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{{Short description|Wandering remote worker}} |
{{Short description|Wandering remote worker}} |
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{{Essay-like|date=February 2021}} |
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[[File:Digital nomad.jpg|thumb|right|Digital nomad working from Thailand.]] |
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'''Digital nomads''' are people who use [[telecommunication]]s technologies to earn a living and conduct their life in a [[nomad]]ic manner.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mohn|first=Tanya|title=How To Succeed At Becoming A Digital Nomad|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tanyamohn/2014/03/19/tips-for-becoming-a-successful-digital-nomad/|access-date=2021-02-24|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> Such workers often work remotely from foreign countries, coffee shops, [[public library|public libraries]], co-working spaces, or [[recreational vehicles]].<ref>{{Cite web|last1=January 29|first1=R. Dallon Adams in CXO on|last2=2021|last3=Pst|first3=5:32 Am|title=The future of business travel: Digital nomads and "bleisure" define the new high-tech take on work trips|url=https://www.techrepublic.com/article/the-future-of-business-travel-digital-nomads-and-bleisure-define-the-new-high-tech-take-on-work-trips/|access-date=2021-02-24|website=TechRepublic|language=en}}</ref> It is often accomplished through the use of devices that have wireless Internet capabilities such as [[smartphone]]s or [[MiFi|mobile hotspots]]. Some digital nomads travel for years and make their way to multiple different countries while others are only nomadic for a short period of time for reasons such as sabbatical. While some nomads travel through various countries, others choose to work and explore in only one country or location. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=MBO Partners|date=2020|title=COVID-19 and the Rise of the Digital Nomad|url=https://s29814.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/MBO-Digital-Nomad-Report-2020-Revised.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2020, there was a spike in traditional workers who transitioned into digital nomads, the number grew from 3.2 million to 6.3 million.'''<ref name=":02" />''' |
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{{use mdy dates|date=October 2023}} |
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The digital nomad community has had various events established to host members of it. The most common types of digital nomads include retired or semi-retired persons (including [[Snowbird (person)|snowbirds]]), independently wealthy or entrepreneurs, and (often younger) remote workers. More recently, there is an entire category on Instagram and Youtube of people recording and publishing their lifestyle as a digital nomad. People typically become digital nomads for many reasons, a major one being a persons love for traveling, but other reasons include the quest for [[financial independence]] and a career that allows for location independence. Although digital nomads enjoy advantages in freedom and flexibility, and traveling, the lifestyle isn't always as glorious as it seems. Some digital nomads report loneliness as their biggest struggle, followed by burnout.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Moss|first=Jennifer|date=2018-11-30|title=Helping Remote Workers Avoid Loneliness and Burnout|work=Harvard Business Review|url=https://hbr.org/2018/11/helping-remote-workers-avoid-loneliness-and-burnout|access-date=2020-06-12|issn=0017-8012}}</ref> The lifestyle also presents other challenges such as maintaining international health insurance with coverage globally, abiding by different local laws, obtaining work visas, and paying taxes in accordance with home and local laws. People who want to transition into this type of lifestyle must first figure out if their type of work allows for this position, then they must weigh out the pros and cons to figure out if the nomadic lifestyle is suitable for them. |
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[[File:DigitalNomadGirl.jpg|thumb|Digital nomad working from a restaurant]] |
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'''Digital nomads''' are people who travel freely while [[remote work|working remotely]] using technology and the internet.<ref name=early>{{cite web | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329182172 | title=The History of Digital Nomadism | work=International Workshop on the Changing Nature of Work (CNOW) | last=Schlagwein | first=Daniel | date=December 6, 2018}}</ref> Such people generally have minimal material possessions and work remotely in temporary housing, hotels, cafes, [[public library|public libraries]], co-working spaces, or [[recreational vehicles]], using [[Wi-Fi]], [[smartphone]]s or [[mobile hotspot]]s to access the Internet.<ref name=early/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Colella |first=Kristin |title=5 'digital nomads' share their stories from around the world |url=https://www.thestreet.com/slideshow/13638139/1/5-digital-nomads-share-their-stories-from-around-the-world.html | publisher=[[TheStreet.com]] |date=July 13, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-rise-of-the-digital-n_b_7492482 |title=The Rise of the Digital Nomad | work=[[HuffPost]] |last=Lamarque | first=Hannah| date=June 3, 2015}}</ref><ref name=buzzword>{{Cite book |last=Nash |first=Caleece |title=Transforming Digital Worlds |chapter=Digital Nomads Beyond the Buzzword: Defining Digital Nomadic Work and Use of Digital Technologies |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |date=February 2018 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322923942 |volume=iConference 2018 |pages=207–217| doi=10.1007/978-3-319-78105-1_25 |isbn=978-3-319-78104-4 |via=Springer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first1=R. Dallon | last1=Adams |title=The future of business travel: Digital nomads and "bleisure" define the new high-tech take on work trips |url=https://www.techrepublic.com/article/the-future-of-business-travel-digital-nomads-and-bleisure-define-the-new-high-tech-take-on-work-trips/ |website=[[TechRepublic]] | date=January 29, 2021}}</ref> The majority of digital nomads describe themselves as [[programmer]]s, [[Content creation|content creators]], designers, or developers.<ref name="buzzword" /> Some digital nomads are [[perpetual traveler]]s, while others only maintain the lifestyle for a short period of time. While some nomads travel through multiple countries, others remain in one area, and some may choose to travel while living in a vehicle, in a practice often known as [[van-dwelling]].<ref name="COVID-19">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=COVID-19 and the Rise of the Digital Nomad |url=https://info.mbopartners.com/rs/mbo/images/2023_Digital_Nomads_Report.pdf |work=MBO Partners}}</ref> In 2023, there were 17.3 million American digital nomads, which was a 131% increase since 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MBO Partners 2023 State of Independence |url=https://info.mbopartners.com/rs/mbo/images/2023_Digital_Nomads_Report.pdf}}</ref> |
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==Etymology== |
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One of the first digital nomads was [[Steven K. Roberts]], who from 1983 to 1991 rode more than 10,000 miles across America on a computerized [[recumbent bicycle]] equipped with [[amateur radio]] (callsign N4RVE) and other equipment (satellite email and paging system) that allowed him to talk, type and work on the move during the day before camping at night. Roberts was featured in ''[[Popular Computing]]'' magazine;<ref name=early/> the magazine referred to him as a "[[high tech|high-tech]] nomad".<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_popular-computing_1984-08_3_10/page/116/mode/2up |title=High-Tech Nomad |journal=[[Popular Computing]] |date=August 1984 |volume=3 |issue=10 |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill, Inc.]] |pages=116–122 |last=Roberts |first=Steven K. }}</ref> |
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One of the earliest known uses of the term digital nomad originally was in the 1997 book ''Digital Nomad'' by Tsugio Makimoto and David Manners.<ref>T. Makimoto, D. Manners (1997), Digital Nomad (New York: John Wiley & Sons).</ref> It is unknown if the phrase was coined in this book or if they took a term that had already existed.<ref name = "early" /> The book highlights how modern technology and the continued advancement of it, combined with the humanly desire to travel, will allow society to exist on the move like it did once before.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Makimoto, T., Manners, D.|first=|title=Digital Nomad|publisher=Wiley|year=1997|isbn=0471974994}}</ref> |
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The term "digital nomad" started to be used in the early 1990s to describe a new type of high tech traveling lifestyle made possible by the growth of [[computer network]]ing and popularization of [[mobile devices]] like [[laptop]]s, [[tablet computer|tablet]]s and [[personal digital assistant|PDA]]s. In his 1992 travelogue ''Exploring the Internet'', [[Carl Malamud]] described a "digital nomad" who "travels the world with a laptop, setting up [[FidoNet]] [[node (networking)|node]]s."<ref>{{cite book |title=Exploring the Internet: A Technical Travelogue |last=Malamud |first=Carl |authorlink=Carl Malamud |isbn=0132968983 |publisher=[[Prentice Hall]] |date=September 1992 |page=284 }}</ref> In 1993, [[Random House]] published the ''Digital Nomad's Guide'' series of guidebooks by Mitch Ratcliffe and Andrew Gore. The guidebooks, ''PowerBook'', ''AT&T EO Personal Communicator'', and ''Newton's Law'', used the term "digital nomad" to refer to the increased mobility and more powerful communication and productivity technologies that new mobile devices introduced.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gore |last2=Ratcliffe |first1=Andrew |first2=Mitch |publisher=Random House |date=1993 |title=AT&T EO personal communicator: A Digital Nomad's Guide |isbn=0-679-74695-1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gore |last2=Ratcliffe |first1=Andrew |first2=Mitch |publisher=Random House |date=1993 |title=PowerBook: A Digital Nomad's Guide |isbn=0-679-74588-2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gore |last2=Ratcliffe |first1=Andrew |first2=Mitch |publisher=Random House |date=1993 |title=Newton's Law: A Digital Nomad's Guide |isbn=0-679-74647-1 }}</ref> |
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The foundation of the digital nomad movement is [[remote work]], allowing people to do their work at home or otherwise through the Internet.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Nash|first=Caleece|date=Feb 2018|title=Digital nomads beyond the buzzword: Defining digital nomadic work and use of digital technologies|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322923942|journal=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|volume=iConference 2018|pages=207–217|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-78105-1_25|isbn=978-3-319-78104-4|via=Springer}}</ref> For nomadic workers, a key aspect to being productive has do with their physical space, therefore being able to manage your space is essential. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Nash,|first=E.C.|last2=Jarrahi,|first2=M.H.|last3=Sutherland,|first3=W.|date=2020|title=Nomadic Work and Location Independence: The Role of Space in Shaping the Work of Digital Nomads|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hbe2.234|journal=Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies|language=|volume=3|issue=2|pages=271–282|doi=10.1002/hbe2.234|issn=2578-1863}}</ref> Though this lifestyle has been popularized for the ability to work wherever you want, such a claim often glorifies and oversimplifies nomadic work.<ref name=":12" /> Digital nomads may also sell a number of possessions in order to make travel easier, and may also sell or rent their house. Digital nomads can use wireless Internet, smartphones, [[Voice over IP]], and/or [[Cloud computing|cloud-based]] applications to work remotely where they live or travel.<ref>{{citation|author=Tsugio Makimoto & David Manners|title=Digital nomad|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Wiley}}</ref><ref>{{citation|author=Mike Elgan|author-link=Mike Elgan|title=Is Digital Nomad Living Going Mainstream?|date=1 August 2009|url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9136154/Is_digital_nomad_living_going_mainstream_|publisher=[[Computerworld]]}}</ref> Digital nomads may use [[co-working]] or co-living spaces, cafes, [[house sitting]] agreements, and shared offices.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Colella|first=Kristin|date=2016-07-13|title=5 'digital nomads' share their stories from around the world|url=https://www.thestreet.com/slideshow/13638139/1/5-digital-nomads-share-their-stories-from-around-the-world.html|access-date=2016-07-30|publisher=[[TheStreet.com]]|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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[[Craig McCaw]] predicted in 1993 that the union of telecommunication and computing would create a new nomadic industry. By enabling people to conduct business from any location, wireless communication and digital assistants would facilitate a return to a nomadic lifestyle where people moved as they wished and took their environment and possessions with them.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Craig McCaw, McCaw Cellular |journal=Digital Media |volume=3 |issue=2 |date= July 1993 |last1=Caruso |first1=Denise |last2=Maloney |first2=Janice |page=7+ |url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/GALE%7CA14149964/AONE |publisher= Internet Media Strategies, Inc. }}</ref> |
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Digital nomads tend to travel while they earn money through their online business, clients or employers.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/hannah-lamarque/the-rise-of-the-digital-n_b_7492482.html|title = The Rise of the Digital Nomad|access-date = 7 August 2015|website = Huffington Post|last = Lamarque|first = Hannah|date = 3 June 2015}}</ref> This sort of lifestyle may present challenges such as maintaining international health insurance with coverage globally, abiding by different local laws and sometimes obtaining work visas, and maintaining long-distance relationships with friends and family back home.<ref name=":0">Meggan Snedden (30 August 2013), ''[http://www.bbc.com/capital/story/20130829-when-work-is-a-nonstop-vacation When work is a nonstop vacation]'', BBC.com - Capital</ref> In some cases, the digital nomad lifestyle leads to misunderstanding and miscommunication between digital nomads and their clients or employers.<ref name="KongEtAl2019">{{cite conference |url=https://aisel.aisnet.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1097&context=ecis2019_rp |title=Issues in Digital Nomad-Corporate Work: An Institutional Theory Perspective |first1=David |last1=Kong |first2=Daniel |last2=Schlagwein |first3=Dubravka |last3=Cecez-Kecmanovic |year=2019 |conference=European Conference on Information Systems |location=Sweden }}</ref> Other challenges may also include time zone differences, the difficulty of finding a reliable connection to the internet, and the absence of delineation between work and leisure time.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://mashable.com/2014/11/09/digital-nomads/|title = Digital nomads travel the world while you rot in your office|access-date = 7 August 2015|website = Mashable|date = 10 November 2014}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> |
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[[File:Bansko Nomad Fest Conference.jpg|alt=Annual Festival for Digital Nomads in Bansko in Bulgaria|thumb|Bansko Nomad Fest, an annual conference in Bulgaria for digital nomads]] |
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The 1997 book ''Digital Nomad'' by Tsugio Makimoto and David Manners used the term to describe how technology allows for a return of societies to a nomadic lifestyle.<ref name=early/> Makimoto and Manners identified an emerging "digital nomad" lifestyle freed by technology "from the constraints of geography and distance."<ref name="tsugio">{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s_PoAAAAIAAJ | title=Digital Nomad | first1=Tsugio | last1=Makimoto | first2=David | last2=Manners | date=1997 | page=242 |isbn=0471974994 | publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]}}</ref> One of the first use of digital nomads in research was in 2006 in the paper Towards the Epistemology of digital nomads by Patokorpi.<ref>{{Cite book |chapter=Abductive reasoning and ICT enhanced learning: Towards the epistemology of digital nomads |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |editor1-last=Zielinski |editor1-first=C. |editor2-last=Duquenoy |editor2-first=P. |editor3-last=Kimppa |editor3-first=K. |series=Ifip International Federation For Information Processing |volume=195 |pages=101–117 |doi=10.1007/0-387-31168-8_7 |title=The Information Society: Emerging Landscapes |date=2006 |isbn=0-387-30527-0 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Šímová |first1=Tereza |title=A research framework for digital nomadism: a bibliometric study |journal=World Leisure Journal |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=175–191 |year=2023 |doi=10.1080/16078055.2022.2134200|s2cid=253014894 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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In contemporary usage, the term broadly describes a category of highly mobile, location-independent professionals who are able to live and work remotely from anywhere in the world with internet access, due to the integration of mobile technology into everyday life and work settings.<ref>{{cite journal |title=In search of a digital nomad: defining the phenomenon |journal=Information Technology & Tourism |volume=22 |issue=3 |date= September 2020 |last1= Hannonen |first1= Olga |pages=335–353 | doi=10.1007/s40558-020-00177-z |publisher= [[Springer Nature]]|s2cid=256404642 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Digital Nomads: In Search of Meaningful Work in the New Economy |date=2021 |last1=Woldoff |last2=Litchfield |first1=Rachael A. |first2=Robert C. |pages=4–6 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780190931780 }}</ref> |
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Online financial services are popular among digital nomads.<ref name="early" /> Teleconferencing software is a common tool for people to use to communicate through voice, text, and video chat across long distances.<ref name="early" /> [[YouTube]] and Instagram have been used by digital nomads as a means by which to earn revenue through content directly or indirectly through sponsorship and merchandising without having to have a central workplace or living space.<ref name="early" /> An important step in being a digital nomad is ensuring that all relevant documentation (such as visas and passports) is kept up to date. If you do not, it can lead to legal difficulties when traveling abroad.<ref name="passport">{{cite web|title=Traveling as a Digital Nomad|url=https://scottscheapflights.com/resources/traveling-as-a-digital-nomad/|access-date=November 23, 2017|work=Scott's Cheap Flights}}</ref> A solid grasp of any official languages of the countries you are visiting is also important, as a lack thereof can prevent a person from engaging with the locals. It also creates the risk of complication if you have to go to the hospital.<ref name="passport" /> |
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==Benefits== |
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People typically become digital nomads due to a desire to travel, location independence<ref>{{Cite web |title=Digital nomad: More freedom on the job |url=https://www.ionos.co.uk/startupguide/get-started/digital-nomad/ |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=IONOS Startupguide |date=4 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> and the lowered cost of living often provided by leaving expensive cities.<ref name=":62">{{Cite journal |last1=Ehn |first1=Karine |last2=Jorge |first2=Ana |last3=Marques-Pita |first3=Manuel |date=2022 |title=Digital Nomads and the Covid-19 Pandemic: Narratives About Relocation in a Time of Lockdowns and Reduced Mobility |journal=Social Media + Society |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=205630512210849 |doi=10.1177/20563051221084958 |s2cid=248243780 |issn=2056-3051|doi-access=free }}</ref> Cost of living ranks chief among the criteria that digital nomads value when selecting a destination, followed by climate, diversity, and available leisure activities.<ref name=":62"/> There are also benefits for employers, as a 2021 study concluded that there is a causal relationship between worker productivity and the option to "work from anywhere," as workers who were freed from geographic limitations showed an average output increase of 4.4% while controlling for other factors.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Choudhury |first1=Prithwiraj (Raj) |last2=Foroughi |first2=Cirrus |last3=Larson |first3=Barbara |date=April 2021 |title=Work-from-anywhere : The productivity effects of geographic flexibility |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/smj.3251 |journal=Strategic Management Journal |language=en |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=655–683 |doi=10.1002/smj.3251 |issn=0143-2095}}</ref> Digital nomads also typically spend more than 35% of their income in the location in which they are staying, an injection of capital that has been shown to stimulate local economies in popular destinations, primarily promoting the service industry and the sale of consumer goods.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Angiello |first=Gennaro |date=2022 |title=European cities embracing digital nomads |url=http://www.serena.unina.it/index.php/tema/article/view/9033 |journal=TeMA - Journal of Land Use |language=en |volume=Mobility and Environment |pages=157–161 Pages |doi=10.6093/1970-9870/9033}}</ref> |
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The term [[location independence]] was coined by Lea Woodward in 2006 as a word used to describe the digital nomad lifestyle.{{Primary source inline|date=July 2019}} There were "location-independent" workers before the "digital nomadism" label become popular.<ref name = "early" >{{ cite web | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329182172 | title = The History of Digital Nomadism | work = International Workshop on the Changing Nature of Work (CNOW) | last = Schlagwein | first = Daniel | date = December 6, 2018 | access-date = July 23, 2019 }}</ref> Historically, one of the first digital nomads was Steve Roberts, who in 1983 rode on a computerized [[recumbent bicycle]] and was featured in the ''[[Popular Computing]]'' magazine.<ref name = "early" /> In 1985, a satellite system called Motosat was established, allowing greater access to the Internet.<ref name ="early" /> Digital nomads over time gained more ability to live that lifestyle. Such advancements include [[Wi-Fi]] Internet and Internet-enabled laptops.<ref name = "early" /> The digital nomad lifestyle is rapidly growing in popularity since 2014, when websites ranking cities by cost of living, weather and internet speed to help nomads choose where to live <ref>BBC Capital (22 November 2017), ''[http://www.bbc.com/capital/gallery/20171122-the-digital-nomads-working-in-paradise- The digital nomads working in paradise]'', BBC</ref><ref>Anna Hart (17 May 2015), ''[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/features/11597145/Living-and-working-in-paradise-the-rise-of-the-digital-nomad.html Living and working in paradise: the rise of the 'digital nomad']'', The Telegraph</ref> and international conferences for digital nomads like DNX sprung up.<ref name = "forbes" >{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/chynes/2016/07/19/why-digital-nomads-entrepreneurs-keep-choosing-chiang-mai/#6f198bc838ed|title=Why Digital Nomads & Entrepreneurs Keep Choosing Chiang Mai|last=Hynes|first=Casey|work=Forbes|access-date=2017-09-20|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":FastCo">Steven Melendez (23 March 2015), ''[http://www.fastcompany.com/3043519/work-from-anywhere-startups-for-global-digital-nomads Work From Anywhere But Home: Startups Emerge to Turn You Into a Globetrotting Digital Nomad]'', Fast Company</ref><ref>Rosie Spinks (16 June 2015), ''[https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/jun/16/digital-nomads-travel-world-search-fast-wi-fi Meet the 'digital nomads' who travel the world in search of fast Wi-Fi]'', The Guardian</ref><ref>Kavi Guppta (25 February 2015), ''[https://www.forbes.com/sites/kaviguppta/2015/02/25/digital-nomads-are-redefining-what-it-means-to-be-productive/ Digital Nomads Are Redefining What It Means To Be Productive'', Forbes]</ref> Since then the movement has coincided with the rise of remote work becoming a viable way to work, especially in technology companies in [[Silicon Valley]]. Digital nomad began to become popular with brand names in 2009. ''[[National Geographic]]'' started the "Digital Nomad blog," and [[Dell Computers]] launched a short-lived website called Digital Nomads.<ref name = "early" /> A documentary film about the digital nomad lifestyle by Christine and Drew Gilbert, titled ''The Wireless Generation'', earned $37,000 in funding through [[Kickstarter]].<ref name = "early" /> A cruise called "The Nomad Cruise" was founded in order to offer a means by which digital nomads could meet and interact.<ref name = "harvard" >{{cite web |url= http://blogs.harvard.edu/abinazir/2017/11/14/my-first-cruise-learning-friendship-and-open-bar-on-the-high-seas/ |title= My First Cruise: Learning, Friendship and Open Bar on the High Seas |work= Harvard.edu |last= Binazar |first= Ali |date= November 14, 2017 |access-date= November 23, 2017 }}</ref> |
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==Challenges== |
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Virtually anyone can attempt to live the digital nomad life, although certain groups are more representative in the community. These groups include younger people, entrepreneurs, refugees, nomads, people from well to do nations, and more. Digital nomads have been said to be inspired by Tim Ferriss' ''[[The 4-Hour Workweek]]'', David Allen's ''[[Getting Things Done]]'' methodology, and the work of [[Mark Manson]].<ref name="WangEtAl2018">{{cite conference |url=http://www.acis2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/ACIS2018_paper_127.pdf |title=Digital Work and High-Tech Wanderers: Three Theoretical Framings and a Research Agenda for Digital Nomadism |first1=Blair |last1=Wang |first2=Daniel |last2=Schlagwein |first3=Dubravka |last3=Cecez-Kecmanovic |first4=Michael |last4=Cahalane |year=2018 |conference=Australasian Conference in Information Systems |location=Sydney, Australia }}</ref><ref name="Schlagwein2018">{{cite conference |url=https://aisel.aisnet.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1030&context=ecis2018_rip |title="Escaping the Rat Race": Justifications in Digital Nomadism |first1=Daniel |last1= Schlagwein |year=2018 |conference=European Conference on Information Systems |location=Portsmouth, UK }}</ref> |
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Although digital nomads enjoy advantages in freedom and flexibility, they report loneliness as their biggest struggle, followed by burnout.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Moss |first=Jennifer |title=Helping Remote Workers Avoid Loneliness and Burnout |work=Harvard Business Review |url=https://hbr.org/2018/11/helping-remote-workers-avoid-loneliness-and-burnout |date=November 30, 2018 |issn=0017-8012}}</ref> Feelings of loneliness are often an issue for digital nomads because nomadism usually requires freedom from personal attachments such as marriage.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Blair |last2=Schlagwein |first2=Daniel |last3=Cecez-Kecmanovic |first3=Dubravka |last4=Cahalane |first4=Michael C. |date=2018 |title=Digital Work and High-Tech Wanderers: Three Theoretical Framings and a Research Agenda for Digital Nomadism |url=https://aisel.aisnet.org/acis2018/55/ |journal=Acis 2018 Proceedings}}</ref> The importance of developing face-to-face quality relationships has been stressed to maintain mental health in remote workers.<ref name="nonstop">{{Cite news |last=Snedden |first=Meggan |date=30 August 2013 |title=When work is a nonstop vacation |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20130829-when-work-is-a-nonstop-vacation}}</ref> |
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Other challenges include maintaining international health insurance with coverage globally, abiding by different local laws including payment of required taxes and obtaining work visas, and maintaining long-distance relationships with friends and family back home. Digital nomads also very rarely have access to retirement benefits, unemployment insurance, or set time off from work, and often make less money than they could make through traditional employment. As many digital nomads resort to [[Gig worker|gig work]] or [[Freelancer|freelancing]], their opportunities for pay can be inconsistent and sporadic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thompson |first=Beverly Yuen |date=2018 |title=Digital Nomads: Employment in the Online Gig Economy |journal=Glocalism: Journal of Culture, Politics and Innovation |issue=1 |doi=10.12893/gjcpi.2018.1.11 |s2cid=216932071 |issn=2283-7949|doi-access=free }}</ref> Other challenges may also include time zone differences, the difficulty of finding a reliable connection to the internet, and the absence of delineation between work and leisure time.<ref name=buzzword/><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://mashable.com/archive/digital-nomads |title=Digital nomads travel the world while you rot in your office | first=Todd | last=Wasserman | website=[[Mashable]] | date=November 10, 2014}}</ref> |
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=== Popular destinations === |
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Certain destinations are among the more popular locations for digital nomads, including [[Chiang Mai]], Thailand, [[Lisbon]], Portugal, [[Medellín]], Colombia, and [[Mexico City]], Mexico. |
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There are a few contributing factors to the blurring of this line; certain paid work can be viewed as leisure when it is enjoyable, but many tasks that involve travel and acquiring accommodations can become viewed as another type of work, even though those would traditionally fall into the leisure category.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reichenberger |first=Ina |date=2018-05-27 |title=Digital nomads – a quest for holistic freedom in work and leisure |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/11745398.2017.1358098 |journal=Annals of Leisure Research |language=en |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=364–380 |doi=10.1080/11745398.2017.1358098 |s2cid=149218406 |issn=1174-5398}}</ref> Another issue faced by digital nomads is that of mobility; a travelling worker must be able to keep any necessary equipment with them as they move from location to location, and it is difficult for a digital nomad to manage personal belongings.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Richter |first1=Shahper |last2=Richter |first2=Alexander |date=2019 |title=Digital Nomads |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12599-019-00615-1 |journal=Business & Information Systems Engineering |language=en |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=77–81 |doi=10.1007/s12599-019-00615-1 |s2cid=210865282 |issn=2363-7005}}</ref> In fact, many digital nomads do not have a "home base," and must therefore adopt a minimalist lifestyle.<ref name=":62"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nash |first1=(Evyn) Caleece |last2=Jarrahi |first2=Mohammad Hossein |last3=Sutherland |first3=Will |date=2021 |title=Nomadic work and location independence: The role of space in shaping the work of digital nomads |journal=Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies |language=en |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=271–282 |doi=10.1002/hbe2.234 |issn=2578-1863|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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[[Bali]], Indonesia, is a perfect example of a popular destination due to its low cost of living and reasonably high quality of life.<ref>CNN (27 June 2016), ''[http://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/travel-popular-cities-digital-nomad/index.html Want to escape the office? Top 10 cities for digital nomads]'', CNN</ref> For example, the town of [[Ubud]] in Bali became popular among digital nomads after the installation of [[fiber-optic communication]] for Internet access.<ref name="WangEtAl2018" /> There is also a petition for a digital nomad visa to be presented to the Indonesian government, signed by more than 2000 people and led by social media adviser [[Olumide Gbenro]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/bali-digital-nomads-visa|title = Digital nomads push for a new visa to work in Bali}}</ref> |
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One potentially negative impact of digital nomadism, that does not affect the nomads themselves, is the possibility of 'transnational gentrification.' Concerns have been raised about the nature of the relationship between digital nomads, who are most often from the [[Global North and Global South|Global North]], and the countries they travel to, generally in the [[Global South]]. The problem may arise in regards to housing competition between native people and travelling workers, as well as in personal interactions and the risk of tourism over-dependency. However, the exact scope and real-world impacts of this problem have not yet been settled by research.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Holleran |first=Max |date=2022 |title=Pandemics and geoarbitrage: digital nomadism before and after COVID-19 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2022.2124713 |journal=City |volume=26 |issue=5–6 |pages=831–847 |doi=10.1080/13604813.2022.2124713 |bibcode=2022City...26..831H |s2cid=252447812 |issn=1360-4813}}</ref> |
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Another popular choice among digital nomads is Cyprus: a European state with low tax, a quick company set up process and beautiful scenery, the island of Cyprus has a growing nomad community. |
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== Impact of COVID-19 == |
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Other cities include [[Tallinn]], [[Tarifa]], [[Bansko]], Valtellina and [[Tbilisi]] due to critical mass and greater acceptance of the digital nomad lifestyle as well a relatively lower cost of living. Cities that have a higher cost of living exist for digital nomads, include [[Singapore]] and [[Oslo]]. Other notable movements loosely related to digital nomads rising in popularity include [[Vandwelling]]. Due to the popularity, opportunities for people to live as a digital nomad in the area exist to facilitate this.<ref name="forbes" /> In the United Kingdom, certain cities such as Bristol, Birmingham, and Brighton are popular. This is due to the lower cost of living compared to London.<ref name="telegraph">{{cite web | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/features/11597145/Living-and-working-in-paradise-the-rise-of-the-digital-nomad.html | title = Living and working in paradise: the rise of the 'digital nomad' | work = [[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] | date = May 17, 2015 | access-date = December 19, 2017 }}</ref> Organizations such as Innovation Birmingham exist to accommodate 90 technology companies.<ref name="telegraph" /> |
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In 2020, a research study found that 10.9 million American workers described themselves as digital nomads, an increase of 49% from 2019. The primary reason for this rapid increase was office closure and the shift toward remote work due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|2452877384}} |title=Covid creates more 'digital nomads' in the US }}</ref> Multiple countries were prompted to offer new visa programs and to change their policies towards foreign workers as a result of the pandemic.<ref>{{Cite news |id={{ProQuest|2442164521}} |last=Westenberg |first=Kerri |title=In the age of COVID, digital nomads are on the rise as traveling for work takes on a new meaning |work=TCA Regional News }}</ref> |
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The pandemic had a larger impact, in terms of mobility, on traditional job holders than on independent workers. While the number of independent workers living as digital nomads increased slightly in 2020, the number of traditional workers who changed their lifestyle to live as digital nomads nearly doubled, from 3.2 million people in 2019 to 6.3 million in 2020. This is because many traditional jobs stopped requiring their employees to physically report to an office or set location everyday, so many people were subsequently able to travel freely while still working. |
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=== '''Destinations to Reconsider''' === |
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Places that many digital nomads desire to travel and have traveled to have now become destinations to reconsider.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=Begley Bloom|first=L|date=2018|title=11 Best Places To Be A Digital Nomad (And The 4 Worst)|work=Forbes|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/laurabegleybloom/2018/10/30/11-best-places-to-be-a-digital-nomad-and-the-4-worst/?sh=32f1acd4340a}}</ref> |
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The majority of this increase consisted of [[Millennials|Millennial]] and [[Generation Z]] workers, possibly due in part to their minimized concern about COVID-19{{cn|date=September 2024}}. At the same time, another effect of the pandemic was the limited ability to travel, particularly across national borders. For this reason, more and more digital nomads have chosen to remain domestic, especially in the United States. Living as a digital nomad often entails travelling from high-cost areas (e.g. major cities) to cheaper regions (foreign or domestic).<ref name="COVID-19"/> |
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# Berlin, Germany, has become a hot spot for digital nomads, but it is becoming increasingly expensive, and crime and politics are becoming more prominent.<ref name=":3" /> |
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# Cape Town, South Africa, has been reported to be an unsafe location for visitors. |
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# Bali, Indonesia, has been a top-rated spot for digital nomads for years, but due to its increasing popularity, it has become increasingly expensive and crowded. |
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# Chiang Mai, Thailand, is another highly sought out location for digital nomads making it hard to find places to work and an overcrowded area in general. |
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Though the rapid increase of digital nomads in 2020 is expected to be more than just a short-lived trend, the extreme rate of change is not likely to continue indefinitely.{{old fact|2024|6|3}}<ref name="COVID-19" /> |
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===Cause for the popularity=== |
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==Legality== |
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The digital nomad lifestyle has become significantly more popular in recent years due to a number of factors. Internet connectivity becoming more widespread, even to rural areas, has helped people travel to more areas (digital nomad or otherwise).<ref name=":1" /> Jobs becoming less location-dependent (such as [[graphic designer]]s and writers) in tandem with increasing housing costs have also contributed to the popularity of the digital nomad lifestyle. There are some negative factors that cause people to become digital nomads. These include political unrest in their home countries, a high cost of living where they live, and more. |
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Many digital nomads prefer to travel on a [[tourist visa]], which is more easily accessible than a working visa is, but which may not allow a visitor to work during their stay. Different countries have different permissions regarding remote work for a company based in another country, putting some digital nomads in a legal grey area.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hall |first1=Grant |last2=Sigala |first2=Marianna |last3=Rentschler |first3=Ruth |last4=Boyle |first4=Stephen |title=Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2019 |chapter=Motivations, Mobility and Work Practices; the Conceptual Realities of Digital Nomads |year=2019 |pages=437–449 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-05940-8_34 |isbn=978-3-030-05939-2 |s2cid=59616398 |url=https://unisa.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/delivery/61USOUTHAUS_INST/12196588800001831}}</ref>Some countries have introduced clear digital nomad visas to cover this grey area, allowing individuals to stay in the country legally while freelancing for international organizations. For example, Estonia offers such visas and allows people to work remotely.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-07 |title=FAQs about Estonia’s Digital Nomad Visa |url=https://www.e-resident.gov.ee/blog/posts/faqs-about-estonias-digital-nomad-visa/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=e-Residency |language=en}}</ref> |
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=== |
=== Digital nomad visas === |
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Several visa programs are targeted at digital nomads. |
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Many digital nomads tend to come from more developed nations with passports allowing a greater degree of freedom of travel. As a result, many tend to travel on a tourist visa.<ref name="HallSigala2019">{{cite journal|last1=Hall|first1=Grant|last2=Sigala|first2=Marianna|last3=Rentschler|first3=Ruth|last4=Boyle|first4=Stephen|title=Motivations, Mobility and Work Practices; The Conceptual Realities of Digital Nomads|journal=Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism |year=2019|pages=437–449|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-05940-8_34|isbn=978-3-030-05939-2|url=https://unisa.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/delivery/61USOUTHAUS_INST/12196588800001831}}</ref> While it is technically illegal for a digital nomad to work in a country on a tourist visa, many digital nomads tend to reside in locations with a lower cost of living while working remotely on projects outside their country of residence. In most countries, as long as the nomad is discreet and is not taking a job away from a local person, the authorities will turn a blind eye to nomad work. Visa runs are also often common in the digital nomad community. Some nomads have also attempted to legalize their stay by taking up part-time jobs in teaching English as well as taking university courses in their host country. In addition, digital nomads often use their status as [[perpetual travelers]] to escape the tax liability in their home countries without immigrating to the tax system of another country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.liberated.blog/blog/escaping-the-system|title=Escaping the system – My pathway to freedom of tax and bureaucracy|work=Liberated.blog|access-date=2018-06-03|language=en-US}}</ref> Nevertheless, this practice is considered controversial amongst digital nomads. |
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==== Antigua and Barbuda ==== |
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This has resulted in the creation of several programs targeted at digital nomads such as the [[E-Residency of Estonia|e-Residency]] in [[Estonia]] and a SMART visa program in [[Thailand]]. Estonia has also announced plans of a digital nomad visa, following its growing e-Residency applications.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Morrison|first=Geoffrey|title=Estonia's Digital Nomad Visa Now Available|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/geoffreymorrison/2020/08/12/estonias-digital-nomad-visa-now-available/|access-date=2021-02-24|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> Other countries such as Bermuda, Barbados, Georgia, and Croatia have began to offer similar digital nomad visa programs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Complete List of Digital Nomad Visas|url=https://anywherecompany.com/the-complete-list-of-digital-nomad-visas-updated/|website=The Anywhere Company|date=28 August 2020}}</ref> Some digital nomads have used [[Germany]]'s residence permit for the purpose of freelance or self-employment<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://service.berlin.de/dienstleistung/305249/en/|title=Residence permit for the purpose of freelance or self-employment - Issuance - Services - Dienstleistungen - Service Berlin - Berlin.de|website=service.berlin.de|access-date=2018-03-02}}</ref> to legalize their stay, but successful applicants must have a tangible connection and reason to stay in Germany. |
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In 2020, [[Antigua and Barbuda]] announced a digital nomad visa called the Nomad Digital Residence (NDR). The visa allows digital nomads who work for a company outside of Antigua and Barbuda to stay in the country for two years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Morrison |first=Geoffrey |title=Antigua And Barbuda Launch Digital Nomad Visa |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/geoffreymorrison/2020/10/06/antigua-and-barbuda-launch-digital-nomad-visa/ |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=[[Forbes]]|language=en}}</ref> |
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=== |
==== Argentina ==== |
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In May 2022, the [[Argentina|Argentinian]] government announced that it would be implementing a temporary visa targeted at digital nomads. The visa is valid for six months and can be renewed for an additional six.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Politi |first=Daniel |title=Argentina hoping to entice remote workers with new visa |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/argentina-hoping-entice-remote-workers-visa-84630285 |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref> |
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Feelings of loneliness are often present in the practice of nomadic lifestyle, since nomadism often requires freedom from personal attachments such as marriage.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Wang|first1=B|last2=Schlagwein|first2=D|last3=Cecez-Kecmanovic|first3=D|last4= Cahalane|first4=MC|date=2018|title=Digital Work and High-Tech Wanderers: Three Theoretical Framings and a Research Agenda for Digital Nomadism|url=http://www.acis2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/ACIS2018_paper_127.pdf|access-date=2020-10-08|website=acis2018.org}}</ref> The importance of developing face-to-face quality relationships has been stressed to maintain mental health in remote workers.<ref name=":0" /> The need for intimacy and family life may be a motive to undertake digital nomadism as an intermittent<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Ethics of Being a Digital Nomad: How to Live It Up While Doing Your Part {{!}} Ethical Digital|url=https://blog.ethicaldigital.com/digital-nomad-ethics|access-date=2020-10-08|website=Ethical Digital Marketing Blog|language=en-US}}</ref> or temporary activity as in the case of entrepreneur and business developer [[Sol Orwell]]. Traveling as a digital nomad couple is a relatively infrequent option whose advantages and disadvantages are a discussed subject. |
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==== Bermuda ==== |
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The individual and/or entrepreneurial fulfillment of both members of a digital nomad couple seems a complex goal but may offer synergistic expectations. As a result, there had been an increase in the number of couples living the nomadic lifestyle while building their businesses.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kadet|first=Anne|date=2021-02-16|title=Manhattan Couple Ditch Apartment, Buy RV. Was It Worth It?|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/manhattan-couple-ditch-apartment-buy-rv-was-it-worth-it-11613487600|access-date=2021-02-24|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> |
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On August 1, 2020, [[Bermuda]] opened applications for its digital nomad visa, entitled "Work From Bermuda." The visa is an expansion on an older residency program and allows digital nomads to live in the country for one year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramani |first=Sandra |date=2020-07-27 |title=Bermuda Introduces a One-Year Visa That Allows Digital Nomads to Work From an Island |url=https://robbreport.com/travel/destinations/bermuda-visa-to-work-from-the-island-2938471/ |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=Robb Report |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Morrison |first=Geoffrey |title=Bermuda Opens Its Doors To Digital Nomads |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/geoffreymorrison/2020/07/28/bermuda-opens-its-doors-to-digital-nomads/ |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> |
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== |
==== Brazil ==== |
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In February 2022, [[Brazil]] announced that it would be introducing a digital nomad visa for foreign nationals employed by a foreign company, under Resolution 45. The resolution allows non-Brazilian workers to apply for a visa that lets them stay in the country for 90 days in a 180-day period, or 180 days in a one-year period. The digital nomad visa is valid for one year and renewable for another year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brazil Joins the Growing List of Countries Offering "Digital Nomad" Visas |url=https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/brazil-joins-the-growing-list-of-9510084/ |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=JD Supra |language=en}}</ref> |
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*[[Fulltiming]] |
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*[[Global nomad]] |
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==== Cayman Islands ==== |
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*[[Telecommuter]] |
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On October 21, 2020, the [[Cayman Islands]] launched the Global Citizen Concierge Program. Foreign workers need to have an employment letter from an entity outside of the Cayman Islands and a minimum salary of $100,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pitrelli |first=Monica Buchanan |date=2020-10-28 |title=Travelers can work abroad in an island paradise — if they make $100,000+ |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/28/remote-workers-can-live-in-cayman-islands-if-they-make-at-least-100k-.html |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> |
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*[[Vandwelling]] |
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==== Costa Rica ==== |
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On August 11, 2021, [[Costa Rica]] passed a law granting visas to digital nomads. The law allows foreign nationals and their families to live and work in the country for a year, and the visa can be extended for up to one year. The visa requires foreign nationals to have an income greater than US$3000 per month. Families applying for the visa need to have an income greater than US$5000 per month.<ref>{{Cite web |title=You can do your job from Costa Rica with this new 12-month digital nomad visa |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/news/costa-rica-digital-nomad |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Lonely Planet |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Costa Rica's Digital Nomad Visa Law Offers Tourists More Options in Latin America |url=https://nearshoreamericas.com/costa-rica-digital-nomad-visa-law-latin-america/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Nearshore Americas |date=23 November 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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==== Croatia ==== |
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In January 2021, [[Croatia]] began offering special visas to digital workers from outside of the [[European Union]]. The visa allows digital nomads to stay in the country for up to a year while being exempt from paying income taxes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gaubert |first=Julie |date=2021-06-02 |title=Croatia lures digital nomads with tax breaks |url=https://www.euronews.com/travel/2021/06/02/is-croatia-europe-s-new-digital-nomad-destination |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref> |
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==== Estonia ==== |
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[[E-Residency of Estonia|E-Residency]] in [[Estonia]] was launched in December 2014, allowing remote workers to register their business in Estonia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-06 |title=President Ilves annab täna üle esimese e-residendi kaardi |url=http://www.eas.ee/et/eas/pressikeskus/uudised?option=com_content&view=article&id=5694:president-ilves-annab-taena-uele-esimese-e-residendi-kaardi&catid=215:easist&Itemid=3982 |access-date=2022-06-24 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206223942/http://www.eas.ee/et/eas/pressikeskus/uudised?option=com_content&view=article&id=5694:president-ilves-annab-taena-uele-esimese-e-residendi-kaardi&catid=215:easist&Itemid=3982 |archive-date=6 February 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2020, Estonia launched a digital nomad visa, allowing remote workers to live in Estonia for up to a year and legally work for their employer or their own company registered abroad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Estonian Digital Nomad Visa {{!}} Eligibility & How to Apply |url=https://www.e-resident.gov.ee/nomadvisa/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=e-Residency |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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==== Georgia ==== |
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In August 2020, [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] launched a program entitled "Remotely from Georgia." Under the program, citizens from 95 countries can travel and work remotely in the country for at least 360 days without a visa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Georgia beckons digital nomads with COVID-fighting success {{!}} Eurasianet |url=https://eurasianet.org/georgia-beckons-digital-nomads-with-covid-fighting-success |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=eurasianet.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Remotely from Georgia': new state programme to allow foreigners to travel to, work remotely from Georgia |url=https://agenda.ge/en/news/2020/2654 |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Agenda.ge}}</ref> |
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==== Hungary ==== |
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In 2022, [[Hungary]] introduced the White Card, a residency permit for digital nomads. Under the permit, foreign nationals can live in Hungary while working for a company outside of the country. The permit is for one year and can be extended for an additional year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-28 |title=Hungary Introduces New Residence Permit for Digital Nomads |url=https://www.schengenvisainfo.com/news/hungary-introduces-new-residence-permit-for-digital-nomads/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=SchengenVisaInfo.com |language=en}}</ref> |
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==== Iceland ==== |
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In November 2020, [[Iceland]] signed an amendment to allow foreign nationals to live in Iceland for up to six months under a long-term visa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-03 |title=Iceland Introduces Long-Term Visa for non-EU/EEA Teleworkers |url=https://www.schengenvisainfo.com/news/iceland-introduces-long-term-visa-for-non-eu-eea-teleworkers/ |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=SchengenVisaInfo.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iceland's New Remote-Work Visa Program Is Only for People Who Make More Than $88,000 a Year |url=https://www.insidehook.com/daily_brief/travel/work-remote-iceland |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=InsideHook |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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==== Indonesia ==== |
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In June 2022, [[Indonesia]] announced plans to introduce a digital nomad visa that would allow remote workers to live in the country tax-free for five years. The announcement was made by Indonesia's Minister of Tourism, Sandiaga Uno. Uno stated that he hopes to bring up to 3.6 million digital nomads to the country with this plan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 24, 2022 |first=Medha |last=Chawla |title=Indonesia's nomad visa will let remote workers live in Bali tax-free for 5 years |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/travel/story/indonesia-s-nomad-visa-will-let-remote-workers-live-in-bali-tax-free-for-5-years-1966285-2022-06-24 |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Remote work in Bali? Indonesia plans five-year 'digital nomad' visa |url=https://fortune.com/2022/06/07/bali-indonesia-digital-nomad-visa-remote-work/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref> |
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==== Italy ==== |
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In 2022, [[Italy]] announced that it would be launching a digital nomad visa. The visa was voted into law on March 28, 2022, as a part of a government decree known as "decreto sostegni ter." The bill remains to be implemented into law, and full details of the digital nomad visa application process and requirements remain unknown.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Italy May Soon Offer a Digital Nomad Visa for Remote Workers |url=https://www.travelandleisure.com/travel-news/italy-digital-nomad-visa-remote-workers |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Travel + Leisure |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Italy Plans to Offer New Visa, Open Up a World of Options for Remote Workers |url=https://www.thrillist.com/news/nation/italy-digital-nomad-visa-what-to-know |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Thrillist |date=7 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-31 |title=Italy approves 'digital nomad' visa for remote workers |url=https://www.thelocal.it/20220331/italy-approves-digital-nomad-visa-for-remote-workers/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=The Local Italy |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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==== Japan ==== |
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Japan allows foreign nationals to live and engage in remote work there for up to six months under a digital nomad visa. Extensions are not permitted, but the same visa can be granted again six months after the end of the individual's previous stay under the visa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Status of Residence of “Designated Activities” (for Digital Nomad / Spouse or child of Digital Nomad) {{!}} 出入国在留管理庁 |url=https://www.moj.go.jp/isa/applications/status/designatedactivities53_00001.html |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=www.moj.go.jp}}</ref> |
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==== Latvia ==== |
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In February 2022, [[Latvia]]'s Cabinet of Ministers approved draft amendments to its immigration law to allow third-country nationals to apply for a one-year visa to reside in Latvia while working remotely either for a foreign-registered employer or as self-employed persons.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government approves Latvia's nomad visa regulation |url=https://www.baltictimes.com/government_approves_latvia_s_nomad_visa_regulation/ |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=www.baltictimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-13 |title=Latvia to Introduce Its Digital Nomad Visa |url=https://www.schengenvisainfo.com/news/latvia-to-introduce-its-digital-nomad-visa/ |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=SchengenVisaInfo.com |language=en}}</ref> |
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==== Malta ==== |
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In September 2021, [[Malta]] opened applications for its year-long digital nomad visa program. The Malta government stated that the visa can be renewed at the discretion of Residency Malta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Working from home? Malta has opened applications for year-long digital nomad visas |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/news/malta-digital-nomad-visa |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=Lonely Planet |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hulme |first=Kyle |date=2021-09-29 |title=Malta Opens Registration For Year-Long Digital Nomad Visas |url=https://www.traveloffpath.com/malta-opens-registration-for-year-long-digital-nomad-visas/ |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=Travel Off Path |language=en}}</ref> |
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==== Mauritius ==== |
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In February 2022, [[Mauritius]] announced that it would be expanding its premium visa to digital nomads. The premium visa allows remote workers to stay in the country for up to a year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Braga |first=Brunno |date=2022-03-07 |title=Mauritius Wants You To Be One Of Its Many Digital Nomads, Here's How |url=https://travelnoire.com/mauritius-wants-you-to-be-one-of-its-many-digital-nomads-heres-how |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=Travel Noire |language=en}}</ref> |
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==== Philippines ==== |
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In May 2023, [[Philippines]] announced that it will be introducing a one year visa for digital nomads.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrade |first=Jeannette I. |date=2023-05-25 |title=Bill hopes 'digital nomad visa' clicks as tourism draw |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1774217/bill-hopes-digital-nomad-visa-clicks-as-tourism-draw |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> |
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==== Portugal ==== |
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In October 2022, [[Portugal]] announced it would be accepting applications for Remote Work/Digital Nomad VISAs starting from October 30, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodriguez |first=Cecilia |title=Live And Work In Europe: More Countries, Including Portugal, Offering Trendy Digital Nomad Visas |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ceciliarodriguez/2022/10/27/live-and-work-in-europe-more-countries-including-portugal-offering-trendy-digital-nomad-visas/ |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> According to the Nomad Report 2023 survey, Portugal is the most popular country for digital nomads with around 16,000 of them residing in the country's capital, [[Lisbon]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-12 |title=Digital nomads in Portugal: Can they be blamed for a housing crisis? |url=https://www.euronews.com/travel/2023/05/12/proto-gentrifies-are-digital-nomads-ruining-portugal |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref> |
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==== Romania ==== |
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On December 21, 2021, [[Romania|Romanian]] parliament passed legislation for a digital nomad visa. The visa is valid for six months. It can be extended for another six months if foreign workers have proof of full or part-time employment for at least three years prior to their application and have a valid proof of income for the last six months that is three times the Romanian average gross salary.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turp-Balazs |first=Craig |date=2021-12-22 |title=Romania becomes latest CEE country to offer digital nomad visas |url=https://emerging-europe.com/news/romania-becomes-latest-cee-country-to-offer-digital-nomad-visas/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Emerging Europe |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-30 |title=Romania Launches Digital Nomad Visa |url=https://www.schengenvisainfo.com/news/romania-launches-digital-nomad-visa/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=SchengenVisaInfo.com |language=en}}</ref> |
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==== Spain ==== |
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In 2021, [[Spain]] announced plans for a digital nomad visa.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hawker |first=Cathy |title=What is a digital nomad visa and how do you get one? |newspaper=[[The Times]] |language=en |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/what-is-a-digital-nomad-visa-and-how-do-you-get-one-f8n39pz6n |access-date=2022-06-24 |issn=0140-0460}}</ref> The law responsible for the digital nomad visa is known as the Startup Law. In December 2021, the law was presented to parliament, and in January 2022, a draft of the law was approved.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spain moves closer to passing a startup law |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/12/10/spain-draft-startup-law/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=TechCrunch |date=10 December 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Q&A on Spain's startup law, coming later this year |url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/01/26/spain-startup-law-interview-francisco-polo/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=TechCrunch |date=26 January 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madrid |first=Auxadi |date=2022-01-24 |title=Spain: Approved the draft of the Start-Ups Law |url=https://www.auxadi.com/news/spain-startup-law/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Auxadi |language=en-US}}</ref> The Startup Act was approved by parliament in November 2022. In its first ten months, the government has granted 7,368 permits, bringing the total number of digital nomads in Spain to 753,000. According to the law, Digital Nomad Visas in Spain are initially valid for up to 12 months and can be renewed, which will allow digital nomads to reside in Spain for up to five years, and they receive special tax benefits by paying a reduced tax rate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-21 |title=The tax cuts and other benefits Spain's new Startups Law will bring to entrepreneurs |url=https://www.thelocal.es/20220621/revealed-the-benefits-spains-new-startups-law-will-bring-to-entrepreneurs/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=The Local Spain |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-30 |title=Spain's digital nomad visa - Check if you're eligible and how to apply |url=https://www.euronews.com/travel/2023/01/30/always-wanted-to-move-to-spain-a-new-digital-nomad-visa-could-let-you-stay-for-5-years |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref> |
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==== South Africa ==== |
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In March 2022, [[South Africa]] announced that it would update its visa laws to be allow digital nomads to stay in the country for more than 90 days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-22 |title=South Africa Revamps Its Work Visas To Welcome Digital Nomads |url=https://allwork.space/2022/03/south-africa-revamps-its-work-visas-to-welcome-digital-nomads/ |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=Allwork.Space |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-18 |title=South Africa, The First African Mainland Country To Introduce Digital Nomad Visa |url=https://www.travelinglifestyle.net/south-africa-the-first-african-mainland-country-to-introduce-digital-nomad-visa/ |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=Traveling Lifestyle |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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==== South Korea ==== |
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In January 2024, [[South Korea]] announced that it will start conducting a pilot operation of digital nomad (workplace) visa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-29 |title=Ministry of Justice conducts pilot operation of digital nomad (workplace) visa |url=https://www.moj.go.kr/moj/221/subview.do?enc=Zm5jdDF8QEB8JTJGYmJzJTJGbW9qJTJGMTgyJTJGNTc4NDcwJTJGYXJ0Y2xWaWV3LmRvJTNGcGFzc3dvcmQlM0QlMjZyZ3NCZ25kZVN0ciUzRCUyNmJic0NsU2VxJTNEJTI2cmdzRW5kZGVTdHIlM0QlMjZpc1ZpZXdNaW5lJTNEZmFsc2UlMjZwYWdlJTNEMSUyNmJic09wZW5XcmRTZXElM0QlMjZzcmNoQ29sdW1uJTNEJTI2c3JjaFdyZCUzRCUyNg== |website=Ministry of Justice of the Republic of South Korea}}</ref> |
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==== United Arab Emirates ==== |
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In October 2020, the city of [[Dubai]] in the [[United Arab Emirates]] launched a visa program that allows digital nomads and remote workers to stay in the country for one year. To qualify, foreign workers need at least $5,000 in income per month and a letter confirming employment.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Ashleigh Stewart |title=Year-round sunshine, pool days and zero taxes: How to move to Dubai and work remotely for a year |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/dubai-remote-working-visas/index.html |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=CNN |date=2 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoeller |first=Sophie-Claire |title=You could move to Dubai and work there remotely for a year thanks to a new visa |url=https://www.insider.com/live-work-dubai-digital-nomad-remote-visa-2020-10 |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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==== Other countries ==== |
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Other countries such as [[Barbados]] and [[Greece]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tourism Ministry: New Initiative to Support Digital Nomads Working Remotely from Greece| url=https://news.gtp.gr/2021/11/24/tourism-ministry-new-initiative-to-support-digital-nomads-working-from-greece// |website=Greek Travel Pages |date=24 November 2021}}</ref> offer similar digital nomad visa programs. Some digital nomads have used [[Germany]]'s residence permit for the purpose of freelance or self-employment<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://service.berlin.de/dienstleistung/305249/en/ |title=Residence permit for the purpose of freelance or self-employment - Issuance |website=service.berlin.de}}</ref> to legalize their stay, but successful applicants must have a tangible connection and reason to stay in Germany.{{fact|date=February 2024}} [[Canada]] and the [[United Kingdom]] allow both visa-exempt and visa-required tourists to work remotely provided that the remote work does not involve Canadian or British clients respectively and is not the main purpose of their stay <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tourist visa changes will allow remote working |
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| url=https://www.hrmagazine.co.uk/content/news/tourist-visa-changes-will-allow-remote-working/// |website=HR Magazine |date=17 January 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title= Canada: Digital Nomad Information |
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| url=https://resources.envoyglobal.com/global-news-alerts/canada-digital-nomad-information//// |website=Envoy Global |date=2 February 2024}}</ref> |
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== See more == |
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* [[Remote work]] |
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== References == |
== References == |
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[[Category:Expatriates]] |
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[[Category:Diaspora studies]] |
[[Category:Diaspora studies]] |
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[[Category:Employment of foreign-born people]] |
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[[Category:Modern nomads]] |
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www.digitalworkers.online |
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Latest revision as of 14:34, 30 December 2024
Digital nomads are people who travel freely while working remotely using technology and the internet.[1] Such people generally have minimal material possessions and work remotely in temporary housing, hotels, cafes, public libraries, co-working spaces, or recreational vehicles, using Wi-Fi, smartphones or mobile hotspots to access the Internet.[1][2][3][4][5] The majority of digital nomads describe themselves as programmers, content creators, designers, or developers.[4] Some digital nomads are perpetual travelers, while others only maintain the lifestyle for a short period of time. While some nomads travel through multiple countries, others remain in one area, and some may choose to travel while living in a vehicle, in a practice often known as van-dwelling.[6] In 2023, there were 17.3 million American digital nomads, which was a 131% increase since 2019.[7]
Etymology
[edit]One of the first digital nomads was Steven K. Roberts, who from 1983 to 1991 rode more than 10,000 miles across America on a computerized recumbent bicycle equipped with amateur radio (callsign N4RVE) and other equipment (satellite email and paging system) that allowed him to talk, type and work on the move during the day before camping at night. Roberts was featured in Popular Computing magazine;[1] the magazine referred to him as a "high-tech nomad".[8]
The term "digital nomad" started to be used in the early 1990s to describe a new type of high tech traveling lifestyle made possible by the growth of computer networking and popularization of mobile devices like laptops, tablets and PDAs. In his 1992 travelogue Exploring the Internet, Carl Malamud described a "digital nomad" who "travels the world with a laptop, setting up FidoNet nodes."[9] In 1993, Random House published the Digital Nomad's Guide series of guidebooks by Mitch Ratcliffe and Andrew Gore. The guidebooks, PowerBook, AT&T EO Personal Communicator, and Newton's Law, used the term "digital nomad" to refer to the increased mobility and more powerful communication and productivity technologies that new mobile devices introduced.[10][11][12]
Craig McCaw predicted in 1993 that the union of telecommunication and computing would create a new nomadic industry. By enabling people to conduct business from any location, wireless communication and digital assistants would facilitate a return to a nomadic lifestyle where people moved as they wished and took their environment and possessions with them.[13]
The 1997 book Digital Nomad by Tsugio Makimoto and David Manners used the term to describe how technology allows for a return of societies to a nomadic lifestyle.[1] Makimoto and Manners identified an emerging "digital nomad" lifestyle freed by technology "from the constraints of geography and distance."[14] One of the first use of digital nomads in research was in 2006 in the paper Towards the Epistemology of digital nomads by Patokorpi.[15][16]
In contemporary usage, the term broadly describes a category of highly mobile, location-independent professionals who are able to live and work remotely from anywhere in the world with internet access, due to the integration of mobile technology into everyday life and work settings.[17][18]
Benefits
[edit]People typically become digital nomads due to a desire to travel, location independence[19] and the lowered cost of living often provided by leaving expensive cities.[20] Cost of living ranks chief among the criteria that digital nomads value when selecting a destination, followed by climate, diversity, and available leisure activities.[20] There are also benefits for employers, as a 2021 study concluded that there is a causal relationship between worker productivity and the option to "work from anywhere," as workers who were freed from geographic limitations showed an average output increase of 4.4% while controlling for other factors.[21] Digital nomads also typically spend more than 35% of their income in the location in which they are staying, an injection of capital that has been shown to stimulate local economies in popular destinations, primarily promoting the service industry and the sale of consumer goods.[22]
Challenges
[edit]Although digital nomads enjoy advantages in freedom and flexibility, they report loneliness as their biggest struggle, followed by burnout.[23] Feelings of loneliness are often an issue for digital nomads because nomadism usually requires freedom from personal attachments such as marriage.[24] The importance of developing face-to-face quality relationships has been stressed to maintain mental health in remote workers.[25]
Other challenges include maintaining international health insurance with coverage globally, abiding by different local laws including payment of required taxes and obtaining work visas, and maintaining long-distance relationships with friends and family back home. Digital nomads also very rarely have access to retirement benefits, unemployment insurance, or set time off from work, and often make less money than they could make through traditional employment. As many digital nomads resort to gig work or freelancing, their opportunities for pay can be inconsistent and sporadic.[26] Other challenges may also include time zone differences, the difficulty of finding a reliable connection to the internet, and the absence of delineation between work and leisure time.[4][27]
There are a few contributing factors to the blurring of this line; certain paid work can be viewed as leisure when it is enjoyable, but many tasks that involve travel and acquiring accommodations can become viewed as another type of work, even though those would traditionally fall into the leisure category.[28] Another issue faced by digital nomads is that of mobility; a travelling worker must be able to keep any necessary equipment with them as they move from location to location, and it is difficult for a digital nomad to manage personal belongings.[29] In fact, many digital nomads do not have a "home base," and must therefore adopt a minimalist lifestyle.[20][30]
One potentially negative impact of digital nomadism, that does not affect the nomads themselves, is the possibility of 'transnational gentrification.' Concerns have been raised about the nature of the relationship between digital nomads, who are most often from the Global North, and the countries they travel to, generally in the Global South. The problem may arise in regards to housing competition between native people and travelling workers, as well as in personal interactions and the risk of tourism over-dependency. However, the exact scope and real-world impacts of this problem have not yet been settled by research.[31]
Impact of COVID-19
[edit]In 2020, a research study found that 10.9 million American workers described themselves as digital nomads, an increase of 49% from 2019. The primary reason for this rapid increase was office closure and the shift toward remote work due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[32] Multiple countries were prompted to offer new visa programs and to change their policies towards foreign workers as a result of the pandemic.[33]
The pandemic had a larger impact, in terms of mobility, on traditional job holders than on independent workers. While the number of independent workers living as digital nomads increased slightly in 2020, the number of traditional workers who changed their lifestyle to live as digital nomads nearly doubled, from 3.2 million people in 2019 to 6.3 million in 2020. This is because many traditional jobs stopped requiring their employees to physically report to an office or set location everyday, so many people were subsequently able to travel freely while still working.
The majority of this increase consisted of Millennial and Generation Z workers, possibly due in part to their minimized concern about COVID-19[citation needed]. At the same time, another effect of the pandemic was the limited ability to travel, particularly across national borders. For this reason, more and more digital nomads have chosen to remain domestic, especially in the United States. Living as a digital nomad often entails travelling from high-cost areas (e.g. major cities) to cheaper regions (foreign or domestic).[6]
Though the rapid increase of digital nomads in 2020 is expected to be more than just a short-lived trend, the extreme rate of change is not likely to continue indefinitely.[needs update][6]
Legality
[edit]Many digital nomads prefer to travel on a tourist visa, which is more easily accessible than a working visa is, but which may not allow a visitor to work during their stay. Different countries have different permissions regarding remote work for a company based in another country, putting some digital nomads in a legal grey area.[34]Some countries have introduced clear digital nomad visas to cover this grey area, allowing individuals to stay in the country legally while freelancing for international organizations. For example, Estonia offers such visas and allows people to work remotely.[35]
Digital nomad visas
[edit]Several visa programs are targeted at digital nomads.
Antigua and Barbuda
[edit]In 2020, Antigua and Barbuda announced a digital nomad visa called the Nomad Digital Residence (NDR). The visa allows digital nomads who work for a company outside of Antigua and Barbuda to stay in the country for two years.[36]
Argentina
[edit]In May 2022, the Argentinian government announced that it would be implementing a temporary visa targeted at digital nomads. The visa is valid for six months and can be renewed for an additional six.[37]
Bermuda
[edit]On August 1, 2020, Bermuda opened applications for its digital nomad visa, entitled "Work From Bermuda." The visa is an expansion on an older residency program and allows digital nomads to live in the country for one year.[38][39]
Brazil
[edit]In February 2022, Brazil announced that it would be introducing a digital nomad visa for foreign nationals employed by a foreign company, under Resolution 45. The resolution allows non-Brazilian workers to apply for a visa that lets them stay in the country for 90 days in a 180-day period, or 180 days in a one-year period. The digital nomad visa is valid for one year and renewable for another year.[40]
Cayman Islands
[edit]On October 21, 2020, the Cayman Islands launched the Global Citizen Concierge Program. Foreign workers need to have an employment letter from an entity outside of the Cayman Islands and a minimum salary of $100,000.[41]
Costa Rica
[edit]On August 11, 2021, Costa Rica passed a law granting visas to digital nomads. The law allows foreign nationals and their families to live and work in the country for a year, and the visa can be extended for up to one year. The visa requires foreign nationals to have an income greater than US$3000 per month. Families applying for the visa need to have an income greater than US$5000 per month.[42][43]
Croatia
[edit]In January 2021, Croatia began offering special visas to digital workers from outside of the European Union. The visa allows digital nomads to stay in the country for up to a year while being exempt from paying income taxes.[44]
Estonia
[edit]E-Residency in Estonia was launched in December 2014, allowing remote workers to register their business in Estonia.[45] In 2020, Estonia launched a digital nomad visa, allowing remote workers to live in Estonia for up to a year and legally work for their employer or their own company registered abroad.[46]
Georgia
[edit]In August 2020, Georgia launched a program entitled "Remotely from Georgia." Under the program, citizens from 95 countries can travel and work remotely in the country for at least 360 days without a visa.[47][48]
Hungary
[edit]In 2022, Hungary introduced the White Card, a residency permit for digital nomads. Under the permit, foreign nationals can live in Hungary while working for a company outside of the country. The permit is for one year and can be extended for an additional year.[49]
Iceland
[edit]In November 2020, Iceland signed an amendment to allow foreign nationals to live in Iceland for up to six months under a long-term visa.[50][51]
Indonesia
[edit]In June 2022, Indonesia announced plans to introduce a digital nomad visa that would allow remote workers to live in the country tax-free for five years. The announcement was made by Indonesia's Minister of Tourism, Sandiaga Uno. Uno stated that he hopes to bring up to 3.6 million digital nomads to the country with this plan.[52][53]
Italy
[edit]In 2022, Italy announced that it would be launching a digital nomad visa. The visa was voted into law on March 28, 2022, as a part of a government decree known as "decreto sostegni ter." The bill remains to be implemented into law, and full details of the digital nomad visa application process and requirements remain unknown.[54][55][56]
Japan
[edit]Japan allows foreign nationals to live and engage in remote work there for up to six months under a digital nomad visa. Extensions are not permitted, but the same visa can be granted again six months after the end of the individual's previous stay under the visa.[57]
Latvia
[edit]In February 2022, Latvia's Cabinet of Ministers approved draft amendments to its immigration law to allow third-country nationals to apply for a one-year visa to reside in Latvia while working remotely either for a foreign-registered employer or as self-employed persons.[58][59]
Malta
[edit]In September 2021, Malta opened applications for its year-long digital nomad visa program. The Malta government stated that the visa can be renewed at the discretion of Residency Malta.[60][61]
Mauritius
[edit]In February 2022, Mauritius announced that it would be expanding its premium visa to digital nomads. The premium visa allows remote workers to stay in the country for up to a year.[62]
Philippines
[edit]In May 2023, Philippines announced that it will be introducing a one year visa for digital nomads.[63]
Portugal
[edit]In October 2022, Portugal announced it would be accepting applications for Remote Work/Digital Nomad VISAs starting from October 30, 2022.[64] According to the Nomad Report 2023 survey, Portugal is the most popular country for digital nomads with around 16,000 of them residing in the country's capital, Lisbon.[65]
Romania
[edit]On December 21, 2021, Romanian parliament passed legislation for a digital nomad visa. The visa is valid for six months. It can be extended for another six months if foreign workers have proof of full or part-time employment for at least three years prior to their application and have a valid proof of income for the last six months that is three times the Romanian average gross salary.[66][67]
Spain
[edit]In 2021, Spain announced plans for a digital nomad visa.[68] The law responsible for the digital nomad visa is known as the Startup Law. In December 2021, the law was presented to parliament, and in January 2022, a draft of the law was approved.[69][70][71] The Startup Act was approved by parliament in November 2022. In its first ten months, the government has granted 7,368 permits, bringing the total number of digital nomads in Spain to 753,000. According to the law, Digital Nomad Visas in Spain are initially valid for up to 12 months and can be renewed, which will allow digital nomads to reside in Spain for up to five years, and they receive special tax benefits by paying a reduced tax rate.[72][73]
South Africa
[edit]In March 2022, South Africa announced that it would update its visa laws to be allow digital nomads to stay in the country for more than 90 days.[74][75]
South Korea
[edit]In January 2024, South Korea announced that it will start conducting a pilot operation of digital nomad (workplace) visa.[76]
United Arab Emirates
[edit]In October 2020, the city of Dubai in the United Arab Emirates launched a visa program that allows digital nomads and remote workers to stay in the country for one year. To qualify, foreign workers need at least $5,000 in income per month and a letter confirming employment.[77][78]
Other countries
[edit]Other countries such as Barbados and Greece[79] offer similar digital nomad visa programs. Some digital nomads have used Germany's residence permit for the purpose of freelance or self-employment[80] to legalize their stay, but successful applicants must have a tangible connection and reason to stay in Germany.[citation needed] Canada and the United Kingdom allow both visa-exempt and visa-required tourists to work remotely provided that the remote work does not involve Canadian or British clients respectively and is not the main purpose of their stay [81] [82]
See more
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Schlagwein, Daniel (December 6, 2018). "The History of Digital Nomadism". International Workshop on the Changing Nature of Work (CNOW).
- ^ Colella, Kristin (July 13, 2016). "5 'digital nomads' share their stories from around the world". TheStreet.com.
- ^ Lamarque, Hannah (June 3, 2015). "The Rise of the Digital Nomad". HuffPost.
- ^ a b c Nash, Caleece (February 2018). "Digital Nomads Beyond the Buzzword: Defining Digital Nomadic Work and Use of Digital Technologies". Transforming Digital Worlds. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. iConference 2018. pp. 207–217. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-78105-1_25. ISBN 978-3-319-78104-4 – via Springer.
- ^ Adams, R. Dallon (January 29, 2021). "The future of business travel: Digital nomads and "bleisure" define the new high-tech take on work trips". TechRepublic.
- ^ a b c "COVID-19 and the Rise of the Digital Nomad" (PDF). MBO Partners. 2020.
- ^ "MBO Partners 2023 State of Independence" (PDF).
- ^ Roberts, Steven K. (August 1984). "High-Tech Nomad". Popular Computing. 3 (10). McGraw-Hill, Inc.: 116–122.
- ^ Malamud, Carl (September 1992). Exploring the Internet: A Technical Travelogue. Prentice Hall. p. 284. ISBN 0132968983.
- ^ Gore, Andrew; Ratcliffe, Mitch (1993). AT&T EO personal communicator: A Digital Nomad's Guide. Random House. ISBN 0-679-74695-1.
- ^ Gore, Andrew; Ratcliffe, Mitch (1993). PowerBook: A Digital Nomad's Guide. Random House. ISBN 0-679-74588-2.
- ^ Gore, Andrew; Ratcliffe, Mitch (1993). Newton's Law: A Digital Nomad's Guide. Random House. ISBN 0-679-74647-1.
- ^ Caruso, Denise; Maloney, Janice (July 1993). "Craig McCaw, McCaw Cellular". Digital Media. 3 (2). Internet Media Strategies, Inc.: 7+.
- ^ Makimoto, Tsugio; Manners, David (1997). Digital Nomad. John Wiley & Sons. p. 242. ISBN 0471974994.
- ^ Zielinski, C.; Duquenoy, P.; Kimppa, K., eds. (2006). "Abductive reasoning and ICT enhanced learning: Towards the epistemology of digital nomads". The Information Society: Emerging Landscapes. Ifip International Federation For Information Processing. Vol. 195. Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 101–117. doi:10.1007/0-387-31168-8_7. ISBN 0-387-30527-0.
- ^ Šímová, Tereza (2023). "A research framework for digital nomadism: a bibliometric study". World Leisure Journal. 65 (2): 175–191. doi:10.1080/16078055.2022.2134200. S2CID 253014894.
- ^ Hannonen, Olga (September 2020). "In search of a digital nomad: defining the phenomenon". Information Technology & Tourism. 22 (3). Springer Nature: 335–353. doi:10.1007/s40558-020-00177-z. S2CID 256404642.
- ^ Woldoff, Rachael A.; Litchfield, Robert C. (2021). Digital Nomads: In Search of Meaningful Work in the New Economy. Oxford University Press. pp. 4–6. ISBN 9780190931780.
- ^ "Digital nomad: More freedom on the job". IONOS Startupguide. July 4, 2022. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
- ^ a b c Ehn, Karine; Jorge, Ana; Marques-Pita, Manuel (2022). "Digital Nomads and the Covid-19 Pandemic: Narratives About Relocation in a Time of Lockdowns and Reduced Mobility". Social Media + Society. 8 (1): 205630512210849. doi:10.1177/20563051221084958. ISSN 2056-3051. S2CID 248243780.
- ^ Choudhury, Prithwiraj (Raj); Foroughi, Cirrus; Larson, Barbara (April 2021). "Work-from-anywhere : The productivity effects of geographic flexibility". Strategic Management Journal. 42 (4): 655–683. doi:10.1002/smj.3251. ISSN 0143-2095.
- ^ Angiello, Gennaro (2022). "European cities embracing digital nomads". TeMA - Journal of Land Use. Mobility and Environment: 157–161 Pages. doi:10.6093/1970-9870/9033.
- ^ Moss, Jennifer (November 30, 2018). "Helping Remote Workers Avoid Loneliness and Burnout". Harvard Business Review. ISSN 0017-8012.
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