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Reverted vandalism of previous edit, Shuddhi movement also targeted non-Hindu Indian individuals who had never been Hindus, so it can't be described as 'reconversion'.
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{{Short description|Hindu term for conversion to Hinduism}}
{{Short description|Hindu term for conversion to Hinduism}}
{{Distinguish|Ghar Wapsi}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
⚫
'''Shuddhi''' is [[Sanskrit]] for [[Ritual purification|purification]]. It is a term used to describe a [[Hindu]] religious movement aimed at the [[religious conversion]] of non-Hindus of Indian origin to [[Hinduism]].{{Sfn|Geoffrey|1991}}
{{About||the 2017 film|Shuddhi (film)}}
⚫
'''Shuddhi''' is [[Sanskrit]] for [[Ritual purification|purification]]. It is a term used to describe a [[Hindu]] religious movement aimed at the [[religious conversion]] of non-Hindus of Indian origin to Hinduism.{{Sfn|Geoffrey|1991}}


==Shuddhi movement==
==Shuddhi movement==
The socio-political movement, derived from ancient rite of ''shuddhikaran'',<ref>''Hindu-Muslim Relations in British India: A Study of Controversy, Conflict, and Communal Movements in Northern India 1923-1928'', by G. R. Thursby. Published by BRILL, 1975. {{ISBN|90-04-04380-2}}. Lame'Page 136''.</ref> or purification was started by the [[Arya Samaj]], and its founder Swami [[Dayanand Saraswati]] and his followers like [[Swami Shraddhanand]], who also worked on the ''Sangathan'' consolidation aspect of Hinduism, in [[North India]], especially Punjab in early 1900s, though it gradually spread across India.<ref name="daya">{{Cite book|last=D.K|first=Mohanty|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=soAqgQA7t0sC&pg=PA116&dq=Shuddhi&lr=|title=Indian Political Tradition|last2=Rajan|first2=S. Sundara|publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Limited|isbn=978-81-261-2033-8|pages=116|language=en}}</ref> Shuddhi had a social reform agenda behind its rationale and was aimed at abolishing the practise of [[untouchability]] by converting outcasts from other religions to [[Hinduism]] and integrating them into the mainstream community by elevating their position, and instilling self-confidence and self-determination in them.<ref name=daya/><ref name=un/><ref>''The Khilafat Movement: Religious Symbolism and Political Mobilization in India'', by Gail Minault, Akhtar. Published by Columbia University Press, 1982. {{ISBN|0-231-05072-0}}. ''Page 193''.</ref> The movement strove to reduce the conversions of Hindus to Islam and Christianity, which were underway at the time.<ref name=daya/>
The socio-political movement, derived from ancient rite of ''shuddhikaran'',<ref>''Hindu-Muslim Relations in British India: A Study of Controversy, Conflict, and Communal Movements in Northern India 1923-1928'', by G. R. Thursby. Published by BRILL, 1975. {{ISBN|90-04-04380-2}}. Page 136''.''</ref> or purification was started by the [[Arya Samaj]], and its founder Swami [[Dayanand Saraswati]] and his followers like [[Swami Shraddhanand]], who also worked on the ''Sangathan'' consolidation aspect of Hinduism, in [[North India]], especially Punjab in early 1900s, though it gradually spread across India.<ref name="daya">{{Cite book|last1=D.K|first1=Mohanty|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=soAqgQA7t0sC&dq=Shuddhi&pg=PA116|title=Indian Political Tradition|last2=Rajan|first2=S. Sundara|publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Limited|isbn=978-81-261-2033-8|pages=116|language=en}}</ref> Shuddhi had a social reform agenda behind its rationale and was aimed at abolishing the practise of [[untouchability]] by converting outcasts from other religions to [[Hinduism]] and integrating them into the mainstream community by elevating their position, and instilling self-confidence and [[self-determination]] in them.<ref name=daya/><ref name=un/><ref>''The Khilafat Movement: Religious Symbolism and Political Mobilization in India'', by Gail Minault, Akhtar. Published by Columbia University Press, 1982. {{ISBN|0-231-05072-0}}. Page 193.</ref> The movement strove to reduce the conversions of Hindus to Islam and Christianity, which were underway at the time.<ref name=daya/>


In 1923, [[Swami Shraddhanand]] founded the 'Bhartiya Hindu Shuddhi Mahasabha' (Indian Hindu Purification Council) and pushed the agenda of reconversion, which eventually created a flashpoint between Hindus and Muslims as Hindus were the recipients of the violence.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}. [[Mahatma Gandhi]] made a comment on Swami Shraddhananda in an article titled 'Hindu-Muslim-Tensions: Causes and Resistance' in the May 29, 1922 issue of [[Young India]].
In 1923, [[Swami Shraddhanand]] founded the 'Bhartiya Hindu Shuddhi Mahasabha' (Indian Hindu Purification Council) and pushed the agenda of reconversion, which eventually created a flashpoint between Hindus and Muslims as Hindus were the recipients of the violence.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}. [[Mahatma Gandhi]] made a comment on Swami Shraddhananda in an article titled 'Hindu-Muslim-Tensions: Causes and Resistance' in the May 29, 1922 issue of [[Young India]].


{{quote|Swami Shraddhananda has also become a character of disbelief. I know that his speeches are often provocative. Just as most Muslims think that every non-Muslim will one day convert to Islam, Shraddhananda also believes that every Muslim can be initiated into the Aryan religion. Shraddhananda ji is fearless and brave. He alone has built a great Brahmacharya Ashram (Gurukul) in the holy Ganges. But they are in a hurry and it will move soon. He inherited it from the Aryan society."}}
{{quote|Swami Shraddhananda has also become a character of disbelief. I know that his speeches are often provocative. Just as most Muslims think that every non-Muslim will one day convert to Islam, Shraddhananda also believes that every Muslim can be initiated into the Aryan religion. Shraddhananda Ji is fearless and brave. He alone has built a great Brahmacharya Ashram (Gurukul) in the holy Ganges. But they are in a hurry and it will move soon. He inherited it from the Aryan society.}}


Gandhi further wrote Dayanand that "he narrowed one of the most liberal and tolerant religions of the world." Swami responded to Gandhi's article that "If Aryasamaji is true to themselves, then the allegations of Mahatma Gandhi or any other person and invasions also cannot obstruct the trends of Arya Samaj." Shraddhanand followingly kept moving towards his goal.
Gandhi further wrote Dayanand that "he narrowed one of the most liberal and tolerant religions of the world." Swami responded to Gandhi's article that "If Arya Samaji is true to themselves, then the allegations of Mahatma Gandhi or any other person and invasions also cannot obstruct the trends of Arya Samaj." Shraddhanand followingly kept moving towards his goal.


The main point of contention was the reconversion of [[Malkana]] Rajputs in western United Province <ref>''The Fundamentalism Project'', by Martin E. Marty, R. Scott Appleby, American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Published by University of Chicago Press, 1991.{{ISBN|0226508781}}. ''Page 564''.</ref> As a result, the movement became controversial and antagonized the Muslims populace <ref name=un>[https://books.google.com/books?id=yRrbSzEvNCMC&pg=PA157&dq=Shuddhi&lr= untouchable assertion] ''The Politics of the Urban Poor in Early Twentieth-century India'', by Nandini Gooptu. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2001. {{ISBN|0-521-44366-0}}. ''Page 157''.</ref> and also led to the assassination of the leader of the movement, [[Swami Shraddhanand]] by a Muslim in 1926. After Swami Shraddhanand died this movement continued.<ref>''Hindu Nationalism and the Language of Politics in Late Colonial India'', by William Gould. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2004. {{ISBN|0-521-83061-3}}. ''Page 133''.</ref>
The main point of contention was the reconversion of [[Malkana]] Rajputs in western United Province.<ref>''The Fundamentalism Project'', by Martin E. Marty, R. Scott Appleby, American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Published by University of Chicago Press, 1991.{{ISBN|0226508781}}. Page 564.</ref> As a result, the movement became controversial and antagonized the Muslims populace<ref name="un">[https://books.google.com/books?id=yRrbSzEvNCMC&pg=PA157&dq=Shuddhi&lr= Untouchable Assertion] ''The Politics of the Urban Poor in Early Twentieth-century India'', by Nandini Gooptu. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2001. {{ISBN|0-521-44366-0}}. Page 157.</ref> and also led to the assassination of the leader of the movement, [[Swami Shraddhanand]] by a Muslim in 1926. After Swami Shraddhanand died this movement continued.<ref>''Hindu Nationalism and the Language of Politics in Late Colonial India'', by William Gould. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2004. {{ISBN|0-521-83061-3}}. Page 133.</ref>


In the late 1920s, prominent Goan Hindu Brahmins maliciously requested Vinayak Maharaj Masurkar, the prelate of a [[Vaishnava]] [[ashram]] in [[Masur, India|Masur]], [[Satara district]]; to actively campaign for the 're-conversion' of Catholic Gaudas to Hinduism.<ref name="Masurkar"/> Masurkar accepted, and together with his disciples, subsequently toured Gauda villages singing devotional ''[[bhakti]]'' songs and performing ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]s''.<ref name="Masurkar"/> These means led a considerable number of Catholic Gaudas to declare willingness to come into the Hindu fold, and a ''Shuddhi'' ceremony was carefully prepared.<ref name="Masurkar">{{harvnb|Kreinath|Hartung|Deschner|2004|p=163}}</ref> On 23 February 1928, many Catholic [[Gauda and Kunbi|Gaude]]s in Goa were re-converted to Hinduism notwithstanding the opposition of the Church and the Portuguese government.<ref name=shuddhi>{{cite book|last=Ghai|first=R. K.|title=Shuddhi movement in India: a study of its socio-political dimensions|year=1990|publisher=Commonwealth Publishers|isbn=9788171690428|pages=208 pages (see page 103)}}</ref> The converts were given Sanskrit Hindu names, but the Portuguese government put impediments in their way to get legal sanction for their new Hindu names.<ref name=opo>{{cite book|last=Ralhan|first=Om Prakash|title=Post-independence India: Indian National Congress, Volumes 33-50|year=1998|publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD.|isbn=9788174888655|pages=6330 pages (see pages 304–305)}}</ref> 4851 Catholic Gaudes from [[Tiswadi]], 2174 from [[Ponda, India|Ponda]], 250 from [[Bicholim]] and 329 from [[Sattari]] were re-converted to Hinduism after nearly 400 years. The total number of the converts to Hinduism was 7815.<ref name=godbole>{{cite book|last=Godbole|first=Shriranga|title=Sanskrutik Vartapatra|date=December 2010|publisher=Sanskrutik Vartapatra|location=Pune|pages=61–66 & 112}}</ref> The existing Hindu Gauda community refused to accept these neo-Hindus back into their fold because their Catholic ancestors had not maintained caste purity, and the neo-Hindus were now alienated by their former Catholic coreligionists.<ref>{{harvnb|Shirodkar|Mandal|Anthropological Survey of India|1993|p=23}}</ref> These neo-Hindus developed into a separate endogamous community, and are now referred to as ''Nav-Hindu Gaudas'' (New Hindu Gaudas).<ref name="Gauda">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-0qpQGi0R4C&pg=PA458#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Lusophonies asiatiques, Asiatiques en lusophonies|date=2001-01-01|publisher=KARTHALA Editions|isbn=978-2-84586-146-6|language=fr}}</ref>
In the late 1920s, prominent Goan Hindu Brahmins requested Vinayak Maharaj Masurkar, the prelate of a [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] [[Ashram]] in [[Masur, India|Masur]], [[Satara district]]; to actively campaign for the 're-conversion' of Catholic Gaudas to Hinduism.<ref name="Masurkar"/> Masurkar accepted, and together with his disciples, subsequently toured Gauda villages singing devotional ''[[bhakti]]'' songs and performing ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]s''.<ref name="Masurkar"/> These means led a considerable number of Catholic Gaudas to declare willingness to come into the Hindu fold, and a ''Shuddhi'' ceremony was carefully prepared.<ref name="Masurkar">{{harvnb|Kreinath|Hartung|Deschner|2004|p=163}}.</ref> On 23 February 1928, many Catholic [[Gauda and Kunbi|Gaude]]s in Goa were re-converted to Hinduism notwithstanding the opposition of the Church and the Portuguese government.<ref name="shuddhi">{{cite book |last=Ghai |first=R. K. |title=Shuddhi Movement in India: A Study of Its Socio-Political Dimensions |publisher=Commonwealth Publishers |year=1990 |isbn=9788171690428 |pages=103}}</ref> The converts were given Sanskrit Hindu names, but the Portuguese government put impediments in their way to get legal sanction for their new Hindu names.<ref name="opo">{{cite book |last=Ralhan |first=Om Prakash |title=Post-independence India: Indian National Congress, Volumes 33-50 |publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. |year=1998 |isbn=9788174888655 |pages=304–305}}</ref> 4851 Catholic Gaudes from [[Tiswadi]], 2174 from [[Ponda, India|Ponda]], 250 from [[Bicholim]] and 329 from [[Sattari]] were re-converted to Hinduism after nearly 400 years. The total number of the converts to Hinduism was 7815.<ref name=godbole>{{cite book|last=Godbole|first=Shriranga|title=Sanskrutik Vartapatra|date=December 2010|publisher=Sanskrutik Vartapatra|location=Pune|pages=61–66 & 112}}</ref> The existing Hindu Gauda community refused to accept these neo-Hindus back into their fold because their Catholic ancestors had not maintained caste purity, and the neo-Hindus were now alienated by their former Catholic coreligionists.<ref>{{harvnb|Shirodkar|Mandal|1993|p=23}}.</ref> These neo-Hindus developed into a separate endogamous community, and are now referred to as ''Nav-Hindu Gaudas'' (New Hindu Gaudas).<ref name="Gauda">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-0qpQGi0R4C&pg=PA458|title=Lusophonies asiatiques, Asiatiques en lusophonies|date=2001-01-01|publisher=KARTHALA Editions|isbn=978-2-84586-146-6|language=fr}}</ref>


However, in Northern India this movement faced stiff opposition from Islamic organizations such as the [[Barelvi]] movement's [[Jama'at Raza-e-Mustafa]] which attempted to counter the efforts of the Shuddhi movement to convert Muslims to Hinduism in British India.<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Communal and pan-Islamic trends in colonial India|author1=Hasan, M.|author2=Jamia Millia Islamia (India). Dept. of History|date=1985|publisher=Manohar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xRBuAAAAMAAJ|access-date=2015-07-28}}</ref>
However, in Northern India this movement faced stiff opposition from Islamic organizations such as the [[Barelvi]] movement's [[Jama'at Raza-e-Mustafa]] which attempted to counter the efforts of the Shuddhi movement to convert Muslims to Hinduism in British India.<ref name="google">{{cite book |author1=Hasan, M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xRBuAAAAMAAJ |title=Communal and pan-Islamic trends in colonial India |author2=Jamia Millia Islamia (India). Department of History |date=1985 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=9780836416206 |access-date=2015-07-28}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 23: Line 23:
}}
}}
* [[Shaucha]]
* [[Shaucha]]
* [[Shuddhikaran]]
* [[Ghar Wapsi]]
* [[Ghar wapasi]]


==References==
==References==

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


===Bibliography===
==Sources==
* {{Cite book |last3=Deschner |first3=Annette |last2=Hartung |first2=Constance |last1=Kreinath |first1=Jens |editor3-last=Deschner |editor3-first=Annette |editor2-last=Hartung |editor2-first=Constance |editor1-last=Kreinath |editor1-first=Jens |title=The dynamics of changing rituals: the transformation of religious rituals within their social and cultural context |publisher=Peter Lang |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8204-6826-6}}
* {{cite book|title=Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India: Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India|volume=III-I|first=Kenneth W.|last=Jones|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1987|isbn=0-521-24986-4}}
* {{cite book|title=Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India: Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India|volume=III-I|first=Kenneth W.|last=Jones|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1987|isbn=0-521-24986-4}}
* {{cite book|title=Shuddhi Movement in India: A Study of Its Socio-political Dimensions|first=R. K.|last=Ghai|publisher=Commonwealth Publishers|year=1990}}
* {{cite book|title=Shuddhi Movement in India: A Study of Its Socio-political Dimensions|first=R. K.|last=Ghai|publisher=Commonwealth Publishers|year=1990}}
* {{cite book|title=Hindu Nationalism: Origins, Ideologies and Modern Myths|first=Chetan|last=Bhatt|publisher=Berg Publishers|year=2001|isbn=1-85973-348-4}}
* {{cite book|title=Hindu Nationalism: Origins, Ideologies and Modern Myths|first=Chetan|last=Bhatt|publisher=Berg Publishers|year=2001|isbn=1-85973-348-4}}
* {{cite book|title=Religion in South Asia: Religious Conversion and Revival Movements in South Asia in Medieval and Modern Times|last=Geoffrey|first=A. Oddie|publisher=Manohar|year=1991|chapter=10: Reconversion to Hinduism: The Shuddhi of the Arya Samaj|p=215}}
* {{cite book|title=Religion in South Asia: Religious Conversion and Revival Movements in South Asia in Medieval and Modern Times|last=Geoffrey|first=A. Oddie|publisher=Manohar|year=1991|chapter=10: Reconversion to Hinduism: The Shuddhi of the Arya Samaj|page=215}}
* {{Citation |last=Shirodkar |first=Dr Prakashchandra |last2=Mandal |first2=H. K. |title=Anthropological Survey of India |volume=21: Goa |series=People of India |editor=Kumar Suresh Singh |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1993 |isbn=978-81-7154-760-9}}


== External links ==
== External links ==

Latest revision as of 18:40, 9 June 2024

Not to be confused with Ghar Wapsi.

Shuddhi is Sanskrit for purification. It is a term used to describe a Hindu religious movement aimed at the religious conversion of non-Hindus of Indian origin to Hinduism.[1]

Shuddhi movement

[edit]

The socio-political movement, derived from ancient rite of shuddhikaran,[2] or purification was started by the Arya Samaj, and its founder Swami Dayanand Saraswati and his followers like Swami Shraddhanand, who also worked on the Sangathan consolidation aspect of Hinduism, in North India, especially Punjab in early 1900s, though it gradually spread across India.[3] Shuddhi had a social reform agenda behind its rationale and was aimed at abolishing the practise of untouchability by converting outcasts from other religions to Hinduism and integrating them into the mainstream community by elevating their position, and instilling self-confidence and self-determination in them.[3][4][5] The movement strove to reduce the conversions of Hindus to Islam and Christianity, which were underway at the time.[3]

In 1923, Swami Shraddhanand founded the 'Bhartiya Hindu Shuddhi Mahasabha' (Indian Hindu Purification Council) and pushed the agenda of reconversion, which eventually created a flashpoint between Hindus and Muslims as Hindus were the recipients of the violence.[citation needed]. Mahatma Gandhi made a comment on Swami Shraddhananda in an article titled 'Hindu-Muslim-Tensions: Causes and Resistance' in the May 29, 1922 issue of Young India.

Swami Shraddhananda has also become a character of disbelief. I know that his speeches are often provocative. Just as most Muslims think that every non-Muslim will one day convert to Islam, Shraddhananda also believes that every Muslim can be initiated into the Aryan religion. Shraddhananda Ji is fearless and brave. He alone has built a great Brahmacharya Ashram (Gurukul) in the holy Ganges. But they are in a hurry and it will move soon. He inherited it from the Aryan society.

Gandhi further wrote Dayanand that "he narrowed one of the most liberal and tolerant religions of the world." Swami responded to Gandhi's article that "If Arya Samaji is true to themselves, then the allegations of Mahatma Gandhi or any other person and invasions also cannot obstruct the trends of Arya Samaj." Shraddhanand followingly kept moving towards his goal.

The main point of contention was the reconversion of Malkana Rajputs in western United Province.[6] As a result, the movement became controversial and antagonized the Muslims populace[4] and also led to the assassination of the leader of the movement, Swami Shraddhanand by a Muslim in 1926. After Swami Shraddhanand died this movement continued.[7]

In the late 1920s, prominent Goan Hindu Brahmins requested Vinayak Maharaj Masurkar, the prelate of a Vaishnava Ashram in Masur, Satara district; to actively campaign for the 're-conversion' of Catholic Gaudas to Hinduism.[8] Masurkar accepted, and together with his disciples, subsequently toured Gauda villages singing devotional bhakti songs and performing pujas.[8] These means led a considerable number of Catholic Gaudas to declare willingness to come into the Hindu fold, and a Shuddhi ceremony was carefully prepared.[8] On 23 February 1928, many Catholic Gaudes in Goa were re-converted to Hinduism notwithstanding the opposition of the Church and the Portuguese government.[9] The converts were given Sanskrit Hindu names, but the Portuguese government put impediments in their way to get legal sanction for their new Hindu names.[10] 4851 Catholic Gaudes from Tiswadi, 2174 from Ponda, 250 from Bicholim and 329 from Sattari were re-converted to Hinduism after nearly 400 years. The total number of the converts to Hinduism was 7815.[11] The existing Hindu Gauda community refused to accept these neo-Hindus back into their fold because their Catholic ancestors had not maintained caste purity, and the neo-Hindus were now alienated by their former Catholic coreligionists.[12] These neo-Hindus developed into a separate endogamous community, and are now referred to as Nav-Hindu Gaudas (New Hindu Gaudas).[13]

However, in Northern India this movement faced stiff opposition from Islamic organizations such as the Barelvi movement's Jama'at Raza-e-Mustafa which attempted to counter the efforts of the Shuddhi movement to convert Muslims to Hinduism in British India.[14]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Geoffrey 1991.
  2. ^ Hindu-Muslim Relations in British India: A Study of Controversy, Conflict, and Communal Movements in Northern India 1923-1928, by G. R. Thursby. Published by BRILL, 1975. ISBN 90-04-04380-2. Page 136.
  3. ^ a b c D.K, Mohanty; Rajan, S. Sundara. Indian Political Tradition. Anmol Publications Pvt. Limited. p. 116. ISBN 978-81-261-2033-8.
  4. ^ a b Untouchable Assertion The Politics of the Urban Poor in Early Twentieth-century India, by Nandini Gooptu. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-521-44366-0. Page 157.
  5. ^ The Khilafat Movement: Religious Symbolism and Political Mobilization in India, by Gail Minault, Akhtar. Published by Columbia University Press, 1982. ISBN 0-231-05072-0. Page 193.
  6. ^ The Fundamentalism Project, by Martin E. Marty, R. Scott Appleby, American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Published by University of Chicago Press, 1991.ISBN 0226508781. Page 564.
  7. ^ Hindu Nationalism and the Language of Politics in Late Colonial India, by William Gould. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-521-83061-3. Page 133.
  8. ^ a b c Kreinath, Hartung & Deschner 2004, p. 163.
  9. ^ Ghai, R. K. (1990). Shuddhi Movement in India: A Study of Its Socio-Political Dimensions. Commonwealth Publishers. p. 103. ISBN 9788171690428.
  10. ^ Ralhan, Om Prakash (1998). Post-independence India: Indian National Congress, Volumes 33-50. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. pp. 304–305. ISBN 9788174888655.
  11. ^ Godbole, Shriranga (December 2010). Sanskrutik Vartapatra. Pune: Sanskrutik Vartapatra. pp. 61–66 & 112.
  12. ^ Shirodkar & Mandal 1993, p. 23.
  13. ^ Lusophonies asiatiques, Asiatiques en lusophonies (in French). KARTHALA Editions. 2001-01-01. ISBN 978-2-84586-146-6.
  14. ^ Hasan, M.; Jamia Millia Islamia (India). Department of History (1985). Communal and pan-Islamic trends in colonial India. Manohar. ISBN 9780836416206. Retrieved 2015-07-28.

Sources

[edit]
  • Kreinath, Jens; Hartung, Constance; Deschner, Annette (2004). Kreinath, Jens; Hartung, Constance; Deschner, Annette (eds.). The dynamics of changing rituals: the transformation of religious rituals within their social and cultural context. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-0-8204-6826-6.
  • Jones, Kenneth W. (1987). Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India: Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India. Vol. III–I. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24986-4.
  • Ghai, R. K. (1990). Shuddhi Movement in India: A Study of Its Socio-political Dimensions. Commonwealth Publishers.
  • Bhatt, Chetan (2001). Hindu Nationalism: Origins, Ideologies and Modern Myths. Berg Publishers. ISBN 1-85973-348-4.
  • Geoffrey, A. Oddie (1991). "10: Reconversion to Hinduism: The Shuddhi of the Arya Samaj". Religion in South Asia: Religious Conversion and Revival Movements in South Asia in Medieval and Modern Times. Manohar. p. 215.
  • Shirodkar, Dr Prakashchandra; Mandal, H. K. (1993), Kumar Suresh Singh (ed.), Anthropological Survey of India, People of India, vol. 21: Goa, Popular Prakashan, ISBN 978-81-7154-760-9
[edit]
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