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The Committee of Concerned Scientists (CCS) is an independent international organization devoted to the protection and advancement of human rights and scientific freedom of scientists, physicians, engineers, and scholars.^[1]

History

The Committee was formed in 1972 in Washington and New York as an ad hoc group of scientists and scholars concerned about violations of academic freedom and the persecution of scientists around the world.^[2] (Sometimes, the creation of the Committee is dated to 1973.^[3])

Most of the activities of the Committee in the 1970s and 1980s were aimed to help refuseniks and dissident scholars in the Soviet Union and Soviet bloc countries.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]

The Committee lobbied both the Soviet and Western governments on behalf of these oppressed scholars, provided moral and financial support to them, and organized conferences and meetings of refuseniks, including in the Soviet Union itself. Sometimes, the Committee of Concerned Scientists is credited with having coined the actual term "refusenik".^[11] The Committee played an active role in helping such Soviet dissidents as Andrei Sakharov, Natan Sharansky, Yuri Orlov, Benjamin Levich, and others.^[12]

Subsequently, CCS expanded its activities to pursue human rights and academic freedom issues in other countries. For example, CCS lobbied both the Chinese and the U.S. governments on behalf of the Chinese astrophysicist Fang Lizhi, who supported dissident students during the 1989 Tiananmen Square massacre.^[13] After his immigration to the U.S., Fang Lizhi served on the CCS himself.^[14] In 2001, the CCS lobbied the Russian government and the Russian President Vladimir Putin in support of the Russian scientist Igor Sutyagin, who was accused by the FSB (the successor agency to the KGB) of treason and espionage.^[15] In 2016, CCS made an appeal to then-Chilean President Michelle Bachelet to reopen the case of Boris Weisfeiler, a mathematician who disappeared in Chile in 1985.^[16] In 2019, CCS made the case to Donald Trump, then U.S. president, to end a described campaign to intimidate U.S. scientists of Chinese ethnicity.^[17]

Activities

The Committee issues an annual report about cases of abuse of academic freedom and human rights of scientists and scholars around the world.^[18]

Members

Prominent scientists who served on the CCS include a substantial number of Nobel Prize winners, such as Paul Flory,^[19] Gerhard Herzberg,^[20] David Baltimore, Owen Chamberlain, Jerome Karle, Walter Kohn, John Charles Polanyi, Charles Hard Townes, Steven Weinberg, Rosalyn Sussman Yalow,^[21] and others.^[22]

Mathematical physicist Joel Lebowitz has been the long-term co-chair of the CCS, alongside the other three current co-chairs: physicist Eugene Chudnovsky, psychiatrist Walter Reich, and chemist Alexander Greer. Sophie Cook, a retired government lawyer and mediator, served as executive director from 2008 to 2015. Her successor was Carol Susan Valoris, who was employed as executive director from 2015 to 2023. The current executive director is Alexandra Bender.^[23]

References

^ "Committee of Concerned Scientists Archives | Columbia University Libraries". library.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2021-08-05.
^ Gerhard Sonnert and Gerald James Holton. Ivory Bridges: Connecting Science and Society. MIT Press. March 2002. ISBN 978-0-262-19471-6; page 144.
^ Linda L. Lubrano. The political web of scientific cooperation between U.S.A. and USSR. In: Sectors of Mutual Benefit in U.S.-Soviet Relations. Nish Jamgotch (Editor). Duke University Press. April 1985. ISBN 978-0-8223-0606-1; page 60.
^ Robert Reinhold (26 September 1981). "Soviet Scientists Candor Earns U.S. Praise". The New York Times.
^ "Making Helsinki matter." New Leader 11 August 1986.
^ "A Refusenik Finds His Academic Refuge : USC Provides Mathematician a Sanctuary to Renew Research That Was Denied by Soviets". Los Angeles Times. 1986-08-27. Archived from the original on 2021-10-26. Retrieved 2021-10-26.
^ Soviet Union nondelivery of international mail : hearings before the Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, House of Representatives, Ninety-sixth Congress, first session, on H. Con. Res. 58, July 2, 1979. U.S. Govt. Print. Off., Washington, 1979; pages 41-42.
^ Yakov M. Rabkin, Twentieth Century Fund. Science between the superpowers. Priority Press, New York, 1988. ISBN 0-87078-223-1; page 84.
^ Rabkin, Yakov M; Twentieth Century Fund (1988). Science between the superpowers. New York: Priority Press. ISBN 978-0-87078-223-7. OCLC 17546964.
^ CCS Letter to Marshall W. Nirenberg, June 29, 1983. The Marshall W. Nirenberg Papers. Profiles in Science. National Library of Medicine. Accessed June 28, 2008.
^ Leo Calvin Rosten. The Joys of Yinglish. McGraw-Hill, 1989. ISBN 0-07-053987-1; page 431.
^ Gerhard Sonnert and Gerald James Holton. Ivory Bridges: Connecting Science and Society. MIT Press March 2002. ISBN 978-0-262-19471-6; page 144.
^ Kirsty Sucato. Q&A; An Advocate for Oppressed Scientists. The New York Times, March 14, 1999.
^ Hilary Poole (Editor). Human rights: the essential reference. Greenwood Publishing Group. June 1999. ISBN 978-1-57356-205-8; page 189.
^ Joint Letter to President Vladimir Putin. Archived 2008-07-04 at the Wayback Machine American Physical Society. Accessed June 28, 2008
^ "Missing in Chile: What happened to Boris Weisfeiler?". BBC News. 2016-04-09. Retrieved 2021-10-01.
^ "Is it police work or racial profiling? U.S. crackdown puts Chinese scholars on edge". Los Angeles Times. 22 July 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-07-22. Retrieved 2021-10-15.
^ Annual Reports of the Committee of Concerned Scientists. Committee of the Concerned Scientists. Accessed October 11, 2012
^ William S. Johnson, Walter H. Stockmayer and Henry Taube. John Paul Flory. In: Biographical Memoirs. vol. 82. National Academy of Sciences, National Academies Press. 2003; ISBN 0-309-08698-1; page 131
^ Henry H. Mantsch, Molecular spectroscopy with Gerhard Herzberg. Journal of Molecular Structure. Volumes 834-836, May 27, 2007; pages 2-6.
^ Committee of Concerned Scientists Leadership list. Committee of Concerned Scientists. Accessed October 11, 2012.
^ Raymond L. Gathoff. Detente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan. The Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C. 1994. ISBN 0-8157-3042-X; page 673.
^ "Who We Are". Committee of Concerned Scientists. Retrieved 2021-10-21.

External links

The Committee of Concerned Scientists website
Committee of Concerned Scientists, records, 1970-2006. Columbia University Libraries, Archival Collections.

[1] "Committee of Concerned Scientists Archives | Columbia University Libraries". library.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2021-08-05.

[2] Gerhard Sonnert and Gerald James Holton. Ivory Bridges: Connecting Science and Society. MIT Press. March 2002. ISBN 978-0-262-19471-6; page 144.

[3] Linda L. Lubrano. The political web of scientific cooperation between U.S.A. and USSR. In: Sectors of Mutual Benefit in U.S.-Soviet Relations. Nish Jamgotch (Editor). Duke University Press. April 1985. ISBN 978-0-8223-0606-1; page 60.

[4] Robert Reinhold (26 September 1981). "Soviet Scientists Candor Earns U.S. Praise". The New York Times.

[5] "Making Helsinki matter." New Leader 11 August 1986.

[6] "A Refusenik Finds His Academic Refuge : USC Provides Mathematician a Sanctuary to Renew Research That Was Denied by Soviets". Los Angeles Times. 1986-08-27. Archived from the original on 2021-10-26. Retrieved 2021-10-26.

[7] Soviet Union nondelivery of international mail : hearings before the Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, House of Representatives, Ninety-sixth Congress, first session, on H. Con. Res. 58, July 2, 1979. U.S. Govt. Print. Off., Washington, 1979; pages 41-42.

[8] Yakov M. Rabkin, Twentieth Century Fund. Science between the superpowers. Priority Press, New York, 1988. ISBN 0-87078-223-1; page 84.

[9] Rabkin, Yakov M; Twentieth Century Fund (1988). Science between the superpowers. New York: Priority Press. ISBN 978-0-87078-223-7. OCLC 17546964.

[10] CCS Letter to Marshall W. Nirenberg, June 29, 1983. The Marshall W. Nirenberg Papers. Profiles in Science. National Library of Medicine. Accessed June 28, 2008.

[11] Leo Calvin Rosten. The Joys of Yinglish. McGraw-Hill, 1989. ISBN 0-07-053987-1; page 431.

[12] Gerhard Sonnert and Gerald James Holton. Ivory Bridges: Connecting Science and Society. MIT Press March 2002. ISBN 978-0-262-19471-6; page 144.

[13] Kirsty Sucato. Q&A; An Advocate for Oppressed Scientists. The New York Times, March 14, 1999.

[14] Hilary Poole (Editor). Human rights: the essential reference. Greenwood Publishing Group. June 1999. ISBN 978-1-57356-205-8; page 189.

[15] Joint Letter to President Vladimir Putin. Archived 2008-07-04 at the Wayback Machine American Physical Society. Accessed June 28, 2008

[16] "Missing in Chile: What happened to Boris Weisfeiler?". BBC News. 2016-04-09. Retrieved 2021-10-01.

[17] "Is it police work or racial profiling? U.S. crackdown puts Chinese scholars on edge". Los Angeles Times. 22 July 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-07-22. Retrieved 2021-10-15.

[18] Annual Reports of the Committee of Concerned Scientists. Committee of the Concerned Scientists. Accessed October 11, 2012

[19] William S. Johnson, Walter H. Stockmayer and Henry Taube. John Paul Flory. In: Biographical Memoirs. vol. 82. National Academy of Sciences, National Academies Press. 2003; ISBN 0-309-08698-1; page 131

[20] Henry H. Mantsch, Molecular spectroscopy with Gerhard Herzberg. Journal of Molecular Structure. Volumes 834-836, May 27, 2007; pages 2-6.

[21] Committee of Concerned Scientists Leadership list. Committee of Concerned Scientists. Accessed October 11, 2012.

[22] Raymond L. Gathoff. Detente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan. The Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C. 1994. ISBN 0-8157-3042-X; page 673.

[23] "Who We Are". Committee of Concerned Scientists. Retrieved 2021-10-21.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|International scientific organization}}
 {{for|the science-advocacy organization|Union of Concerned Scientists}}
-The '''Committee of Concerned Scientists''' ('''CCS''') is an independent international organization devoted to the protection and advancement of [[human rights]] and scientific freedom of [[scientist]]s, [[physician]]s, [[Engineer|engineers]], and [[scholar]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Committee of Concerned Scientists Archives {{!}} Columbia University Libraries|url=https://library.columbia.edu/libraries/chrdr/archive_collections/ccs_archives_at_chrdr.html|access-date=2021-08-05|website=library.columbia.edu}}</ref>
+The '''Committee of Concerned Scientists''' ('''CCS''') is an independent international organization devoted to the protection and advancement of [[human rights]] and scientific freedom of [[scientist]]s, [[physician]]s, [[engineer]]s, and [[scholar]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Committee of Concerned Scientists Archives {{!}} Columbia University Libraries|url=https://library.columbia.edu/libraries/chrdr/archive_collections/ccs_archives_at_chrdr.html|access-date=2021-08-05|website=library.columbia.edu}}</ref>
 ==History==
-The Committee was formed in 1972 in Washington and New York as an ad hoc group of scientists and scholars concerned about violations of academic freedom and persecution of scientists around the world.<ref>Gerhard Sonnert and [[Gerald James Holton]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bBdAtvSM7n0C&pg=PA144&dq=%22committee+of+concerned+scientists%22&ei=Bw5lSLOzNYXUjgGzzbT2Cw&sig=ACfU3U0CHralGURVs5_xgIRUBdoQqd4UwA  ''Ivory Bridges: Connecting Science and Society''.] [[MIT Press]]. March 2002.
+The Committee was formed in 1972 in Washington and New York as an ad hoc group of scientists and scholars concerned about violations of academic freedom and the persecution of scientists around the world.<ref>Gerhard Sonnert and [[Gerald James Holton]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bBdAtvSM7n0C&dq=%22committee+of+concerned+scientists%22&pg=PA144  ''Ivory Bridges: Connecting Science and Society''.] [[MIT Press]]. March 2002.
-{{ISBN|978-0-262-19471-6}}; page 144.</ref> (Sometimes the creation of the Committee is dated to 1973.<ref>Linda L. Lubrano. ''The political web of scientific cooperation between U.S.A. and USSR.'' In: [https://books.google.com/books?id=CYSWY9Te3FUC&pg=PA60&dq=%22committee+of+concerned+scientists%22+sakharov&lr=&ei=Ed5lSOvgN6HQjgGQnPmPBg&sig=ACfU3U1oDIZAUZRf0Y4TU0_j6nAN4B5AZw ''Sectors of Mutual Benefit in U.S.-Soviet Relations''.] Nish Jamgotch (Editor). [[Duke University Press]]. April 1985.
+{{ISBN|978-0-262-19471-6}}; page 144.</ref> (Sometimes, the creation of the Committee is dated to 1973.<ref>Linda L. Lubrano. ''The political web of scientific cooperation between U.S.A. and USSR.'' In: [https://books.google.com/books?id=CYSWY9Te3FUC&dq=%22committee+of+concerned+scientists%22+sakharov&pg=PA60 ''Sectors of Mutual Benefit in U.S.-Soviet Relations''.] Nish Jamgotch (Editor). [[Duke University Press]]. April 1985.
 {{ISBN|978-0-8223-0606-1}}; page 60.</ref>)
-Most of the activities of the Committee in the 1970s and 1980s were aimed to help [[refusenik]]s and [[Soviet dissidents|dissident]]  scholars in the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Soviet bloc]] countries.<ref>{{cite news |author=Robert Reinhold |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/26/us/soviet-scientist-s-candor-earns-us-praise.html?sec=technology |title=Soviet Scientists Candor Earns U.S. Praise |work=The New York Times |date=26 September 1981}}</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20121020105649/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-4375796.html Making Helsinki matter]." ''[[New Leader]]'' 11 August 1986.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|last2=|last3=|first3=|last4=|last5=|last6=|last7=|last8=|first8=|last9=|date=1986-08-27|title=A Refusenik Finds His Academic Refuge : USC Provides Mathematician a Sanctuary to Renew Research That Was Denied by Soviets|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-08-27-me-14237-story.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-26|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=1VXg52kGolMC&q=%22committee+of+concerned+scientists%22+refusenik&dq=%22committee+of+concerned+scientists%22+refusenik&lr=&ei=etplSPCUO572iwGV8pz-BQ&pgis=1 Soviet Union nondelivery of international mail : hearings before the Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, House of Representatives, Ninety-sixth Congress, first session, on H. Con. Res. 58, July 2, 1979.] U.S. Govt. Print. Off., Washington, 1979; pages 41-42.</ref><ref>[[Yakov M. Rabkin]], Twentieth Century
+Most of the activities of the Committee in the 1970s and 1980s were aimed to help [[refusenik]]s and [[Soviet dissidents|dissident]]  scholars in the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Soviet bloc]] countries.<ref>{{cite news |author=Robert Reinhold |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/26/us/soviet-scientist-s-candor-earns-us-praise.html?sec=technology |title=Soviet Scientists Candor Earns U.S. Praise |work=The New York Times |date=26 September 1981}}</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20121020105649/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-4375796.html Making Helsinki matter]." ''[[New Leader]]'' 11 August 1986.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|last2=|last3=|first3=|last4=|last5=|last6=|last7=|last8=|first8=|last9=|date=1986-08-27|title=A Refusenik Finds His Academic Refuge : USC Provides Mathematician a Sanctuary to Renew Research That Was Denied by Soviets|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-08-27-me-14237-story.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-26|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026093906/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-08-27-me-14237-story.html |archive-date=2021-10-26 }}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=1VXg52kGolMC&q=%22committee+of+concerned+scientists%22+refusenik Soviet Union nondelivery of international mail : hearings before the Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, House of Representatives, Ninety-sixth Congress, first session, on H. Con. Res. 58, July 2, 1979.] U.S. Govt. Print. Off., Washington, 1979; pages 41-42.</ref><ref>[[Yakov M. Rabkin]], Twentieth Century
-Fund. ''Science between the superpowers.'' Priority Press, New York, 1988. {{ISBN|0-87078-223-1}}; page 84.</ref><ref>[https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/JJ/B/B/Z/F/_/jjbbzf.pdf CCS Letter to Marshall W. Nirenberg, June 29, 1983.] [https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/JJ/B/B/Z/F/ The Marshall W. Nirenberg Papers.] Profiles in Science. [[National Library of Medicine]].  Accessed June 28, 2008.</ref>
+Fund. ''Science between the superpowers.'' Priority Press, New York, 1988. {{ISBN|0-87078-223-1}}; page 84.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Rabkin|first1=Yakov M|url=https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=no:17546964|title=Science between the superpowers|last2=Twentieth Century Fund|date=1988|publisher=Priority Press|isbn=978-0-87078-223-7|location=New York|language=English|oclc=17546964}}</ref><ref>[https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/jj/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101584910X420-doc CCS Letter to Marshall W. Nirenberg, June 29, 1983.] [https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/JJ/B/B/Z/F/ The Marshall W. Nirenberg Papers.] Profiles in Science. [[National Library of Medicine]].  Accessed June 28, 2008.</ref>
-The Committee lobbied both the Soviet and western governments on behalf of these oppressed scholars, provided moral and financial support to them and organized conferences and meetings of refuseniks, including in the Soviet Union itself. Sometimes the Concerned Scientists Committee is credited with having coined the actual term "[[refusenik]]".<ref>[[Leo Calvin Rosten]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pQF6AAAAIAAJ&q=%22committee+of+concerned+scientists%22+refusenik&dq=%22committee+of+concerned+scientists%22+refusenik&lr=&ei=W9dlSK6XHZSCjwHw6rX-BQ&pgis=1 ''The Joys of Yinglish''.] [[McGraw-Hill]], 1989. {{ISBN|0-07-053987-1}}; page 431.</ref>  The Committee played an active role in helping such Soviet dissidents as [[Andrei Sakharov]], [[Natan Sharansky]], [[Yuri Feodorovich Orlov|Yuri Orlov]], [[Benjamin Levich]], and others.<ref>Gerhard Sonnert and Gerald James Holton. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bBdAtvSM7n0C&pg=PA144&dq=%22committee+of+concerned+scientists%22&ei=Bw5lSLOzNYXUjgGzzbT2Cw&sig=ACfU3U0CHralGURVs5_xgIRUBdoQqd4UwA  Ivory Bridges: Connecting Science and Society.] [[MIT Press]] March 2002.
+The Committee lobbied both the Soviet and Western governments on behalf of these oppressed scholars, provided moral and financial support to them, and organized conferences and meetings of refuseniks, including in the Soviet Union itself. Sometimes, the Committee of Concerned Scientists is credited with having coined the actual term "[[refusenik]]".<ref>[[Leo Calvin Rosten]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pQF6AAAAIAAJ&q=%22committee+of+concerned+scientists%22+refusenik ''The Joys of Yinglish''.] [[McGraw-Hill]], 1989. {{ISBN|0-07-053987-1}}; page 431.</ref>  The Committee played an active role in helping such Soviet dissidents as [[Andrei Sakharov]], [[Natan Sharansky]], [[Yuri Feodorovich Orlov|Yuri Orlov]], [[Benjamin Levich]], and others.<ref>Gerhard Sonnert and Gerald James Holton. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bBdAtvSM7n0C&dq=%22committee+of+concerned+scientists%22&pg=PA144  Ivory Bridges: Connecting Science and Society.] [[MIT Press]] March 2002.
 {{ISBN|978-0-262-19471-6}}; page 144.</ref>
-Subsequently, CCS expanded its activities to pursue human rights and academic freedom issues in other countries. For example, CCS lobbied both the Chinese and the U.S. governments on behalf of the Chinese [[astrophysicist]] [[Fang Lizhi]], who supported dissident students during the [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989|1989 Tiananmen Square massacre]].<ref>Kirsty Sucato. [https://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/14/nyregion/q-a-an-advocate-for-oppressed-scientists.html Q&A; An Advocate for Oppressed Scientists.] ''[[The New York Times]]'', March 14, 1999.</ref> After his immigration to the U.S., Fang Lizhi served on the CCS himself.<ref>Hilary Poole (Editor). [https://books.google.com/books?id=4NjST_gT9WIC&pg=PA189&dq=%22Fang+Lizhi%22+%22committee+of+concerned+scientists%22&ei=4DllSNvhBaayjAH2y6jwDw&sig=ACfU3U1LrNc3LTu_azoEudSNnP0nzcl2cQ ''Human rights: the essential reference''.] [[Greenwood Publishing Group]]. June 1999. {{ISBN|978-1-57356-205-8}}; page 189.</ref> In 2001 the CCS lobbied the Russian government and the Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] in support of the Russian scientist [[Igor Sutyagin]], who was accused by the [[Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation|FSB]] (the successor agency to the [[KGB]]) of treason and espionage.<ref>[http://www.aps.org/programs/international/cases/upload/Sutyagin_Joint_Ltr_2001.pdf Joint Letter to President Vladimir Putin.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704125635/http://aps.org/programs/international/cases/upload/Sutyagin_Joint_Ltr_2001.pdf |date=2008-07-04 }} [[American Physical Society]]. Accessed June 28, 2008</ref> In 2016, CCS made an appeal to then-Chilean President Michelle Bachelet to reopen the case of Boris Weisfeiler, a mathematician who disappeared in Chile in 1985.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-04-09|title=Missing in Chile: What happened to Boris Weisfeiler?|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-35980852|access-date=2021-10-01}}</ref> In 2019, CCS made the case to Donald Trump, then U.S. President, to end a described campaign to intimidate U.S. scientists of Chinese ethnicity.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|last2=|last3=|last4=|date=|title=Is it police work or racial profiling? U.S. crackdown puts Chinese scholars on edge|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2019-07-21/trump-china-racial-profiling-university-fbi-spy|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-15|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref>
+Subsequently, CCS expanded its activities to pursue human rights and academic freedom issues in other countries. For example, CCS lobbied both the Chinese and the U.S. governments on behalf of the Chinese [[astrophysicist]] [[Fang Lizhi]], who supported dissident students during the [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989|1989 Tiananmen Square massacre]].<ref>Kirsty Sucato. [https://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/14/nyregion/q-a-an-advocate-for-oppressed-scientists.html Q&A; An Advocate for Oppressed Scientists.] ''[[The New York Times]]'', March 14, 1999.</ref> After his immigration to the U.S., Fang Lizhi served on the CCS himself.<ref>Hilary Poole (Editor). [https://books.google.com/books?id=4NjST_gT9WIC&dq=%22Fang+Lizhi%22+%22committee+of+concerned+scientists%22&pg=PA189 ''Human rights: the essential reference''.] [[Greenwood Publishing Group]]. June 1999. {{ISBN|978-1-57356-205-8}}; page 189.</ref> In 2001, the CCS lobbied the Russian government and the Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] in support of the Russian scientist [[Igor Sutyagin]], who was accused by the [[Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation|FSB]] (the successor agency to the [[KGB]]) of treason and espionage.<ref>[http://www.aps.org/programs/international/cases/upload/Sutyagin_Joint_Ltr_2001.pdf Joint Letter to President Vladimir Putin.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704125635/http://aps.org/programs/international/cases/upload/Sutyagin_Joint_Ltr_2001.pdf |date=2008-07-04 }} [[American Physical Society]]. Accessed June 28, 2008</ref> In 2016, CCS made an appeal to then-Chilean President [[Michelle Bachelet]] to reopen the case of Boris Weisfeiler, a mathematician who disappeared in Chile in 1985.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-04-09|title=Missing in Chile: What happened to Boris Weisfeiler?|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-35980852|access-date=2021-10-01}}</ref> In 2019, CCS made the case to Donald Trump, then U.S. president, to end a described campaign to intimidate U.S. scientists of Chinese ethnicity.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|last2=|last3=|last4=|date=22 July 2019|title=Is it police work or racial profiling? U.S. crackdown puts Chinese scholars on edge|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2019-07-21/trump-china-racial-profiling-university-fbi-spy|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-15|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722140550/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2019-07-21/trump-china-racial-profiling-university-fbi-spy |archive-date=2019-07-22 }}</ref>
 ==Activities==
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 == Members ==
-Prominent scientists who served on the CCS include a substantial number of [[Nobel Prize]] winners, such as [[Paul Flory]],<ref>[[William Summer Johnson|William S. Johnson]], [[Walter H. Stockmayer]] and [[Henry Taube]]. ''John Paul Flory''. In: [https://books.google.com/books?id=-WpnAiaBW1QC&pg=PA131&dq=sakharov+%22committee+of+concerned+scientists%22&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=wOBlSJyZC5OaigHwsNWBBg&sig=ACfU3U3iCl1eGD3EgL_sYfen34_2Fb2tDw Biographical Memoirs. vol. 82.] [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]], [[National Academies Press]]. 2003; {{ISBN|0-309-08698-1}}; page 131</ref> [[Gerhard Herzberg]],<ref>Henry H. Mantsch, [https://archive.today/20130201222321/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TGS-4N0HJKV-5&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=ada9b9b84155b1b6a367c643b06dd265 ''Molecular spectroscopy with Gerhard Herzberg'']. [[Journal of Molecular Structure]]. Volumes 834-836, May 27, 2007; pages 2-6.</ref> [[David Baltimore]], [[Owen Chamberlain]], [[Jerome Karle]], [[Walter Kohn]], [[John Charles Polanyi]], [[Charles Hard Townes]], [[Steven Weinberg]], [[Rosalyn Sussman Yalow]],<ref>[http://concernedscientists.org/leadership/ Committee of Concerned Scientists Leadership list.] Committee of Concerned Scientists. Accessed October 11, 2012.</ref> and others.<ref>Raymond L. Gathoff. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFcBgrWp7ccC&pg=PA673&dq=nobel+prize+%22committee+of+concerned+scientists%22&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=T-RlSKK_Gom2iwGnurT7BQ&sig=ACfU3U2W1yaTTHv6vWjxEj9VxPHibm_ETw  ''Detente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan''.] [[The Brookings Institution]], Washington, D.C. 1994. {{ISBN|0-8157-3042-X}}; page 673.</ref>
+Prominent scientists who served on the CCS include a substantial number of [[Nobel Prize]] winners, such as [[Paul Flory]],<ref>[[William Summer Johnson|William S. Johnson]], [[Walter H. Stockmayer]] and [[Henry Taube]]. ''John Paul Flory''. In: [https://books.google.com/books?id=-WpnAiaBW1QC&dq=sakharov+%22committee+of+concerned+scientists%22&pg=PA131 Biographical Memoirs. vol. 82.] [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]], [[National Academies Press]]. 2003; {{ISBN|0-309-08698-1}}; page 131</ref> [[Gerhard Herzberg]],<ref>Henry H. Mantsch, [https://archive.today/20130201222321/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TGS-4N0HJKV-5&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=ada9b9b84155b1b6a367c643b06dd265 ''Molecular spectroscopy with Gerhard Herzberg'']. [[Journal of Molecular Structure]]. Volumes 834-836, May 27, 2007; pages 2-6.</ref> [[David Baltimore]], [[Owen Chamberlain]], [[Jerome Karle]], [[Walter Kohn]], [[John Charles Polanyi]], [[Charles Hard Townes]], [[Steven Weinberg]], [[Rosalyn Sussman Yalow]],<ref>[http://concernedscientists.org/leadership/ Committee of Concerned Scientists Leadership list.] Committee of Concerned Scientists. Accessed October 11, 2012.</ref> and others.<ref>Raymond L. Gathoff. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFcBgrWp7ccC&dq=nobel+prize+%22committee+of+concerned+scientists%22&pg=PA673  ''Detente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan''.] [[The Brookings Institution]], Washington, D.C. 1994. {{ISBN|0-8157-3042-X}}; page 673.</ref>
-[[Mathematical physics|Mathematical physicist]] [[Joel Lebowitz]] has been the long-term co-chair of the CCS.  Sophie Cook, a retired government lawyer and mediator, has served as executive director from 2008 to 2015, dividing her time between New York City and Washington, D.C. Her successor and current executive director is Carol Susan Valoris.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who We Are|url=https://concernedscientists.org/leadership/|access-date=2021-10-21|website=Committee of Concerned Scientists|language=en-US}}</ref>
+[[Mathematical physics|Mathematical physicist]] [[Joel Lebowitz]] has been the long-term co-chair of the CCS, alongside the other three current co-chairs: physicist Eugene Chudnovsky, psychiatrist Walter Reich, and chemist Alexander Greer. Sophie Cook, a retired government lawyer and mediator, served as executive director from 2008 to 2015. Her successor was Carol Susan Valoris, who was employed as executive director from 2015 to 2023. The current executive director is Alexandra Bender.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who We Are|url=https://concernedscientists.org/leadership/|access-date=2021-10-21|website=Committee of Concerned Scientists|language=en-US}}</ref>
 == See also ==
-[[Scholars at Risk]]
-[[Council for At-Risk Academics]] (CARA)
+* [[Scholars at Risk]]
+* [[Council for At-Risk Academics]] (CARA)
 ==References==