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{{Short description|President of Chad from 1979 to 1982}}
{{short description|President of Chad from 1979 to 1982}}
{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Goukouni Oueddei
| name = Goukouni Oueddei
Line 7: Line 7:
| term_start = 3 September 1979
| term_start = 3 September 1979
| term_end = 7 June 1982
| term_end = 7 June 1982
| primeminister = [[Djidingar Dono Ngardoum]]
| vicepresident = [[Wadel Abdelkader Kamougué]]
| vicepresident = [[Wadel Abdelkader Kamougué]]
| predecessor = [[Lol Mahamat Choua]]
| predecessor = [[Lol Mahamat Choua]]
Line 13: Line 14:
| term_start2 = 23 March 1979
| term_start2 = 23 March 1979
| term_end2 = 29 April 1979
| term_end2 = 29 April 1979
| vicepresident2 = Vacant
| vicepresident2 = ''Vacant''
| predecessor2 = [[Félix Malloum]]
| predecessor2 = [[Félix Malloum]]
| successor2 = Lol Mahamat Choua
| successor2 = Lol Mahamat Choua
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1944}}
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1944}}
| birth_place = [[Zouar, Chad|Zouar]], Chad
| birth_place = [[Zouar, Chad|Zouar]], [[French Equatorial Africa]]<br>(present-day [[Chad]])
| party = [[FROLINAT]]
| party = [[FROLINAT]]
| spouse =
| spouse =
| religion =
| religion =
| native_name = {{nobold|كوكوني عويدي}}
| native_name_lang = ar
}}
}}
⚫
'''Goukouni Oueddei''' ({{lang-ar|كوكوني عويدي}} ''{{transl|ar|DIN|Kūkūnī ʿWaīday}}''; born 1944 in [[Zouar, Chad|Zouar]])<ref>{{cite book |last=M. Lentz |first=Harris |date=4 February 2014 |title= Heads of States and Governments Since 1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D6HKAgAAQBAJ&q=Goukouni+Oueddei+born&pg=PA156 |publisher=Routledge |page= 156|isbn=9781134264902 }}</ref> is a [[Chad]]ian politician who served as [[President of Chad]] from 1979 to 1982.


⚫
'''Goukouni Oueddei''' ({{langx|ar|كوكوني عويدي}} ''{{transl|ar|DIN|Kūkūnī ʿWaīday}}''; born 1944)<ref>{{cite book |last=Lentz |first=Harris M. |title=Heads of States and Governments Since 1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D6HKAgAAQBAJ&q=Goukouni+Oueddei+born&pg=PA156 |publisher=Routledge |date=4 February 2014 |page=156 |isbn=9781134264902}}</ref> is a [[Chad]]ian politician who served as [[President of Chad]] from 1979 to 1982.
⚫
A northerner, Oueddei commanded [[FROLINAT]] rebels with [[History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi|Libyan]] support during the first [[Chadian Civil War (1965-1979)|Chadian Civil War]] against Chad's southern-dominated government. Upon the rebel victory and the resignation of President [[Felix Malloum]] 1979, he became the new president of the Chad's new [[Transitional Government of National Unity|transitional coalition government]] by the terms of the [[Lagos Accord]] with rival fellow rebel commander [[Hissène Habré]] as defense minister. Pursuing a pro-Libya policy, continued differences with Habré who opposed Libya led to him being overthrown by Habré's forces in 1982. He then became the foremost opponent to Habré's new government, and fought against him during the [[Libyan-Chadian conflict]] as a Libyan-backed rebel leader. In 1985, due to a supposed rift with his Libyan allies, he went into exile.

⚫
A northerner, Goukouni commanded [[FROLINAT]] rebels with [[History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi|Libyan]] support during the first [[Chadian Civil War (1965-1979)|Chadian Civil War]] against Chad's southern-dominated government. Upon the rebel victory and the resignation of President [[Felix Malloum]] in 1979, he became the new president of [[Transitional Government of National Unity (Chad)|Chad's new transitional coalition government]] by the terms of the [[Lagos Accord]], with rival fellow rebel commander [[Hissène Habré]] as defense minister. Goukouni pursued a pro-Libya policy; continued differences with Habré, who opposed Libya, led to him being overthrown by Habré's forces in 1982. He then became the foremost opponent to Habré's new government, and fought against him during the [[Libyan-Chadian conflict]] as a Libyan-backed rebel leader. In 1985, due to a supposed rift with his Libyan allies, he went into exile.


== Biography ==
== Biography ==
Goukouni is from the northern half of the country and is the son of [[Oueddei Kichidemi]], ''[[derde]]'' of the [[Teda people|Teda]]. He entered politics in the late 1960s as a militant in the [[National Liberation Front of Chad]] (FROLINAT) led by [[Abba Siddick]]. FROLINAT resented the political dominance enjoyed by southerners under the presidency of [[François Tombalbaye]] and advocated the participation of central and northern peoples. After Tombalbaye's assassination in 1975, tensions between the two geographical halves escalated into a convoluted civil war that involved several Chadian political groups, [[Libya]], the [[United States]], and [[France]]. The conflict was to last through the 1980s. Goukouni viewed the dictatorial Tombalbaye regime as an instrument of continued French hegemony in Chad.
Goukouni is from the northern half of the country and is the son of [[Oueddei Kichidemi]], ''[[derde]]'' of the [[Teda people|Teda]]. He entered politics in the late 1960s as a militant in the [[National Liberation Front of Chad]] (FROLINAT) led by [[Abba Siddick]]. FROLINAT resented the political dominance enjoyed by southerners under the presidency of [[François Tombalbaye]] and advocated the participation of central and northern peoples. After Tombalbaye's assassination in 1975, tensions between the two geographical halves of the country escalated into a convoluted civil war that involved several Chadian political groups, [[Libya]], the [[United States]], and [[France]]. The conflict lasted through the 1980s. Goukouni viewed the dictatorial Tombalbaye regime as an instrument of continued French hegemony in Chad.


==President==
==President==
Goukouni was installed as interim Chadian [[head of state]] on 23 March 1979. He was acclaimed President of the [[Transitional Government of National Unity]] (GUNT), which sought reconciliation between warring factions, on 10 November 1979. Goukouni, a [[Cold War]] neutralist who supported Libya, was Head of State; [[Wadel Abdelkader Kamougué]] (a southern moderate) was Vice President; [[Hissène Habré]] (a pro-West northerner) was Minister of Defence; and [[Acyl Ahmat]] (a strongly pro-Libyan Arab) was Minister of Foreign Affairs.
Goukouni was installed as interim Chadian [[head of state]] on 23 March 1979. He was acclaimed President of the [[Transitional Government of National Unity (Chad)|Transitional Government of National Unity]] (GUNT), which sought reconciliation between warring factions, on 10 November 1979. Goukouni, a [[Cold War]] neutralist who supported Libya, was Head of State; [[Wadel Abdelkader Kamougué]] (a southern moderate) was Vice President; [[Hissène Habré]] (a pro-West northerner) was Minister of Defence; and [[Acyl Ahmat]] (a strongly pro-Libyan Arab) was Minister of Foreign Affairs.


Personal rivalries (especially between erstwhile allies Goukouni and Habré) limited the government's effectiveness and contributed to the perception of Goukouni as an indecisive puppet of Libyan leader [[Muammar Gaddafi]]. There was even a Libyan proposal to annex Chad, which drew opposition from all ideological camps. In a last-ditch attempt to salvage his beleaguered government, Goukouni appointed [[Djidingar Dono Ngardoum]] as prime minister on 19 May 1982. The GUNT was, however, overthrown by Habré loyalists on 7 June 1982. Goukouni fled from [[N'Djamena]] across the [[Chari River]] into [[Cameroon]]; he subsequently went into exile in [[Tripoli]], Libya.<ref name=Habre>James Brooke, [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE2D71F3FF93BA2575BC0A961948260 "Habre Policy in Chad: Name Ex-Foes to Key Posts"], ''The New York Times'', August 18, 1987.</ref> Acyl died in an unrelated accident, and Kamougué lost much of his base as Habré consolidated his power into a centralized military dictatorship.
Personal rivalries (especially between erstwhile allies Goukouni and Habré) limited the government's effectiveness and contributed to the perception of Goukouni as an indecisive puppet of Libyan leader [[Muammar Gaddafi]]. There was even a Libyan proposal to annex Chad, which drew opposition from all ideological camps. In a last-ditch attempt to salvage his beleaguered government, Goukouni appointed [[Djidingar Dono Ngardoum]] as prime minister on 19 May 1982. The GUNT was, however, overthrown by Habré loyalists on 7 June 1982. Goukouni fled from [[N'Djamena]] across the [[Chari River]] into [[Cameroon]]; he subsequently went into exile in [[Tripoli, Libya]].<ref name=Habre>James Brooke, [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE2D71F3FF93BA2575BC0A961948260 "Habre Policy in Chad: Name Ex-Foes to Key Posts"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 18 August 1987.</ref> Acyl died in an unrelated accident, and Kamougué lost much of his base as Habré consolidated his power into a centralized military dictatorship.


==With Libya==
==With Libya==
By 1983, Goukouni returned to Chad with substantial Libyan assistance to fight the Habré régime through guerrilla warfare. He was the most recognized Chadian oppositionist, whose views carried significant weight, though Habré granted only limited concessions in an attempt to reconcile with Goukouni. The former president reportedly demanded a new constitution and liberalization of political party activity, which Habré did not accede to.
By 1983, Goukouni returned to Chad with substantial Libyan assistance to fight the Habré régime through guerrilla warfare. He was the most recognized Chadian oppositionist, whose views carried significant weight, though Habré granted only limited concessions in an attempt to reconcile with Goukouni. The former president reportedly demanded a new constitution and liberalization of political party activity, to which Habré did not accede.


He was placed under house arrest in August 1985 in Tripoli when the Libyan government disapproved his intentions of negotiating a truce with Habré. In October 1985, Libyan police arrested Oueddei, and in the process they shot him in the stomach. He then broke with the Libyans and went into exile in [[Algiers]] instead<ref name=Habre /> in February 1987.<ref>James Brooke, [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE1D81231F932A35757C0A961948260 "Chad said to win vast Libyan booty"], ''The New York Times'', April 1, 1987.</ref> However, some questioned whether he had truly broken with the Libyans, and in July 1987 Oueddei said that he was on good terms with them.<ref name=Habre />
He was placed under house arrest in August 1985 in Tripoli when the Libyan government disapproved his intentions of negotiating a truce with Habré. In October 1985, Libyan police arrested Goukouni, and in the process they shot him in the stomach. He then broke with the Libyans and went into exile in [[Algiers]] instead<ref name=Habre /> in February 1987.<ref>James Brooke, [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE1D81231F932A35757C0A961948260 "Chad said to win vast Libyan booty"], ''The New York Times'', 1 April 1987.</ref> However, some questioned whether he had truly broken with the Libyans, and in July 1987 he said that he was on good terms with them.<ref name=Habre />


Goukouni met with Chadian President [[Idriss Déby]] on 17 April 2007 in [[Libreville]], [[Gabon]], to discuss ways to end a [[Second Chadian Civil War|civil war]]. Saying that Chad was in grave danger, Goukouni expressed a hope that he could use his "[[moral authority]]" to save it. He said that in turn he wanted to be allowed to return to Chad from exile in the future, and he said that Déby had agreed to that.<ref>[http://www.jeuneafrique.com/fluxafp/fil_info.asp?reg_id=0&art_cle=36305 "Tchad: Idriss Deby rencontre l'ex-président Goukouni Weddeye à Libreville"], Agence France-Presse, April 17, 2007 {{in lang|fr}}.</ref><ref>[http://www.jeuneafrique.com/jeune_afrique/article_depeche.asp?art_cle=AFP60227lancitnemet0 "L'ancien président Goukouni Weddeye veut "sauver le Tchad" de l'éclatement"], Agence France-Presse, April 18, 2007 {{in lang|fr}}.</ref> On April 19, the leaders of two rebel groups rejected Goukouni's offer to mediate.<ref>[http://www.jeuneafrique.com/jeune_afrique/article_depeche.asp?art_cle=AFP75957lesreinuoku0 "Les rebelles rejettent la médiation de l'ex-président Goukouni"], Agence France-Presse, April 19, 2007 {{in lang|fr}}.</ref>
Goukouni met with Chadian President [[Idriss Déby]] on 17 April 2007 in [[Libreville]], [[Gabon]], to discuss ways to end the [[Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)|Second Chadian Civil War]]. Saying that Chad was in grave danger, Goukouni expressed a hope that he could use his "[[moral authority]]" to save it. He said that in turn he wanted to be allowed to return to Chad from exile in the future, and he said that Déby had agreed to that.<ref>[http://www.jeuneafrique.com/fluxafp/fil_info.asp?reg_id=0&art_cle=36305 "Tchad: Idriss Deby rencontre l'ex-président Goukouni Weddeye à Libreville"], Agence France-Presse, 17 April 2007 {{in lang|fr}}.</ref><ref>[http://www.jeuneafrique.com/jeune_afrique/article_depeche.asp?art_cle=AFP60227lancitnemet0 "L'ancien président Goukouni Weddeye veut "sauver le Tchad" de l'éclatement"], Agence France-Presse, 18 April 2007 {{in lang|fr}}.</ref> On 19 April, the leaders of two rebel groups rejected Goukouni's offer to mediate.<ref>[http://www.jeuneafrique.com/jeune_afrique/article_depeche.asp?art_cle=AFP75957lesreinuoku0 "Les rebelles rejettent la médiation de l'ex-président Goukouni"], Agence France-Presse, 19 April 2007 {{in lang|fr}}.</ref>


Goukouni returned to Chad on 30 July 2007, along with about twenty other exiled opponents of the regime, for a discussion with Déby regarding the rebellion and how to resolve the situation. Goukouni and the others left Chad and returned to Libreville later on the same day.<ref>[http://www.primature-tchad.org/index.php?2007/07/31/565-une-innovation-dans-la-demarche-de-restauration-de-la-paix-au-tchad "Une innovation dans la démarche de restauration de la paix au Tchad"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225747/http://www.primature-tchad.org/index.php?2007%2F07%2F31%2F565-une-innovation-dans-la-demarche-de-restauration-de-la-paix-au-tchad |date=2007-09-27 }}, Chadian government web site, July 31, 2007 {{in lang|fr}}.</ref>
Goukouni returned to Chad on 30 July 2007, along with about twenty other exiled opponents of the regime, for a discussion with Déby regarding the rebellion and how to resolve the situation. Goukouni and the others left Chad and returned to Libreville later on the same day.<ref>[http://www.primature-tchad.org/index.php?2007/07/31/565-une-innovation-dans-la-demarche-de-restauration-de-la-paix-au-tchad "Une innovation dans la démarche de restauration de la paix au Tchad"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225747/http://www.primature-tchad.org/index.php?2007%2F07%2F31%2F565-une-innovation-dans-la-demarche-de-restauration-de-la-paix-au-tchad |date=27 September 2007}}, Chadian government web site, 31 July 2007 {{in lang|fr}}.</ref>


He met with [[Niger]]ien President [[Mamadou Tandja]] on 4 March 2008, discussing the situation in Chad following the [[Battle of N'Djamena (2008)|February 2008 Battle of N'Djamena]].<ref>[http://www.jeuneafrique.com/pays/tchad/article_depeche.asp?art_cle=XIN80028lancineirgi0 "L'ancien président tchadien Goukouni Weddeye reçu par le chef de l'Etat nigérien"], Xinhua, March 4, 2008 {{in lang|fr}}.</ref>
He met with [[Niger]]ien President [[Mamadou Tandja]] on 4 March 2008, discussing the situation in Chad following the [[Battle of N'Djamena (2008)|February 2008 Battle of N'Djamena]].<ref>[http://www.jeuneafrique.com/pays/tchad/article_depeche.asp?art_cle=XIN80028lancineirgi0 "L'ancien président tchadien Goukouni Weddeye reçu par le chef de l'Etat nigérien"], Xinhua, 4 March 2008 {{in lang|fr}}.</ref>


In 2013 his youngest child, [[Saadie Goukouni Weddeye]], was appointed to the Chadian government as [[Minister of Social Action]].<ref>Justine Spiegel, [http://www.jeuneafrique.com/138409/politique/tchad-saadie-goukouni-weddeye-enfant-de-l-exil/ "Saadie Goukouni Weddeye, enfant de l’exil"], ''Jeune Afrique'', 7 February 2013 {{in lang|fr}}. Retrieved 6 February 2016.</ref>
In 2013 his youngest child, [[Saadie Goukouni Weddeye]], was appointed to the Chadian government as [[Minister of Social Action]].<ref>Justine Spiegel, [http://www.jeuneafrique.com/138409/politique/tchad-saadie-goukouni-weddeye-enfant-de-l-exil/ "Saadie Goukouni Weddeye, enfant de l’exil"], ''Jeune Afrique'', 7 February 2013 {{in lang|fr}}. Retrieved 6 February 2016.</ref>


==Special envoy==
==Special envoy==
Amidst the [[2015 Burundian unrest]], central African leaders, including Déby, designated Goukouni as special envoy to the [[Great Lakes (Africa)|Great Lakes region]] on 25 May 2015 in order to help resolve the situation in Burundi.<ref>Clement Manirabarusha and Goran Tomasevic, [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-burundi-politics-idUSKBN0OA10T20150525 "Opposition breaks off Burundi peace talks over killing of opposition leader"], Reuters, 25 May 2015.</ref>
Amidst the [[2015 Burundian unrest]], central African leaders, including Déby, designated Goukouni as special envoy to the [[Great Lakes (Africa)|Great Lakes region]] on 25 May 2015 in order to help resolve the situation in Burundi.<ref>Clement Manirabarusha and Goran Tomasevic, [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-burundi-politics-idUSKBN0OA10T20150525 "Opposition breaks off Burundi peace talks over killing of opposition leader"], [[Reuters]], 25 May 2015.</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{reflist}}


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[[Category:Chadian expatriates in Libya]]
[[Category:Chadian expatriates in Libya]]
[[Category:Chadian rebels]]
[[Category:Chadian rebels]]
[[Category:Chadian–Libyan conflict]]
[[Category:People of the Chadian–Libyan War]]
[[Category:Heads of state of Chad]]
[[Category:Heads of state of Chad]]
[[Category:20th-century Chadian politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Tibesti Region]]
[[Category:People from Tibesti Region]]

Latest revision as of 16:31, 27 November 2024

Goukouni Oueddei
كوكوني عويدي
3rd President of Chad
In office
3 September 1979 – 7 June 1982
Prime MinisterDjidingar Dono Ngardoum
Vice PresidentWadel Abdelkader Kamougué
Preceded byLol Mahamat Choua
Succeeded byHissène Habré
In office
23 March 1979 – 29 April 1979
Vice PresidentVacant
Preceded byFélix Malloum
Succeeded byLol Mahamat Choua
Personal details
Born1944 (age 80–81)
Zouar, French Equatorial Africa
(present-day Chad)
Political partyFROLINAT

Goukouni Oueddei (Arabic: كوكوني عويدي Kūkūnī ʿWaīday; born 1944)[1] is a Chadian politician who served as President of Chad from 1979 to 1982.

A northerner, Goukouni commanded FROLINAT rebels with Libyan support during the first Chadian Civil War against Chad's southern-dominated government. Upon the rebel victory and the resignation of President Felix Malloum in 1979, he became the new president of Chad's new transitional coalition government by the terms of the Lagos Accord, with rival fellow rebel commander Hissène Habré as defense minister. Goukouni pursued a pro-Libya policy; continued differences with Habré, who opposed Libya, led to him being overthrown by Habré's forces in 1982. He then became the foremost opponent to Habré's new government, and fought against him during the Libyan-Chadian conflict as a Libyan-backed rebel leader. In 1985, due to a supposed rift with his Libyan allies, he went into exile.

Biography

[edit]

Goukouni is from the northern half of the country and is the son of Oueddei Kichidemi, derde of the Teda. He entered politics in the late 1960s as a militant in the National Liberation Front of Chad (FROLINAT) led by Abba Siddick. FROLINAT resented the political dominance enjoyed by southerners under the presidency of François Tombalbaye and advocated the participation of central and northern peoples. After Tombalbaye's assassination in 1975, tensions between the two geographical halves of the country escalated into a convoluted civil war that involved several Chadian political groups, Libya, the United States, and France. The conflict lasted through the 1980s. Goukouni viewed the dictatorial Tombalbaye regime as an instrument of continued French hegemony in Chad.

President

[edit]

Goukouni was installed as interim Chadian head of state on 23 March 1979. He was acclaimed President of the Transitional Government of National Unity (GUNT), which sought reconciliation between warring factions, on 10 November 1979. Goukouni, a Cold War neutralist who supported Libya, was Head of State; Wadel Abdelkader Kamougué (a southern moderate) was Vice President; Hissène Habré (a pro-West northerner) was Minister of Defence; and Acyl Ahmat (a strongly pro-Libyan Arab) was Minister of Foreign Affairs.

Personal rivalries (especially between erstwhile allies Goukouni and Habré) limited the government's effectiveness and contributed to the perception of Goukouni as an indecisive puppet of Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi. There was even a Libyan proposal to annex Chad, which drew opposition from all ideological camps. In a last-ditch attempt to salvage his beleaguered government, Goukouni appointed Djidingar Dono Ngardoum as prime minister on 19 May 1982. The GUNT was, however, overthrown by Habré loyalists on 7 June 1982. Goukouni fled from N'Djamena across the Chari River into Cameroon; he subsequently went into exile in Tripoli, Libya.[2] Acyl died in an unrelated accident, and Kamougué lost much of his base as Habré consolidated his power into a centralized military dictatorship.

With Libya

[edit]

By 1983, Goukouni returned to Chad with substantial Libyan assistance to fight the Habré régime through guerrilla warfare. He was the most recognized Chadian oppositionist, whose views carried significant weight, though Habré granted only limited concessions in an attempt to reconcile with Goukouni. The former president reportedly demanded a new constitution and liberalization of political party activity, to which Habré did not accede.

He was placed under house arrest in August 1985 in Tripoli when the Libyan government disapproved his intentions of negotiating a truce with Habré. In October 1985, Libyan police arrested Goukouni, and in the process they shot him in the stomach. He then broke with the Libyans and went into exile in Algiers instead[2] in February 1987.[3] However, some questioned whether he had truly broken with the Libyans, and in July 1987 he said that he was on good terms with them.[2]

Goukouni met with Chadian President Idriss Déby on 17 April 2007 in Libreville, Gabon, to discuss ways to end the Second Chadian Civil War. Saying that Chad was in grave danger, Goukouni expressed a hope that he could use his "moral authority" to save it. He said that in turn he wanted to be allowed to return to Chad from exile in the future, and he said that Déby had agreed to that.[4][5] On 19 April, the leaders of two rebel groups rejected Goukouni's offer to mediate.[6]

Goukouni returned to Chad on 30 July 2007, along with about twenty other exiled opponents of the regime, for a discussion with Déby regarding the rebellion and how to resolve the situation. Goukouni and the others left Chad and returned to Libreville later on the same day.[7]

He met with Nigerien President Mamadou Tandja on 4 March 2008, discussing the situation in Chad following the February 2008 Battle of N'Djamena.[8]

In 2013 his youngest child, Saadie Goukouni Weddeye, was appointed to the Chadian government as Minister of Social Action.[9]

Special envoy

[edit]

Amidst the 2015 Burundian unrest, central African leaders, including Déby, designated Goukouni as special envoy to the Great Lakes region on 25 May 2015 in order to help resolve the situation in Burundi.[10]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Lentz, Harris M. (4 February 2014). Heads of States and Governments Since 1945. Routledge. p. 156. ISBN 9781134264902.
  2. ^ a b c James Brooke, "Habre Policy in Chad: Name Ex-Foes to Key Posts", The New York Times, 18 August 1987.
  3. ^ James Brooke, "Chad said to win vast Libyan booty", The New York Times, 1 April 1987.
  4. ^ "Tchad: Idriss Deby rencontre l'ex-président Goukouni Weddeye à Libreville", Agence France-Presse, 17 April 2007 (in French).
  5. ^ "L'ancien président Goukouni Weddeye veut "sauver le Tchad" de l'éclatement", Agence France-Presse, 18 April 2007 (in French).
  6. ^ "Les rebelles rejettent la médiation de l'ex-président Goukouni", Agence France-Presse, 19 April 2007 (in French).
  7. ^ "Une innovation dans la démarche de restauration de la paix au Tchad" Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Chadian government web site, 31 July 2007 (in French).
  8. ^ "L'ancien président tchadien Goukouni Weddeye reçu par le chef de l'Etat nigérien", Xinhua, 4 March 2008 (in French).
  9. ^ Justine Spiegel, "Saadie Goukouni Weddeye, enfant de l’exil", Jeune Afrique, 7 February 2013 (in French). Retrieved 6 February 2016.
  10. ^ Clement Manirabarusha and Goran Tomasevic, "Opposition breaks off Burundi peace talks over killing of opposition leader", Reuters, 25 May 2015.
Political offices
Preceded by Head of State of Chad
1979 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Head of State of Chad
1979–1982 		Succeeded by
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