Amar Jawan Jyoti: Difference between revisions

Amar Jawan Jyoti
Amar Jawan Jyoti
India
	Top Image: Amar Jawan Jyoti under India Gate; Bottom Image: Amar Jawan Jyoti at Amar Chakra of National War Memorial
	For martyrs and soldiers of Indian Armed Forces.
Established	December 1971 under India Gate; February 2019 at War Memorial;
Unveiled	26 January 1972 under India Gate; 25 February 2019 at War Memorial;
Location	28°36′43″N 77°13′59″E / 28.612°N 77.233°E; Both monuments at C-Hexagon; New Delhi
Designed by	Indian Army Corps of Engineers
	अमर जवान; (English: "Immortal soldier")
	Statistics source: nationalwarmemorial.gov.in

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Amar Jawan Jyoti (lit. transl. Immortal Soldier Flame, or light^[a]) is an Indian memorial conceptualised and constructed after the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and inaugurated on 26 January 1972. It was the national war memorial in India until February 2019,^[7]^[8] when the new National War Memorial and its own flame was inaugurated and lit.^[9] On 21 January 2022, the older flame was merged with the newer one at National War Memorial.^[9]

The Amar Jawan Jyoti at India Gate consisted of a base of 15 square feet with a height of 4 feet 3 inches on which there was a black marble pedestal, a cenotaph, 3 feet 2 inches in height. "Amar Jawan" was scripted in gold in Hindi on all four sides of the cenotaph and on top, a reversed rifle capped by a war helmet. The pedestal was bound by four urns.^[10] On observances the flames were lit accordingly. It was constructed in a short timeframe as per Prime Minister Indira Gandhi wishes.

A new flame was installed at the National War Memorial to honour all known martyrs of the Indian Armed Forces of independent India. It was completed in February 2019 and inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 25 February with the igniting of the flame. The flame at the center of India Gate was merged with this new one by the Chief of Integrated Defence Staff, Air Marshal Balabhadhra Radha Krishna.^[11] Debate ensued with regard to the old and new monuments, related to semantics, history, politicisation and symbolism.^[12]

150m
160yds

Children's park

C - Hexagon

India Gate

Netaji
statue

Param Yodha Sthal
(Ultimate Warrior Site)

Amar Jawan Jyoti
National War Memorial

National War Memorial (NWM) complex and India Gate within the C-Hexagon, with Amar Jawan Jyoti and Netaji hologram statue. The rings of the NWM form a chakravyūha.

History

India Gate was designed by Edwin Lutyens and unveiled in 1931.^[13] Traffic and parades would pass through the monument. Vehicular movement under the arch was restricted in the 1950s.^[14]

Amar Jawan Jyoti was added under India Gate following the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. The war, which lasted from 3 to 16 December 1971, and ended with the Fall of Dhaka, was part of the liberation war in East Pakistan.^[15] On 26 January 1972, the twenty-third Republic Day of India, the monument was officially inaugurated by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.^[8] This short timeframe for setting up a memorial to honour those of who fought only the previous month was as per Indira Gandhi's wishes.^[14] Author Vedica Kants has written in her 2014 book "India and the First World War" that the location of Amar Jawan Jyoti under the arch of India Gate rewrote the symbolic intention of India Gate.^[14]^[16]

For many years after Independence, there was no clear cut policy on war memorials.^[7] In 1973, the military top brass observed that memorials to commemorate war related events and martyrs were being constructed across the country without any coordination.^[7] These memorials were often left untended and were not constructed with much commemorative or architectural thought.^[7] There are at least 150 war memorials in the country.^[17] However, as the national war memorial construction was delayed, individual structures continued to be built.^[7] The construction of a National War Memorial started in 2017 and was inaugurated in 2019.^[18]^[19] When the National War Memorial was inaugurated in 2019 with a new flame the Chief of Integrated Defence Staff and a Deputy Chief of the Army Staff had said that the old Amar Jyoti Jawan would be retained, however no specifics were given.^[20]^[3]

Following the ceremony on 21 January 2022, debate ensued related to semantics, legacy, politicisation and symbolism— whether the shifted flame was merged, or extinguished; whether the five decades old memorial was temporary, irrespective of government plans to construct a permanent one; whether there could be two "eternal" flames; and how the location of the old Amar Jyoti Jawan under the Indian Gate was symbolised and its colonial linkages.^[12]

Construction and structure

Under India Gate, in 1971

The Amar Jawan Jyoti was conceptualised and constructed in less than a month as per Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's wishes, to be made ready for Republic Day on 26 January 1972.^[14] This short timeframe limited the location and scope of the memorial.^[14]

The base was 15 square feet (2,200 sq in) with a height of 4 feet 3 inches. At the centre of this was a pedestal 3 feet 2 inches in height. Here a reversed rifle was placed with a war helmet on the top. All the four sides of the memorial were inscribed the words 'Amar Jawan' in Hindi. At each of the four corners of the main platform on which rests the pedestal are the urn which contain the flames.^[10] It was white at the time.^[21]

From 1971 to 2006, the flame was fueled by Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) cylinders.^[22] The pedestal was bound by four urns. Each of the urns are controlled by a separate burner.^[22] A single LPG cylinder would be able to provide fuel for one urn for about 36 hours.^[22] The cylinders were stacked in a room in the memorial.^[22] Sanctioned in December 2005, LPG cylinders were replaced by Piped Natural Gas (PNG), a safer and more economical option.^[22] A pipeline had been laid from Kasturba Gandhi Marg.^[22] The staff responsible for maintaining the burning flame resided in a room under the arch, next to the flame.^[23] The overall responsibility of the flame was under the Military Engineer Services.^[22] Chander Singh Bisht, a retired military engineer service personnel, operated the flame for four decades.^[14] The monument was always guarded.^[24]

At Amar Chakra, in 2019

Amar Jawan Jyoti is now located at the inner ring, the Amar Chakra (Circle of Immortality), of the National War Memorial. The Memorial has four concentric circles representing a Chakravyuh and a central obelisk at the bottom of which burns the flame.^[25]

A global design competition was conducted and the result was announced in early April 2017. A Chennai architectural firm, WeBe Design Lab's proposal was declared the winner and was accordingly chosen for the conceptualization of the architectural design and for coordinating the construction of the project. The chief architect of the memorial is Yogesh Chandrahasan of WeBe Design Lab, Chennai, chosen through a global design competition and a jury chaired by Christopher Charles Benninger.^[26]

Observances, remembrances and celebrations

Since 1972, every-year on Republic Day, before the Republic Day parade, it had been customary for the Prime Minister and three service chiefs and dignitaries to place a wreath at Amar Jawan Jyoti.^[7] On Independence Day, the President laid a wreath.^[27] On 16 December, Vijay Diwas, the Defence Minister laid a wreath.^[28]

Visuals from the old Amar Jawan Jyoti

Service days: Tri Service Chiefs paying homage on Navy Day, 2012
Select anniversaries: Defence Secretary G. Mohan Kumar on 68th anniversary of National Cadet Corps
National days: The President and service chiefs on Independence Day (India), 2017
Foreign dignitaries: Kyrgyzstan Defence Minister, Major General Abibilla Kudayberdiev rendering a hand salute, 2011
Foreign dignitaries: Wreath laying by Chief of Ground Forces of Israel Defense Forces, Major General Guy Tzur

From 2020 onwards the Prime Minister, on the occasion of the 71st Republic Day, placed the wreath at the National War Memorial instead of the Amar Jyoti Jawan at India Gate. The Prime Minister is accompanied by the Chief of Defence Staff, along with the Army Chief, Navy Chief, and Air Force Chief.^[29]^[30]

Visuals from the new Amar Jawan Jyoti

Dedication ceremony, 2019
The Chief of Staff, Japan Air Self Defense Force, General Izutsu Shunji, 2020.
Wreath laying by the United States Secretary of State and Secretary of Defense, 2020

References

Notes

^ Flame of the Immortal Soldier – Flame, as opposed to tomb. See Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. Immortal, as opposed to eternal. The soldier and flame have been referred to as both immortal and eternal.^[1]^[2]^[3] Jyoti (ज्योति) can also mean light.^[4]^[5]^[6]

Citations

^ ... by Prime Minister, Smt Indira Gandhi at the "Amar Jawan" memorial under the India Gate, where she stood in silence for two minutes before the "Amar Jyoti"— the immortal flame... Vol. 30. Sainik Samachar. 1983. p. 18.
^ Mishra, Kavya (24 January 2022). "Amar Jawan Jyoti is called 'Amar' for a reason, can't be snuffed: Shashi Tharoor". Zee News. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
^ ^a ^b Channan, Lt Col (Retd) Manoj K (22 January 2022). "The Eternal Flame: The Indian Armed Forces should not be milked for political ambitions". The Financial Express. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
^ "ज्योति (Jyoti) meaning in English". HinKhoj Dictionary.
^ "English translation of 'ज्योति'". Collins Dictionary.
^ Dalal, Roshen (2003). "1". The Puffin History of India For Children: Volume 2. 1947 to the Present. Puffin Books, Penguin Books. ISBN 978-8184758344.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Chhina, Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World (2014), pp. 161.
^ ^a ^b Anand, Col Rohan (January 2016). "National War Memorial, At Last". Sainik Samachar. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
^ ^a ^b "Burning for 5 decades, flame at Amar Jawan Jyoti will be put out at India Gate, merged with National War Memorial". Indian Express Limited. 21 January 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
^ ^a ^b "XIX: Place of Interest". Delhi Gazetteer. Delhi: Gazetteer Unit, Delhi Administration. April 1976. pp. 1001–1002 – via Google Books.
^ Bose, Joydeep (21 January 2022). "In historic move, Amar Jawan Jyoti merged with National War Memorial flame". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
^ ^a ^b
- Shivshankar, Rahul (24 January 2022). "There's no blame in shifting the flame". The Times of India. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
- Ramdas, Admiral L. (24 January 2022). "Amar Jawan Jyoti: Symbolism, respect can't be forced, it evolves over time; new will never take place of old". National Herald. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
- Kaushik, Krishn (24 January 2022). "Explained: The significance of Amar Jawan Jyoti, and why it was merged with National War Memorial flame". The Indian Express. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
- Editorial (24 January 2022). "Side by side". The Indian Express. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
- Thapar, Karan (22 January 2022). "Watch | Do Not Politicise Merging of Amar Jawan Jyoti: Former Army Chief V.P. Malik". The Wire. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
- Swami, Praveen (24 January 2022). "Liberals mourning India Gate flame must also recall some dark aspects of the colonial Army". ThePrint. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
- Chadha, Saroj (24 January 2022). "Amar Jawan Jyoti and National War Memorial". The Times of India Blog. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
- Tandon, Aditi (23 January 2022). "In 1972, Indira Gandhi govt too proposed permanent war memorial". Tribune India. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
- Abdi, Mehmood (22 January 2022). "Amar Jawan Jyoti: Merging flames and submerging history". The Probe. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
^ "Delhi Memorial (India Gate)". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Anand, Col Rohan (May 2015). "India Gate. An Indian Legacy". Sainik Samachar. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
^ Singh, Sushant (2 January 2020). "India-Pakistan 1971 war". The Indian Express. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
^ Kant, Vedica (28 June 2014). "Why did we fight the war?". Livemint. Retrieved 25 January 2022. ...was a refashioning of the symbolism of the site away from its colonial legacy...
^ Chhina, Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World (2014), pp. 162–171.
^ Pandit, Rajat (1 January 2019). "Delhi: War memorial ready, 60 years after it was first proposed". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
^ Bhatnagar, Gaurav Vivek (21 April 2018). "National War Memorial Takes Shape Six Decades After Being Conceived". The Wire. Archived from the original on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
^ Ramdas, Admiral L. (24 January 2022). "Amar Jawan Jyoti: Symbolism, respect can't be forced, it evolves over time; new will never take place of old". National Herald. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
^ "Amar Jawan Jyoti". Bharat Rakshak. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Sharma, Nidhi (25 January 2006). "Amar Jawan Jyoti to glow with green fuel". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 9 July 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
^ Gupta, Geeta (10 June 2012). "Keeper of the flame". The Indian Express. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
^ Garcia, Meryl (19 January 2016). "5 things about Amar Jawan Jyoti". The Better India. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
^ Yadav, Namrata (3 March 2019). "Are you looking for someone you lost, Ma'am? They asked my mother at National War Memorial". ThePrint. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
^ Bhatnagar, Gaurav Vivek (21 April 2018). "National War Memorial Takes Shape Six Decades After Being Conceived". The Wire. Archived from the original on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
^ "Search results for "Amar Jawan Jyoti"". Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
^ "Ceremonials, Department Of Defence". Ministry of Defence, Government of India. Archived from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
^ "Not Amar Jawan Jyoti, Republic Day wreath-laying ceremony at National War Memorial from this year". India Today. 23 January 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
^ Kaushik, Krishn (24 January 2020). "This year, Republic Day ceremony to start from War Memorial, not India Gate". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 24 January 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2022.

Bibliography

Chhina, Rana T.S. (2014). Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World (PDF). A public diplomacy initiative of the Ministry of External Affairs. Centre for Armed Forces Historical Research, United Service Institution of India. ISBN 978-8190209793. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 January 2022.

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 {{Infobox military memorial
 | name = Amar Jawan Jyoti
 | native_name =
 | native_name_lang = Hi
 | body = {{flag|India}}
@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 | position = center
 | color_border = white
-| color =  black
+| color =
 | size = 270
-| foot_montage =''' Top Image:'''  Amar Jawan Jyoti under [[India Gate]] <br/>
+| foot_montage =''' Top Image:'''  Amar Jawan Jyoti under [[India Gate]]<br />
 '''Bottom Image:'''  Amar Jawan Jyoti at Amar Chakra of  [[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]]}}
 | caption =
 | commemorates = martyrs and soldiers of [[Indian Armed Forces]].
 | use_dates =     <!-- (Do not use if preceding parameter "commemorates" used) -->
 | established =   *{{start date|df=yes|1971|12}} under India Gate
-*{{start date|df=yes|2019|02}} at War Memorial
+* {{start date|df=yes|2019|02}} at War Memorial
 | unveiled = *{{start date|df=yes|1972|01|26}}  under India Gate
-*{{start date|df=yes|2019|02|25}} at War Memorial
+* {{start date|df=yes|2019|02|25}} at War Memorial
-| coordinates =  {{coord|28.612912|77.229510|display=inline,title}}
+| coordinates =  {{coord|28.612|77.233|display=inline,title}}
-| location = [[India Gate]], [[New Delhi]] (Both Monuments)
+| location = Both monuments at C-Hexagon<br />[[New Delhi]]
 | nearest_town =
 | designer = [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers]]
 | unknowns =
 | commemorated =
 | by_country =
 | by_war =
-| inscription = '''अमर जवान'''<br/>(English: "Immortal soldier")
+| inscription = '''अमर जवान'''<br />(English: "Immortal soldier")
 | embedded =
 | findagrave =
 | source = {{url|https://nationalwarmemorial.gov.in/}}
 |country=India}}
-'''Amar Jawan Jyoti''' ({{lang-hi|अमर जवान ज्योति}}, {{Translation|Immortal Soldier Flame|literal=yes}}{{Efn|Flame of the Immortal Soldier{{en dash}} ''Flame'', as opposed to ''tomb''. See [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]]. Immortal, as opposed to eternal. The soldier and flame have been referred to as both immortal and eternal.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=nTbfAAAAMAAJ&q=amar+jawan+jyoti+flame+immortal+soldier&dq=amar+jawan+jyoti+flame+immortal+soldier&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjrwM7X8cz1AhUNfd4KHe5QDZIQ6AF6BAgCEAI|title=... by Prime Minister, Smt Indira Gandhi at the "Amar Jawan" memorial under the India Gate, where she stood in silence for two minutes before the "Amar Jyoti"{{em dash}} the immortal flame...|date=1983|publisher=[[Sainik Samachar]]|volume=30|pages=18|language=en|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mishra|first=Kavya|date=2022-01-24|title=Amar Jawan Jyoti is called 'Amar' for a reason, can't be snuffed: Shashi Tharoor|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/amar-jawan-jyoti-is-called-amar-for-a-reason-cant-be-snuffed-shashi-tharoor-2430485.html|access-date=2022-01-25|website=Zee News}}</ref><ref name=":flame" />}}) is an Indian [[memorial]] conceptualised and constructed after the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] and inaugurated on 26 January 1972. It was the national war memorial in India until February 2019,{{sfnp|Chhina, Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World|2014|pp=161}}<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Anand|first=Col Rohan|date=January 2016|title=National War Memorial, At Last|url=http://www.sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2016/jan16-16/h14.htm|access-date=2022-01-23|website=[[Sainik Samachar]]}}</ref> when the new [[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]] and its own flame was inaugurated and lit.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2022-01-21|title=Burning for 5 decades, flame at Amar Jawan Jyoti will be put out at India Gate, merged with National War Memorial|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/amar-jawan-jyoti-to-be-extinguished-national-war-memorial-flame-7734184/|access-date=2022-01-23|website=[[Indian Express Limited]]}}</ref> On 21 January 2022, the older flame was merged with the newer one at National War Memorial.<ref name=":1" /> [[Roshen Dalal]] translates Amar Jawan Jyoti as "the light of the immortal soldier".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=RSLZBfKwgw8C&pg=PT13&dq=amar+jawan+jyoti+india+gate&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjUo_KS98z1AhVZxzgGHVb2A9oQ6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&q=amar%20jawan%20jyoti%20india%20gate&f=false|title=The Puffin History of India For Children: Volume 2. 1947 to the Present|date=2003|publisher=[[Puffin Books]], [[Penguin Books]]|isbn=978-81-8475-834-4|language=en|chapter=1|author-link=Roshen Dalal}}</ref>
+'''Amar Jawan Jyoti''' ({{Translation|Immortal Soldier Flame|literal=yes}}, or light{{Efn|Flame of the Immortal Soldier{{snd}}''Flame'', as opposed to ''tomb''. See [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]]. Immortal, as opposed to eternal. The soldier and flame have been referred to as both immortal and eternal.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nTbfAAAAMAAJ&q=amar+jawan+jyoti+flame+immortal+soldier|title=... by Prime Minister, Smt Indira Gandhi at the "Amar Jawan" memorial under the India Gate, where she stood in silence for two minutes before the "Amar Jyoti"{{em dash}} the immortal flame...|date=1983|publisher=[[Sainik Samachar]]|volume=30|pages=18|language=en|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Mishra|first=Kavya|date=2022-01-24|title=Amar Jawan Jyoti is called 'Amar' for a reason, can't be snuffed: Shashi Tharoor|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/amar-jawan-jyoti-is-called-amar-for-a-reason-cant-be-snuffed-shashi-tharoor-2430485.html|access-date=2022-01-25|website=Zee News}}</ref><ref name=":flame" /> Jyoti ([[:wiktionary:ज्योति|ज्योति]]) can also mean light.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ज्योति (Jyoti) meaning in English|url=https://dict.hinkhoj.com/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF-meaning-in-english.words|access-date=|website=HinKhoj Dictionary}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=English translation of 'ज्योति'|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/hindi-english/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF|website=Collins Dictionary}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RSLZBfKwgw8C&dq=amar+jawan+jyoti&pg=PT13|title=The Puffin History of India For Children: Volume 2. 1947 to the Present|date=2003|publisher=[[Puffin Books]], [[Penguin Books]]|isbn=978-8184758344|language=en|chapter=1|author-link=Roshen Dalal}}</ref>}}) is an Indian [[memorial]] conceptualised and constructed after the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] and inaugurated on 26 January 1972. It was the national war memorial in India until February 2019,{{sfnp|Chhina, Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World|2014|pp=161}}<ref name=":3">{{cite web|last=Anand|first=Col Rohan|date=January 2016|title=National War Memorial, At Last|url=http://www.sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2016/jan16-16/h14.htm|access-date=2022-01-23|website=[[Sainik Samachar]]}}</ref> when the new [[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]] and its own flame was inaugurated and lit.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|date=2022-01-21|title=Burning for 5 decades, flame at Amar Jawan Jyoti will be put out at India Gate, merged with National War Memorial|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/amar-jawan-jyoti-to-be-extinguished-national-war-memorial-flame-7734184/|access-date=2022-01-23|website=[[Indian Express Limited]]}}</ref> On 21 January 2022, the older flame was merged with the newer one at National War Memorial.<ref name=":1" />
-The Amar Jawan Jyoti at India Gate consisted of a base of 15 square feet with a height of 4 feet - 3 inches on which there was a black marble pedestal, a [[cenotaph]], 3 feet 2 inches in height. "Amar Jawan" was scripted in gold in Hindi on all four sides of the cenotaph and on top, a [[Reverse arms|reversed rifle]] capped by a war helmet. The pedestal was bound by four urns.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=acoBAAAAMAAJ|title=Delhi Gazetteer|publisher=Gazetteer Unit, Delhi Administration|year=April 1976|location=Delhi|pages=1001-1002|chapter=XIX: Place of Interest|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> On observances the flames were lit accordingly. It was constructed in a short timeframe as per Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] wishes.
+The Amar Jawan Jyoti at India Gate consisted of a base of 15 [[Square foot|square feet]] with a height of 4 feet 3 inches on which there was a black marble pedestal, a [[cenotaph]], 3 feet 2 inches in height. "Amar Jawan" was scripted in gold in Hindi on all four sides of the cenotaph and on top, a [[Reverse arms|reversed rifle]] capped by a war helmet. The pedestal was bound by four urns.<ref name=":6">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=acoBAAAAMAAJ|title=Delhi Gazetteer|publisher=Gazetteer Unit, Delhi Administration|date=April 1976|location=Delhi|pages=1001–1002|chapter=XIX: Place of Interest|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> On observances the flames were lit accordingly. It was constructed in a short timeframe as per Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] wishes.
-A new flame was installed at the [[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]] to honour all known martyrs of the [[Indian Armed Forces]] of independent India''.'' It was completed in February 2019 and inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] on 25 February with the igniting of the flame''.'' The flame at the center of India Gate was merged with this new one by the Chief of [[Integrated Defence Staff]], Air Marshal [[Balabhadra Radha Krishna|Balabhadhra Radha Krishna]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bose|first=Joydeep|date=2022-01-21|title=In historic move, Amar Jawan Jyoti merged with National War Memorial flame|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-historic-move-amar-jawan-jyoti-merged-with-national-war-memorial-flame-101642759893068.html|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-23|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}</ref> Debate ensued with regard to the old and new monuments, related to semantics, history, politicisation and symbolism.<ref name=":5" />
+A new flame was installed at the [[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]] to honour all known martyrs of the [[Indian Armed Forces]] of independent India''.'' It was completed in February 2019 and inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] on 25 February with the igniting of the flame''.'' The flame at the center of India Gate was merged with this new one by the [[Chief of Integrated Defence Staff]], [[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] [[Balabhadra Radha Krishna|Balabhadhra Radha Krishna]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Bose|first=Joydeep|date=2022-01-21|title=In historic move, Amar Jawan Jyoti merged with National War Memorial flame|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-historic-move-amar-jawan-jyoti-merged-with-national-war-memorial-flame-101642759893068.html|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-23|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121103432/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-historic-move-amar-jawan-jyoti-merged-with-national-war-memorial-flame-101642759893068.html |archive-date=21 January 2022 }}</ref> Debate ensued with regard to the old and new monuments, related to semantics, history, politicisation and symbolism.<ref name=":5" />
 {{National War Memorial complex and India Gate OSM Location map}}
 ==History==
-[[India Gate]] was designed by [[Edwin Lutyens]] and unveiled in 1931.<ref name="DELHI MEMORIAL">{{cite web|year=|title=Delhi Memorial (India Gate)|url=http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/142700/DELHI%20MEMORIAL%20%28INDIA%20GATE%29|url-status=live|access-date=3 September 2014|website=|publisher=[[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]}}</ref> Traffic and parades would pass through the monument. Vehicular movement under the arch was restricted in the 1950s.<ref name=":4" />
+[[India Gate]] was designed by [[Edwin Lutyens]] and unveiled in 1931.<ref name="DELHI MEMORIAL">{{cite web|year=|title=Delhi Memorial (India Gate)|url=http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/142700/DELHI%20MEMORIAL%20%28INDIA%20GATE%29|url-status=live |access-date=3 September 2014|publisher=[[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019114512/http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/142700/DELHI%20MEMORIAL%20(INDIA%20GATE) |archive-date=19 October 2012 }}</ref> Traffic and parades would pass through the monument. Vehicular movement under the arch was restricted in the 1950s.<ref name=":4" />
-Amar Jawan Jyoti was added under India Gate following the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]. The war, which lasted from 3 to 16 December 1971, and ended with the [[Fall of Dhaka]], was part of the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|liberation war]] in [[East Pakistan]].<ref name="India-Pakistan 1971 war">{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Sushant|date=2 January 2020|title=India-Pakistan 1971 war|work=[[The Indian Express]]|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/india-pakistan-1971-war-bangladesh-indira-gandhi-4429236/|access-date=4 January 2017}}</ref> On 26 January 1972, the twenty-third Republic Day of India, the monument was officially inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Anand|first=Col Rohan|date=January 2016|title=National War Memorial, At Last|url=http://www.sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2016/jan16-16/h14.htm|access-date=2022-01-23|website=[[Sainik Samachar]]}}</ref> This short timeframe for setting up a memorial to honour those of who fought only the previous month was as per Indira Gandhi's wishes.<ref name=":4" /> Author Vedica Kants has written in her 2014 book "India and the First World War" that the location of Amar Jawan Jyoti under the arch of India Gate rewrote the symbolic intention of India Gate.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Anand|first=Col Rohan|date=May 2015|title=India Gate. An Indian Legacy|url=http://www.sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2015/may01-15/h8.htm|access-date=2022-01-23|website=[[Sainik Samachar]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kant|first=Vedica|date=2014-06-28|title=Why did we fight the war?|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/VfpJyUSGqCbFo9114UpALP/Why-did-we-fight-the-war.html|access-date=2022-01-25|website=[[Livemint]]|language=en|quote=...was a refashioning of the symbolism of the site away from its colonial legacy...}}</ref>
+Amar Jawan Jyoti was added under India Gate following the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]. The war, which lasted from 3 to 16 December 1971, and ended with the [[Fall of Dhaka]], was part of the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|liberation war]] in [[East Pakistan]].<ref name="India-Pakistan 1971 war">{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Sushant|date=2 January 2020|title=India-Pakistan 1971 war|work=[[The Indian Express]]|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/india-pakistan-1971-war-bangladesh-indira-gandhi-4429236/ |access-date=4 January 2017}}</ref> On 26 January 1972, the twenty-third Republic Day of India, the monument was officially inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref name=":3" /> This short timeframe for setting up a memorial to honour those of who fought only the previous month was as per Indira Gandhi's wishes.<ref name=":4" /> Author Vedica Kants has written in her 2014 book "India and the First World War" that the location of Amar Jawan Jyoti under the arch of India Gate rewrote the symbolic intention of India Gate.<ref name=":4">{{cite web|last=Anand|first=Col Rohan|date=May 2015|title=India Gate. An Indian Legacy|url=http://www.sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2015/may01-15/h8.htm|access-date=2022-01-23|website=[[Sainik Samachar]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kant|first=Vedica|date=2014-06-28|title=Why did we fight the war?|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/VfpJyUSGqCbFo9114UpALP/Why-did-we-fight-the-war.html|access-date=2022-01-25|website=[[Livemint]]|language=en|quote=...was a refashioning of the symbolism of the site away from its colonial legacy...}}</ref>
-For many years after Independence, there was no clear cut policy on war memorials.{{sfnp|Chhina, Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World|2014|pp=161}} In 1973, the military top brass observed that memorials to commemorate war related events and martyrs were being constructed across the country without any coordination.{{sfnp|Chhina, Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World|2014|pp=161}} These memorials were often left untended and were not constructed with much commemorative or architectural thought.{{sfnp|Chhina, Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World|2014|pp=161}} There are at least 150 war memorials in the country.{{sfnp|Chhina, Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World|2014|pp=162-171}} However, as the national war memorial construction was delayed, individual structures continued to be built.{{sfnp|Chhina, Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World|2014|pp=161}} The construction of a [[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]] started in 2017 and was inaugurated in 2019.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=Pandit|first=Rajat|date=1 January 2019|title=Delhi: War memorial ready, 60 years after it was first proposed|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/war-museum-ready-60-yrs-after-it-was-first-proposed/articleshow/67330108.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103074259/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//city/delhi/war-museum-ready-60-yrs-after-it-was-first-proposed/articleshow/67330108.cms|archive-date=3 January 2019|access-date=23 January 2022|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|last=Bhatnagar|first=Gaurav Vivek|date=21 April 2018|title=National War Memorial Takes Shape Six Decades After Being Conceived|url=https://thewire.in/urban/national-war-museum-delhi-india-gate|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130125759/https://thewire.in/urban/national-war-museum-delhi-india-gate|archive-date=30 January 2019|access-date=23 January 2022|website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref> When the National War Memorial was inaugurated in 2019 with a new flame the [[Chief of Integrated Defence Staff]] and the [[Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of the Army Staff]] had said that that the old Amar Jyoti Jawan would be retained, however no specifics were given.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ramdas|first=Admiral L.|author-link=Laxminarayan Ramdas|date=2022-01-24|title=Amar Jawan Jyoti: Symbolism, respect can't be forced, it evolves over time; new will never take place of old|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/opinion/amar-jawan-jyoti-symbolism-respect-cant-be-forced-it-evolves-over-time-new-will-never-take-place-of-old|access-date=2022-01-25|website=[[National Herald]]}}</ref><ref name=":flame">{{Cite web|last=Channan|first=Lt Col (Retd) Manoj K|date=22 January 2022|title=The Eternal Flame: The Indian Armed Forces should not be milked for political ambitions|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/the-eternal-flame-the-indian-armed-forces-should-not-be-milked-for-political-ambitions/2413295/|access-date=2022-01-25|website=The Financial Express|language=en}}</ref>
+For many years after Independence, there was no clear cut policy on war memorials.{{sfnp|Chhina, Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World|2014|pp=161}} In 1973, the military top brass observed that memorials to commemorate war related events and martyrs were being constructed across the country without any coordination.{{sfnp|Chhina, Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World|2014|pp=161}} These memorials were often left untended and were not constructed with much commemorative or architectural thought.{{sfnp|Chhina, Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World|2014|pp=161}} There are at least 150 war memorials in the country.{{sfnp|Chhina, Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World|2014|pp=162-171}} However, as the national war memorial construction was delayed, individual structures continued to be built.{{sfnp|Chhina, Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World|2014|pp=161}} The construction of a [[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]] started in 2017 and was inaugurated in 2019.<ref name=":02">{{cite web|last=Pandit|first=Rajat|date=1 January 2019|title=Delhi: War memorial ready, 60 years after it was first proposed|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/war-museum-ready-60-yrs-after-it-was-first-proposed/articleshow/67330108.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103074259/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//city/delhi/war-museum-ready-60-yrs-after-it-was-first-proposed/articleshow/67330108.cms|archive-date=3 January 2019|access-date=23 January 2022|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{cite web|last=Bhatnagar|first=Gaurav Vivek|date=21 April 2018|title=National War Memorial Takes Shape Six Decades After Being Conceived|url=https://thewire.in/urban/national-war-museum-delhi-india-gate|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130125759/https://thewire.in/urban/national-war-museum-delhi-india-gate|archive-date=30 January 2019|access-date=23 January 2022|website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref> When the National War Memorial was inaugurated in 2019 with a new flame the [[Chief of Integrated Defence Staff]] and a [[Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of the Army Staff]] had said that the old Amar Jyoti Jawan would be retained, however no specifics were given.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ramdas|first=Admiral L.|author-link=Laxminarayan Ramdas|date=2022-01-24|title=Amar Jawan Jyoti: Symbolism, respect can't be forced, it evolves over time; new will never take place of old|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/opinion/amar-jawan-jyoti-symbolism-respect-cant-be-forced-it-evolves-over-time-new-will-never-take-place-of-old|access-date=2022-01-25|website=[[National Herald]]}}</ref><ref name=":flame">{{cite web|last=Channan|first=Lt Col (Retd) Manoj K|date=22 January 2022|title=The Eternal Flame: The Indian Armed Forces should not be milked for political ambitions|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/the-eternal-flame-the-indian-armed-forces-should-not-be-milked-for-political-ambitions/2413295/|access-date=2022-01-25|website=The Financial Express|language=en}}</ref>
-Following the ceremony on 21 January 2022, debate ensued related to semantics, legacy, politicisation and symbolism{{Em dash}} whether the shifted flame was merged, or extinguished; whether the five decades old memorial was temporary, irrespective of government plans to construct a permanent one; whether there could be two "eternal" flames; and how the location of the old Amar Jyoti Jawan under the Indian Gate was symbolised and its colonial linkages.<ref name=":5">{{multiref2|{{Cite web|last=Shivshankar|first=Rahul|author-link=Rahul Shivshankar|date=24 January 2022|title=There’s no blame in shifting the flame|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/theres-no-blame-in-shifting-the-flame/articleshow/89098912.cms|url-access=subscription|access-date=2022-01-25|website=[[The Times of India]]}}|{{Cite web|last=Ramdas|first=Admiral L.|author-link=Laxminarayan Ramdas|date=2022-01-24|title=Amar Jawan Jyoti: Symbolism, respect can't be forced, it evolves over time; new will never take place of old|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/opinion/amar-jawan-jyoti-symbolism-respect-cant-be-forced-it-evolves-over-time-new-will-never-take-place-of-old|access-date=2022-01-25|website=[[National Herald]]}}|{{Cite web|last=Kaushik|first=Krishn|date=2022-01-24|title=Explained: The significance of Amar Jawan Jyoti, and why it was merged with National War Memorial flame|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-amar-jawan-jyoti-national-war-memorial-7735258/|access-date=2022-01-25|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}|{{Cite web|authors=Editorial|date=2022-01-24|title=Side by side|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/amar-jawan-jyoti-national-war-memorial-showcase-a-rich-history-7738405/|access-date=2022-01-25|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}|{{Cite web|last=Thapar|first=Karan|author-link=Karan Thapar|date=22 January 2022|title=Watch {{!}} Do Not Politicise Merging of Amar Jawan Jyoti: Former Army Chief V.P. Malik|url=https://thewire.in/video/watch-karan-thapar-vp-malik-amar-jawan-jyoti-india-gate|access-date=2022-01-25|website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}|{{Cite web|last=Swami|first=Praveen|author-link=Praveen Swami|date=2022-01-24|title=Liberals mourning India Gate flame must also recall some dark aspects of the colonial Army|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/liberals-mourning-india-gate-flame-must-also-recall-some-dark-aspects-of-the-colonial-army/811232/|access-date=2022-01-25|website=[[ThePrint]]}}|{{Cite web|last=Chadha|first=Saroj|date=2022-01-24|title=Amar Jawan Jyoti and National War Memorial|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/blunt-frank/amar-jawan-jyoti-and-national-war-memorial/|access-date=2022-01-25|website=[[The Times of India]] Blog|language=en-US}}|{{Cite web|last=Tandon|first=Aditi|date=23 January 2022|title=In 1972, Indira Gandhi govt too proposed permanent war memorial|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/in-1972-indira-govt-too-proposed-permanent-war-memorial-363848|access-date=2022-01-25|website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|Tribune India]]}}
+Following the ceremony on 21 January 2022, debate ensued related to semantics, legacy, politicisation and symbolism{{Em dash}} whether the shifted flame was merged, or extinguished; whether the five decades old memorial was temporary, irrespective of government plans to construct a permanent one; whether there could be two "eternal" flames; and how the location of the old Amar Jyoti Jawan under the Indian Gate was symbolised and its colonial linkages.<ref name=":5">{{multiref2|{{cite web|last=Shivshankar|first=Rahul|author-link=Rahul Shivshankar|date=24 January 2022|title=There's no blame in shifting the flame|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/theres-no-blame-in-shifting-the-flame/articleshow/89098912.cms|url-access=subscription|access-date=2022-01-25|website=[[The Times of India]]}}|{{cite web|last=Ramdas|first=Admiral L.|author-link=Laxminarayan Ramdas|date=2022-01-24|title=Amar Jawan Jyoti: Symbolism, respect can't be forced, it evolves over time; new will never take place of old|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/opinion/amar-jawan-jyoti-symbolism-respect-cant-be-forced-it-evolves-over-time-new-will-never-take-place-of-old|access-date=2022-01-25|website=[[National Herald]]}}|{{cite web|last=Kaushik|first=Krishn|date=2022-01-24|title=Explained: The significance of Amar Jawan Jyoti, and why it was merged with National War Memorial flame|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-amar-jawan-jyoti-national-war-memorial-7735258/|access-date=2022-01-25|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}|{{cite web|author1=Editorial|date=2022-01-24|title=Side by side|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/amar-jawan-jyoti-national-war-memorial-showcase-a-rich-history-7738405/|access-date=2022-01-25|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}|{{cite web|last=Thapar|first=Karan|author-link=Karan Thapar|date=22 January 2022|title=Watch {{!}} Do Not Politicise Merging of Amar Jawan Jyoti: Former Army Chief V.P. Malik|url=https://thewire.in/video/watch-karan-thapar-vp-malik-amar-jawan-jyoti-india-gate|access-date=2022-01-25|website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}|{{cite web|last=Swami|first=Praveen|author-link=Praveen Swami|date=2022-01-24|title=Liberals mourning India Gate flame must also recall some dark aspects of the colonial Army|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/liberals-mourning-india-gate-flame-must-also-recall-some-dark-aspects-of-the-colonial-army/811232/|access-date=2022-01-25|website=[[ThePrint]]}}|{{cite web|last=Chadha|first=Saroj|date=2022-01-24|title=Amar Jawan Jyoti and National War Memorial|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/blunt-frank/amar-jawan-jyoti-and-national-war-memorial/|access-date=2022-01-25|website=[[The Times of India]] Blog|language=en-US}}|{{cite web|last=Tandon|first=Aditi|date=23 January 2022|title=In 1972, Indira Gandhi govt too proposed permanent war memorial|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/in-1972-indira-govt-too-proposed-permanent-war-memorial-363848|access-date=2022-01-25|website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|Tribune India]]}}|{{cite web|last=Abdi|first=Mehmood |date=22 January 2022|title=Amar Jawan Jyoti: Merging flames and submerging history|url=https://theprobe.in/amar-jawan-jyoti-merging-flames-and-submerging-history/|access-date=2022-02-02|website=The Probe}}
 }}</ref>
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 === Under India Gate, in 1971 ===
 The Amar Jawan Jyoti was conceptualised and constructed in less than a month as per Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's wishes, to be made ready for Republic Day on 26 January 1972.<ref name=":4" /> This short timeframe limited the location and scope of the memorial.<ref name=":4" />
+The base was {{Convert|15|sqft|sqin}} with a height of 4 feet 3 inches. At the centre of this was a pedestal 3 feet 2 inches in height. Here a reversed rifle was placed with a war helmet on the top. All the four sides of the memorial were inscribed the words 'Amar Jawan' in Hindi. At each of the four corners of the main platform on which rests the pedestal are the urn which contain the flames.<ref name=":6" /> It was white at the time.<ref>{{cite web|title=Amar Jawan Jyoti|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/Galleries/Wars/Memorials/Monuments/0011.jpg.html|access-date=2022-01-25|website=[[Bharat Rakshak]]}}</ref>
-The base was {{Convert|15|sqft|sqin}} with a height of 4 feet 3 inches. At the centre of this was a pedestal 3 feet 2 inches in height. Here a reversed rifle was placed with a war helmet on the top. All the four sides of the memorial were inscribed the words 'Amar Jawan' in Hindi. At each of the four corners of the main platform on which rests the pedestal are the urn which contain the flames.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=Delhi Gazetteer|publisher=Gazetteer Unit, Delhi Administration|year=April 1976|location=Delhi|pages=1001-1002}}</ref> It was white at the time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amar Jawan Jyoti|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/Galleries/Wars/Memorials/Monuments/0011.jpg.html|access-date=2022-01-25|website=[[Bharat Rakshak]]}}</ref>[[File:Amar Jawan Jyoti-2.jpg|thumb|left|Cenotaph with a [[L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle]] placed on its barrel and capped by a helmet of the Unknown Soldier.]]From 1971 to 2006, the flame was fueled by [[Liquefied petroleum gas|Liquified Petroleum Gas]] (LPG) cylinders.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Nidhi|date=25 January 2006|title=Amar Jawan Jyoti to glow with green fuel|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/amar-jawan-jyoti-to-glow-with-green-fuel/articleshow/1386411.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-23|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The pedestal was bound by four urns. Each of the urns are controlled by a separate burner.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Nidhi|date=25 January 2006|title=Amar Jawan Jyoti to glow with green fuel|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/amar-jawan-jyoti-to-glow-with-green-fuel/articleshow/1386411.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-23|website=The Times of India}}</ref> A single LPG cylinder would be able to provide fuel for one urn for about 36 hours.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Nidhi|date=25 January 2006|title=Amar Jawan Jyoti to glow with green fuel|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/amar-jawan-jyoti-to-glow-with-green-fuel/articleshow/1386411.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-23|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The cylinders were stacked in a room in the memorial.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Nidhi|date=25 January 2006|title=Amar Jawan Jyoti to glow with green fuel|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/amar-jawan-jyoti-to-glow-with-green-fuel/articleshow/1386411.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-23|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Sanctioned in December 2005, LPG cylinders were replaced by Piped Natural Gas (PNG), a safer and more economical option.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Nidhi|date=25 January 2006|title=Amar Jawan Jyoti to glow with green fuel|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/amar-jawan-jyoti-to-glow-with-green-fuel/articleshow/1386411.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-23|website=The Times of India}}</ref> A pipeline had been laid from Kasturba Gandhi Marg.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Nidhi|date=25 January 2006|title=Amar Jawan Jyoti to glow with green fuel|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/amar-jawan-jyoti-to-glow-with-green-fuel/articleshow/1386411.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-23|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The staff responsible for maintaining the burning flame resided in a room under the [[India Gate|arch]], next to the flame.<ref name="Keeper of the flame">{{cite news|last=Gupta|first=Geeta|date=10 June 2012|title=Keeper of the flame|work=[[The Indian Express]]|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/keeper-of-the-flame/960016/0|access-date=4 January 2017}}</ref> The overall responsibility of the flame was under the [[Military Engineer Services (India)|Military Engineer Services]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Nidhi|date=25 January 2006|title=Amar Jawan Jyoti to glow with green fuel|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/amar-jawan-jyoti-to-glow-with-green-fuel/articleshow/1386411.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-23|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Chander Singh Bisht, a retied military engineer service personnel, operated the flame for four decades.<ref name=":4" /> The monument was always guarded.<ref name="5 things about Amar Jawan Jyoti">{{cite news|last=Garcia|first=Meryl|date=19 January 2016|title=5 things about Amar Jawan Jyoti|publisher=[[The Better India]]|url=http://www.thebetterindia.com/43484/amar-jawan-jyoti-republic-day-delhi/|access-date=4 January 2017}}</ref>
+[[File:Amar Jawan Jyoti-2.jpg|thumb|left|Cenotaph with a [[L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle]] placed on its barrel and capped by a helmet of the Unknown Soldier.|236x236px]]
+From 1971 to 2006, the flame was fueled by [[Liquefied petroleum gas|Liquified Petroleum Gas]] (LPG) cylinders.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|last=Sharma|first=Nidhi|date=25 January 2006|title=Amar Jawan Jyoti to glow with green fuel|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/amar-jawan-jyoti-to-glow-with-green-fuel/articleshow/1386411.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-23|website=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709132449/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com:80/city/delhi/Amar-Jawan-Jyoti-to-glow-with-green-fuel/articleshow/1386411.cms? |archive-date=9 July 2010 }}</ref> The pedestal was bound by four urns. Each of the urns are controlled by a separate burner.<ref name=":2" /> A single LPG cylinder would be able to provide fuel for one urn for about 36 hours.<ref name=":2" /> The cylinders were stacked in a room in the memorial.<ref name=":2" /> Sanctioned in December 2005, LPG cylinders were replaced by Piped Natural Gas (PNG), a safer and more economical option.<ref name=":2" /> A pipeline had been laid from Kasturba Gandhi Marg.<ref name=":2" /> The staff responsible for maintaining the burning flame resided in a room under the [[India Gate|arch]], next to the flame.<ref name="Keeper of the flame">{{cite news|last=Gupta|first=Geeta|date=10 June 2012|title=Keeper of the flame|work=[[The Indian Express]]|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/keeper-of-the-flame/960016/0 |access-date=4 January 2017}}</ref> The overall responsibility of the flame was under the [[Military Engineer Services (India)|Military Engineer Services]].<ref name=":2" /> Chander Singh Bisht, a retired military engineer service personnel, operated the flame for four decades.<ref name=":4" /> The monument was always guarded.<ref name="5 things about Amar Jawan Jyoti">{{cite news|last=Garcia|first=Meryl|date=19 January 2016|title=5 things about Amar Jawan Jyoti|publisher=[[The Better India]]|url=http://www.thebetterindia.com/43484/amar-jawan-jyoti-republic-day-delhi/ |access-date=4 January 2017}}</ref>
 === At Amar Chakra, in 2019 ===
-[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi lighting the eternal flame, to mark the dedication of the National War Memorial, in New Delhi on February 25, 2019 (1).JPG|thumb|Prime Minister lighting the Amar Jawan Jyoti at NWM]]
+[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi lighting the eternal flame, to mark the dedication of the National War Memorial, in New Delhi on February 25, 2019 (1).JPG|thumb|300x300px|The flame at the National War Memorial being lit for the first time on 25 February 2019.]]
-Amar Jawan Jyoti is now located at the inner ring, the Amar Chakra (Circle of Immortality), of the [[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]]. The Memorial has four concentric circles representing a [[Padmavyuha|Chakravyuh]] and a central obelisk at the bottom of which burns the flame.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Yadav|first=Namrata|date=3 March 2019|title=Are you looking for someone you lost, Ma'am? They asked my mother at National War Memorial|work=[[ThePrint]]|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/are-you-looking-for-someone-you-lost-maam-they-asked-my-mother-at-national-war-memorial/200744/|access-date=25 January 2022}}</ref>
+Amar Jawan Jyoti is now located at the inner ring, the Amar Chakra (Circle of Immortality), of the [[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]]. The Memorial has four concentric circles representing a [[Padmavyuha|Chakravyuh]] and a central obelisk at the bottom of which burns the flame.<ref>{{cite news|last=Yadav|first=Namrata|date=3 March 2019|title=Are you looking for someone you lost, Ma'am? They asked my mother at National War Memorial|work=[[ThePrint]]|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/are-you-looking-for-someone-you-lost-maam-they-asked-my-mother-at-national-war-memorial/200744/|access-date=25 January 2022}}</ref>
-A global design competition was conducted and the result was announced in early April 2017. A [[Chennai]] architectural firm, WeBe Design Lab's proposal was declared the winner and was accordingly chosen for the conceptualization of the architectural design and for coordinating the construction of the project. The chief architect of the memorial is Yogesh Chandrahasan of WeBe Design Lab, Chennai, chosen through a global design competition and a jury chaired by [[Christopher Charles Benninger]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhatnagar|first=Gaurav Vivek|date=21 April 2018|title=National War Memorial Takes Shape Six Decades After Being Conceived|url=https://thewire.in/urban/national-war-museum-delhi-india-gate|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-23|website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref>
+A global design competition was conducted and the result was announced in early April 2017. A [[Chennai]] architectural firm, WeBe Design Lab's proposal was declared the winner and was accordingly chosen for the conceptualization of the architectural design and for coordinating the construction of the project. The chief architect of the memorial is Yogesh Chandrahasan of WeBe Design Lab, Chennai, chosen through a global design competition and a jury chaired by [[Christopher Charles Benninger]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhatnagar|first=Gaurav Vivek|date=21 April 2018|title=National War Memorial Takes Shape Six Decades After Being Conceived|url=https://thewire.in/urban/national-war-museum-delhi-india-gate|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-23|website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130125759/https://thewire.in/urban/national-war-museum-delhi-india-gate |archive-date=30 January 2019 }}</ref>
 == Observances, remembrances and celebrations ==
-Since 1972, every-year on [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]], before the [[Delhi Republic Day parade|Republic Day parade]], it had been customary for the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] and three service chiefs and dignitaries to place a [[wreath]] at Amar Jawan Jyoti.{{sfnp|Chhina, Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World|2014|pp=161}} On Independence Day, the President laid a wreath.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Search results for "Amar Jawan Jyoti"|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&limit=500&offset=500&profile=default&search=Amar+Jawan+Jyoti|access-date=2022-01-23|website=[[Wikimedia Commons]]}}</ref> On 16 December, [[Vijay Diwas (India)|Vijay Diwas]], the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]] laid a wreath.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ceremonials, Department Of Defence|url=https://www.mod.gov.in/dod/ceremonials|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123075925/https://www.mod.gov.in/dod/ceremonials|archive-date=2022-01-23|access-date=2022-01-23|website=[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], Government of India}}</ref>
+Since 1972, every-year on [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]], before the [[Delhi Republic Day parade|Republic Day parade]], it had been customary for the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] and three service chiefs and dignitaries to place a [[wreath]] at Amar Jawan Jyoti.{{sfnp|Chhina, Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World|2014|pp=161}} On Independence Day, the President laid a wreath.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Search results for "Amar Jawan Jyoti"|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&limit=500&offset=500&profile=default&search=Amar+Jawan+Jyoti|access-date=2022-01-23|website=[[Wikimedia Commons]]}}</ref> On 16 December, [[Vijay Diwas (India)|Vijay Diwas]], the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]] laid a wreath.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ceremonials, Department Of Defence|url=https://www.mod.gov.in/dod/ceremonials|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123075925/https://www.mod.gov.in/dod/ceremonials|archive-date=2021-01-23|access-date=2022-01-23|website=[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], Government of India}}</ref>
 {{Gallery
-|title=Visuals from the old Amar Jyoti Jawan
+|title=Visuals from the old Amar Jawan Jyoti
 |width=150 |height=
 |align=center
@@ Line 85: / Line 88: @@
 |File:The Kyrgyzstan Defence Minister, Maj. Gen. Abibilla Kudaberdiev paying homage to the martyrs at Amar Jawan Jyoti, in New Delhi on September 09, 2011.jpg
 |'''Foreign dignitaries:''' [[Ministry of Defense (Kyrgyzstan)|Kyrgyzstan Defence Minister]], Major General [[Abibilla Kudayberdiev]] rendering a [[hand salute]], 2011
+|File:The Chief of Ground Forces of Israel Defence Forces, Major General Guy Zur paying floral tributes at Amar Jawan Jyoti, India Gate, in New Delhi on November 12, 2013.jpg|'''Foreign dignitaries:''' Wreath laying by Chief of Ground Forces of [[Israel Defense Forces]], Major General [[Guy Tzur]]}}
-|File:Raymond T. Odierno signing the visitor book at Amar jawan Jyoti.jpg
-|'''Foreign dignitaries:''' [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army]] Gen. [[Raymond T. Odierno]] signing the visitors book, 2013
-}}
-From 2020 onwards the Prime Minister, on the occasion of the 71st Republic Day, placed the wreath at the [[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]] instead of the Amar Jyoti Jawan at India Gate[[Republic Day (India)|.]] The Prime Minister is accompanied by the [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]], along with the [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Army Chief]], [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Navy Chief]], and [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Air Force Chief]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=January 23, 2020|title=Not Amar Jawan Jyoti, Republic Day wreath-laying ceremony at National War Memorial from this year|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/republic-day-amar-jawan-jyoti-ceremony-national-war-memorial-1639434-2020-01-23|access-date=2020-12-14|website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kaushik|first=Krishn|date=2020-01-24|title=This year, Republic Day ceremony to start from War Memorial, not India Gate|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/this-year-republic-day-ceremony-to-start-from-war-memorial-not-india-gate-6232317/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-23|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref>
+From 2020 onwards the Prime Minister, on the occasion of the 71st Republic Day, placed the wreath at the [[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]] instead of the Amar Jyoti Jawan at India Gate. The Prime Minister is accompanied by the [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]], along with the [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Army Chief]], [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Navy Chief]], and [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Air Force Chief]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|date=January 23, 2020|title=Not Amar Jawan Jyoti, Republic Day wreath-laying ceremony at National War Memorial from this year|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/republic-day-amar-jawan-jyoti-ceremony-national-war-memorial-1639434-2020-01-23|access-date=2020-12-14|website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kaushik|first=Krishn|date=2020-01-24|title=This year, Republic Day ceremony to start from War Memorial, not India Gate|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/this-year-republic-day-ceremony-to-start-from-war-memorial-not-india-gate-6232317/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-23|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124033916/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/this-year-republic-day-ceremony-to-start-from-war-memorial-not-india-gate-6232317/ |archive-date=24 January 2020 }}</ref>
 {{Gallery
-|title=Visuals from the new Amar Jyoti Jawan
+|title=Visuals from the new Amar Jawan Jyoti
 |width=200 |height=
 |align=center
 |footer=Representative; for more images see [[:commons:Category:National War Memorial (India)|Wikimedia Commons]]
-|File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi at the dedication ceremony of the National War Memorial, in New Delhi on February 25, 2019.JPG|2019 dedication ceremony
+|File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi at the dedication ceremony of the National War Memorial, in New Delhi on February 25, 2019.JPG|Dedication ceremony, 2019
-|File:The Chief of Staff, Japan Air Self Defense Force, General Izutsu Shunji paying homage at National War Memorial, in New Delhi on December 10, 2020.jpg|The Chief of Staff, [[Japan Air Self Defense Force]], General [[:ja:井筒俊司|Izutsu Shunji]], 2020.}}
+|File:The Chief of Staff, Japan Air Self Defense Force, General Izutsu Shunji paying homage at National War Memorial, in New Delhi on December 10, 2020.jpg|The Chief of Staff, [[Japan Air Self Defense Force]], General [[:ja:井筒俊司|Izutsu Shunji]], 2020.|Secretary Pompeo and Defense Secretary Esper Participate in a Wreath Laying at the National War Memorial in New Delhi, India (50537513647).jpg|Wreath laying by the [[United States Secretary of State]] and [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]], 2020}}
 == See also ==
 {{commonscat|Amar Jawan Jyoti (Tomb of the Unknown Soldier)}}
+{{Portal box|India}}
-* [[National War Memorial (India)]] in New Delhi
 * [[National Military Memorial]] in Bengaluru
 * [[National War Memorial Southern Command]] in Pune
@@ Line 114: / Line 114: @@
 * [[Victory day of Bangladesh|Bijoy Dibos]]
 {{Clear}}
-{{Portal bar|India}}
 ==References==
@@ Line 124: / Line 123: @@
 == Bibliography ==
-* {{Cite book|last=Chhina|first=Rana T.S.|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Uploads/PublicationDocs/23460_IWM_Book__11-06-2014_.pdf|title=Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World.|publisher=Centre for Armed Forces Historical Research, United Service Institution of India|others=A public diplomacy initiative of the Ministry of External Affairs|year=2014|isbn=978-81-902097-9-3|ref={{sfnref|Chhina, Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World|2014}}|author-link=Rana Chhina|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120044036/https://mea.gov.in/Uploads/PublicationDocs/23460_IWM_Book__11-06-2014_.pdf|archive-date=20 January 2022|url-status=live}}
+* {{Cite book|last=Chhina|first=Rana T.S.|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Uploads/PublicationDocs/23460_IWM_Book__11-06-2014_.pdf|title=Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World.|publisher=Centre for Armed Forces Historical Research, United Service Institution of India|others=A public diplomacy initiative of the Ministry of External Affairs|year=2014|isbn=978-8190209793|ref={{sfnref|Chhina, Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World|2014}}|author-link=Rana Chhina|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120044036/https://mea.gov.in/Uploads/PublicationDocs/23460_IWM_Book__11-06-2014_.pdf|archive-date=20 January 2022|url-status=live}}
 == Further reading ==
-* {{Cite book|last=Nayyar|first=Vice-Admiral (retd.) K.K.|title=Amar Jawan, A Book of Remembrance|publisher=[[India Book House]]|year=1997|isbn=9788175081055|quote=A book of remembrance in memory of our soldiers, sailors, and airmen who laid down their lives in defence of their country, India, 1947-1997}}
+* {{Cite book|last=Nayyar|first=Vice-Admiral (retd.) K.K.|title=Amar Jawan, A Book of Remembrance|publisher=[[India Book House]]|year=1997|isbn=978-8175081055|quote=A book of remembrance in memory of our soldiers, sailors, and airmen who laid down their lives in defence of their country, India, 1947–1997}}
 :: {{Em dash}} {{Cite web|last=Joshi|first=Manoj|author-link=Manoj Joshi (journalist)|date=1 December 1997|title=Amar Jawan, A Book of Remembrance: A sailor's monumental record of the war dead|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19971201-amar-jawan-a-book-of-remembrance-a-sailors-monumental-record-of-the-war-dead-830980-1997-12-01|website=India Today|language=en}}
 {{Delhi}}
+{{Military of India}}
-[[Category:Cultural infrastructure completed in 1971]]
+[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1971]]
 [[Category:Buildings and structures in New Delhi]]
 [[Category:Commonwealth War Graves Commission memorials]]