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{{short description|American football player}}
{{short description|American football player (1918–1971)}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2019}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox NFL biography
{{Infobox NFL biography
|name=Kenny Washington
| name = Kenny Washington
|image=KennyWashington.jpg
| image = Kenny Washington, 1938.jpg
|image_size=250px
| image_size =
|caption=
| caption = Washington in 1938
|number=13
| number = 13
|position=[[Running back]]
| position = [[Running back]]
|birth_date={{birth date|1918|08|31}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1918|08|31}}
|birth_place=[[Los Angeles, California]]
| birth_place = [[Los Angeles, California]], U.S.
|death_date={{death date and age|1971|06|24|1918|08|31}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1971|06|24|1918|08|31}}
|death_place=Los Angeles, California
| death_place = Los Angeles, California, U.S.
|height_ft=6
| height_ft = 6
|height_in=3
| height_in = 1
|weight_lbs=237
| weight_lbs = 212
|high_school=[[Abraham Lincoln High School (Los Angeles)|Los Angeles (CA) Abraham Lincoln]]
| high_school = [[Abraham Lincoln High School (Los Angeles)|Los Angeles (CA) Abraham Lincoln]]
|college=[[UCLA Bruins football|UCLA]]
| college = [[UCLA Bruins football|UCLA]]
|undraftedyear=1940
| undraftedyear = 1940
|pastteams=
| pastteams =
*[[Hollywood Bears]] (1940–1945)
* [[Hollywood Bears]] (1940-1941)
* San Francisco Clippers (1944)
⚫
*[[Los Angeles Rams]] (1946–1948)
* [[Hollywood Bears]] (1945)
⚫
|highlights=
* [[Los Angeles Rams]] ({{NFL Year|1946}}–{{NFL Year|1948}})
⚫
* [[All-American]] ([[1939 College Football All-America Team|1939]])
⚫
* [[Los Angeles Angels (PCL)]] (1950)
⚫
| highlights =
⚫
* Second-team [[College Football All-America Team|All-American]] ([[1939 College Football All-America Team|1939]])
* 2× First-team [[List of All-Pac-12 Conference football teams|All-PCC]] ([[1938 All-Pacific Coast football team|1938]], [[1939 All-Pacific Coast football team|1939]])
* Second-team All-PCC ([[1937 All-Pacific Coast football team|1937]])
* [[UCLA Bruins football#Retired numbers|UCLA Bruins No. 13]] retired
* [[UCLA Bruins football#Retired numbers|UCLA Bruins No. 13]] retired
⚫
| statlabel1 = Rushing yards
* [[College Football Hall of Fame]] (1956)
⚫
| statvalue1 = 859
⚫
|statlabel1=Rushing Yards
⚫
| statlabel2 = Rushing average
⚫
|statvalue1=859
⚫
| statvalue2 = 6.1
⚫
|statlabel2=Rushing Average
⚫
| statlabel3 = Rushing touchdowns
⚫
|statvalue2=6.1
⚫
| statvalue3 = 8
⚫
|statlabel3=Rushing Touchdowns
⚫
| CollegeHOF = 1548
⚫
|statvalue3=8
|nfl=WAS489831
⚫
|CollegeHOF=1548
}}
}}
'''Kenneth S. Washington''' (August 31, 1918 – June 24, 1971) was an American professional [[American football|football]] player who was the first [[African-American]] to sign a contract with a [[National Football League]] (NFL) team in the modern (post-World War II) era. He played [[college football]] for the [[UCLA Bruins football|UCLA Bruins]].
'''Kenneth Stanley Washington''' (August 31, 1918 – June 24, 1971) was an American professional [[American football|football]] player who was the first [[African-American]] to sign a contract with a [[National Football League]] (NFL) team in the modern (post-World War II) era. He played [[college football]] for the [[UCLA Bruins football|UCLA Bruins]].


==Early life==
==Early life==
Kenneth S. Washington was born in [[Los Angeles]] and grew up in the city's [[Lincoln Heights, Los Angeles|Lincoln Heights]] neighborhood.<ref name="Graser">{{Cite web |url=https://timeline.com/kenny-washington-black-nfl-32e2f52a8b98 |title=The NFL was segregated, until Kenny Washington broke the color barrier in Los Angeles |last=Graser |first=Geoff |date=September 29, 2017 |website=Timeline |access-date=March 19, 2018}}</ref> [[Blue Washington|Edgar "Blue" Washington]], who played [[Negro league baseball]], was his father but he was raised by his grandmother Susie and his uncle Rocky, the first black uniformed lieutenant in the [[Los Angeles Police Department]] (LAPD).<ref name="Wolff">{{cite magazine|last=Wolff |first=Alexander |author-link=Alexander Wolff |date=October 12, 2009 |title=The NFL's Jackie Robinson |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1161017/index.htm |magazine=[[Sports Illustrated]] |location=New York City |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011120338/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1161017/index.htm |archive-date=October 11, 2009 }}</ref> He was a star at both baseball and football at [[Abraham Lincoln High School (Los Angeles, California)|Abraham Lincoln High School]],<ref name="Denicke">{{cite news|first=Dave|last=Denicke|title=Constructing a legacy|work=[[Daily Bruin]] |url=http://www.dailybruin.ucla.edu/db/issues/00/02.24/sports.washington.html|date=February 24, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040317195123/http://www.dailybruin.ucla.edu/db/issues/00/02.24/sports.washington.html |archive-date=March 17, 2004 }}</ref> where he was nicknamed "Kingfish" after a character in the radio show ''[[Amos 'n' Andy]]''.<ref name="Wolff"/> He led both teams to city championships in the same calendar year.<ref name="Rank">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nfl.com/news/story/09000d5d827061c3/article/forgotten-hero-washington-broke-nfls-color-barrier-in-1946 |title=Forgotten hero: Washington broke NFL's color barrier in 1946 |last=Rank |first=Adam |date=February 17, 2012 |publisher=National Football League |language=en |access-date=March 19, 2018}}</ref>
Kenneth Stanley Washington was born in [[Los Angeles]] and grew up in the city's [[Lincoln Heights, Los Angeles|Lincoln Heights]] neighborhood.<ref name="Graser">{{Cite web |url=https://timeline.com/kenny-washington-black-nfl-32e2f52a8b98 |title=The NFL was segregated, until Kenny Washington broke the color barrier in Los Angeles |last=Graser |first=Geoff |date=September 29, 2017 |website=Timeline |access-date=March 19, 2018}}</ref>{{sfn|Atwood|2016|p=23}} His parents, Marian Lenàn and [[Negro league baseball]] player [[Blue Washington|Edgar "Blue" Washington]], separated when he was two years old.{{sfn|Atwood|2016|p=24}} Kenny Washington was raised by his grandmother Susie Washington, his uncle Rocky, the first black uniformed lieutenant in the [[Los Angeles Police Department]] (LAPD),<ref name="Wolff">{{cite magazine|last=Wolff |first=Alexander |author-link=Alexander Wolff |date=October 12, 2009 |title=The NFL's Jackie Robinson |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1161017/index.htm |magazine=[[Sports Illustrated]] |location=New York City |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011120338/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1161017/index.htm |archive-date=October 11, 2009 }}</ref> and his aunt-in-law Hazel.{{sfn|Atwood|2016|pp=24–25}} Washington was a star in both baseball and football at [[Abraham Lincoln High School (Los Angeles, California)|Abraham Lincoln High School]],<ref name="Denicke">{{cite news|first=Dave|last=Denicke|title=Constructing a legacy|work=[[Daily Bruin]] |url=http://www.dailybruin.ucla.edu/db/issues/00/02.24/sports.washington.html|date=February 24, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040317195123/http://www.dailybruin.ucla.edu/db/issues/00/02.24/sports.washington.html |archive-date=March 17, 2004 }}</ref> where he was nicknamed "Kingfish" after a character in the radio show ''[[Amos 'n' Andy]]''.<ref name="Wolff"/> He led both teams to city championships in the same calendar year.<ref name="Rank">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nfl.com/news/forgotten-hero-washington-broke-nfl-s-color-barrier-in-1946-09000d5d827061c3 |title=Forgotten hero: Washington broke NFL's color barrier in 1946 |last=Rank |first=Adam |date=February 17, 2012 |publisher=National Football League |language=en |access-date=March 19, 2018}}</ref>


==College career==
==College career==
Washington attended the [[University of California, Los Angeles]] (UCLA), where he was a member of both the [[UCLA Bruins baseball|Bruins' baseball]] and [[UCLA Bruins football|football]] teams. As a baseball player, Washington was rated better than his teammate [[Jackie Robinson]]. One story has it that [[Brooklyn Dodgers]] manager [[Leo Durocher]] wanted to offer Washington a contract to play for the team, but only if he went to [[Puerto Rico]] first, which Washington refused to do.<ref name="Rank" />
Washington attended the [[University of California, Los Angeles]] (UCLA), where he was a member of both the [[UCLA Bruins baseball|Bruins' baseball]] and [[UCLA Bruins football|football]] teams. As a baseball player, Washington was rated better than his teammate [[Jackie Robinson]]. One story has it that [[Brooklyn Dodgers]] manager [[Leo Durocher]] wanted to offer Washington a contract to play for the team, but only if he went to [[Puerto Rico]] first, which Washington refused to do.<ref name="Rank" />


[[File:Kenny Washington on Spaulding Field at UCLA.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Washington during his time at UCLA]]
In football, his position was [[Halfback (American football)|tailback]], and he often passed as much as he rushed.<ref name=" Wolff"/> Washington rushed for 1,914 yards in his college career, a school record for 34 years. He was one of four African American players on the 1939 UCLA Bruins football team, the others being [[Woody Strode]], Robinson, and Ray Bartlett. Washington, Strode, and Robinson made up three of the four backfield players that year.<ref name=Violett>{{cite magazine | first=B.J. | last=Violett | url=http://newsroom.ucla.edu/stories/970425TeammatesRecall | title=Teammates Recall Jackie Robinson's Legacy | magazine=UCLA Today | date=April 25, 1997 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921002629/http://newsroom.ucla.edu/stories/970425TeammatesRecall | archive-date=September 21, 2017 | url-status=dead |access-date=March 19, 2018}}</ref> This was a rarity to have so many African Americans when only a few dozen at all played on college football teams.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9389095|title=Washington, Kenny|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=February 6, 2006}}</ref> The Bruins played eventual conference and national champion [[USC Trojans football|USC]] to a 0–0 tie with the [[1940 Rose Bowl]] on the line. It was the first [[UCLA–USC rivalry]] football game with national implications. UCLA teammates have commented how strong Washington was when confronted with racial slurs and discrimination.<ref name=Violett /><ref name=" Denicke" />
In football, his position was [[Halfback (American football)|tailback]], and he often passed as much as he rushed.<ref name=" Wolff"/> Washington rushed for 1,914 yards in his college career, a school record for 34 years. He was one of five African American players on the 1939 UCLA Bruins football team, the others being [[Woody Strode]], Robinson, Johnny Wynne, and Ray Bartlett. Washington, Strode, and Robinson made up three of the four backfield players that year.<ref name=Violett>{{cite magazine | first=B.J. | last=Violett | url=http://newsroom.ucla.edu/stories/970425TeammatesRecall | title=Teammates Recall Jackie Robinson's Legacy | magazine=UCLA Today | date=April 25, 1997 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921002629/http://newsroom.ucla.edu/stories/970425TeammatesRecall | archive-date=September 21, 2017 | url-status=dead |access-date=March 19, 2018}}</ref> This was a rarity to have so many African Americans when only a few dozen at all played on college football teams.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9389095|title=Washington, Kenny|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=February 6, 2006}}</ref> The Bruins played eventual conference and national champion [[USC Trojans football|USC]] to a 0–0 tie with the [[1940 Rose Bowl]] on the line. It was the first [[UCLA–USC rivalry]] football game with national implications. UCLA teammates have commented how strong Washington was when confronted with racial slurs and discrimination.<ref name=Violett /><ref name=" Denicke" />


Washington was the first Bruin to lead the nation in total [[Offense (sports)|offense]] and became the first consensus [[All-America]]n in the history of the school's football program in 1939.<ref name="Britannica"/> Despite these achievements and the fact that he also doubled as a [[defensive back]], he was named to second-team All-America selection instead of the first and was omitted from the [[East–West Shrine Game]] that year. These slights were the source of much outrage among media outlets which blamed them on [[racial discrimination]].<ref name="Wolff" />
Washington was the first Bruin to lead the nation in total [[Offense (sports)|offense]] and became the first consensus [[College Football All-America Team|All-American]] in the history of the school's football program in 1939.<ref name="Britannica"/> Despite these achievements and the fact that he also doubled as a [[defensive back]], he was named to second-team All-America selection instead of the first and was omitted from the [[East–West Shrine Game]] that year. These slights were the source of much outrage among media outlets which blamed them on [[racial discrimination]].<ref name="Wolff" />


According to ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine's coverage of the 1940 [[College All-Star Game]], Washington was "considered by West Coast fans the most brilliant player in the US last year."<ref name=Time40>{{cite magazine | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,764624,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014054045/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,764624,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=October 14, 2010 | title=Sport: Kickoff | magazine=Time | date=September 9, 1940 |access-date=July 12, 2011}}</ref> He starred in the 1940 film ''[[While Thousands Cheer]]''.
According to ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine's coverage of the 1940 [[College All-Star Game]], Washington was "considered by West Coast fans the most brilliant player in the US last year."<ref name=Time40>{{cite magazine | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,764624,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014054045/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,764624,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=October 14, 2010 | title=Sport: Kickoff | magazine=Time | date=September 9, 1940 |access-date=July 12, 2011}}</ref> He starred in the 1940 film ''[[While Thousands Cheer]]''.


==Professional football==
==Professional football==
[[File:Washington1948bowmanrookiecard2112.jpg|thumb|Kenny Washington 1948 Bowman rookie card]]
⚫
`After graduation, [[George Halas]], who coached the College All-Star Game, indicated interest in Washington for his [[Chicago Bears]] team, but was unable to convince the league to permit integration.<ref name="Rank" /> Instead, Washington coached football at UCLA and joined the LAPD.<ref name="Wolff" /> From 1940 to 1945, Washington played for the Hollywood Bears of the [[Pacific Coast Professional Football League]], where he was the league's highest-paid player.<ref name="Rams">{{cite web | url=http://www.therams.com/news-and-events/article-1/The-Legacy-of-Kenny-Washington/d6ba4c71-fa7b-4fd4-8209-fd44b84900b6 | title=The Legacy of Kenny Washington | first=Nick | last=Wagoner | date=February 15, 2013 | publisher=Los Angeles Rams | access-date=March 19, 2018}}</ref> He earned all-league recognition each year, including his first year when he suffered a knee injury that prevented him from being conscripted for the war. [[Ezzrett Anderson]] and Washington's UCLA teammate Strode were also on that team.<ref name="Wolff" /> In 1945, he did serve in the military on the [[United Service Organizations|USO]] tour as a type of sports ambassador, visiting with troops and playing in exhibition games.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kwsfoundation.org/pioneer/ |title=Pioneer |publisher=Kenny Washington Stadium Foundation |language=en-US |access-date=March 20, 2018 |archive-date=March 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321063224/http://kwsfoundation.org/pioneer/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="StrodeYoung1993">{{cite book|last1=Strode|first1=Woody|author-link1=Woody Strode|last2=Young|first2=Sam|title=Goal Dust: The Warm Candid Memoirs of a Pioneer Black Athlete and Actor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pz6C696_IxMC&pg=PA134|access-date=March 20, 2018|year=1993|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781568330143|page=134}}</ref>


When the [[Cleveland Rams]] moved to Los Angeles, the team sought to play in the publicly owned [[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum]]{{spaced ndash}}a decision which created immediate pressure that the team be [[racial integration|racially integrated]], since black taxpayers as well as white had paid for construction of the facility.<ref>{{cite magazine | first=A. S. | last=Young | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ltoDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA118 | title=The Black Athlete Makes His Mark | magazine=Ebony| volume=26 |issue=7 |year=1969 |page=118}}</ref> The terms of the Coliseum's lease would end up being a determining factor in signing of Washington and the re-integration of the NFL. The Rams backfield coach [[Bill Snyder]] would later state that “I doubt we would have been interested in Washington had we stayed in Cleveland.” <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Thomas G. |date=1988 |title=Outside the Pale: The Exclusion of Blacks from the National Football League, 1934-1946 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43609225 |journal=Journal of Sport History |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=255–281 |issn=0094-1700}}</ref>
⚫
After graduation, [[George Halas]], who coached the College All-Star Game, indicated interest in Washington for his [[Chicago Bears]] team, but was unable to convince the league to permit integration.<ref name="Rank" /> Instead, Washington coached football at UCLA and joined the LAPD.<ref name="Wolff" /> From 1940 to 1945, Washington played for the Hollywood Bears of the [[Pacific Coast Professional Football League]], where he was the league's highest-paid player.<ref name="Rams">{{cite web | url=http://www.therams.com/news-and-events/article-1/The-Legacy-of-Kenny-Washington/d6ba4c71-fa7b-4fd4-8209-fd44b84900b6 | title=The Legacy of Kenny Washington | first=Nick | last=Wagoner | date=February 15, 2013 | publisher=Los Angeles Rams | access-date=March 19, 2018}}</ref> He earned all-league recognition each year, including his first year when he suffered a knee injury that prevented him from being conscripted for the war. [[Ezzrett Anderson]] and Washington's UCLA teammate Strode were also on that team.<ref name="Wolff" /> In 1945, he did serve in the military on the [[United Service Organizations|USO]] tour as a type of sports ambassador, visiting with troops and playing in exhibition games.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kwsfoundation.org/pioneer/ |title=Pioneer |publisher=Kenny Washington Stadium Foundation |language=en-US |access-date=March 20, 2018}}</ref><ref name="StrodeYoung1993">{{cite book|last1=Strode|first1=Woody|author-link1=Woody Strode|last2=Young|first2=Sam|title=Goal Dust: The Warm Candid Memoirs of a Pioneer Black Athlete and Actor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pz6C696_IxMC&pg=PA134|access-date=March 20, 2018|year=1993|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781568330143|page=134}}</ref>


When the [[Cleveland Rams]] moved to Los Angeles, the team sought to play in the publicly owned [[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum]]{{spaced ndash}}a decision which created immediate pressure that the team be [[racial integration|racially integrated]], since black taxpayers as well as white had paid for construction of the facility.<ref>{{cite magazine | first=A. S. | last=Young | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ltoDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA118 | title=The Black Athlete Makes His Mark | magazine=Ebony| volume=26 |issue=7 |year=1969 |page=118}}</ref> The ''[[Los Angeles Tribune (1941–1960)|Los Angeles Tribune]]'' was especially outspoken, thanks to its African-American sports editor, [[Halley Harding|William Claire "Halley" Harding]], a former professional athlete and member of the [[debate]] team at [[Wiley College]].<ref name="Wolff" /> As a result, the team signed Washington on {{nowrap|March 21,}} 1946, followed by Strode on {{nowrap|May 7}}.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nfl.com/news/story/09000d5d8270aa10/article/first-africanamerican-nfl-players-helped-break-down-barriers | title=First American NFL Players Helped Break Down Barriers | publisher=National Football League | date=January 16, 2014}}</ref>
The ''[[Los Angeles Tribune (1941–1960)|Los Angeles Tribune]]'' was especially outspoken in its push for the Rams to sign Washington, thanks to its African-American sports editor, [[Halley Harding|William Claire "Halley" Harding]], a former professional athlete and member of the [[debate]] team at [[Wiley College]].<ref name="Wolff" /> As a result, the team signed Washington on {{nowrap|March 21,}} 1946, followed by Strode on {{nowrap|May 7}}.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nfl.com/news/first-african-american-nfl-players-helped-break-down-barriers-09000d5d8270aa10 | title=First American NFL Players Helped Break Down Barriers | publisher=National Football League | date=January 16, 2014}}</ref> Following Washington's signing, parallels were drawn to [[Jackie Robinson]]'s debut with the [[Brooklyn Dodgers]] by some in the media.<ref name=":0" />


Prior to his first NFL season Washington underwent surgery in both knees (his fifth knee surgery overall{{spaced ndash}}as a child he contracted [[rickets]] and was once hit by car<ref name="Rank" />), having torn [[meniscus (anatomy)|cartilage]] removed from his left knee and what was characterized in the press as "a growth" from his right.<ref>{{cite news | agency=Associated Press | url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3772460/los_angeles_rams_halfback_kenny/ |title=Operation for Gridiron Star | work=Berkshire Eagle | date=April 11, 1946 | page=21}}{{subscription required}}</ref> He played for the Rams for three years, but although his injuries had taken their toll, he was still able to lead the league in yards per carry in his second season,<ref name="Wolff" /> and even scored a 92-yard touchdown, which remains the Rams team record for the longest run from scrimmage.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lapl.org/collections-resources/blogs/lapl/los-angeles-and-integrating-nfl |title=Los Angeles and the Reintegration of the NFL |last=Timmermann |first=Bob |date=February 3, 2017 |publisher=[[Los Angeles Public Library]] |language=en |access-date=March 19, 2018}}</ref> When he retired in 1948, 80,000 people attended his final game and the entire stadium gave him a standing ovation.<ref name="Rank" />
While the signings of Washington and Strode are notable as they marked the re-entry of African-Americans into the NFL, both of these players had already passed their athletic peaks (Strode was 31). At age 27, prior to his first NFL season Washington underwent surgery in both knees (his fifth knee surgery overall{{spaced ndash}}as a child he contracted [[rickets]] and was once hit by car<ref name="Rank" />), having torn [[meniscus (anatomy)|cartilage]] removed from his left knee and what was characterized in the press as "a growth" from his right.<ref>{{cite news | agency=Associated Press | url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3772460/los_angeles_rams_halfback_kenny/ |title=Operation for Gridiron Star | work=Berkshire Eagle | date=April 11, 1946 | page=21}}{{subscription required}}</ref> Washington would play for the Rams for three seasons despite his injuries, producing a productive tenure with the team. Washington was the league leader in yards per carry in his second season,<ref name="Wolff" /> and even scored a 92-yard touchdown, which remains the Rams team record for the longest run from scrimmage.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lapl.org/collections-resources/blogs/lapl/los-angeles-and-integrating-nfl |title=Los Angeles and the Reintegration of the NFL |last=Timmermann |first=Bob |date=February 3, 2017 |publisher=[[Los Angeles Public Library]] |language=en |access-date=March 19, 2018}}</ref> While his career in the NFL did not reach the statistical heights of his college career, his entry into the league is still of great importance due to the precedent it set of allowing African Americans into the modern NFL. When he retired in 1948, 80,000 people attended his final game and the entire stadium gave him a standing ovation.<ref name="Rank" />


==Later years==
==Later years==


Washington was a staunch [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] in his younger years and strongly supported [[Richard Nixon]]'s [[1950 United States Senate election in California|1950 U.S. Senate campaign]]. The night before Nixon's crushing victory over Congresswoman [[Helen Gahagan Douglas]], the candidate{{spaced ndash}}a great football fan{{spaced ndash}}spent the evening at Washington's south Los Angeles home playing music and trying to relax.<ref>{{cite book | first=Roger | last=Morris | title=Richard Milhous Nixon: The Rise of an American Politician | location=New York | publisher=Holt | year=1990 | page=612 | isbn=978-0805018349}}</ref> However, in the [[1960 United States presidential election|1960 presidential election]], Washington voted for [[John F. Kennedy]] instead of Nixon and tended to vote for [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] for the rest of his life, but he never declared a political party affiliation.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Lost Champions: Four Men, Two Teams, and the Breaking of Pro Football's Color Line |last=Atwood |first=Gretchen |date=September 6, 2016 |publisher=Bloomsbury USA |isbn=9781620406007 |location=New York|oclc = 956379043}}</ref>{{page needed|date=March 2019}}
Washington was a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] in his younger years and strongly supported [[Richard Nixon]]'s [[1950 United States Senate election in California|1950 U.S. Senate campaign]]. The night before Nixon's victory over Congresswoman [[Helen Gahagan Douglas]], the candidate{{spaced ndash}}a great football fan{{spaced ndash}}spent the evening at Washington's south Los Angeles home playing music and trying to relax.<ref>{{cite book | first=Roger | last=Morris | title=Richard Milhous Nixon: The Rise of an American Politician | location=New York | publisher=Holt | year=1990 | page=612 | isbn=978-0805018349}}</ref> However, in the [[1960 United States presidential election|1960 presidential election]], Washington voted for [[John F. Kennedy]] instead of Nixon and tended to vote for [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] for the rest of his life, but he never declared a political party affiliation.{{sfn|Atwood|2016}}{{page needed|date=March 2019}}


After retirement from football, Washington returned to the LAPD.<ref name="Rams"/> He also worked for a grocery store chain and a whiskey distributor, and was a part-time [[scout (sport)|scout]] for the [[Los Angeles Dodgers]], where his son Kenny Jr. played.<ref name="Wolff" /> Thanks to his connections from when he had worked at movie studios during his undergraduate years, he was also chosen for a few film roles,<ref name="Wolff" /> including ''[[Rope of Sand]]'' (1949),<ref>{{Tcmdb title|id=88640|title=Rope of Sand}}</ref> ''[[Pinky (film)|Pinky]]'' (1949),<ref>{{tcmdb title|id=86716|title=Pinky}}</ref> and ''[[The Jackie Robinson Story]]'' (1950).<ref>{{tcmdb title|id=19169|title=The Jackie Robinson Story}}</ref>
After retirement from football, Washington returned to the LAPD.<ref name="Rams"/> He also worked for a grocery store chain and a whiskey distributor, and was a part-time [[scout (sport)|scout]] for the [[Los Angeles Dodgers]], where his son Kenny Jr. played.<ref name="Wolff" /> Thanks to his connections from when he had worked at movie studios during his undergraduate years, he was also chosen for a few film roles,<ref name="Wolff" /> including ''[[Rope of Sand]]'' (1949),<ref>{{TCMDb title|id=88640|title=Rope of Sand}}</ref> ''[[Pinky (film)|Pinky]]'' (1949),<ref>{{TCMDb title|id=86716|title=Pinky}}</ref> and ''[[The Jackie Robinson Story]]'' (1950).<ref>{{TCMDb title|id=19169|title=The Jackie Robinson Story}}</ref>


==Death and legacy==
==Death==
Washington died of heart and lung problems at the age of 52 in Los Angeles, California.<ref>{{cite book | first1=Bob | last1=Boyles | first2=Paul | last2=Guido |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eNThHqwUK7kC&pg=PA273 |title=The USA Today College Football Encyclopedia (2009-2010)| page=273 | year=2009| access-date=September 8, 2012 |isbn=9781602396777}}</ref> He is buried in [[Evergreen Cemetery (Los Angeles)|Evergreen Cemetery]].
Washington died of heart and lung problems at the age of 52 in Los Angeles, California.<ref>{{cite book | first1=Bob | last1=Boyles | first2=Paul | last2=Guido |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eNThHqwUK7kC&pg=PA273 |title=The USA Today College Football Encyclopedia (2009–2010)| page=273 | year=2009| access-date=September 8, 2012 |isbn=9781602396777}}</ref> He is buried in [[Evergreen Cemetery (Los Angeles)|Evergreen Cemetery]].


==Legacy==
For his contribution to sports in Los Angeles, he was honored with a Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum [[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum#"Court of Honor" plaques|"Court of Honor"]] plaque by the Coliseum commissioners.<ref>[http://www.lacoliseum.com/pages/memcourt.shtml "Los Angeles Coliseum Court of Honor Plaques"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308110835/http://www.lacoliseum.com/pages/memcourt.shtml |date=March 8, 2010 }} on the Coliseum website</ref> He was inducted to the [[College Football Hall of Fame]] in 1956<ref>{{cite web|url=http://collegefootball.org/famersearch.php?id=30096 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130113180937/http://collegefootball.org/famersearch.php?id=30096 |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 13, 2013 |work=[[College Football Hall of Fame]] |title=Kenny "Kingfish" Washington |access-date=August 23, 2005 }}</ref> and his number 13 jersey was the first to be retired at UCLA.<ref name="Graser" /> He was posthumously inducted into the UCLA Athletic Hall of Fame.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://optimists.ucla.edu/profiles/kenny-washington/ |title=He made history as a forgotten hero. |website=The Optimists |publisher=UCLA |language=en-US |access-date=March 19, 2018}}</ref> His ''alma mater'' Lincoln High School has annually awarded the Kenny Washington Trophy to the school's best football player since 1949.<ref name="Plaschke ">{{Cite news |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/oct/11/sports/la-sp-plaschke-20111012 |title=Remembering forgotten hero Kenny Washington |last=Plaschke |first=Bill |date=October 11, 2011 |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=March 19, 2018 |language=en-US |issn=0458-3035}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kwsfoundation.org/the-trophy/ |title=The Trophy |publisher=Kenny Washington Stadium Foundation |language=en-US |access-date=March 19, 2018}}</ref>
For his contribution to sports in Los Angeles, Washington was honored with a Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum [[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum#"Court of Honor" plaques|"Court of Honor"]] plaque by the Coliseum commissioners.<ref>[http://www.lacoliseum.com/pages/memcourt.shtml "Los Angeles Coliseum Court of Honor Plaques"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308110835/http://www.lacoliseum.com/pages/memcourt.shtml |date=March 8, 2010 }} on the Coliseum website</ref> He was inducted to the [[College Football Hall of Fame]] in 1956<ref>{{cite web|url=http://collegefootball.org/famersearch.php?id=30096 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130113180937/http://collegefootball.org/famersearch.php?id=30096 |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 13, 2013 |work=[[College Football Hall of Fame]] |title=Kenny "Kingfish" Washington |access-date=August 23, 2005 }}</ref> and his number 13 jersey was the first to be retired at UCLA.<ref name="Graser" /> He was posthumously inducted into the UCLA Athletics Hall of Fame.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://optimists.ucla.edu/profiles/kenny-washington/ |title=He made history as a forgotten hero. |website=The Optimists |publisher=UCLA |language=en-US |access-date=March 19, 2018}}</ref> His ''alma mater'' [[Abraham Lincoln High School (Los Angeles)|Abraham Lincoln High School]] has annually awarded the Kenny Washington Trophy to the school's best football player since 1949.<ref name="Plaschke ">{{Cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/la-xpm-2011-oct-11-la-sp-plaschke-20111012-story.html |title=Remembering forgotten hero Kenny Washington |last=Plaschke |first=Bill |date=October 11, 2011 |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=March 19, 2018 |language=en-US |issn=0458-3035}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kwsfoundation.org/the-trophy/ |title=The Trophy |publisher=Kenny Washington Stadium Foundation |language=en-US |access-date=March 19, 2018}}</ref>


One legacy of Washington's and Strode's experience in the NFL – paralleled in 1946 by racial trailblazers [[Marion Motley]] and [[Bill Willis]] in the rival [[All-America Football Conference]] – was that [[Branch Rickey]], president of the [[Brooklyn Dodgers]], saw that blacks and whites could coexist in a violent sport without much disruption, and decided that Major League Baseball could be integrated as well. He signed Washington's and Strode's UCLA teammate [[Jackie Robinson]] to the Dodgers in 1947.<ref name="Wolff" />
One legacy of Washington's and Strode's experience in the NFL – paralleled in 1946 by racial trailblazers [[Marion Motley]] and [[Bill Willis]] in the rival [[All-America Football Conference]] – was that [[Branch Rickey]], president of the [[Brooklyn Dodgers]], saw that blacks and whites could coexist in a violent sport without much disruption, and decided that Major League Baseball could be integrated as well. He signed Washington's and Strode's UCLA teammate [[Jackie Robinson]] to the Dodgers in 1947.<ref name="Wolff" />


However, for many years, Washington was ignored by the NFL and the story of professional football's postwar integration received little attention. One reason is because for most of the 20th century, baseball was by far the top sport in the U.S., and another was that his NFL career was a short three years.<ref name="Rams" /> Neither Washington nor Strode has been inducted to the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]], although both [[Marion Motley]] and [[Bill Willis]] of the AAFC's and NFL's [[Cleveland Browns]] have received that honor. [[Abraham Lincoln High School (Los Angeles)|Abraham Lincoln High School]] renamed their stadium after Washington and every year since 2011 holds a memorial football game on the anniversary of Washington's death.
However, for many years, Washington was ignored by the NFL and the story of professional football's postwar integration received little attention. One reason is because for most of the 20th century, baseball was by far the top sport in the U.S., and another was that his NFL career was a short three years.<ref name="Rams" /> Neither Washington nor Strode has been inducted to the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]], although both [[Marion Motley]] and [[Bill Willis]] of the AAFC's and NFL's [[Cleveland Browns]] have received that honor. Lincoln High School renamed their stadium after Washington, and every year since 2011 holds a memorial football game on the anniversary of Washington's death.


==See also==
==See also==
* [[List of NCAA major college football yearly total offense leaders]]
* [[List of NCAA major college football yearly total offense leaders]]


==Footnotes==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}

==Sources==
*{{Cite book |title=Lost Champions: Four Men, Two Teams, and the Breaking of Pro Football's Color Line |last=Atwood |first=Gretchen |date=September 6, 2016 |publisher=Bloomsbury USA |isbn=9781620406007 |location=New York|oclc = 956379043}}


==External links==
==External links==
Line 85: Line 95:
* [http://www.thirdandlong.tv/the-tal-project/video/ ''Third and Long'' documentary film series], which includes an episode about Washington and Strode
* [http://www.thirdandlong.tv/the-tal-project/video/ ''Third and Long'' documentary film series], which includes an episode about Washington and Strode
* [http://kwsfoundation.org/ Kenny Washington Stadium Foundation], a non-profit organization attempting to rebuild the facilities at Lincoln High School
* [http://kwsfoundation.org/ Kenny Washington Stadium Foundation], a non-profit organization attempting to rebuild the facilities at Lincoln High School
* [https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/kenny-washington/ Kenny Washington] at [[Society for American Baseball Research|SABR]] (Baseball BioProject)


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:California Republicans]]
[[Category:California Republicans]]
[[Category:Burials at Evergreen Cemetery, Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Burials at Evergreen Cemetery, Los Angeles]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American people]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American sportsmen]]
[[Category:People from Lincoln Heights, Los Angeles]]
[[Category:People from Lincoln Heights, Los Angeles]]

Latest revision as of 07:19, 6 November 2024

Kenny Washington
refer to caption
Washington in 1938
No. 13
Position:Running back
Personal information
Born:(1918-08-31)August 31, 1918
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Died:June 24, 1971(1971-06-24) (aged 52)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Height:6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)
Weight:212 lb (96 kg)
Career information
High school:Los Angeles (CA) Abraham Lincoln
College:UCLA
Undrafted:1940
Career history
Career highlights and awards
Career NFL statistics
Rushing yards:859
Rushing average:6.1
Rushing touchdowns:8
College Football Hall of Fame

Kenneth Stanley Washington (August 31, 1918 – June 24, 1971) was an American professional football player who was the first African-American to sign a contract with a National Football League (NFL) team in the modern (post-World War II) era. He played college football for the UCLA Bruins.

Early life

[edit]

Kenneth Stanley Washington was born in Los Angeles and grew up in the city's Lincoln Heights neighborhood.[1][2] His parents, Marian Lenàn and Negro league baseball player Edgar "Blue" Washington, separated when he was two years old.[3] Kenny Washington was raised by his grandmother Susie Washington, his uncle Rocky, the first black uniformed lieutenant in the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD),[4] and his aunt-in-law Hazel.[5] Washington was a star in both baseball and football at Abraham Lincoln High School,[6] where he was nicknamed "Kingfish" after a character in the radio show Amos 'n' Andy.[4] He led both teams to city championships in the same calendar year.[7]

College career

[edit]

Washington attended the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), where he was a member of both the Bruins' baseball and football teams. As a baseball player, Washington was rated better than his teammate Jackie Robinson. One story has it that Brooklyn Dodgers manager Leo Durocher wanted to offer Washington a contract to play for the team, but only if he went to Puerto Rico first, which Washington refused to do.[7]

Washington during his time at UCLA

In football, his position was tailback, and he often passed as much as he rushed.[4] Washington rushed for 1,914 yards in his college career, a school record for 34 years. He was one of five African American players on the 1939 UCLA Bruins football team, the others being Woody Strode, Robinson, Johnny Wynne, and Ray Bartlett. Washington, Strode, and Robinson made up three of the four backfield players that year.[8] This was a rarity to have so many African Americans when only a few dozen at all played on college football teams.[9] The Bruins played eventual conference and national champion USC to a 0–0 tie with the 1940 Rose Bowl on the line. It was the first UCLA–USC rivalry football game with national implications. UCLA teammates have commented how strong Washington was when confronted with racial slurs and discrimination.[8][6]

Washington was the first Bruin to lead the nation in total offense and became the first consensus All-American in the history of the school's football program in 1939.[9] Despite these achievements and the fact that he also doubled as a defensive back, he was named to second-team All-America selection instead of the first and was omitted from the East–West Shrine Game that year. These slights were the source of much outrage among media outlets which blamed them on racial discrimination.[4]

According to Time magazine's coverage of the 1940 College All-Star Game, Washington was "considered by West Coast fans the most brilliant player in the US last year."[10] He starred in the 1940 film While Thousands Cheer.

Professional football

[edit]
Kenny Washington 1948 Bowman rookie card

`After graduation, George Halas, who coached the College All-Star Game, indicated interest in Washington for his Chicago Bears team, but was unable to convince the league to permit integration.[7] Instead, Washington coached football at UCLA and joined the LAPD.[4] From 1940 to 1945, Washington played for the Hollywood Bears of the Pacific Coast Professional Football League, where he was the league's highest-paid player.[11] He earned all-league recognition each year, including his first year when he suffered a knee injury that prevented him from being conscripted for the war. Ezzrett Anderson and Washington's UCLA teammate Strode were also on that team.[4] In 1945, he did serve in the military on the USO tour as a type of sports ambassador, visiting with troops and playing in exhibition games.[12][13]

When the Cleveland Rams moved to Los Angeles, the team sought to play in the publicly owned Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum – a decision which created immediate pressure that the team be racially integrated, since black taxpayers as well as white had paid for construction of the facility.[14] The terms of the Coliseum's lease would end up being a determining factor in signing of Washington and the re-integration of the NFL. The Rams backfield coach Bill Snyder would later state that “I doubt we would have been interested in Washington had we stayed in Cleveland.” [15]

The Los Angeles Tribune was especially outspoken in its push for the Rams to sign Washington, thanks to its African-American sports editor, William Claire "Halley" Harding, a former professional athlete and member of the debate team at Wiley College.[4] As a result, the team signed Washington on March 21, 1946, followed by Strode on May 7.[16] Following Washington's signing, parallels were drawn to Jackie Robinson's debut with the Brooklyn Dodgers by some in the media.[15]

While the signings of Washington and Strode are notable as they marked the re-entry of African-Americans into the NFL, both of these players had already passed their athletic peaks (Strode was 31). At age 27, prior to his first NFL season Washington underwent surgery in both knees (his fifth knee surgery overall – as a child he contracted rickets and was once hit by car[7]), having torn cartilage removed from his left knee and what was characterized in the press as "a growth" from his right.[17] Washington would play for the Rams for three seasons despite his injuries, producing a productive tenure with the team. Washington was the league leader in yards per carry in his second season,[4] and even scored a 92-yard touchdown, which remains the Rams team record for the longest run from scrimmage.[18] While his career in the NFL did not reach the statistical heights of his college career, his entry into the league is still of great importance due to the precedent it set of allowing African Americans into the modern NFL. When he retired in 1948, 80,000 people attended his final game and the entire stadium gave him a standing ovation.[7]

Later years

[edit]

Washington was a Republican in his younger years and strongly supported Richard Nixon's 1950 U.S. Senate campaign. The night before Nixon's victory over Congresswoman Helen Gahagan Douglas, the candidate – a great football fan – spent the evening at Washington's south Los Angeles home playing music and trying to relax.[19] However, in the 1960 presidential election, Washington voted for John F. Kennedy instead of Nixon and tended to vote for Democrats for the rest of his life, but he never declared a political party affiliation.[20][page needed]

After retirement from football, Washington returned to the LAPD.[11] He also worked for a grocery store chain and a whiskey distributor, and was a part-time scout for the Los Angeles Dodgers, where his son Kenny Jr. played.[4] Thanks to his connections from when he had worked at movie studios during his undergraduate years, he was also chosen for a few film roles,[4] including Rope of Sand (1949),[21] Pinky (1949),[22] and The Jackie Robinson Story (1950).[23]

Death

[edit]

Washington died of heart and lung problems at the age of 52 in Los Angeles, California.[24] He is buried in Evergreen Cemetery.

Legacy

[edit]

For his contribution to sports in Los Angeles, Washington was honored with a Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum "Court of Honor" plaque by the Coliseum commissioners.[25] He was inducted to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1956[26] and his number 13 jersey was the first to be retired at UCLA.[1] He was posthumously inducted into the UCLA Athletics Hall of Fame.[27] His alma mater Abraham Lincoln High School has annually awarded the Kenny Washington Trophy to the school's best football player since 1949.[28][29]

One legacy of Washington's and Strode's experience in the NFL – paralleled in 1946 by racial trailblazers Marion Motley and Bill Willis in the rival All-America Football Conference – was that Branch Rickey, president of the Brooklyn Dodgers, saw that blacks and whites could coexist in a violent sport without much disruption, and decided that Major League Baseball could be integrated as well. He signed Washington's and Strode's UCLA teammate Jackie Robinson to the Dodgers in 1947.[4]

However, for many years, Washington was ignored by the NFL and the story of professional football's postwar integration received little attention. One reason is because for most of the 20th century, baseball was by far the top sport in the U.S., and another was that his NFL career was a short three years.[11] Neither Washington nor Strode has been inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame, although both Marion Motley and Bill Willis of the AAFC's and NFL's Cleveland Browns have received that honor. Lincoln High School renamed their stadium after Washington, and every year since 2011 holds a memorial football game on the anniversary of Washington's death.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Graser, Geoff (September 29, 2017). "The NFL was segregated, until Kenny Washington broke the color barrier in Los Angeles". Timeline. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
  2. ^ Atwood 2016, p. 23.
  3. ^ Atwood 2016, p. 24.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Wolff, Alexander (October 12, 2009). "The NFL's Jackie Robinson". Sports Illustrated. New York City. Archived from the original on October 11, 2009.
  5. ^ Atwood 2016, pp. 24–25.
  6. ^ a b Denicke, Dave (February 24, 2000). "Constructing a legacy". Daily Bruin. Archived from the original on March 17, 2004.
  7. ^ a b c d e Rank, Adam (February 17, 2012). "Forgotten hero: Washington broke NFL's color barrier in 1946". National Football League. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
  8. ^ a b Violett, B.J. (April 25, 1997). "Teammates Recall Jackie Robinson's Legacy". UCLA Today. Archived from the original on September 21, 2017. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
  9. ^ a b "Washington, Kenny". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved February 6, 2006.
  10. ^ "Sport: Kickoff". Time. September 9, 1940. Archived from the original on October 14, 2010. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  11. ^ a b c Wagoner, Nick (February 15, 2013). "The Legacy of Kenny Washington". Los Angeles Rams. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
  12. ^ "Pioneer". Kenny Washington Stadium Foundation. Archived from the original on March 21, 2018. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
  13. ^ Strode, Woody; Young, Sam (1993). Goal Dust: The Warm Candid Memoirs of a Pioneer Black Athlete and Actor. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 134. ISBN 9781568330143. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
  14. ^ Young, A. S. (1969). "The Black Athlete Makes His Mark". Ebony. Vol. 26, no. 7. p. 118.
  15. ^ a b Smith, Thomas G. (1988). "Outside the Pale: The Exclusion of Blacks from the National Football League, 1934-1946". Journal of Sport History. 15 (3): 255–281. ISSN 0094-1700.
  16. ^ "First American NFL Players Helped Break Down Barriers". National Football League. January 16, 2014.
  17. ^ "Operation for Gridiron Star". Berkshire Eagle. Associated Press. April 11, 1946. p. 21.(subscription required)
  18. ^ Timmermann, Bob (February 3, 2017). "Los Angeles and the Reintegration of the NFL". Los Angeles Public Library. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
  19. ^ Morris, Roger (1990). Richard Milhous Nixon: The Rise of an American Politician. New York: Holt. p. 612. ISBN 978-0805018349.
  20. ^ Atwood 2016.
  21. ^ Rope of Sand at the TCM Movie Database
  22. ^ Pinky at the TCM Movie Database
  23. ^ The Jackie Robinson Story at the TCM Movie Database
  24. ^ Boyles, Bob; Guido, Paul (2009). The USA Today College Football Encyclopedia (2009–2010). p. 273. ISBN 9781602396777. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
  25. ^ "Los Angeles Coliseum Court of Honor Plaques" Archived March 8, 2010, at the Wayback Machine on the Coliseum website
  26. ^ "Kenny "Kingfish" Washington". College Football Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on January 13, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2005.
  27. ^ "He made history as a forgotten hero". The Optimists. UCLA. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
  28. ^ Plaschke, Bill (October 11, 2011). "Remembering forgotten hero Kenny Washington". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
  29. ^ "The Trophy". Kenny Washington Stadium Foundation. Retrieved March 19, 2018.

Sources

[edit]
  • Atwood, Gretchen (September 6, 2016). Lost Champions: Four Men, Two Teams, and the Breaking of Pro Football's Color Line. New York: Bloomsbury USA. ISBN 9781620406007. OCLC 956379043.
[edit]
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