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{{short description|Indian Historian}}
{{short description|Indian historian (1920–2002)}}
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| known_for = Authoring books about Indian history
| known_for = Authoring books about Indian history
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'''Kishori Saran Lal''' (1920–2002), better known as '''K. S. Lal''', was an Indian historian. He is the author of several works, mainly on the medieval history of India.
'''Kishori Saran Lal''' (1920–2002), better known as '''K. S. Lal''', was an Indian historian. He is the author of several works, mainly on the [[History of India #Late medieval period (c. 1200–1526 CE)|medieval history of India]].


==Career==
==Career==
Line 28: Line 28:
For the next ten years, starting 1973, he was the Professor and Head of the Department of History, first at the [[University of Jodhpur]] (1973–79), and then at the [[Central University of Hyderabad]] (1979–83).
For the next ten years, starting 1973, he was the Professor and Head of the Department of History, first at the [[University of Jodhpur]] (1973–79), and then at the [[Central University of Hyderabad]] (1979–83).


Besides his mother tongue [[Hindi]], he was fluent in [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Old Persian]], [[Urdu]], and other languages.
Besides his mother tongue [[Hindi]], he was also fluent in [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Old Persian]] and [[Urdu]].


In 2001 he was appointed chairman of the Indian Council for Historical Research (ICHR) and also placed on the [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]] (NCERT) Committee to draft the model school syllabus on Indian History.<ref name="delhi1"/>
In 2001 he was appointed chairman of the Indian Council for Historical Research (ICHR) and also placed on the [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]] (NCERT) Committee to draft the model school syllabus on Indian history.<ref name="delhi1"/>


== List of works ==
== List of works ==
Line 36: Line 36:
*''Twilight of the Sultanate'' (1963, 1980)
*''Twilight of the Sultanate'' (1963, 1980)
*''Studies in Asian History'' (edited – 1969)
*''Studies in Asian History'' (edited – 1969)
*''Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India'' (1973)
*''[[Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India]]' (1973)
* ''Early Muslims in India'' (1984)
* ''Early Muslims in India'' (1984)
* ''The Mughal Harem'' (1988) {{ISBN|81-85179-03-4}} is study on the history and nature of the [[Mughal Harem]] of medieval India. K.S. Lal writes about many obscure topics like the role of the [[Eunuchs]] and drugs like [[opium]] in the Mughal Harem.
* ''[[The Mughal Harem]]'' (1988) {{ISBN|81-85179-03-4}} is study on the history and nature of the [[Mughal Harem]] of medieval India. K.S. Lal writes about many obscure topics like the role of the [[Eunuchs]] and drugs like [[opium]] in the Mughal Harem.
⚫
* ''Indian Muslims: Who are they'' (1990) <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharatvani.org/books/imwat/ |title=Indian Muslims - Who Are They |publisher=Bharatvani.org |access-date=18 August 2014 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923184300/http://www.bharatvani.org/books/imwat/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{ISBN|81-85990-10-7}}

⚫
* ''[[Indian Muslims: Who are they]]'' (1990) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatvani.org/books/imwat/ |title=Indian Muslims - Who Are They |publisher=Bharatvani.org |access-date=18 August 2014}}</ref> {{ISBN|81-85990-10-7}}
* ''The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India'' is a book published in 1993. ([[Aditya Prakashan]], {{ISBN|81-85689-03-2}}).
* ''The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India'' is a book published in 1993. ([[Aditya Prakashan]], {{ISBN|81-85689-03-2}}).
* ''Muslim Slave System in Medieval India'' (1994) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatvani.org/books/mssmi/ |title=Muslim Slave System in Medieval India |publisher=Bharatvani.org |access-date=18 August 2014}}</ref> {{ISBN|81-85689-67-9}}
* ''Muslim Slave System in Medieval India'' (1994) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatvani.org/books/mssmi/ |title=Muslim Slave System in Medieval India |publisher=Bharatvani.org |access-date=18 August 2014}}</ref> {{ISBN|81-85689-67-9}}
Line 57: Line 56:
===''Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India''===
===''Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India''===
{{main|Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India}}
{{main|Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India}}
The 1973 book ''Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India'' estimated the demographics of India between 1000 CE and 1500 CE. [[Simon Digby (oriental scholar)|Simon Digby]] disputed Lal's study of the demographic situation in medieval India in a review in ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'', Digby stated that estimate lacks accurate data in pre-[[census]] times.<ref name="Digby1975">{{cite journal |last=Digby |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Digby (oriental scholar) |year=1975 |title=Reviews: K. S. Lal: ''Growth of Muslim population in medieval India (A.D. 1000-1800)'' |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=3802960&fulltextType=BR&fileId=S0041977X0004739X |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=176–177 |jstor=614231}}</ref><ref name="Digby1975b">[[Simon Digby (oriental scholar)|Digby, Simon]] (1975). [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=BSO Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies]. University of London. ([http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayIssue?decade=1970&jid=BSO&volumeId=38&issueId=01&iid=3802576 1975]), pp. [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=3802960&fulltextType=BR&fileId=S0041977X0004739X 176]–[http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=3802960&next=true&jid=BSO&volumeId=38&issueId=01 177].</ref> Indian historian [[Irfan Habib]] criticized the book in 1978 in ''[[The Indian Historical Review]]''. He described Lal's starting population figure as "a figment of the imagination of one scholar resting on nothing more tangible than the imagination of another", and faulted Lal for unexplained or faulty assumptions in his other population estimates.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Habib |first=Irfan |author-link=Irfan Habib |date=January 1978 |title=Economic History of the Delhi Sultanate - An Essay in Interpretation |journal=The Indian Historical Review |volume=IV |issue=2 |pages=287–303}}</ref> K. S. Lal wrote a reply to Irfan Habib's criticism in 1979 in his book ''Bias in Indian Historiography'' (1979) and ''Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India'' (1999).
The 1973 book ''Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India'' estimated the demographics of India between 1000 CE and 1500 CE. Lal had clarified he "claim no finality" regarding the estimates he provided in the book. He added that "any study of the population of the pre-census times can be based only on estimates, and estimates by their very nature tend to be tentative".<ref>{{cite book | last=Lal | first=K.S. | title=Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India | publisher=Aditya Prakashan | year=1999 | isbn=978-81-86471-72-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmBuAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2023-04-03 | page=143}}</ref>
The book gained mixed reviews. [[Simon Digby (oriental scholar)|Simon Digby]] disputed Lal's study of the demographic situation in medieval India in a review in ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'', Digby stated that estimate lacks accurate data in pre-[[census]] times.<ref name="Digby1975">{{cite journal |last=Digby |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Digby (oriental scholar) |year=1975 |title=Reviews: K. S. Lal: ''Growth of Muslim population in medieval India (A.D. 1000-1800)'' |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=3802960&fulltextType=BR&fileId=S0041977X0004739X |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=176–177 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X0004739X |jstor=614231|s2cid=161748418 }}</ref><ref name="Digby1975b">[[Simon Digby (oriental scholar)|Digby, Simon]] (1975). [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=BSO Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies]. University of London. ([http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayIssue?decade=1970&jid=BSO&volumeId=38&issueId=01&iid=3802576 1975]), pp. [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=3802960&fulltextType=BR&fileId=S0041977X0004739X 176]–[http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=3802960&next=true&jid=BSO&volumeId=38&issueId=01 177].</ref> Indian historian [[Irfan Habib]] criticized the book in 1978 in ''[[The Indian Historical Review]]''. He described Lal's starting population figure as "a figment of the imagination of one scholar resting on nothing more tangible than the imagination of another", and faulted Lal for unexplained or faulty assumptions in his other population estimates.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Habib |first=Irfan |author-link=Irfan Habib |date=January 1978 |title=Economic History of the Delhi Sultanate - An Essay in Interpretation |journal=The Indian Historical Review |volume=IV |issue=2 |pages=287–303}}</ref> K. S. Lal wrote a reply to Irfan Habib's criticism in 1979 in his book ''Bias in Indian Historiography'' (1979) and ''Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India'' (1999).


===''The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India''===
===''The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India''===
The 1993 book ''The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India'' attempted to assess the legacy of [[Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent|Muslim rule in India]] and describes its [[Islam in India|history]]. The book was criticized by Peter Jackson in the ''Journal of the [[Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|Royal Asiatic Society]]'', stating that book contains "a markedly selective and one-sided account of India's Muslim past".<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/pss/25182961 Review], ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'', Third Series, Vol. 4, Part 3, November 1994, pp. 421-23.</ref> K. S. Lal wrote a rebuttal to Jackson's criticism in his book ''Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India''.<ref>[http://voiceofdharma.org/books/tpmsi/ch07.htm K. S. Lal's riposte to the reviews], ''Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India'', [[Aditya Prakashan]], 1999, Chapter 7.</ref>
The 1993 book ''The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India'' attempted to assess the legacy of [[Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent|Muslim rule in India]] and describes its [[Islam in India|history]]. The book was criticized by Peter Jackson in the ''Journal of the [[Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|Royal Asiatic Society]]'', stating that book contains "a markedly selective and one-sided account of India's Muslim past".<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/pss/25182961 | jstor=25182961 | last1=Jackson | first1=Peter | title=Reviewed work: The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India, K. S. Lal | journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society | date=1994 | volume=4 | issue=3 | pages=421–423 | doi=10.1017/S1356186300006192 }}</ref> K. S. Lal wrote a rebuttal to Jackson's criticism in his book ''Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India''.<ref>[http://voiceofdharma.org/books/tpmsi/ch07.htm K. S. Lal's riposte to the reviews], ''Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India'', [[Aditya Prakashan]], 1999, Chapter 7.</ref>


[[Avril A. Powell]] of [[University of London]] said the book was "propaganda" that was especially dangerous as it was written by a historian as esteemed as Lal.<ref name=powell>{{Cite journal|last=Powell|first=A. A.|date=June 1995|title=K. S. Lal: The legacy of Muslim rule in India, vi, 406 pp. New Delhi, Aditya Prakashan, 1992.|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/abs/k-s-lal-the-legacy-of-muslim-rule-in-india-vi-406-pp-new-delhi-aditya-prakashan-1992/FE8F799CDFCF2985FEECB50B7A30A57B|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|language=en|volume=58|issue=2|pages=397–398|doi=10.1017/S0041977X0001123X|issn=1474-0699}}</ref>
[[Avril A. Powell]] of [[University of London]] said the book was "propaganda" that was especially dangerous as it was written by a historian as esteemed as Lal.<ref name=powell>{{Cite journal|last=Powell|first=A. A.|date=June 1995|title=K. S. Lal: The legacy of Muslim rule in India, vi, 406 pp. New Delhi, Aditya Prakashan, 1992.|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/abs/k-s-lal-the-legacy-of-muslim-rule-in-india-vi-406-pp-new-delhi-aditya-prakashan-1992/FE8F799CDFCF2985FEECB50B7A30A57B|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|language=en|volume=58|issue=2|pages=397–398|doi=10.1017/S0041977X0001123X|s2cid=161966133 |issn=1474-0699}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Lal, K.S.}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lal, K.S.}}
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Allahabad]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:Historians of South Asia]]
[[Category:Historians of South Asia]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Voice of India writers]]

Latest revision as of 22:40, 10 October 2024

K. S. Lal
Born
Kishori Saran Lal

1920
Died2002
NationalityIndian
Alma materUniversity of Allahabad
Occupation(s)Historian, Academic
Known forAuthoring books about Indian history

Kishori Saran Lal (1920–2002), better known as K. S. Lal, was an Indian historian. He is the author of several works, mainly on the medieval history of India.

Career

[edit]

He obtained his master's degree in 1941 at the University of Allahabad. In 1945 he obtained his D.Phil. with a dissertation on the history of the Khaljis. This dissertation formed the basis for his book History of the Khaljis. He started his career as a Lecturer of History in the Allahabad University, though he served in this position only for a brief period.

From 1945 to 1963 he was with Madhya Pradesh Educational Service and taught at the Government Colleges at Nagpur, Jabalpur, and Bhopal. In 1963, he joined University of Delhi as a reader and taught Medieval Indian history in its History Department.

For the next ten years, starting 1973, he was the Professor and Head of the Department of History, first at the University of Jodhpur (1973–79), and then at the Central University of Hyderabad (1979–83).

Besides his mother tongue Hindi, he was also fluent in Persian, Old Persian and Urdu.

In 2001 he was appointed chairman of the Indian Council for Historical Research (ICHR) and also placed on the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) Committee to draft the model school syllabus on Indian history.[1]

List of works

[edit]
  • History of the Khaljis (1950, 1967, 1980)
  • Twilight of the Sultanate (1963, 1980)
  • Studies in Asian History (edited – 1969)
  • Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India' (1973)
  • Early Muslims in India (1984)
  • The Mughal Harem (1988) ISBN 81-85179-03-4 is study on the history and nature of the Mughal Harem of medieval India. K.S. Lal writes about many obscure topics like the role of the Eunuchs and drugs like opium in the Mughal Harem.
  • Indian Muslims: Who are they (1990) [2] ISBN 81-85990-10-7
  • The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India is a book published in 1993. (Aditya Prakashan, ISBN 81-85689-03-2).
  • Muslim Slave System in Medieval India (1994) [3] ISBN 81-85689-67-9
  • Historical essays
  • Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India (1999) ISBN 81-86471-72-3
  • Growth of Scheduled Tribes and Castes in Medieval India (1995)

Reception

[edit]

Lal's early books were uncontroversial, and some of his books, such as History of the Khaljis and Twilight of the Sultanate, have been called "standard works."[4][5][6][7] Some of his later works were controversial, including allegation of being a spokesman for the RSS.[1] Lal himself noted: "As usual [my books] have been reviewed in journals in India and abroad, bestowing both praise and blame as per the custom of the reviewers. However, during the last fifteen years or so, some of my books have received special attention of a certain brand of scholars for adverse criticism."[8] The controversy surrounding these events is reflected in the theme of the discourses of his books which allegedly describe Muslims as foreigners, destructive barbarians and immoral degenerates,[9] Lal himself disputes these allegations, citing, in turn, that the ICHR has always been dominated by historians with a 'strong leftist bias' and that the current controversy is "merely the outcome of an exaggerated sense of pique on the part of the excluded Left wing".[10]

Avril A. Powell praised Lal's works on Indian history in the 1950s and 60s, but concluded that by 1990s Lal's work represented "political agendas".[11]

Historian Jeremy Black in his book Contesting History: Narratives of Public History (2014), referenced his book The Muslim Slave System in Medieval India as a "good modern work"; he also comments that K. S. Lal " is regarded as right-wing by Indian Muslim Marxist scholars".[12]

Irfan Habib in a dispute over positions at Indian Council of Historical Research remarks: "K.S. Lal may have written a worthwhile work of history in the distant past, but his more recent works - which have focussed almost exclusively on the supposed historical injuries suffered by Hindus - have been tendentious, communal and deeply objectionable."[13]

Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India

[edit]
Main article: Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India

The 1973 book Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India estimated the demographics of India between 1000 CE and 1500 CE. Lal had clarified he "claim no finality" regarding the estimates he provided in the book. He added that "any study of the population of the pre-census times can be based only on estimates, and estimates by their very nature tend to be tentative".[14]

The book gained mixed reviews. Simon Digby disputed Lal's study of the demographic situation in medieval India in a review in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Digby stated that estimate lacks accurate data in pre-census times.[15][16] Indian historian Irfan Habib criticized the book in 1978 in The Indian Historical Review. He described Lal's starting population figure as "a figment of the imagination of one scholar resting on nothing more tangible than the imagination of another", and faulted Lal for unexplained or faulty assumptions in his other population estimates.[17] K. S. Lal wrote a reply to Irfan Habib's criticism in 1979 in his book Bias in Indian Historiography (1979) and Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India (1999).

The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India

[edit]

The 1993 book The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India attempted to assess the legacy of Muslim rule in India and describes its history. The book was criticized by Peter Jackson in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, stating that book contains "a markedly selective and one-sided account of India's Muslim past".[18] K. S. Lal wrote a rebuttal to Jackson's criticism in his book Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India.[19]

Avril A. Powell of University of London said the book was "propaganda" that was especially dangerous as it was written by a historian as esteemed as Lal.[11]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Delhi Historian's Group, Section 2. Part 3
  2. ^ "Indian Muslims - Who Are They". Bharatvani.org. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
  3. ^ "Muslim Slave System in Medieval India". Bharatvani.org. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
  4. ^ Times Literary Supplement, London, 19 December 1968.
  5. ^ A.A. Powell, Review of The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 58, No.2, (1995), pp. 397–8.
  6. ^ Peter Jackson in Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain, Third Series, Vol. 4, Part 3, November 1994, pp. 421–23.
  7. ^ Meenkakshi Jain 2002 Medieval India
  8. ^ Lal, K.S. Theory and Practice of Muslim State
  9. ^ India: International Religious Freedom Report 2005
  10. ^ The Hindutva takeover of ICHR,Frontline (4 July 1998)
  11. ^ a b Powell, A. A. (June 1995). "K. S. Lal: The legacy of Muslim rule in India, vi, 406 pp. New Delhi, Aditya Prakashan, 1992". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 58 (2): 397–398. doi:10.1017/S0041977X0001123X. ISSN 1474-0699. S2CID 161966133.
  12. ^ Jeremy Black. Contesting History: Narratives of Public History. Bloomsbury Publishing; 13 March 2014. ISBN 978-1-4725-1953-5. p. 235.
  13. ^ Delhi, SUKUMAR MURALIDHARAN in New. "The Hindutva takeover of ICHR". Frontline. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
  14. ^ Lal, K.S. (1999). Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India. Aditya Prakashan. p. 143. ISBN 978-81-86471-72-2. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
  15. ^ Digby, Simon (1975). "Reviews: K. S. Lal: Growth of Muslim population in medieval India (A.D. 1000-1800)". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 38 (1): 176–177. doi:10.1017/S0041977X0004739X. JSTOR 614231. S2CID 161748418.
  16. ^ Digby, Simon (1975). Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. University of London. (1975), pp. 176–177.
  17. ^ Habib, Irfan (January 1978). "Economic History of the Delhi Sultanate - An Essay in Interpretation". The Indian Historical Review. IV (2): 287–303.
  18. ^ Jackson, Peter (1994). "Reviewed work: The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India, K. S. Lal". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 4 (3): 421–423. doi:10.1017/S1356186300006192. JSTOR 25182961.
  19. ^ K. S. Lal's riposte to the reviews, Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India, Aditya Prakashan, 1999, Chapter 7.

References

[edit]
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