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{{short description|Turkish businessmen of Kurdish descent}}{{Infobox person
{{short description|Turkish businessmen of Kurdish descent}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Cuneyd Zapsu
| name = Cuneyd Zapsu
| image =
| image =
| birth_date = 19 November 1956
| birth_date = 19 November 1956
| birth_place = [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]]
| birth_place = [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]]
| citizenship = [[Turkey|Turkish]]
| citizenship = [[Turkey|Turkish]], [[Germany|German]]
| alma_mater = [[Istanbul University]], [[Ludwig Maximilian University]]
| alma_mater = [[Istanbul University]], [[Ludwig Maximilian University]]
| occupation = Businessman
| occupation = Businessman
Line 11: Line 12:
}}
}}


'''Hasan Cuneyd Zapsu''' (born 19 November 1956 in [[Istanbul|İstanbul]])<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Cuneyd Zapsu|url=https://www.czapsu.com/Biography.html|access-date=2020-08-16|website=www.czapsu.com}}</ref> is a [[Turkey|Turkish]] businessman of Kurdish and Balkan origins. He was a co-founder of the [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|Justice and Development Party]] (AKP) in [[Turkey]] as well as the founder of [[Balsu Gida|Balsu]], one of the leading hazelnut producers in the world.
'''Hasan Cuneyd Zapsu''' (born 19 November 1956 in [[Istanbul|İstanbul]])<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Cuneyd Zapsu|url=https://www.czapsu.com/Biography.html|access-date=2020-08-16|website=www.czapsu.com}}</ref> is a [[Kurds in Turkey|Kurdish]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haber7 |title=Cüneyd Zapsu'nun 'derin' portresi |url=https://m.haber7.com/siyaset/haber/174984-cuneyd-zapsunun-derin-portresi |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=Haber7 |language=tr}}</ref> businessman from Turkey. He was a co-founder of the [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|Justice and Development Party]] (AKP) in [[Turkey]] as well as the founder of [[Balsu Gida|Balsu]], one of the world's leading hazelnut producers.


== Early life and education ==
== Early life and education ==
Cuneyd Zapsu was born in Istanbul as a descendant of [[Bedir Khan Beg]] and also {{Interlanguage link|Abdurrahim Rahmi Zapsu|lt=Abdurrahim Rahmi Zapsu|tr||WD=}}.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2010-12-08|title=Muhalif Ailenin Muktedir Üyeleri {{!}} Chronicle Dergisi|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208162351/http://www.chronicledergisi.com/muhalif-ailenin-muktedir-uyeleri/|access-date=2020-08-16|website=web.archive.org}}</ref> After the [[1960 Turkish coup d'état|Turkish coup d'état of 1960]] the family had to leave Turkey as his father was a politician in the governing [[Democrat Party (Turkey, 1946–1961)|Democrat Party]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Cuneyd Zapsu|url=https://www.esiweb.org/pdf/cv%20-%20cuneyd%20zapsu.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=16 August 2020|website=Esiweb}}</ref> They moved to [[Munich]], [[Germany]], where he attended primary education. They returned to Istanbul in the second half of the 1960s, and he went to the [[Deutsche Schule Istanbul|German High School]]. After his high school graduation, he studied business administration at the [[Istanbul University]]<ref name=":1" /> and later also economy at the [[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich|Ludwig Maximilian University]] in Munich.
Zapsu was born in Istanbul. He is a descendant of [[Bedir Khan Beg]] and Kurdish poet {{Interlanguage link|Abdurrahim Rahmi Zapsu|lt=Abdurrahim Rahmi Zapsu|tr||WD=}}.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2010-12-08|title=Muhalif Ailenin Muktedir Üyeleri {{!}} Chronicle Dergisi|url=http://www.chronicledergisi.com/muhalif-ailenin-muktedir-uyeleri/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208162351/http://www.chronicledergisi.com/muhalif-ailenin-muktedir-uyeleri/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2010-12-08|access-date=2020-08-16}}</ref> After the [[1960 Turkish coup d'état|Turkish coup d'état of 1960]], his family had to leave Turkey because his father was a politician in the governing [[Democrat Party (Turkey, 1946–1961)|Democrat Party]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Cuneyd Zapsu|url=https://www.esiweb.org/pdf/cv%20-%20cuneyd%20zapsu.pdf|access-date=16 August 2020|website=Esiweb}}</ref> They relocated to [[Munich]], [[Germany]], where he attended primary school. They returned to Istanbul in the second half of the 1960s, and he studied at Istanbul's [[Deutsche Schule Istanbul|German High School]]. After his graduation, he studied business administration at the [[Istanbul University]]<ref name=":1" /> and later economics at the [[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich|Ludwig Maximilian University]] in Munich.


== Professional career ==
== Career ==

⚫
In 1977 he entered business life and held various positions in the companies his family owned.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=H. Cuneyd Zapsu {{!}} 世界经济论坛|url=https://cn.weforum.org/people/h-cuneyd-zapsu|access-date=2020-08-16|website=cn.weforum.org}}</ref> He founded Balsu,<ref>{{Cite web|title=BALSU - FOUNDER’S LETTER|url=https://www.balsugida.com/company/founders-letter|access-date=2020-08-16|website=www.balsugida.com}}</ref>which was to become a leading hazelnut exporter in 1978.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BALSU - BUSINESS|url=https://www.balsugida.com/company/business|access-date=2020-08-16|website=www.balsugida.com}}</ref> He was the President of the Association of Exporters of Istanbul between 1987 and 2001 and was a founder of several hazelnut associations.<ref name=":0" /> In 1995<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bim A.Ş. > Welcome...|url=https://english.bim.com.tr/Category/108/about-us.aspx|access-date=2020-08-16|website=english.bim.com.tr}}</ref> he and his brother Aziz Zapsu were the co-founders of the Turkish discount stores chain [[Bim (company)|BiM]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=24 January 2008|title=The Al Qadi Affair|url=https://www.forbes.com/2008/01/24/turkey-yasin-al-qadi-biz-cz_rm_0124alqadi.html#ad041cf666a8|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=27 September 2020|website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> He sold his shares though to [[Merrill Lynch & Co.|Merrill Lynch]] in 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Strauss|first=Delphine|date=6 October 2010|title=BIM rings the changes for Turkey’s shoppers|url=https://www.ft.com/content/ce8fd5d2-d097-11df-8667-00144feabdc0|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-08-16|website=www.ft.com}}</ref>
=== Balsu ===
⚫
In 1977 he launched his business career and held various positions in the companies his family owned.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=H. Cuneyd Zapsu {{!}} 世界经济论坛|url=https://cn.weforum.org/people/h-cuneyd-zapsu|access-date=2020-08-16|website=[[World Economic Forum]]}}</ref> He founded Balsu,<ref>{{Cite web|title=BALSU - FOUNDER'S LETTER|url=https://www.balsugida.com/company/founders-letter|access-date=2020-08-16|website=[[Balsu]]}}</ref> which would go on to become a leading hazelnut exporter in 1978.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BALSU - BUSINESS|url=https://www.balsugida.com/company/business|access-date=2020-08-16|website=[[Balsu]]}}</ref> He was the President of the Association of Exporters of Istanbul between 1987 and 2001 and was a founder of several hazelnut-related associations.<ref name=":0" /> In 1995<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bim A.Ş. > Welcome...|url=https://english.bim.com.tr/Category/108/about-us.aspx|access-date=2020-08-16|website=english.bim.com.tr}}</ref> Zapsu and his brother Aziz co-founded the Turkish discount store chain [[Bim (company)|BiM]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=24 January 2008|title=The Al Qadi Affair|url=https://www.forbes.com/2008/01/24/turkey-yasin-al-qadi-biz-cz_rm_0124alqadi.html#ad041cf666a8|access-date=27 September 2020|website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> He sold his shares to [[Merrill Lynch & Co.|Merrill Lynch]] in 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Strauss|first=Delphine|date=6 October 2010|title=BIM rings the changes for Turkey's shoppers|url=https://www.ft.com/content/ce8fd5d2-d097-11df-8667-00144feabdc0|access-date=2020-08-16|website=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref>


=== Yasin Kadi controversy ===
=== Yasin Kadi controversy ===
Their business relation with the [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] entrepreneur [[Yassin Kadi|Yasin Kadi]] brought the Zapsu brothers some attention by the Turkish authorities, since Kadi was on the financiers of terror list of the [[United Nations]] (UN).<ref name=":4" /> Cuneyd Zapsu and his mother also donated an amount of 300'000$ to the charity [[Muwaqaf (Blessed Relief) Foundation|Mufaqaf]] in 1990s, which is closely related to Yasin Kadi and had been classified as to be connected to [[Al-Qaeda|Al Qaeda]] by the [[United States]] following the [[September 11 attacks|attack on the 11 September 2001]] on the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|Twin Towers]] in [[New York City|New York]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ioannis|first=Michaletos|date=1 January 2008|title=Turkey's Islamic overturn|url=https://www.rieas.gr/researchareas/2014-07-30-08-58-27/turkish-studies/527-turkey-s-islamic-overturn|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-09-27|website=www.rieas.gr}}</ref> But according to [[Forbes]], Aziz Zapsu stated that there have been no irregularities in their business relations and also Guy Martin, the lawyer of Yasin Kadi stated that no UN sanctions were breached with the transactions in question.<ref name=":4" /> Today Yasin Kadi is cleared on all allegations.
The Zapsu brothers business relations with [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] entrepreneur [[Yassin Kadi|Yasin Kadi]] brought them under the attention of Turkish authorities, as Kadi was on the financiers of terror list of the [[United Nations]].<ref name=":4" /> Cuneyd Zapsu and his mother had also donated $300,000 to the charity [[Muwaqaf (Blessed Relief) Foundation|Mufaqaf]] in 1990s, which was closely related to Yasin Kadi and had been classified as to be connected to [[Al-Qaeda|Al Qaeda]] by the [[United States]] following the [[September 11 attacks]] in [[New York City|New York]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ioannis|first=Michaletos|date=1 January 2008|title=Turkey's Islamic overturn|url=https://www.rieas.gr/researchareas/2014-07-30-08-58-27/turkish-studies/527-turkey-s-islamic-overturn|access-date=2020-09-27|website=www.rieas.gr}}</ref> Zapsu denied any irregularities in their business relations and Guy Martin, Kadi's lawyer, stated that no UN sanctions were breached with the transactions in question.<ref name=":4" /> Today Yasin Kadi has been cleared of all allegations.


=== Political career ===
=== Political career ===
In 2001, he resigned from his businesses and became a founding member of the AKP. He never was a candidate to parliament, but an important adviser to [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]]<ref name=":2" /> and often also sole translator in meetings Erdoğan held with western politicians.<ref name=":1" /> Since 2002 he accompanied Erdoğan to the [[World Economic Forum]] (WEF) in [[Davos]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Ozkok|first=Ertugrul|date=27 January 2006|title=Ertugrul Ozkok:The Zapsu case, Erdogan, and the media|url=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/ertugrul-ozkok-the-zapsu-case-erdogan-and-the-media-3851801|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-09-27|website=www.hurriyet.com.tr|language=tr}}</ref> of which he is also a member.<ref name=":0" /> In 2003 he supported a political solution to the conflict towards the [[Turkish Occupation Forces in Cyprus|conflict of Cyprus]] and advised the Kurdish rebels to demand their rights in a political way as the laws in 2003 were much better than before.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Biegala|first=Eric|date=2003-11-05|title=Recep Tayyip Erdogan, un an d'islamisme pragmatique au pouvoir en Turquie|language=fr|work=Le Temps|url=https://www.letemps.ch/monde/recep-tayyip-erdogan-un-an-dislamisme-pragmatique-pouvoir-turquie|url-status=live|access-date=2020-09-27|issn=1423-3967}}</ref>
In 2001, he resigned from his businesses and became a founding member of the AKP. He never was a candidate to parliament, but was an important adviser to [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]]<ref name=":2" /> and often the sole translator in meetings Erdoğan held with Western politicians.<ref name=":1" /> At that time he was mentioned as the "shadow foreign minister“.<ref name=":4" /> Since 2002, he has accompanied Erdoğan to the [[World Economic Forum]] (WEF) in [[Davos]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Ozkok|first=Ertugrul|date=27 January 2006|title=Ertugrul Ozkok:The Zapsu case, Erdogan, and the media|url=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/ertugrul-ozkok-the-zapsu-case-erdogan-and-the-media-3851801|access-date=23 October 2021|website=[[Hurriyet]]}}</ref> of which he is also a member.<ref name=":0" /> In 2003 he supported a political solution to the [[Turkish Occupation Forces in Cyprus|conflict of Cyprus]] and advised Kurdish rebels to demand their rights in a political way as the laws in 2003 were much better than before.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Biegala|first=Eric|date=2003-11-05|title=Recep Tayyip Erdogan, un an d'islamisme pragmatique au pouvoir en Turquie|language=fr|work=[[Le Temps]]|url=https://www.letemps.ch/monde/recep-tayyip-erdogan-un-an-dislamisme-pragmatique-pouvoir-turquie|access-date=2020-09-27|issn=1423-3967}}</ref>


=== Return to business ===
=== Return to business ===
He resigned as advisor to Erdogan in 2008 and founded the Cuneyd Zapsu Consultancy Inc. which serves as an advisor to various global and Turkish enterprises. He has also returned to the hazelnut processor and exporter Balsu.<ref name=":0" /> He serves as a senior advisor to [[Coca-Cola]] since 2012 and in May 2017, he was appointed a member of the board to the company which builds the [[Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zapsu: En çok fındık ihraç eden Türk şirketiyim!’|url=https://www.haberturk.com/yazarlar/serpil-yilmaz-2155/1606476-zapsu-en-cok-findik-ihrac-eden-turk-sirketiyim|access-date=2020-08-28|website=www.haberturk.com|language=tr}}</ref> Since 1986, he is also a member of the [[Turkish Industry and Business Association]] (TÜSAID)<ref name=":0" /> and serves as a Member of the Executive Committee for the International Nut and Dried Fruit Council (INC) since 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AWARDS|url=https://nutfruitcongress.org/antalya2015/awards/|access-date=2020-09-28|website=Antalya Turkey|language=en}}</ref>
He resigned as advisor to Erdogan in 2008 and founded the Cuneyd Zapsu Consultancy Inc. which serves as an advisor to various global and Turkish enterprises. He has also returned to the hazelnut processor and exporter Balsu.<ref name=":0" /> He serves as a senior advisor to [[Coca-Cola]] since 2012 and in May 2017, he was appointed a member of the board to the company in charge of the construction of the [[Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zapsu: En çok fındık ihraç eden Türk şirketiyim!'|url=https://www.haberturk.com/yazarlar/serpil-yilmaz-2155/1606476-zapsu-en-cok-findik-ihrac-eden-turk-sirketiyim|access-date=2020-08-28|website=www.haberturk.com|language=tr}}</ref> Since 1986, he is also a member of the [[Turkish Industry and Business Association]] (TÜSAID)<ref name=":0" /> and serves as a member of the executive committee for the International Nut and Dried Fruit Council (INC) since 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AWARDS|url=https://nutfruitcongress.org/antalya2015/awards/|access-date=2020-09-28|website=Antalya Turkey|language=en}}</ref>


== Personal life ==
== Personal life ==
Cuneyd Zapsu resides in Istanbul, is married to Beyza Zapsu<ref name=":3" /> and is the father of three children.<ref name=":1" /> Through his paternal aunt,<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Who's who in Politics in Turkey|url=https://tr.boell.org/sites/default/files/ays-tarihvakfi-18x24-boll-r7-eng.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115005654/https://tr.boell.org/sites/default/files/ays-tarihvakfi-18x24-boll-r7-eng.pdf|archive-date=15 November 2019|access-date=23 July 2020|website=Heinrich Böll Stiftung|pages=184–185}}</ref> he is related to [[Musa Anter]].<ref name=":5" />
Zapsu resides in Istanbul. He is married to Beyza Zapsu<ref name=":3" /> and is the father of three children.<ref name=":1" /> Through his paternal aunt,<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Who's who in Politics in Turkey|url=https://tr.boell.org/sites/default/files/ays-tarihvakfi-18x24-boll-r7-eng.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115005654/https://tr.boell.org/sites/default/files/ays-tarihvakfi-18x24-boll-r7-eng.pdf|archive-date=15 November 2019|access-date=23 October 2021|website=[[Heinrich Böll Stiftung]]|pages=184–185}}</ref> he is related to [[Musa Anter]].<ref name=":5" />


== References ==
== References ==
<references />
<references />
{{Authority Control}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Zapsu, Cuneyd}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Zapsu, Cuneyd}}
[[Category:Justice and Development Party (Turkey) politicians]]
[[Category:Justice and Development Party (Turkey) politicians]]
[[Category:Turkish Kurdish people]]
[[Category:Turkish Kurdish people]]
[[Category:Turkish businesspeople]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Istanbul]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Turkish businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century Turkish businesspeople]]
[[Category:Turkish political party founders]]
[[Category:Deutsche Schule Istanbul alumni]]

Latest revision as of 10:46, 8 December 2024

Cuneyd Zapsu
Born19 November 1956
Istanbul, Turkey
CitizenshipTurkish, German
Alma materIstanbul University, Ludwig Maximilian University
OccupationBusinessman
Political partyJustice and Development Party
SpouseBeyza Zapsu

Hasan Cuneyd Zapsu (born 19 November 1956 in İstanbul)[1] is a Kurdish[2] businessman from Turkey. He was a co-founder of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) in Turkey as well as the founder of Balsu, one of the world's leading hazelnut producers.

Early life and education

[edit]

Zapsu was born in Istanbul. He is a descendant of Bedir Khan Beg and Kurdish poet Abdurrahim Rahmi Zapsu [tr].[3] After the Turkish coup d'état of 1960, his family had to leave Turkey because his father was a politician in the governing Democrat Party.[4] They relocated to Munich, Germany, where he attended primary school. They returned to Istanbul in the second half of the 1960s, and he studied at Istanbul's German High School. After his graduation, he studied business administration at the Istanbul University[4] and later economics at the Ludwig Maximilian University in Munich.

Career

[edit]

Balsu

[edit]

In 1977 he launched his business career and held various positions in the companies his family owned.[5] He founded Balsu,[6] which would go on to become a leading hazelnut exporter in 1978.[7] He was the President of the Association of Exporters of Istanbul between 1987 and 2001 and was a founder of several hazelnut-related associations.[1] In 1995[8] Zapsu and his brother Aziz co-founded the Turkish discount store chain BiM.[9] He sold his shares to Merrill Lynch in 2000.[10]

Yasin Kadi controversy

[edit]

The Zapsu brothers business relations with Saudi entrepreneur Yasin Kadi brought them under the attention of Turkish authorities, as Kadi was on the financiers of terror list of the United Nations.[9] Cuneyd Zapsu and his mother had also donated $300,000 to the charity Mufaqaf in 1990s, which was closely related to Yasin Kadi and had been classified as to be connected to Al Qaeda by the United States following the September 11 attacks in New York.[11] Zapsu denied any irregularities in their business relations and Guy Martin, Kadi's lawyer, stated that no UN sanctions were breached with the transactions in question.[9] Today Yasin Kadi has been cleared of all allegations.

Political career

[edit]

In 2001, he resigned from his businesses and became a founding member of the AKP. He never was a candidate to parliament, but was an important adviser to Recep Tayyip Erdoğan[5] and often the sole translator in meetings Erdoğan held with Western politicians.[4] At that time he was mentioned as the "shadow foreign minister“.[9] Since 2002, he has accompanied Erdoğan to the World Economic Forum (WEF) in Davos[12] of which he is also a member.[1] In 2003 he supported a political solution to the conflict of Cyprus and advised Kurdish rebels to demand their rights in a political way as the laws in 2003 were much better than before.[13]

Return to business

[edit]

He resigned as advisor to Erdogan in 2008 and founded the Cuneyd Zapsu Consultancy Inc. which serves as an advisor to various global and Turkish enterprises. He has also returned to the hazelnut processor and exporter Balsu.[1] He serves as a senior advisor to Coca-Cola since 2012 and in May 2017, he was appointed a member of the board to the company in charge of the construction of the Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant.[14] Since 1986, he is also a member of the Turkish Industry and Business Association (TÜSAID)[1] and serves as a member of the executive committee for the International Nut and Dried Fruit Council (INC) since 2007.[15]

Personal life

[edit]

Zapsu resides in Istanbul. He is married to Beyza Zapsu[12] and is the father of three children.[4] Through his paternal aunt,[16] he is related to Musa Anter.[3]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e "Cuneyd Zapsu". www.czapsu.com. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  2. ^ Haber7. "Cüneyd Zapsu'nun 'derin' portresi". Haber7 (in Turkish). Retrieved 2024-09-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ a b "Muhalif Ailenin Muktedir Üyeleri | Chronicle Dergisi". 2010-12-08. Archived from the original on 2010-12-08. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  4. ^ a b c d "Cuneyd Zapsu" (PDF). Esiweb. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
  5. ^ a b "H. Cuneyd Zapsu | 世界经济论坛". World Economic Forum. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  6. ^ "BALSU - FOUNDER'S LETTER". Balsu. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  7. ^ "BALSU - BUSINESS". Balsu. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  8. ^ "Bim A.Ş. > Welcome..." english.bim.com.tr. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  9. ^ a b c d "The Al Qadi Affair". Forbes. 24 January 2008. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  10. ^ Strauss, Delphine (6 October 2010). "BIM rings the changes for Turkey's shoppers". Financial Times. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  11. ^ Ioannis, Michaletos (1 January 2008). "Turkey's Islamic overturn". www.rieas.gr. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  12. ^ a b Ozkok, Ertugrul (27 January 2006). "Ertugrul Ozkok:The Zapsu case, Erdogan, and the media". Hurriyet. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
  13. ^ Biegala, Eric (2003-11-05). "Recep Tayyip Erdogan, un an d'islamisme pragmatique au pouvoir en Turquie". Le Temps (in French). ISSN 1423-3967. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  14. ^ "Zapsu: En çok fındık ihraç eden Türk şirketiyim!'". www.haberturk.com (in Turkish). Retrieved 2020-08-28.
  15. ^ "AWARDS". Antalya Turkey. Retrieved 2020-09-28.
  16. ^ "Who's who in Politics in Turkey" (PDF). Heinrich Böll Stiftung. pp. 184–185. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2019. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
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