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Coordinates: 39°06′23″N 39°32′50″E / 39.10639°N 39.54722°E / 39.10639; 39.54722
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{{Short description|Municipality in Tunceli Province, Turkey}}
{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox Turkey place
| name = Tunceli
| settlement_type = [[Municipality]]
|type=municipality| name = Tunceli
| other_name =
|province=Tunceli|district=Tunceli| image_skyline = Dêrsim.jpg
| native_name = Dêrsim
| image_skyline = Dêrsim.jpg
| imagesize =
| imagesize =
| image_caption = Tunceli in Munzur valley
| image_caption = Tunceli in Munzur valley
| pushpin_map = Turkey
| coordinates = {{coord|39|06|23|N|39|32|50|E|region:TR_type:city|display=it}}
| pushpin_label_position = right
| elevation_m = 914
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Turkey
| leader_name = Bülent Tekbıyıkoğlu
|population_total=35161|population_as_of=2021
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Turkey}}
| leader_party = DEM
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Turkey|Province]]
| leader_title = Mayor
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tunceli Province]]
| website = {{URL| www.tunceli.bel.tr }}
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Turkey|District]]
| subdivision_name2 =
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| established_title =
| established_date = 1945
| area_footnotes = {{Turkey district areas|SOURCE}}
| area_blank1_title = District
| area_blank1_km2 = {{Turkey district areas|Tunceli|Tunceli}}
| population_footnotes = {{Turkey district populations|SOURCE|Tunceli}}
| population_urban = {{Turkey district populations|Tunceli|Tunceli|şehir}}
| population_as_of = {{Turkey district populations|YEAR}}
| population_blank1_title = District
| population_blank1 = {{Turkey district populations|Tunceli|Tunceli|toplam}}
| population_density_blank1_km2 = auto
| timezone = [[Time in Turkey|TRT]]
| utc_offset = +3
| coordinates = {{coord|39|06|N|39|33|E|region:TR|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 940
| elevation_ft = 3085
| postal_code_type = [[Postal code]]
| postal_code = 62000
| area_code = 0428
| blank_info = 62
| blank_name = [[Turkish car number plates|Licence plate]]
| governing_body =
| leader_name = [[Fatih Mehmet Maçoğlu]]
| leader_party = [[Communist Party of Turkey (current)|TKP]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]

| website = http://www.tunceli.bel.tr
| footnotes =
| official_name = T.C. Tunceli Belediyesi
}}
}}


'''Tunceli''' ({{Langx|hy|Մամիկի|translit=Mamiki}}, {{langx|ku-Latn|Kalan}}, {{Langx|diq|Mamekiye}})<ref>{{cite book |author1=Avcıkıran |first=Adem |url= |title=Kürtçe Anamnez Anamneza bi Kurmancî |year=2009 |page=55 |language=tr, ku |access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last1=Andrews |first1=Peter |title=Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey: Supplement and Index |last2=Benninghaus |first2=Rüdiger |year=2002 |isbn=9783895002298 |page=54}}</ref> is a municipality ([[belde]]) in [[Tunceli District]] and capital of [[Tunceli Province]], [[Turkey]]. The city has a [[Kurds|Kurdish]] majority.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Sertel|first=Savaş|date=2016-01-31|title=TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ'NİN İLK GENEL NÜFUS SAYIMINA GÖRE DERSİM BÖLGESİNDE DEMOGRAFİK YAPI|url=http://dergipark.gov.tr/doi/10.18069/fusbed.82073|journal=Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi|volume=24|issue=1|doi=10.18069/fusbed.82073|issn=1300-9702|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Eke|first=Deniz Cosan|title=The Changing Leadership Roles of »Dedes« in the Alevi Movement: Ethnographic Studies on Alevi Associations in Turkey and Germany from the 1990s to the Present|publisher=transcript Verlag|year=2021|pages=64}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Gültekin|first=Ahmet Kerim|url=https://www.multiple-secularities.de/media/wps_18_gueltekin_alevikurds.pdf|title=Kurdish Alevism: Creating New Ways of Practicing the Religion|date=2019|publisher=[[University of Leipzig]]|page=4}}</ref> It had a population of 35,161 in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021 |url=https://www.tuik.gov.tr/indir/duyuru/favori_raporlar.xlsx |access-date=30 January 2023 |publisher=[[TÜİK]] |language=tr |format=XLS}}</ref>
'''Tunceli'''It is the capital of [[Tunceli Province]], located in the middle of [[Eastern Anatolia Region]]. Tunceli has a lot of visitable places for regional and touristic.Local people are mostly Bektaşi-Alevi (Old Turkısh religion and Islam mix basically). Tunceli is now a very peaceful city because the local people of rid of the PKK terrorist organization and now local people can live comfortably and they can earn money easily. Also Tunceli is a very educated city.

==Etymology==
Tunceli means the land (el) of bronze (tunç) in Turkish, while the old name for the province, “Dersim” (or Dêsim), means silver (sim) door (der) in Kurdish. Whether the name of the town is Tunceli or Dersim has been a reason for political quarrels. The local authority decided to call it Dersim in May 2019, while the Governor said it was against the law to call it Dersim.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ahvalnews.com/turkification/short-history-turkification-dersim-tunceli|title=A short history of Turkification: From Dersim to Tunceli|website=Ahval|language=en|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>

==Geography==


==Name==
Tunceli at {{coord|39|06|N|39|33|E}} is situated just to the north of the intersection point of two rivers, Munzur and Pülümür, both flowing to south. The city is founded in the valley of Munzur which is known for its picturesque appearance. It is surrounded by high mountains called [[Munzur Valley National Park|Munzur mountains]]. The city has a limited means of transport to other cities. The population of the city is 32815 as of 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rapor.tuik.gov.tr/reports/rwservlet?adnksdb2&ENVID=adnksdb2Env&report=wa_idari_yapi_10sonrasi.RDF&p_il1=62&p_yil=2011&p_dil=2&desformat=html|title=Turkish statistical Institute|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012104339/http://rapor.tuik.gov.tr/reports/rwservlet?adnksdb2&ENVID=adnksdb2Env&report=wa_idari_yapi_10sonrasi.RDF&p_il1=62&p_yil=2011&p_dil=2&desformat=html|archive-date=2014-10-12}}</ref> It is one of the least populated province centers of Turkey.
{{Main|Tunceli Province#Name}}
During Ottoman times, the settlement was called ''Kalan'' or ''Mameki''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tunceli |url=https://nisanyanmap.com/?yer=36508&haritasi=tunceli |access-date=1 February 2023 |website=nisanyanmap.com |language=tr}}</ref> Tunceli, which is a modern name, literally means "bronze fist" in Turkish (''tunç'' meaning "bronze" and ''eli'', in this context, meaning "fist"). It shares the name with the military operation under which the [[Dersim rebellion|Dersim massacre]] was conducted.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Massacre in Dersim Still Haunts Kurds in Turkey |url=https://jacobin.com/2021/01/massacre-dersim-turkey-kurds-erdogan |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=jacobin.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The province of Dersim (or Dêsim) was renamed Tunceli in 1935, as was the settlement of Kalan, which became the province's administrative center in 1938.<ref name=":1" /> Dersim is popularly understood to be composed of the Kurdish/Zazaki words ''der'' ("door") and ''sim'' ("silver"), thus meaning "silver door." Whether the town should be called Dersim or Tunceli has been a cause of political quarrels. In May 2019, the local authorities decided to call it Dersim, while the governor said it was against the law to call it Dersim.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ahvalnews.com/turkification/short-history-turkification-dersim-tunceli|title=A short history of Turkification: From Dersim to Tunceli|website=Ahval|language=en|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>


==History==
==History==


During the [[Ottoman Empire]], Tunceli (then known as Kalan) was a part of the region named ''Dersim''. In 1847 Dersim was declared a [[sanjak]] (a historical administrative unit smaller than the province). The capital of the sanjak was [[Hozat]]. During the Republican period Tunceli Province was established in 1935. In 1946 the former town of Kalan was renamed as Tunceli and it was declared as the capital city of the province.<ref>[http://www.tunceli.gov.tr/page.asp?id=49 Tunceli governor's page on history] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928174549/http://www.tunceli.gov.tr/page.asp?id=49 |date=2013-09-28 }} {{in lang|tr}}</ref>
During the time of the [[Ottoman Empire]], Tunceli (then known as Kalan) was a part of the region named ''Dersim''. In 1847, Dersim was declared a [[sanjak]] (a historical administrative unit smaller than the province). The capital of the sanjak was [[Hozat]]. During the Republican period, Tunceli Province was established in 1935. In 1946, the former town of Kalan was renamed as Tunceli and it was declared as the capital city of the province.<ref>[http://www.tunceli.gov.tr/page.asp?id=49 Tunceli governor's page on history] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928174549/http://www.tunceli.gov.tr/page.asp?id=49 |date=2013-09-28 }} {{in lang|tr}}</ref>


As a result of the Turkish campaign of "[[Turkification]]" Tunceli became a main target of Turkish officials after the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923. Tunceli played a role in the [[Dersim rebellion]].
As a result of the Turkish campaign of "[[Turkification]]" Tunceli became a main target of Turkish officials after the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923. Tunceli played a role in the [[Dersim rebellion]] by the [[Kurds]].<ref>İsmail Besikçi, ''Tunceli Kanunu (1935) ve Dersim Jenosidi'', Belge Yayınları, 1990.</ref>{{page needed|date=May 2024}}


Tunceli is famous for excellent rankings in National Education statistics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnnturk.com/turkiye/egitim-siralamasinda-tunceli-birinci|title = Eğitim sıralamasında Tunceli birinci}}</ref>
Tunceli is famous for excellent rankings in National Education statistics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnnturk.com/turkiye/egitim-siralamasinda-tunceli-birinci|title = Eğitim sıralamasında Tunceli birinci}}</ref>


== Politics ==
== Politics ==
In the Municipal Elections which took place on 31st of March 2019, [[Fatih Mehmet Maçoğlu]] was elected Mayor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sozcu.com.tr/secim2019/tunceli|title=Tunceli Seçim Sonuçları: 31 Mart 2019 Tunceli Yerel Seçim Sonuçları|website=Sözcü|language=tr|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref> He is the first mayor of Tunceli from the [[Communist Party of Turkey (current)|Communist Party of Turkey]].
In the Municipal Elections which took place on 31st of March 2019, [[Fatih Mehmet Maçoğlu]] was elected Mayor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sozcu.com.tr/secim2019/tunceli|title=Tunceli Seçim Sonuçları: 31 Mart 2019 Tunceli Yerel Seçim Sonuçları|website=Sözcü|language=tr|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref> He is the first mayor of Tunceli from the [[Communist Party of Turkey (modern)|Communist Party of Turkey]].


In 2018, Turkish president [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] stated that if "''those involved with terrorism''" (referring to the [[Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)|HDP]] party<ref>{{Cite web|title=Turkey: HDP official accused of aiding PKK terrorist|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/turkey-hdp-official-accused-of-aiding-pkk-terrorist/1670891|access-date=2021-08-29|website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref>) were to win the elections, that his government would "''appoint trustees without delay''".<ref>{{Cite web|last=SCF|date=2018-10-08|title=Turkey's Erdoğan vows re-seizure of municipalities should pro-Kurdish HDP win local elections|url=https://stockholmcf.org/turkeys-erdogan-vows-re-seizure-of-municipalities-should-hdp-win-local-elections/|access-date=2021-08-29|website=Stockholm Center for Freedom|language=en-US}}</ref>
In 2018, Turkish president [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] stated that if "those involved with terrorism" (referring to the [[Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)|HDP]] party<ref>{{Cite web|title=Turkey: HDP official accused of aiding PKK terrorist|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/turkey-hdp-official-accused-of-aiding-pkk-terrorist/1670891|access-date=2021-08-29|website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref>) were to win the elections, that his government would "appoint trustees without delay".<ref>{{Cite web|last=SCF|date=2018-10-08|title=Turkey's Erdoğan vows re-seizure of municipalities should pro-Kurdish HDP win local elections|url=https://stockholmcf.org/turkeys-erdogan-vows-re-seizure-of-municipalities-should-hdp-win-local-elections/|access-date=2021-08-29|website=Stockholm Center for Freedom|language=en-US}}</ref>


In May 2019 the Municipal Council decided to use the city's historic name Dersim and also to offer municipal services in [[Zaza language|Zazaki]] and [[Kurmanji]]. 4 Members of the newly elected municipal council had their certificates revoked in May 2019 for having been dismissed from public office in the past.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/6e69dc09-4437-42b6-8899-815c8c9083a6|title=Kurdish city returns to original name 'Dersim,' attracts Turkish ire|last=Kurdistan24|website=Kurdistan24|language=en|access-date=2019-05-24}}</ref>
In May 2019 the Municipal Council decided to use the city's historic name Dersim and also to offer municipal services in [[Zaza language|Zazaki]] and [[Kurmanji]]. 4 Members of the newly elected municipal council had their certificates revoked in May 2019 for having been dismissed from public office in the past.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/6e69dc09-4437-42b6-8899-815c8c9083a6|title=Kurdish city returns to original name 'Dersim,' attracts Turkish ire|last=Kurdistan24|website=Kurdistan24|language=en|access-date=2019-05-24}}</ref>


==Economy==
==Economy==
The main economic activity is animal breeding. Wheat is the only notable agricultural product. There are chromium salt and marble deposits. But only salt is produced. There are a few factories based on agriculture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cografya.gen.tr/tr/tunceli/ekonomi.html|title=TUNCELİ - Ekonomik Faaliyetler|website=www.cografya.gen.tr}}</ref>
The main economic activity is animal breeding. Wheat is the only notable agricultural product. There are chromium, salt and marble deposits, but only salt is produced. There are a few factories based on agriculture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cografya.gen.tr/tr/tunceli/ekonomi.html|title=TUNCELİ - Ekonomik Faaliyetler|website=www.cografya.gen.tr}}</ref>


==Climate==
==Climate==
Line 178: Line 137:
| Dec precipitation days = 11.50
| Dec precipitation days = 11.50
| year precipitation days = 107.7
| year precipitation days = 107.7
| Jan snow days =7.7
| Feb snow days =3.7
| Mar snow days =1.9
| Apr snow days =0.2
| May snow days =0
| Jun snow days =0
| Jul snow days =0
| Aug snow days =0
| Sep snow days =0
| Oct snow days =0
| Nov snow days =0.5
| Dec snow days =3.5
| year snow days =
| Jan humidity = 74.7
| Feb humidity = 71.3
| Mar humidity = 63.2
| Apr humidity = 59.7
| May humidity = 58.6
| Jun humidity = 46.9
| Jul humidity = 38.6
| Aug humidity = 36.3
| Sep humidity = 42.4
| Oct humidity = 58.7
| Nov humidity = 69.4
| Dec humidity = 75.9
| year humidity = 57.9
| Jan sun = 102.3
| Jan sun = 102.3
| Feb sun = 118.7
| Feb sun = 118.7
Line 210: Line 195:
| language = tr
| language = tr
| access-date = 7 August 2021}}</ref>
| access-date = 7 August 2021}}</ref>
| source 2 = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] (humidity),<ref name="WMONormals">{{cite web
|url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Turkiye/CSV/Tunceli_17165.csv
|title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Tunceli
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|access-date = January 17, 2024}}</ref> Meteomanz(snowy days 2014-2023)<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.meteomanz.com/sy3?l=1&cou=6290&ind=17165&m1=01&y1=2000&m2=12&y2=2023
| title = Tunceli - Weather data by months |website=Meteomanz | access-date =12 July 2024}}</ref>
}}
}}


==See also==
==See also==
⚫
{{Portal|Geography|Kurdistan|Turkey}}
*[[Munzur Valley National Park]]
*[[Munzur Valley National Park]]
*[[Seyid Riza]]
*[[Seyid Riza]]
*[[Sophene]]


==Further reading==
⚫
{{Portal|Geography|Kurdistan|Turkey}}
*{{TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi|url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/tunceli|title=TUNCELİ}}


==Notes==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


{{Tunceli District}}
{{Districts of Turkey
|provname=Tunceli
|image=Tunceli
|}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Tunceli]]
[[Category:Tunceli]]
[[Category:Cities in Turkey]]
[[Category:Provincial municipalities in Turkey]]
[[Category:Turkish Kurdistan]]
[[Category:Turkish Kurdistan]]
[[Category:Populated places in Tunceli Province]]
[[Category:Populated places in Tunceli Province]]
[[Category:Districts of Tunceli Province]]
[[Category:Kurdish settlements in Tunceli Province]]
[[Category:Kurdish settlements in Turkey]]

Latest revision as of 15:38, 23 November 2024

Tunceli
Municipality
Tunceli in Munzur valley
Tunceli in Munzur valley
Tunceli is located in Turkey
Tunceli
Tunceli
Location in Turkey
Coordinates: 39°06′23″N 39°32′50″E / 39.10639°N 39.54722°E / 39.10639; 39.54722
CountryTurkey
ProvinceTunceli
DistrictTunceli
Government
 • MayorBülent Tekbıyıkoğlu (DEM)
Elevation
914 m (2,999 ft)
Population
 (2021)
35,161
Time zoneUTC+3 (TRT)
Websitewww.tunceli.bel.tr

Tunceli (Armenian: Մամիկի, romanized: Mamiki, Kurdish: Kalan, Zazaki: Mamekiye)[1][2] is a municipality (belde) in Tunceli District and capital of Tunceli Province, Turkey. The city has a Kurdish majority.[3][4][5] It had a population of 35,161 in 2021.[6]

Name

[edit]
Main article: Tunceli Province § Name

During Ottoman times, the settlement was called Kalan or Mameki.[7] Tunceli, which is a modern name, literally means "bronze fist" in Turkish (tunç meaning "bronze" and eli, in this context, meaning "fist"). It shares the name with the military operation under which the Dersim massacre was conducted.[8] The province of Dersim (or Dêsim) was renamed Tunceli in 1935, as was the settlement of Kalan, which became the province's administrative center in 1938.[7] Dersim is popularly understood to be composed of the Kurdish/Zazaki words der ("door") and sim ("silver"), thus meaning "silver door." Whether the town should be called Dersim or Tunceli has been a cause of political quarrels. In May 2019, the local authorities decided to call it Dersim, while the governor said it was against the law to call it Dersim.[9]

History

[edit]

During the time of the Ottoman Empire, Tunceli (then known as Kalan) was a part of the region named Dersim. In 1847, Dersim was declared a sanjak (a historical administrative unit smaller than the province). The capital of the sanjak was Hozat. During the Republican period, Tunceli Province was established in 1935. In 1946, the former town of Kalan was renamed as Tunceli and it was declared as the capital city of the province.[10]

As a result of the Turkish campaign of "Turkification" Tunceli became a main target of Turkish officials after the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923. Tunceli played a role in the Dersim rebellion by the Kurds.[11][page needed]

Tunceli is famous for excellent rankings in National Education statistics.[12]

Politics

[edit]

In the Municipal Elections which took place on 31st of March 2019, Fatih Mehmet Maçoğlu was elected Mayor.[13] He is the first mayor of Tunceli from the Communist Party of Turkey.

In 2018, Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan stated that if "those involved with terrorism" (referring to the HDP party[14]) were to win the elections, that his government would "appoint trustees without delay".[15]

In May 2019 the Municipal Council decided to use the city's historic name Dersim and also to offer municipal services in Zazaki and Kurmanji. 4 Members of the newly elected municipal council had their certificates revoked in May 2019 for having been dismissed from public office in the past.[16]

Economy

[edit]

The main economic activity is animal breeding. Wheat is the only notable agricultural product. There are chromium, salt and marble deposits, but only salt is produced. There are a few factories based on agriculture.[17]

Climate

[edit]

Tunceli has a continental climate (Köppen: Dsa, Trewartha: Dc) with very hot, dry summers and cold, snowy winters.

Climate data for Tunceli (1991–2020, extremes 1960–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 14.2
(57.6) 		19.4
(66.9) 		26.0
(78.8) 		32.2
(90.0) 		36.6
(97.9) 		39.0
(102.2) 		43.5
(110.3) 		43.5
(110.3) 		40.3
(104.5) 		35.6
(96.1) 		27.0
(80.6) 		21.7
(71.1) 		43.5
(110.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3.8
(38.8) 		5.8
(42.4) 		12.1
(53.8) 		18.5
(65.3) 		24.3
(75.7) 		30.7
(87.3) 		35.5
(95.9) 		36.0
(96.8) 		30.8
(87.4) 		23.2
(73.8) 		13.9
(57.0) 		6.0
(42.8) 		20.1
(68.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.0
(30.2) 		0.6
(33.1) 		6.4
(43.5) 		12.1
(53.8) 		17.0
(62.6) 		22.8
(73.0) 		27.3
(81.1) 		27.4
(81.3) 		21.9
(71.4) 		15.2
(59.4) 		7.0
(44.6) 		1.3
(34.3) 		13.2
(55.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −4.6
(23.7) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		1.5
(34.7) 		6.3
(43.3) 		10.2
(50.4) 		14.7
(58.5) 		19.1
(66.4) 		19.0
(66.2) 		13.5
(56.3) 		8.6
(47.5) 		1.9
(35.4) 		−2.1
(28.2) 		7.1
(44.8)
Record low °C (°F) −30.3
(−22.5) 		−29.0
(−20.2) 		−24.7
(−12.5) 		−7.1
(19.2) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		1.0
(33.8) 		9.2
(48.6) 		7.7
(45.9) 		2.6
(36.7) 		−4.0
(24.8) 		−16.4
(2.5) 		−25.6
(−14.1) 		−30.3
(−22.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 121.0
(4.76) 		103.7
(4.08) 		110.1
(4.33) 		100.1
(3.94) 		73.8
(2.91) 		16.6
(0.65) 		5.0
(0.20) 		5.0
(0.20) 		23.5
(0.93) 		60.4
(2.38) 		86.5
(3.41) 		120.9
(4.76) 		826.6
(32.54)
Average precipitation days 11.50 10.83 14.07 15.10 13.60 5.27 2.40 1.77 3.83 9.03 8.83 11.50 107.7
Average snowy days 7.7 3.7 1.9 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 3.5 17.5
Average relative humidity (%) 74.7 71.3 63.2 59.7 58.6 46.9 38.6 36.3 42.4 58.7 69.4 75.9 57.9
Mean monthly sunshine hours 102.3 118.7 164.3 195.0 257.3 324.0 356.5 331.7 276.0 207.7 153.0 96.1 2,582.6
Mean daily sunshine hours 3.3 4.2 5.3 6.5 8.3 10.8 11.5 10.7 9.2 6.7 5.1 3.1 7.1
Source 1: Turkish State Meteorological Service[18]
Source 2: NOAA (humidity),[19] Meteomanz(snowy days 2014-2023)[20]

See also

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
  • "TUNCELİ". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. 1988–2016.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Avcıkıran, Adem (2009). Kürtçe Anamnez Anamneza bi Kurmancî (in Turkish and Kurdish). p. 55.
  2. ^ Andrews, Peter; Benninghaus, Rüdiger (2002). Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey: Supplement and Index. p. 54. ISBN 9783895002298.
  3. ^ Sertel, Savaş (2016-01-31). "TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ'NİN İLK GENEL NÜFUS SAYIMINA GÖRE DERSİM BÖLGESİNDE DEMOGRAFİK YAPI". Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 24 (1). doi:10.18069/fusbed.82073. ISSN 1300-9702.
  4. ^ Eke, Deniz Cosan (2021). The Changing Leadership Roles of »Dedes« in the Alevi Movement: Ethnographic Studies on Alevi Associations in Turkey and Germany from the 1990s to the Present. transcript Verlag. p. 64.
  5. ^ Gültekin, Ahmet Kerim (2019). Kurdish Alevism: Creating New Ways of Practicing the Religion (PDF). University of Leipzig. p. 4.
  6. ^ "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021" (XLS) (in Turkish). TÜİK. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  7. ^ a b "Tunceli". nisanyanmap.com (in Turkish). Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  8. ^ "The Massacre in Dersim Still Haunts Kurds in Turkey". jacobin.com. Retrieved 2022-11-09.
  9. ^ "A short history of Turkification: From Dersim to Tunceli". Ahval. Retrieved 2020-01-20.
  10. ^ Tunceli governor's page on history Archived 2013-09-28 at the Wayback Machine (in Turkish)
  11. ^ İsmail Besikçi, Tunceli Kanunu (1935) ve Dersim Jenosidi, Belge Yayınları, 1990.
  12. ^ "Eğitim sıralamasında Tunceli birinci".
  13. ^ "Tunceli Seçim Sonuçları: 31 Mart 2019 Tunceli Yerel Seçim Sonuçları". Sözcü (in Turkish). Retrieved 2020-01-20.
  14. ^ "Turkey: HDP official accused of aiding PKK terrorist". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2021-08-29.
  15. ^ SCF (2018-10-08). "Turkey's Erdoğan vows re-seizure of municipalities should pro-Kurdish HDP win local elections". Stockholm Center for Freedom. Retrieved 2021-08-29.
  16. ^ Kurdistan24. "Kurdish city returns to original name 'Dersim,' attracts Turkish ire". Kurdistan24. Retrieved 2019-05-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ "TUNCELİ - Ekonomik Faaliyetler". www.cografya.gen.tr.
  18. ^ "Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
  19. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Tunceli". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
  20. ^ "Tunceli - Weather data by months". Meteomanz. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
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