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The first modern codification of the Lydian alphabet was made by [[Roberto Gusmani]] in 1964, in a combined [[lexicon]], grammar, and text collection.
The first modern codification of the Lydian alphabet was made by [[Roberto Gusmani]] in 1964, in a combined [[lexicon]], grammar, and text collection.


Early Lydian texts were written either from left to right or from right to left. Later texts all run from right to left. One surviving text is in the bi-directional [[boustrophedon]] manner. Spaces separate words except in one text that uses dots instead. Lydian uniquely features a [[quotation mark]] in the shape of a [[right triangle]].
Early Lydian texts were written either from left to right or from right to left. Later texts all run from right to left. One surviving text is in the bi-directional [[boustrophedon]] manner. Spaces separate words except in one text that uses dots instead. Lydian uniquely features a [[quotation mark]] in the shape of a triangle.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06050-n3019r2-lydian-lycian.pdf|title=L2/06-050: Proposal to encode the Lycian and Lydian scripts in the SMP of the UCS|date=2006-02-05|first=Michael|last=Everson}}</ref>
==Lydian channels==
[[Lydian alphabet#CNN Lydian | CNN 𐤳𐤱𐤠𐤭𐤣]]<br/>
[[Lydian alphabet#CNBC Lydian | CNBC Lydian]]

==CNN Lydian==
Channel: 1
===CNN Lydian/Main===
[[File:CNN International logo.svg|thumb|175px|CNN Lydian logo]]
'''CNNXLD''' is a Lydian version of CNN International distributed by Lydia Cable Television that first launched on December 31, 2014. CNN Lydian is tailored specifically for a Lydian audience, with all programming broadcast from 7.00 to 0.00 local time (0.00 to 17.00 [[Eastern European Time|EET]]) being translated into Lydian. The channel used to broadcast a mixture of CNN International and [[CNN|CNN/US]], but since 2014, CNN Lydian has been a direct relay of [[CNN International Asia Pacific]].

Starting late 2017, the high definition feed of CNN US was launched in Lydian for American viewers under the name "CNN/US HD", the first such feed available outside of the United States.
==CNBC Lydian==
Channel: 2

==CNN Lydian/Programming==

===News===
*''CNN Lydian Morning'' '''(former CNN Lydian Pagi)'''
*''CNN Lydian Today'' '''(former CNN Lydian Siang)'''
*''Lydia HLN'' '''(former CNN Lydian Peristiwa, CNN Lydian iNews)'''
*''CNN Lydian Tonight'' '''(former CNN Lydian Malam)'''
*''CNN Lydian Update 1'' '''(former CNN Lydian Terkini)'''
*''CNN Lydian Breaking News''
*''CNN Lydian Update 2'' '''(former CNN Lydian Petang, CNN Lydian Petang Terkini)'''
*''CNN Lydian News Hour''
*''CNN Lydian Newsroom''
*''CNN Lydian Newsdesk''
*''CNN Lydian 10''

==== Simulcast with [[Trans TV]] ====

*''CNN Lydian News Update''
*''CNN Lydian Dini Hari''

==== Simulcast with [[Trans TV]] and [[CNN Indonesia]] ====

*''Berbuat Baik''

===Documentary===
*''Inside Lydia''

===FTV===
*''FTV Primetime''


==Alphabet==
==Alphabet==
Line 83: Line 40:
|{{huge|𐤢}} || ||''g''||[ɡ]||align=left| Occasionally substituted for secondarily voiced /k/.
|{{huge|𐤢}} || ||''g''||[ɡ]||align=left| Occasionally substituted for secondarily voiced /k/.
|-
|-
|{{huge|𐤣}} || ||''d''||[θ~ð]?|| align="left" | Descends from lenited PIE *t; most likely an interdental [θ~ð] though another coronal fricative such as [z] is possible
|{{huge|𐤣}} || ||''d''||[θ~ð]?|| align="left" | Descends from non-initial PIE *d and *dʰ, lenited PIE *t, and PIE *i̯; most likely an interdental [θ~ð] though another coronal fricative such as [z] is possible
|-
|-
|{{huge|𐤤}} ||[[File:Runic letter fehu.svg|11px]]||''e''||[eː]||align=left| Fairly high and long, like Greek ει; only occurs accented.
|{{huge|𐤤}} ||[[File:Runic letter fehu.svg|11px]]||''e''||[eː]||align=left| Fairly high and long, like Greek ει; only occurs accented.
|-
|-
|{{huge|𐤥}} ||[[File:EtruscanF-01.svg|15px]]||traditional: ''v''<br>new: ''w''
|{{huge|𐤥}} ||[[File:EtruscanF-01.svg|15px]]||traditional: ''v''<br>new: ''w''
|[w~v]
|[w~v]||Descends from PIE * w; may have been labiodental. Now usu. transcribed ''w'' to avoid confusion with ν for the nasal 𐤸.
|style="text-align:left;"|Descends from PIE *w; may have been labiodental. Now usually transcribed ''w'' to avoid confusion with ν for the nasal 𐤸.
|-
|-
|{{huge|𐤦}} ||[[File:EtruscanI-01.svg|15px]]||''i''||[i]||
|{{huge|𐤦}} ||[[File:EtruscanI-01.svg|15px]]||''i''||[i]||
Line 106: Line 64:
|{{huge|𐤭}} || ||''r''||[r]||
|{{huge|𐤭}} || ||''r''||[r]||
|-
|-
|{{huge|𐤮}} ||[[File:PhoenicianN-01.png|24px]]||traditional: ''ś''<br>new: ''s''||[s]||align=left| A simple [s], despite its former traditional transcription.
|{{huge|𐤮}} ||[[File:PhoenicianN-01.svg|12px]]||traditional: ''ś''<br>new: ''s''||[s]||align=left| A simple [s], despite its former traditional transcription.
|-
|-
|{{huge|𐤯}} || ||''t''||[t~d]|| align="left" | Voiced to [d] before nasals and probably [r]
|{{huge|𐤯}} || ||''t''||[t~d]|| align="left" | Voiced to [d] before nasals and probably [r]
Line 112: Line 70:
|{{huge|𐤰}} || ||''u''||[u]||
|{{huge|𐤰}} || ||''u''||[u]||
|-
|-
|{{huge|𐤱}} ||[[File:EtruscanF-02.svg|15px]]||''f''||[f] or [ɸ]||Labiodental or bilabial fricative. Alternates with /enwiki/w/ in:<br>𐤩𐤤𐤱𐤮~&lrm;𐤩𐤤𐤥𐤮 lewś~lefś "Zeus"
|{{huge|𐤱}} ||[[File:EtruscanF-02.svg|15px]]||''f''||[f] or [ɸ]||style="text-align:left;"|Labiodental or bilabial fricative. Alternates with /enwiki/w/ in:<br>𐤩𐤤𐤱𐤮~&lrm;𐤩𐤤𐤥𐤮 lews~lefs "Zeus"
|-
|-
|{{huge|𐤲}} ||[[File:PhoenicianT-01.png|21px]]||''q''||[kʷ]||align=left| At least historically [kʷ]; it is not clear if this pronunciation was still current.
|{{huge|𐤲}} ||[[File:PhoenicianT-01.png|21px]]||''q''||[kʷ]||align=left| At least historically [kʷ]; it is not clear if this pronunciation was still current.
|-
|-
|{{huge|𐤳}} ||[[File:EtruscanZ-01.svg|13px]]||traditional: ''s''<br>new: ''š''
|{{huge|𐤳}} ||[[File:EtruscanZ-01.svg|13px]]||traditional: ''s''<br>new: ''š''
|[ç] or [ʃ]||align=left| [[Palatalization (sound change)|Palatalized]] *s. Newer transcriptions use š.
|[ʃ] or [ç]||align=left| [[Palatalization (sound change)|Palatalized]] *s. Newer transcriptions use š.
|-
|-
|{{huge|𐤴}} || ||''τ''||[tç] or [tʃ]||𐤴𐤴 ''ττ'' results from 𐤯+&lrm;𐤳 ''t+s'' as in:<br>𐤨𐤠𐤯+𐤳𐤠𐤣𐤪𐤶𐤮 >&lrm; 𐤨𐤠𐤴𐤴𐤠𐤣𐤪𐤶𐤮<br>kat+sadmẽś > kaττadmẽś
|{{huge|𐤴}} || ||''τ''||[tʃ] or [tç]||style="text-align:left;"|𐤴𐤴 ''ττ'' results from 𐤯+&lrm;𐤳 ''t+š'' as in:<br>𐤨𐤠𐤯+𐤳𐤠𐤣𐤪𐤶𐤮 >&lrm; 𐤨𐤠𐤴𐤴𐤠𐤣𐤪𐤶𐤮<br>kat+šadmẽs > kaττadmẽs
|-
|-
|{{huge|𐤵}} ||[[File:EtruscanSAN-01.svg|18px]]||''ã''||[[nasal vowel]]||align=left| Perhaps [ãː]. Only occurs accented. ''Ã'' or ''a'' is found before a nasal consonant: ''aliksãntru ~ aliksantru''.<ref>Gérard (2005) page 35.</ref>
|{{huge|𐤵}} ||[[File:EtruscanSAN-01.svg|18px]]||''ã''||[[nasal vowel]]||align=left| Perhaps [ãː]. Only occurs accented. ''Ã'' or ''a'' is found before a nasal consonant: ''aλiksãntruλ ~ aλiksantruλ''.<ref>Gérard (2005) page 35.</ref>
|-
|-
|{{huge|𐤶}} ||[[File:EtruscanKH-01.svg|16px]]||''ẽ''||[[nasal vowel]]||align=left| ''Not'' [ẽ]; perhaps [ã] or [æ̃] as in Lycian. Only occurs accented.
|{{huge|𐤶}} ||[[File:EtruscanKH-01.svg|16px]]||''ẽ''||[[nasal vowel]]||align=left| ''Not'' [ẽ]; perhaps [ã] or [æ̃] as in Lycian. Only occurs accented.
Line 127: Line 85:
|{{huge|𐤷}} || ||''λ''||[ʎ] (or [ɾʲ]?)||align=left| [[Palatalization (sound change)|Palatalized]] *l (or palatalized [[tap and flap consonants|flap]]?<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sasseville |first1=David |last2=Euler |first2=Katrin |title=Die Identität des lydischen Qλdãns und seine kulturgeschichtlichen Folgen |journal=Kadmos |date=2019 |volume=58 |issue=1/2 |pages=125–156 |doi=10.1515/kadmos-2019-0007 |s2cid=220368367 |url=https://www.academia.edu/43513813 |access-date=2021-03-14}}</ref>)
|{{huge|𐤷}} || ||''λ''||[ʎ] (or [ɾʲ]?)||align=left| [[Palatalization (sound change)|Palatalized]] *l (or palatalized [[tap and flap consonants|flap]]?<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sasseville |first1=David |last2=Euler |first2=Katrin |title=Die Identität des lydischen Qλdãns und seine kulturgeschichtlichen Folgen |journal=Kadmos |date=2019 |volume=58 |issue=1/2 |pages=125–156 |doi=10.1515/kadmos-2019-0007 |s2cid=220368367 |url=https://www.academia.edu/43513813 |access-date=2021-03-14}}</ref>)
|-
|-
|{{huge|𐤸}} || ||''ν''||[ɲ] or [ŋ]?||align=left| Arose from word-final or palatalized *m and *n; later loss of final vowels caused it to contrast with those sounds. Transliterated as a Greek ν ([[Nu (letter)|nu]])
|{{huge|𐤸}} || ||traditional: ''ν'' <br>new: ''ñ''||[ɲ] or [ŋ]?||align=left| Arose from word-final or palatalized *m and *n; later loss of final vowels caused it to contrast with those sounds. Transliterated as a Greek ν ([[Nu (letter)|nu]]). A new transcription is ''ñ'', to avoid confusion with the Latin letter ''v'' and parallel to the [[Lycian alphabet|Lycian]] letter transcribed as ''ñ'', also with similar but unclear pronunciation.)
|-
|-
|{{huge|𐤹}} ||[[File:Runic letter tiwaz.svg|13px]]||''c''||[ts~dz]?|| align="left" | An undetermined affricate or fricative: [ts], [z], [dz], or [dʒ], etc. At least one origin is [[assibilation|assibilated]] PIE *d.
|{{huge|𐤹}} ||[[File:Runic letter tiwaz.svg|13px]]||''c''||[ts~dz]?|| align="left" | An undetermined affricate or fricative: [ts], [z], [dz], or [dʒ], etc. At least one origin is [[assibilation|assibilated]] PIE *d.
|}
|}
In addition, two digraphs, ''aa'' and ''ii'', appear to be [[allophones]] of [a] and [i] under speculative circumstances, such as lengthening from stress.<ref>Gérard (2005) page 34.</ref> Complex consonant clusters often appear in the inscriptions and, if present, an [[Epenthesis|epenthetic]] [[schwa]] was evidently not written: 𐤥𐤹𐤯𐤣𐤦𐤣 ''wctdid'' [wt͡stθiθ]'','' 𐤨𐤮𐤡𐤷𐤯𐤬𐤨 ''kśbλtok-'' [kspʎ̩tok].
In addition, two digraphs, ''aa'' and ''ii'', appear to be [[allophones]] of [a] and [i] under speculative circumstances, such as lengthening from stress.<ref>Gérard (2005) page 34.</ref> Complex consonant clusters often appear in the inscriptions and, if present, an [[Epenthesis|epenthetic]] [[schwa]] was evidently not written: 𐤥𐤹𐤯𐤣𐤦𐤣 ''wctdid'' [wt͡stθiθ]'','' 𐤨𐤮𐤡𐤷𐤯𐤬𐤨 ''kspλtok'' [kspʎ̩tok].


Note: a newer transliteration employing ''p'' for ''b'', ''s'' for ''ś'', ''š'' for ''s'', and/or ''w'' for ''v'' appears in recent publications and the online Dictionary of the Minor Languages of Ancient Anatolia (eDiAna), as well as [[Craig Melchert|Melchert]]'s Lydian corpus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ediana.gwi.uni-muenchen.de/corpus.php|title=EDIANA - Corpus|website=www.ediana.gwi.uni-muenchen.de|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://linguistics.ucla.edu/people/Melchert/lydiancorpus.pdf|title=Lydian Corpus}}</ref>
Note: a newer transliteration employing ''p'' for ''b'', ''s'' for ''ś'', ''š'' for ''s'', and/or ''w'' for ''v'' appears in recent publications and the online Dictionary of the Minor Languages of Ancient Anatolia (eDiAna), as well as [[Craig Melchert|Melchert]]'s Lydian corpus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ediana.gwi.uni-muenchen.de/corpus.php|title=EDIANA - Corpus|website=www.ediana.gwi.uni-muenchen.de|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://linguistics.ucla.edu/people/Melchert/lydiancorpus.pdf|title=Lydian Corpus}}</ref>
Line 138: Line 96:
{{huge|𐤬𐤭𐤠}} ''ora'' [ora] "month"
{{huge|𐤬𐤭𐤠}} ''ora'' [ora] "month"


{{huge|𐤩𐤠𐤲𐤭𐤦𐤳𐤠}} ''laqrisa'' [lakʷrisa] "wall, dromos" or "inscription"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kelder|first=Jorrit|title=A new reading of Lydian laqrisa as "words" or "inscriptions" (?)|url=https://www.academia.edu/773338|language=en}}</ref>
{{huge|𐤩𐤠𐤲𐤭𐤦𐤳𐤠}} ''laqriša'' [lakʷriʃa] "wall, dromos" or "inscription"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kelder|first=Jorrit|title=A new reading of Lydian laqrisa as "words" or "inscriptions" (?)|url=https://www.academia.edu/773338|language=en}}</ref>


{{huge|𐤡𐤦𐤭𐤠}} ''bira'' [pira] "house, home"
{{huge|𐤡𐤦𐤭𐤠}} ''pira'' [pira] "house, home"


{{huge|𐤥𐤹𐤡𐤠𐤲𐤶𐤫𐤯}} ''wcbaqẽnt'' [w̩t͡spaˈkʷãnd] "to trample on" (from PIE '''*pekʷ-''' "to crush")
{{huge|𐤥𐤹𐤡𐤠𐤲𐤶𐤫𐤯}} ''wcpaqẽnt'' [w̩t͡spaˈkʷãnd] "to trample on" (from PIE '''*pekʷ-''' "to crush")


==Unicode==
==Unicode==
Line 164: Line 122:
==External links==
==External links==
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite web|last=Everson|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Everson|title=N3019R2: Proposal to encode the Lycian and Lydian scripts in the SMP of the UCS|work=DKUUG Standardization|publisher=Danish Unix User Group (DKUUG)|date=2006-02-05|url=http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3019.pdf|access-date=2008-03-18}}
* {{cite web|last=Everson|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Everson|title=N3019R2: Proposal to encode the Lycian and Lydian scripts in the SMP of the UCS|date=2006-02-05|url=https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n3019.pdf |publisher=ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 |access-date=2024-06-25}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


Latest revision as of 08:42, 1 October 2024

For other uses, see Lydian (disambiguation).
Lydian
Script type
Alphabet
Time period
700-200 BCE
DirectionRight-to-left script Edit this on Wikidata
LanguagesLydian language
Related scripts
Parent systems
Sister systems
Some other alphabets of Asia Minor
ISO 15924
ISO 15924Lydi (116), ​Lydian
Unicode
Unicode alias
Lydian
U+10920–U+1093F
 This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
<?>
This article contains uncommon Unicode characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of the intended characters.

Lydian script was used to write the Lydian language. Like other scripts of Anatolia in the Iron Age, the Lydian alphabet is based on the Phoenician alphabet. It is related to the East Greek alphabet, but it has unique features.

The first modern codification of the Lydian alphabet was made by Roberto Gusmani in 1964, in a combined lexicon, grammar, and text collection.

Early Lydian texts were written either from left to right or from right to left. Later texts all run from right to left. One surviving text is in the bi-directional boustrophedon manner. Spaces separate words except in one text that uses dots instead. Lydian uniquely features a quotation mark in the shape of a triangle.[2]

Alphabet

[edit]

The Lydian alphabet[3][4] is closely related to the other alphabets of Asia Minor as well as to the Greek alphabet. It contains letters for 26 sounds. Some are represented by more than one symbol, which is considered one "letter." Unlike the Carian alphabet, which had an f derived from Φ, the Lydian f has the peculiar 8 shape also found in the Neo-Etruscan alphabet and in Italic alphabets of Osco-Umbrian languages such as Oscan, Umbrian, Old Sabine and South Picene (Old Volscian),[5] and it is thought to be an invention of speakers of a Sabellian language (Osco-Umbrian languages).[5]

The Lydian Alphabet
Letter Transliteration Sound
(IPA)		 Notes
Text Image
𐤠 a [a]
𐤡 traditional: b
new: p 		[p~b] Plain labial voiced to [b] before nasals and probably [r]
𐤢 g [ɡ] Occasionally substituted for secondarily voiced /k/.
𐤣 d [θ~ð]? Descends from non-initial PIE *d and *dʰ, lenited PIE *t, and PIE *i̯; most likely an interdental [θ~ð] though another coronal fricative such as [z] is possible
𐤤 e [eː] Fairly high and long, like Greek ει; only occurs accented.
𐤥 traditional: v
new: w 		[w~v] Descends from PIE *w; may have been labiodental. Now usually transcribed w to avoid confusion with ν for the nasal 𐤸.
𐤦 i [i]
𐤧 y [i̯~j]? Apparently an allophone of /i/, perhaps when unstressed. Attested only 11 times: artymu- ~ artimu-.[6] It may be a borrowing of Carian 𐊹.
𐤨 k [k~ɡ] Voiced to [ɡ] before nasals and probably [r]
𐤩 l [l]
𐤪 m [m]
𐤫 n [n]
𐤬 o [oː] Fairly high and long, like Greek ου; only occurs accented.
𐤭 r [r]
𐤮 traditional: ś
new: s		 [s] A simple [s], despite its former traditional transcription.
𐤯 t [t~d] Voiced to [d] before nasals and probably [r]
𐤰 u [u]
𐤱 f [f] or [ɸ] Labiodental or bilabial fricative. Alternates with /enwiki/w/ in:
𐤩𐤤𐤱𐤮~‎𐤩𐤤𐤥𐤮 lews~lefs "Zeus"
𐤲 q [kʷ] At least historically [kʷ]; it is not clear if this pronunciation was still current.
𐤳 traditional: s
new: š 		[ʃ] or [ç] Palatalized *s. Newer transcriptions use š.
𐤴 τ [tʃ] or [tç] 𐤴𐤴 ττ results from 𐤯+‎𐤳 t+š as in:
𐤨𐤠𐤯+𐤳𐤠𐤣𐤪𐤶𐤮 >‎ 𐤨𐤠𐤴𐤴𐤠𐤣𐤪𐤶𐤮
kat+šadmẽs > kaττadmẽs
𐤵 ã nasal vowel Perhaps [ãː]. Only occurs accented. Ã or a is found before a nasal consonant: aλiksãntruλ ~ aλiksantruλ.[7]
𐤶 ẽ nasal vowel Not [ẽ]; perhaps [ã] or [æ̃] as in Lycian. Only occurs accented.
𐤷 λ [ʎ] (or [ɾʲ]?) Palatalized *l (or palatalized flap?[8])
𐤸 traditional: ν
new: ñ		 [ɲ] or [ŋ]? Arose from word-final or palatalized *m and *n; later loss of final vowels caused it to contrast with those sounds. Transliterated as a Greek ν (nu). A new transcription is ñ, to avoid confusion with the Latin letter v and parallel to the Lycian letter transcribed as ñ, also with similar but unclear pronunciation.)
𐤹 c [ts~dz]? An undetermined affricate or fricative: [ts], [z], [dz], or [dʒ], etc. At least one origin is assibilated PIE *d.

In addition, two digraphs, aa and ii, appear to be allophones of [a] and [i] under speculative circumstances, such as lengthening from stress.[9] Complex consonant clusters often appear in the inscriptions and, if present, an epenthetic schwa was evidently not written: 𐤥𐤹𐤯𐤣𐤦𐤣 wctdid [wt͡stθiθ], 𐤨𐤮𐤡𐤷𐤯𐤬𐤨 kspλtok [kspʎ̩tok].

Note: a newer transliteration employing p for b, s for ś, š for s, and/or w for v appears in recent publications and the online Dictionary of the Minor Languages of Ancient Anatolia (eDiAna), as well as Melchert's Lydian corpus.[10][11]

Examples of words

[edit]

𐤬𐤭𐤠 ora [ora] "month"

𐤩𐤠𐤲𐤭𐤦𐤳𐤠 laqriša [lakʷriʃa] "wall, dromos" or "inscription"[12]

𐤡𐤦𐤭𐤠 pira [pira] "house, home"

𐤥𐤹𐤡𐤠𐤲𐤶𐤫𐤯 wcpaqẽnt [w̩t͡spaˈkʷãnd] "to trample on" (from PIE *pekʷ- "to crush")

Unicode

[edit]
Main article: Lydian (Unicode block)

The Lydian alphabet was added to the Unicode Standard in April, 2008 with the release of version 5.1. It is encoded in Plane 1 (Supplementary Multilingual Plane).

The Unicode block for Lydian is U+10920–U+1093F:

Lydian[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+1092x 𐤠 𐤡 𐤢 𐤣 𐤤 𐤥 𐤦 𐤧 𐤨 𐤩 𐤪 𐤫 𐤬 𐤭 𐤮 𐤯
U+1093x 𐤰 𐤱 𐤲 𐤳 𐤴 𐤵 𐤶 𐤷 𐤸 𐤹 𐤿
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 16.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Himelfarb, Elizabeth J. "First Alphabet Found in Egypt", Archaeology 53, Issue 1 (Jan./Feb. 2000): 21.
  2. ^ Everson, Michael (2006-02-05), L2/06-050: Proposal to encode the Lycian and Lydian scripts in the SMP of the UCS (PDF)
  3. ^ Adiego (2007) page 769.
  4. ^ Everson (2006).
  5. ^ a b McDonald, Katherine (2015). Oscan in Southern Italy and Sicily. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 65–82. ISBN 9781107103832.
  6. ^ Gérard (2005) page36.
  7. ^ Gérard (2005) page 35.
  8. ^ Sasseville, David; Euler, Katrin (2019). "Die Identität des lydischen Qλdãns und seine kulturgeschichtlichen Folgen". Kadmos. 58 (1/2): 125–156. doi:10.1515/kadmos-2019-0007. S2CID 220368367. Retrieved 2021-03-14.
  9. ^ Gérard (2005) page 34.
  10. ^ "EDIANA - Corpus". www.ediana.gwi.uni-muenchen.de. Retrieved 2019-03-26.
  11. ^ "Lydian Corpus" (PDF).
  12. ^ Kelder, Jorrit. "A new reading of Lydian laqrisa as "words" or "inscriptions" (?)". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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References

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  • Adiego, I. J. (2007). "Greek and Lydian". In Christidis, A.F.; Arapopoulou, Maria; Chriti, Maria (eds.). A History of Ancient Greek From the Beginning to Late Antiquity. Chris Markham (trans.). Cambridge University press. ISBN 978-0-521-83307-3.. Translator Chris Markham.
  • Gérard, Raphaël (2005). Phonétique et morphologie de la langue lydienne. Louvain-la-Neuve: Peeters. ISBN 9042915749. French language text.
  • Gusmani, R. Lydisches Wörterbuch. Mit grammatischer Skizze und Inschriftensammlung, Heidelberg 1964 (Ergänzungsband 1-3, Heidelberg 1980-1986).
  • Melchert, H. Craig (2004) "Lydian", in Roger D. Woodard (ed.), The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56256-2. pp. 601–608.
  • Shevoroshkin, V. The Lydian Language, Moscow, 1977.
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