley Surprise".]]
[[Image:Cal Highway 17 curves.jpg|280px|thumb|Looking downhill from the Summit Road overpass; brake lights can be seen as cars slow down before the curve known as "Valley Surprise".]]
SR 17's combination of narrow shoulders, dense traffic, slow trucks, sharp turns, blind curves, wandering fauna such as deer and mountain lions, and sudden changes in traffic speeds have led to a number of collisions and fatalities, leading to the reputation of SR 17 as one of the most dangerous highways in the state. In the winter months, because SR 17 crosses a high precipitation area in the Santa Cruz Mountains, the roadway can become slippery from rain, snow or ice, especially at the summit.{{cn|date=September 2021}}
The four lane section of SR 17 is known as "Killer 17" and "Blood Alley". It has a combination of narrow lanes, dense traffic, slow trucks, sharp turns, blind curves, sudden changes in traffic speeds, and wandering fauna such as deer, wild turkeys, and mountain lions, which has led to a number of collisions and fatalities. Because of this, SR 17 is considered to be one of the most dangerous highways in the state. In the winter months, because SR 17 crosses a high precipitation area in the Santa Cruz Mountains, the roadway can become slippery from rain, snow or ice, especially at the summit, and heavy rain results in mudslides.<ref>{{cite web |title=Driving the Hazardous California State Route 17|url=https://www.dangerousroads.org/north-america/usa/5237-california-state-route-17.html#:~:text=The%20road%2C%20constructed%20in%20the,of%20California's%20most%20dangerous%20roads.|publisher=Dangerousroads.org|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Highway 17 traffic collisions skyrocket|url=https://www.montereyherald.com/2017/04/16/highway-17-traffic-collisions-skyrocket/|publisher=The Monterey County Herald|language=en-us}}</ref>


Despite having fewer curves than in [[Santa Cruz County, California|Santa Cruz County]], certain sections of SR 17 in [[Santa Clara County]] are so dangerous that they have been nicknamed. The first long sweeping turn North of Summit Road with its sharp angle, off-camber banking, and steep entering downhill slope is called "Valley Surprise" for the fact that so many strike the median shortly after having entered the Santa Clara Valley. The most infamous is called "Big Moody Curve". This curve is named after Big Moody Creek below, slightly greater than a 180 degree turn, and bracketed by additional 90 degree turns. The inside surfaces of the median barriers in both of these turns are normally chipped up and black with tire rubber.{{cn|date=September 2021}}
Despite having fewer curves than in [[Santa Cruz County, California|Santa Cruz County]], certain sections of SR 17 in [[Santa Clara County]] are so dangerous that they have been nicknamed. The first long downhill turn North of Summit Road is named "Valley Surprise" for the fact that so many "Valleys"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://localwiki.org/santacruz/Valley_Go_Home|title=Valley Go Home - Santa Cruz - LocalWiki|website=localwiki.org|accessdate=19 February 2024}}</ref> are caught driving too fast into the sharpening curve, and end up striking the median. The most infamous is called "Big Moody Curve". This curve is named after Big Moody Creek below, slightly greater than a 180 degree turn, and bracketed by additional 90 degree turns. The inside surfaces of the median barriers in both of these turns are normally chipped up and black with tire rubber.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}


Efforts to improve safety have included adding electronic speed monitoring signs and warnings lights on curves, removing trees to improve visibility around blind curves, and increased patrol and enforcement of traffic laws. The portion between Los Gatos and Scotts Valley has been designated the Highway 17 Safety Corridor by [[Caltrans]] and the [[California Highway Patrol]]. In addition, barbed wired fencing and retaining walls were added after the route suffered landslides in the [[Loma Prieta Earthquake]]. The route has seen recent repaving work in 2010, 2014, and 2019-2020.{{cn|date=September 2021}}
Efforts to improve safety have included adding electronic speed monitoring signs and warnings lights on curves, removing trees to improve visibility around blind curves, and increased patrol and enforcement of traffic laws. The portion between Los Gatos and Scotts Valley has been designated the Highway 17 Safety Corridor by [[Caltrans]] and the [[California Highway Patrol]]. In addition, barbed wired fencing and retaining walls were added after the route suffered landslides in the [[Loma Prieta Earthquake]]. The route has seen recent repaving work in 2010, 2014, 2019–2020, and 2022-2023.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}


Gillian Cichowski Memorial Overcrossing Bridge, over SR 17 near Los Gatos at [[Lexington Reservoir]], was named by California Senate Concurrent Resolution 32, Chapt. 70 in 1994. Gillian Cichowski was killed in an accident at this location in 1992. This is one of the few highway constructions in California named for a woman. The overpass was in response to a campaign by friends of Gillian Cichowski to make the intersection (with Bear Creek Road) safer. The overpass was open to northbound traffic July 18, 1996 and opened to southbound traffic August 29, 1996. Margaret Green of Sunnyvale, California died in a similar accident near the same location during overpass construction.
Gillian Cichowski Memorial Overcrossing Bridge, over SR 17 near Los Gatos at [[Lexington Reservoir]], was named by California Senate Concurrent Resolution 32, Chapt. 70 in 1994. Gillian Cichowski was killed in an accident at this location in 1992. This is one of the few highway constructions in California named for a woman. The overpass was in response to a campaign by friends of Gillian Cichowski to make the intersection (with Bear Creek Road) safer. The overpass was open to northbound traffic July 18, 1996 and opened to southbound traffic August 29, 1996. Margaret Green of Sunnyvale, California died in a similar accident near the same location during overpass construction.
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==History==
==History==
In 1934, the State of California began signing its routes. The route which in subsequent years corresponded with State Route 17 was signed as State Route 13, and described as "Santa Cruz to Jct. US 101 at San Rafael, via San Jose, Mt. Eden, and Oakland."<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/californiahighwa193436calirich#page/n287/mode/2up ''California Highways and Public Works'', August 1934, p.32]</ref> The route taken between Oakland and San Rafael is not described.
In 1934, the State of California began signing its routes. The route which in subsequent years corresponded with State Route 17 was signed as State Route 13, and described as "Santa Cruz to Jct. US 101 at San Rafael, via San Jose, Mt. Eden, and Oakland."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/californiahighwa193436calirich|title=California highways and public works|date=19 February 1927|publisher=[Sacramento : Dept. of Public Works, State of California|accessdate=19 February 2024|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> The route taken between Oakland and San Rafael is not described.


In the 1920s, the segment from San Jose northward had been signed as US 101-E ("east"), branching off from US 101-W in San Jose.
Beginning in 1929, the segment from San Jose northward had been signed as US 101-E ("east"), branching off from US 101-W in San Jose.<ref>{{AASHTO minutes |year=1928A |page=9 |accessdate=August 2, 2023}}</ref>


===Santa Cruz Mountains===
===Santa Cruz Mountains===
The earliest connection between Santa Cruz and San Jose was an old Native American foot trail. The first road that could be navigated by a wagon was a dirt toll road built by Charlie McKiernan,<ref>Beal 1990, p. 70</ref> known as "Mountain Charlie" by locals, some time around 1853. Portions of this road still exist as Mountain Charlie Road, to the west of Highway 17 and south of Summit Road. Several other stage lines were built as competitors, such as the San Jose Turnpike (1863), which follows the approximate route of present-day Soquel San Jose Road.<ref>Beal 1990, pp. 70–72</ref> After realignment to increase the road width; many sections of the original stage route were cut off. These sections became side streets named with variations containing Old Turnpike. Some of these now dead end streets have retained the look of narrow stage coach roads.
The earliest connection between Santa Cruz and San Jose was an old Native American foot trail. The first road that could be navigated by a wagon was a dirt toll road built by [[Charles Henry McKiernan|Charlie McKiernan]],<ref>Beal 1990, p. 70</ref> known as "Mountain Charlie" by locals, some time around 1853. Portions of this road still exist as Mountain Charlie Road, to the west of Highway 17 and south of Summit Road. Several other stage lines were built as competitors, such as the San Jose Turnpike (1863), which follows the approximate route of present-day Soquel San Jose Road.<ref>Beal 1990, pp. 70–72</ref> After realignment to increase the road width; many sections of the original stage route were cut off. These sections became side streets named with variations containing Old Turnpike. Some of these now dead end streets have retained the look of narrow stage coach roads.


SR 17 was opened in 1940, replacing several other modes of transportation, including the old Glenwood Highway from 1919 (which still exists in [[Glenwood, California|Glenwood]]), and the railroad which went all the way from Santa Cruz to San Francisco and Oakland. The railroad stopped operating in 1940 and the tunnels that it passed through were sealed soon after. Nearly all the tunnel entrances still exist, but are unusable as the tunnels themselves are collapsed. The rise in the use of automobiles made the railroads unprofitable. The city of Glenwood, founded by [[Charles C. Martin]] in 1851, gained notoriety for hot springs in the area.<ref>Beal 1990, pp. 44–6</ref> The Glenwood Highway, which passed through town, was deserted when the "New 17" was built, and the town became a ghost of its former self.<ref>Beal 1990, p. 48</ref> The town's final resident, Mrs. Ed C. Koch, the great-granddaughter of the founder, died in 1992, and Glenwood is a [[ghost town]].
SR 17 was opened in 1940, replacing several other modes of transportation, including the old Glenwood Highway from 1919 (which still exists in [[Glenwood, California|Glenwood]]), and the railroad which went all the way from Santa Cruz to San Francisco and Oakland. The railroad stopped operating in 1940 and the tunnels that it passed through were sealed soon after. Nearly all the tunnel entrances still exist, but are unusable as the tunnels themselves have collapsed. The rise in the use of automobiles made the railroads unprofitable. The city of Glenwood, founded by [[Charles C. Martin]] in 1851, gained notoriety for hot springs in the area.<ref>Beal 1990, pp. 44–6</ref> The Glenwood Highway, which passed through town, was deserted when the "New 17" was built, and the town became a ghost of its former self.<ref>Beal 1990, p. 48</ref> The town's final resident, Mrs. Ed C. Koch, the great-granddaughter of the founder, died in 1992, and Glenwood is a [[ghost town]].


Parts of the original SR 17 lie underwater in [[Lexington Reservoir]]. When the reservoir was built, the highway was rerouted to higher ground, and the two towns along its path (Alma and Lexington) were abandoned.<ref>Beal 1990, p. 21</ref> When the reservoir levels are extremely low, the old highway pavement is visible as well as some stone and concrete foundations of buildings.
Parts of the original SR 17 lie underwater in [[Lexington Reservoir]]. When the reservoir was built, the highway was rerouted to higher ground, and the two towns along its path (Alma and Lexington) were abandoned.<ref>Beal 1990, p. 21</ref> When the reservoir levels are extremely low, the old highway pavement is visible as well as some stone and concrete foundations of buildings.
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===East Bay===
===East Bay===


SR 17 first appeared along the east shore of San Francisco Bay in the mid-1930s. The original route between San Jose and Oakland ran along the Old Oakland Road, Main Street (Milpitas) and Warm Springs Boulevard (southern Fremont) proceeding along what is now Fremont Boulevard, which becomes Alvarado Boulevard in Northern Fremont, before entering Union City. From there, the route proceeded along Hesperian Boulevard in Hayward, then into San Leandro via East 14th Street to Davis. It then went west on Davis to Maitland Drive along the southern edge of the Oakland Municipal Airport and across Bay Farm Island to the Bay Farm Island Bridge into Alameda. In Alameda it went via Clay, High, Santa Clara, and Webster to the Posey Tube. SR 17 went through the Posey Tube into Oakland along Harrison Street to 14th, and west on 14th to Broadway where it terminated at a junction with US 40 and SR 24.<ref>[http://teczno.com/old-oakland/ 1936 Shell Oil Map]</ref>
SR 17 first appeared along the east shore of San Francisco Bay in the mid-1930s. The original route between San Jose and Oakland ran along the Old Oakland Road, Main Street (Milpitas) and Warm Springs Boulevard (southern Fremont) proceeding along what is now Fremont Boulevard, which becomes Alvarado Boulevard in Northern Fremont, before entering Union City. From there, the route proceeded along Hesperian Boulevard in Hayward, then into San Leandro via East 14th Street to Davis. It then went west on Davis to Maitland Drive along the southern edge of the Oakland Municipal Airport and across Bay Farm Island to the Bay Farm Island Bridge into Alameda. In Alameda it went via Clay, High, Santa Clara, and Webster to the [[Posey and Webster Street Tubes#Posey Tube|Posey Tube]]. SR 17 went through the Posey Tube into Oakland along Harrison Street to 14th, and west on 14th to Broadway where it terminated at a junction with US 40 and SR 24.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://teczno.com/old-oakland/|title=Old Oakland|website=teczno.com|accessdate=19 February 2024}}</ref>


Following the completion of the [[San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge]] in late 1936, SR 17 was re-routed. Instead of turning west at Davis Street in San Leandro, it was continued along East 14th Street into Oakland. At 44th Avenue it turned west, leading to a new diagonal connection to East 12th Street. SR 17 then followed East 12th northward to 14th Avenue, then one block on 14th to East 8th Street, becoming 8th Street into downtown Oakland. It continued west on 8th, picking up a concurrency with Business Route US 50 at Broadway. Both routes continued on 8th to Cypress Street which became an elevated viaduct entering the Bay Bridge Distribution Structure ([[MacArthur Maze|"The Maze"]]). SR 17 terminated here at its junction with US 40 (Eastshore Highway) and US 50 (38th Street).<ref>1938 Street Map of East Bay Cities, Standard Oil Co. JM Gousha Co.</ref>
Following the completion of the [[San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge]] in late 1936, SR 17 was re-routed. Instead of turning west at Davis Street in San Leandro, it was continued along East 14th Street into Oakland. At 44th Avenue it turned west, leading to a new diagonal connection to East 12th Street. SR 17 then followed East 12th northward to 14th Avenue, then one block on 14th to East 8th Street, becoming 8th Street into downtown Oakland. It continued west on 8th, picking up a concurrency with Business Route US 50 at Broadway. Both routes continued on 8th to Cypress Street which became an elevated viaduct entering the Bay Bridge Distribution Structure ([[MacArthur Maze|"The Maze"]]). SR 17 terminated here at its junction with US 40 (Eastshore Highway) and US 50 (38th Street).<ref>1938 Street Map of East Bay Cities, Standard Oil Co. JM Gousha Co.</ref>


In 1947, work began on a new freeway through Oakland to replace the street routing of SR 17. It was finished in segments, finishing in 1958 with the completion of the double-decked [[Cypress Structure]] leading into the MacArthur Maze. The new freeway was called the "Eastshore Freeway", continuous with a planned new freeway north of the Maze to replace the old Eastshore Highway.<ref>[https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/workspace/handleMediaPlayer?lunaMediaId=RUMSEY~8~1~212274~5500327 ''San Francisco and Vicinity'', Shell road map, 1956]</ref><ref>[https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~212268~5500326:Shell-Street-Map-of-East-Bay-Cities?sort=pub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_date%2Cpub_list_no%2Cseries_no&qvq=q:street%20map%20Oakland;sort:pub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_date%2Cpub_list_no%2Cseries_no;lc:RUMSEY~8~1&mi=40&trs=232 Shell Street Map of East Bay Cities, 1956]</ref> In 1958, the freeway south of the Maze was re-named the "Nimitz Freeway", in honor of WWII Admiral [[Chester W. Nimitz]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=EKlMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA154&lpg=PA154&dq=Nimitz+freeway+named&source=bl&ots=jtbAk_p15T&sig=ACfU3U364JLbqggxlklau8BvBtYydXgj9w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjwuYjV2tfoAhVHtZ4KHZCnCKg4ChDoATAGegQIDBA6#v=onepage&q=Nimitz%20freeway%20named&f=false Senate Joint Resolution 24, Statutes of California, Chapter 84, 1958]</ref>
In 1947, work began on a new freeway through Oakland to replace the street routing of SR 17. It was finished in segments, finishing in 1958 with the completion of the double-decked [[Cypress Structure]] leading into the MacArthur Maze. The new freeway was called the "Eastshore Freeway", continuous with a planned new freeway north of the Maze to replace the old Eastshore Highway.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/workspace/handleMediaPlayer?lunaMediaId=RUMSEY~8~1~212274~5500327|title=Shell San Francisco and Vicinity. - David Rumsey Historical Map Collection|website=www.davidrumsey.com|accessdate=19 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~212268~5500326|title=Shell Street Map of East Bay Cities.|website=www.davidrumsey.com|accessdate=19 February 2024}}</ref> In 1958, the freeway south of the Maze was renamed the "Nimitz Freeway", in honor of WWII Admiral [[Chester W. Nimitz]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EKlMAQAAMAAJ&dq=Nimitz+freeway+named&pg=PA154|title=Statutes of California|date=19 February 1959|publisher=California State Printing Office|accessdate=19 February 2024|via=Google Books}}</ref>


With the completion of the [[Richmond-San Rafael Bridge]] in 1956,<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/californiahighwa195657calirich#page/n321/mode/2up/search/Richmond+San+Rafael+Bridge ''California Highways and Public Works'', September-October 1956, pp.12-18]</ref> as well as the first segment of the [[Eastshore Freeway]] north of the Maze, SR 17 was extended northward along the new freeway in a concurrency with US 40. SR 17 left the freeway at the Hoffman Blvd. exit (thereafter popularly called the "Hoffman Split") and proceeded along city streets through Richmond to the San Rafael bridge. It went via Hoffman, Cutting, and Standard Avenue up to the bridge. It crossed the bridge into San Rafael, terminating at a junction with US 101.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/californiahighwa195657calirich#page/28/mode/2up/search/Richmond+San+Rafael+Bridge ''California Highways and Public Works'', November-December 1957, p.28]</ref><ref>[https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/workspace/handleMediaPlayer?lunaMediaId=RUMSEY~8~1~212274~5500327 ''San Francisco and Vicinity'', Shell road map, 1956] Shows transitional situation with bridge completed, but route number not yet depicted beyond the Maze.</ref>
With the completion of the [[Richmond-San Rafael Bridge]] in 1956,<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/californiahighwa195657calirich|title=California highways and public works|date=19 February 1927|publisher=[Sacramento : Dept. of Public Works, State of California|accessdate=19 February 2024|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> as well as the first segment of the [[Eastshore Freeway]] north of the Maze, SR 17 was extended northward along the new freeway in a concurrency with US 40. SR 17 left the freeway at the Hoffman Boulevard exit (thereafter popularly called the "Hoffman Split") and proceeded along city streets through Richmond to the San Rafael bridge. It went via Hoffman, Cutting, and Standard Avenue up to the bridge. It crossed the bridge into San Rafael, terminating at a junction with US 101.<ref name="auto"/><ref>[https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/workspace/handleMediaPlayer?lunaMediaId=RUMSEY~8~1~212274~5500327 ''San Francisco and Vicinity'', Shell road map, 1956] Shows transitional situation with bridge completed, but route number not yet depicted beyond the Maze.</ref>


In 1984 the segment of SR 17 from Interstate 280 in San Jose to the Maze (by then known as the "MacArthur Maze") in Oakland was renumbered as [[Interstate 880 (California)|I-880]], and the portion of SR 17 from the MacArthur Maze to San Rafael was renumbered as part of [[Interstate 580 (California)|I-580]]. SR 17 was thereby reduced to its current length.
In 1984 the segment of SR 17 from Interstate 280 in San Jose to the Maze (by then known as the "MacArthur Maze") in Oakland was renumbered as [[Interstate 880 (California)|I-880]], and the portion of SR 17 from the MacArthur Maze to San Rafael was renumbered as part of [[Interstate 580 (California)|I-580]]. SR 17 was thereby reduced to its current length.
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{{CAint|exit
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|exit=
|exit=
|road={{Jct|state=CA|I|880|dir1=north|city1=Oakland}}
|road={{Jct|state=CA|I|880|name1=Nimitz Freeway|dir1=north|city1=Oakland}}
|notes=Continuation beyond I-280
|notes=Continuation beyond I-280
}}
}}
Line 236: Line 263:
==External links==
==External links==
{{Attached KML|display=inline,title}}
{{Attached KML|display=inline,title}}
{{commonscat|California State Route 17|position=right}}
{{commons category|California State Route 17|position=right}}
{{CASR external links|SR|17}}
*[http://www.aaroads.com/california/ca-017.html AARoads – State Route 17]
*[http://www.aaroads.com/california/ca-017.html AARoads – State Route 17]
*[http://www.cahighways.org/017-024.html#017 California Highways: SR 17]
*[http://www.cahighways.org/017-024.html#017 California Highways: SR 17]
*[http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/roadinfo/sr17 Caltrans: Route 17 highway conditions]
*[http://www.dot.ca.gov/trafficops/exit/docs/17.pdf Cal-NExUS info]



[[Category:State highways in California|017]]
[[Category:State highways in California|017]]

Latest revision as of 19:34, 25 December 2024

"CA 17" redirects here. For the congressional district, see California's 17th congressional district.
"Santa Cruz Highway" redirects here. For the highway on Santa Cruz Island in the Galápagos, see Ecuador Highway 5.
State Route 17 marker
State Route 17
Map
SR 17 highlighted in red
Route information
Maintained by Caltrans
Length26.49 mi[1] (42.63 km)
Existed1930s[2]–present
Major junctions
South end SR 1 / Ocean Street in Santa Cruz
Major intersections
North end I-280 / I-880 in San Jose
Location
CountryUnited States
StateCalifornia
CountiesSanta Cruz, Santa Clara
Highway system
← SR 16→ SR 18

State Route 17 (SR 17, locally known as Highway 17) is a state highway in the U.S. state of California that runs from State Route 1 in Santa Cruz to I-280 and I-880 in San Jose. SR 17, a freeway and expressway, carries substantial commuter and vacation traffic through the Santa Cruz Mountains at Patchen Pass ("The Summit") between Santa Cruz and the San Francisco Bay Area.

Route description

[edit]

From its southern terminus with SR 1 in Santa Cruz, Route 17 begins as a five-lane freeway (narrows to four lanes after Pasatiempo Drive). From there, it proceeds through Scotts Valley. At the north end of Scotts Valley, it becomes a four-lane divided highway, with access at various points without interchanges, and begins a winding ascent of the Santa Cruz Mountains. The road crosses the Santa Clara/Santa Cruz county line through the Patchen Pass, commonly referred to as "The Summit", at an elevation of 1,800 feet (549 m), where there is an interchange with SR 35. Just north of the summit, a winding descent of the mountains begins, again with access at various points, mostly without grade separations, as far as Los Gatos. At Los Gatos, SR 17 becomes a freeway again. It expands to six lanes after an interchange with SR 85. This interchange has three levels; in a similar fashion to SR 99 at U.S. 50 in Sacramento, SR 17 is at-grade, with the other levels below-grade. The number of lanes later expands to eight shortly before reaching its northern terminus at Interstate 280, where it continues as Interstate 880.

SR 17 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System,[3] and is part of the National Highway System,[4] a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration.[5] SR 17 is eligible to be included in the State Scenic Highway System,[6] but it is not officially designated as a scenic highway by the California Department of Transportation.[7]

Safety

[edit]
Looking downhill from the Summit Road overpass; brake lights can be seen as cars slow down before the curve known as "Valley Surprise".

The four lane section of SR 17 is known as "Killer 17" and "Blood Alley". It has a combination of narrow lanes, dense traffic, slow trucks, sharp turns, blind curves, sudden changes in traffic speeds, and wandering fauna such as deer, wild turkeys, and mountain lions, which has led to a number of collisions and fatalities. Because of this, SR 17 is considered to be one of the most dangerous highways in the state. In the winter months, because SR 17 crosses a high precipitation area in the Santa Cruz Mountains, the roadway can become slippery from rain, snow or ice, especially at the summit, and heavy rain results in mudslides.[8][9]

Despite having fewer curves than in Santa Cruz County, certain sections of SR 17 in Santa Clara County are so dangerous that they have been nicknamed. The first long downhill turn North of Summit Road is named "Valley Surprise" for the fact that so many "Valleys"[10] are caught driving too fast into the sharpening curve, and end up striking the median. The most infamous is called "Big Moody Curve". This curve is named after Big Moody Creek below, slightly greater than a 180 degree turn, and bracketed by additional 90 degree turns. The inside surfaces of the median barriers in both of these turns are normally chipped up and black with tire rubber.[citation needed]

Efforts to improve safety have included adding electronic speed monitoring signs and warnings lights on curves, removing trees to improve visibility around blind curves, and increased patrol and enforcement of traffic laws. The portion between Los Gatos and Scotts Valley has been designated the Highway 17 Safety Corridor by Caltrans and the California Highway Patrol. In addition, barbed wired fencing and retaining walls were added after the route suffered landslides in the Loma Prieta Earthquake. The route has seen recent repaving work in 2010, 2014, 2019–2020, and 2022-2023.[citation needed]

Gillian Cichowski Memorial Overcrossing Bridge, over SR 17 near Los Gatos at Lexington Reservoir, was named by California Senate Concurrent Resolution 32, Chapt. 70 in 1994. Gillian Cichowski was killed in an accident at this location in 1992. This is one of the few highway constructions in California named for a woman. The overpass was in response to a campaign by friends of Gillian Cichowski to make the intersection (with Bear Creek Road) safer. The overpass was open to northbound traffic July 18, 1996 and opened to southbound traffic August 29, 1996. Margaret Green of Sunnyvale, California died in a similar accident near the same location during overpass construction.

Gillian Cichowski Memorial Overcrossing.

SR 17 in Santa Cruz County is named after California Highway Patrol Lieutenant Michael Walker. Walker was setting flares to direct traffic around an auto accident on New Year's Eve 2005 when he was struck and killed.[11] Partly in response to this accident near the Glenwood Road intersection, Caltrans began work in 2008 to widen the shoulder to eight feet.[12]

History

[edit]

In 1934, the State of California began signing its routes. The route which in subsequent years corresponded with State Route 17 was signed as State Route 13, and described as "Santa Cruz to Jct. US 101 at San Rafael, via San Jose, Mt. Eden, and Oakland."[13] The route taken between Oakland and San Rafael is not described.

Beginning in 1929, the segment from San Jose northward had been signed as US 101-E ("east"), branching off from US 101-W in San Jose.[14]

Santa Cruz Mountains

[edit]

The earliest connection between Santa Cruz and San Jose was an old Native American foot trail. The first road that could be navigated by a wagon was a dirt toll road built by Charlie McKiernan,[15] known as "Mountain Charlie" by locals, some time around 1853. Portions of this road still exist as Mountain Charlie Road, to the west of Highway 17 and south of Summit Road. Several other stage lines were built as competitors, such as the San Jose Turnpike (1863), which follows the approximate route of present-day Soquel San Jose Road.[16] After realignment to increase the road width; many sections of the original stage route were cut off. These sections became side streets named with variations containing Old Turnpike. Some of these now dead end streets have retained the look of narrow stage coach roads.

SR 17 was opened in 1940, replacing several other modes of transportation, including the old Glenwood Highway from 1919 (which still exists in Glenwood), and the railroad which went all the way from Santa Cruz to San Francisco and Oakland. The railroad stopped operating in 1940 and the tunnels that it passed through were sealed soon after. Nearly all the tunnel entrances still exist, but are unusable as the tunnels themselves have collapsed. The rise in the use of automobiles made the railroads unprofitable. The city of Glenwood, founded by Charles C. Martin in 1851, gained notoriety for hot springs in the area.[17] The Glenwood Highway, which passed through town, was deserted when the "New 17" was built, and the town became a ghost of its former self.[18] The town's final resident, Mrs. Ed C. Koch, the great-granddaughter of the founder, died in 1992, and Glenwood is a ghost town.

Parts of the original SR 17 lie underwater in Lexington Reservoir. When the reservoir was built, the highway was rerouted to higher ground, and the two towns along its path (Alma and Lexington) were abandoned.[19] When the reservoir levels are extremely low, the old highway pavement is visible as well as some stone and concrete foundations of buildings.

East Bay

[edit]

SR 17 first appeared along the east shore of San Francisco Bay in the mid-1930s. The original route between San Jose and Oakland ran along the Old Oakland Road, Main Street (Milpitas) and Warm Springs Boulevard (southern Fremont) proceeding along what is now Fremont Boulevard, which becomes Alvarado Boulevard in Northern Fremont, before entering Union City. From there, the route proceeded along Hesperian Boulevard in Hayward, then into San Leandro via East 14th Street to Davis. It then went west on Davis to Maitland Drive along the southern edge of the Oakland Municipal Airport and across Bay Farm Island to the Bay Farm Island Bridge into Alameda. In Alameda it went via Clay, High, Santa Clara, and Webster to the Posey Tube. SR 17 went through the Posey Tube into Oakland along Harrison Street to 14th, and west on 14th to Broadway where it terminated at a junction with US 40 and SR 24.[20]

Following the completion of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge in late 1936, SR 17 was re-routed. Instead of turning west at Davis Street in San Leandro, it was continued along East 14th Street into Oakland. At 44th Avenue it turned west, leading to a new diagonal connection to East 12th Street. SR 17 then followed East 12th northward to 14th Avenue, then one block on 14th to East 8th Street, becoming 8th Street into downtown Oakland. It continued west on 8th, picking up a concurrency with Business Route US 50 at Broadway. Both routes continued on 8th to Cypress Street which became an elevated viaduct entering the Bay Bridge Distribution Structure ("The Maze"). SR 17 terminated here at its junction with US 40 (Eastshore Highway) and US 50 (38th Street).[21]

In 1947, work began on a new freeway through Oakland to replace the street routing of SR 17. It was finished in segments, finishing in 1958 with the completion of the double-decked Cypress Structure leading into the MacArthur Maze. The new freeway was called the "Eastshore Freeway", continuous with a planned new freeway north of the Maze to replace the old Eastshore Highway.[22][23] In 1958, the freeway south of the Maze was renamed the "Nimitz Freeway", in honor of WWII Admiral Chester W. Nimitz.[24]

With the completion of the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge in 1956,[25] as well as the first segment of the Eastshore Freeway north of the Maze, SR 17 was extended northward along the new freeway in a concurrency with US 40. SR 17 left the freeway at the Hoffman Boulevard exit (thereafter popularly called the "Hoffman Split") and proceeded along city streets through Richmond to the San Rafael bridge. It went via Hoffman, Cutting, and Standard Avenue up to the bridge. It crossed the bridge into San Rafael, terminating at a junction with US 101.[25][26]

In 1984 the segment of SR 17 from Interstate 280 in San Jose to the Maze (by then known as the "MacArthur Maze") in Oakland was renumbered as I-880, and the portion of SR 17 from the MacArthur Maze to San Rafael was renumbered as part of I-580. SR 17 was thereby reduced to its current length.

Major intersections

[edit]

Except where prefixed with a letter, postmiles were measured on the road as it was in 1964, based on the alignment that existed at the time, and do not necessarily reflect current mileage. R reflects a realignment in the route since then, M indicates a second realignment, L refers to an overlap due to a correction or change, and T indicates postmiles classified as temporary (for a full list of prefixes, see California postmile § Official postmile definitions).[27] Segments that remain unconstructed or have been relinquished to local control may be omitted. The numbers reset at county lines; the start and end postmiles in each county are given in the county column.

CountyLocationPostmile
[27][1][28]		Exit
[29]		DestinationsNotes
Santa Cruz
SCR 0.00-12.55		Santa Cruz0.00Ocean Street – BeachesNorthbound entrance only; southbound exit is via SR 1 exit 442
1A
 SR 1 north – Santa Cruz, Half Moon Bay		Southern terminus; SR 1 north exit 441B, south exit 441
1B
 SR 1 south – Watsonville, Monterey
Pasatiempo0.741CPasatiempo DriveSigned as exit 1 northbound
​2.182El Rancho Drive, La Madrona DriveInterchange conversion cancelled
Scotts Valley3.443Mount Hermon Road
5.455Granite Creek Road, Scotts Valley Drive (SR 17 Bus. south)
​6Santas Village RoadNorthbound exit and entrance
​North end of freeway
Santa Cruz–Santa Clara
county line		​12.55
0.00		Patchen Pass, elevation 1,808 feet (551 m)[30]
Santa Clara
SCL 0.00-13.95		Lexington Hills0.11
 SR 35 north (Summit Road)		Interchange
1.25Redwood Estates (Oneda Court, Madrone Drive)Interchange
​4.06Bear Creek RoadInterchange
Los Gatos​South end of freeway
6.1619Santa Cruz AvenueNorthbound left exit and southbound entrance
7.0720AEast Los Gatos (CR G10, Los Gatos-Saratoga Road east)
7.0720B
 SR 9 south (Los Gatos-Saratoga Road west) – Los Gatos, Saratoga
8.8921Lark AvenueNorthbound entrance cannot access SR 85
9.3522 SR 85 (West Valley Freeway) – Mountain View, GilroySR 85 exit 11 northbound, 11A southbound
Campbell10.5023Camden Avenue, San Tomas Expressway (CR G4)
12.3425Hamilton Avenue
San Jose13.9527A
 I-280 south (Sinclair Freeway) – Downtown San Jose		I-280 exit 5B; southbound access to I-280 via I-880 south exit 1A; southbound access to Stevens Creek Boulevard via I-880 south exit 1C
13.9527B
 I-280 north (Junipero Serra Freeway) / Stevens Creek Boulevard – San Francisco
13.95
 I-880 north (Nimitz Freeway) – Oakland		Continuation beyond I-280
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

Notes

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b California Department of Transportation (July 2007). "Log of Bridges on State Highways". Sacramento: California Department of Transportation.
  2. ^ "California Highways: Routes 017-024 to Individual Page Detour". cahighways.org. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  3. ^ "Article 2 of Chapter 2 of Division 1". California Streets and Highways Code. Sacramento: California Office of Legislative Counsel. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  4. ^ Federal Highway Administration (March 25, 2015). National Highway System: Santa Cruz, CA (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
    Federal Highway Administration (March 25, 2015). National Highway System: San Jose, CA (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
  5. ^ Natzke, Stefan; Neathery, Mike & Adderly, Kevin (June 20, 2012). "What is the National Highway System?". National Highway System. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved July 1, 2012.
  6. ^ "Article 2.5 of Chapter 2 of Division 1". California Streets & Highways Code. Sacramento: California Office of Legislative Counsel. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  7. ^ California Department of Transportation (August 2019). "Officially Designated State Scenic Highways and Historic Parkways" (XLSX). Sacramento: California Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
  8. ^ "Driving the Hazardous California State Route 17". Dangerousroads.org.
  9. ^ "Highway 17 traffic collisions skyrocket". The Monterey County Herald.
  10. ^ "Valley Go Home - Santa Cruz - LocalWiki". localwiki.org. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  11. ^ Lt. Michael Walker Killed New Year’s Eve While Aiding Motorist , accessed August 26, 2008
  12. ^ Caltrans Public Notice Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine (PDF), access August 26, 2008
  13. ^ "California highways and public works". [Sacramento : Dept. of Public Works, State of California. 19 February 1927. Retrieved 19 February 2024 – via Internet Archive.
  14. ^ Executive Committee (November 12, 1928). "Minutes of Executive Committee" (PDF) (Report). Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway Officials. p. 9. Retrieved August 2, 2023 – via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. ^ Beal 1990, p. 70
  16. ^ Beal 1990, pp. 70–72
  17. ^ Beal 1990, pp. 44–6
  18. ^ Beal 1990, p. 48
  19. ^ Beal 1990, p. 21
  20. ^ "Old Oakland". teczno.com. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  21. ^ 1938 Street Map of East Bay Cities, Standard Oil Co. JM Gousha Co.
  22. ^ "Shell San Francisco and Vicinity. - David Rumsey Historical Map Collection". www.davidrumsey.com. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  23. ^ "Shell Street Map of East Bay Cities". www.davidrumsey.com. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  24. ^ "Statutes of California". California State Printing Office. 19 February 1959. Retrieved 19 February 2024 – via Google Books.
  25. ^ a b "California highways and public works". [Sacramento : Dept. of Public Works, State of California. 19 February 1927. Retrieved 19 February 2024 – via Internet Archive.
  26. ^ San Francisco and Vicinity, Shell road map, 1956 Shows transitional situation with bridge completed, but route number not yet depicted beyond the Maze.
  27. ^ a b California Department of Transportation. "State Truck Route List". Sacramento: California Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (XLS file) on September 5, 2015. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
  28. ^ California Department of Transportation, All Traffic Volumes on CSHS, 2005 and 2006
  29. ^ California Department of Transportation, California Numbered Exit Uniform System, State Route 17 Freeway Interchanges, Retrieved on 2009-02-05.
  30. ^ "Elevation and Location of Summits and Passes in California". California Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on March 1, 2017.
  • Beal, Richard (1990). Highway 17: The Road to Santa Cruz. Aptos, California: The Pacific Group. ISBN 0-9629974-0-4.
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