Ghost pepper: Difference between revisions

Ghost pepper
Ghost pepper
	Red (ripe) and green ghost pepper fruits
Hybrid parentage	Capsicum chinense × Capsicum frutescens
Origin	Northeast India (especially in Assam, Manipur and Nagaland)
Heat	Exceptionally hot
Scoville scale	1,001,304 SHU

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The ghost pepper,^[2]^[3] also known as bhüt jolokia (lit. 'Bhutanese pepper' or 'Ghost pepper' in Assamese^[4]), is an interspecific hybrid chili pepper cultivated in Northeast India.^[5]^[6] It is a hybrid of Capsicum chinense and Capsicum frutescens.^[7]

In 2007, Guinness World Records certified that the ghost pepper was the world's hottest chili pepper, 170 times hotter than Tabasco sauce. The ghost chili is rated at more than one million Scoville Heat Units (SHUs) and far surpasses the amount of a cayenne pepper. However, in the race to grow the hottest chili pepper, the ghost chili was superseded by the Trinidad Scorpion Butch T pepper in 2011, the Carolina Reaper in 2013 and Pepper X in 2023.^[8]

Etymology and regional names

The name bhüt jolokia means 'Bhutanese pepper' in Assamese; the first element bhüt /bʱʊt/ , meaning 'Bhutanese', was mistakenly confused for a near-homonym bhut /bʱut/ meaning 'ghost'.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]

In Assam,^[13] the pepper is also known as bih zôlôkia meaning 'poison chili', from Assamese bih meaning 'poison' and zôlôkia meaning 'chili pepper', denoting the plant's heat.^[14] Similarly, in Nagaland, one of the regions of cultivation, the chili is called Raja Mirja meaning King chili ('Naga king chili'; also romanized nôga zôlôkia) and bhut jolokia (also romanized bhût zôlôkiya).^[14] This name is especially common in other regions where it is grown, such as Assam and Manipur.^[14] It has also been called the Tezpur chili after the Assamese city of Tezpur.^[15] In Manipur, the chili is called umorok.^[16] In Northeast India, bhut jolokia is also known as the "king chili" or "king cobra chilli'".^[17] Other usages on the subcontinent are saga jolokia, 'Indian mystery chili' and 'Indian rough chili'.^[14]

Scoville rating

In 2000, India's Defence Research Laboratory (DRL) reported a Scoville rating for the ghost pepper of 855,000 SHUs,^[18] and in 2004 a rating of 1,041,427 SHUs was made using HPLC analysis.^[19] For comparison, Tabasco red pepper sauce rates at 2,500–5,000, and pure capsaicin (the chemical responsible for the pungency of pepper plants) rates at 16,000,000 SHUs. In 2005, New Mexico State University's Chile Pepper Institute in Las Cruces, New Mexico,^[20] found ghost peppers grown from seed in southern New Mexico to have a Scoville rating of 1,001,304 SHUs by HPLC.^[5] Unlike most peppers, ghost peppers produce capsaicin in vesicles not only in the placenta around the seeds but also throughout the fruit.^[21]

Characteristics

Ripe peppers measure 60 to 85 mm (2.4 to 3.3 in) in length and 25 to 30 mm (1.0 to 1.2 in) in width with a red, yellow, orange, or chocolate color. The unselected strain of ghost peppers from India is an extremely variable plant, with a wide range in fruit sizes and fruit production per plant. Ghost pepper pods are unique among peppers because of their characteristic shape and very thin skin.^[22] However, the red fruit variety has two different types: the rough, dented fruit and the smooth fruit. The rough fruit plants are taller, with more fragile branches, while the smooth fruit plants yield more fruit and are compact with sturdier branches.^[23] It takes about 7–12 days to germinate at 32–38 °C.

Plant height	45–120 cm (17–47 inches)
Stem color	Green
Leaf color	Green
Leaf length	10.65–14.25 cm
Leaf width	5.4–7.5 cm
Pedicels per axil	2
Corolla color	Yellow green
Anther color	Pale blue
Annular constriction	Present below calyx
Fruit color at maturity	Red is the most common, with orange, yellow and chocolate as rarer varieties

Fruit shape	Subconical to conical
Fruit length	5.95–8.54 cm
Fruit width at shoulder	2.5–2.95 cm
Fruit weight	6.95–8.97 g
Fruit surface	Rough, uneven or smooth
Seed color	Light tan
1000 seed weight	4.1–5.2 g
Seeds per fruit	19–35
Hypocotyl color	Green
Cotyledonous leaf shape	Deltoid

Uses

Culinary

Ghost peppers are used as a food and a spice.^[6] It is used in both fresh and dried forms to heat up curries, pickles and chutneys. It is popularly used in combination with pork or dried or fermented fish. The pepper's intense heat makes it a fixture in competitive chili pepper eating.^[24]

Animal control

In northeastern India, the peppers are smeared on fences or incorporated in smoke bombs as a safety precaution to keep wild elephants at a distance.^[25]^[26]

Chili grenades

In 2009, scientists at India's Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) announced plans to use the peppers in hand grenades as a nonlethal method to control rioters with pepper sprays or in self-defence.^[27]^[28] The DRDO said that ghost pepper-based aerosol sprays could be used as a "safety device", and "civil variants" of chili grenades could be used to control and disperse mobs.^[29] Chili grenades made from ghost peppers were successfully used by the Indian Army in August 2015 to flush out a terrorist hiding in a cave.^[30]

Gallery

Ghost pepper leaf, about 10-day-old plant
Ghost pepper leaf, about 30-day-old plant
Ghost pepper plant, 40 days old, grown in coco peat
Peach ghost pepper
Yellow ghost pepper
Chocolate ghost pepper
Purple ghost pepper
Red ghost pepper
Ripe, harvested bhut jolokia
Bhut jolokia/ghost pepper plant

References

^ It is extensively cultivated in northeastern India, especially in the states of Assam, Nagaland, Manipur. https://www.frontalagritech.com/chillies-peppers-herbs Archived 10 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine
^ Gamillo, Elizabeth (3 August 2018). "Ghost peppers are saving U.S. grasslands—by scaring off hungry mice". Science. Archived from the original on 20 March 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
^ Deepak, Sharanya (1 January 2019). "The Incredible Story of Bhut Jolokia: From Rural India to Dumb YouTube Stunts". Taste. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
^ "Definition of BHUT JOLOKIA". www.merriam-webster.com. Archived from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ ^a ^b Shaline L. Lopez (2007). "NMSU is home to the world's hottest chile pepper". Archived from the original on 19 February 2007. Retrieved 21 February 2007.
^ ^a ^b "'Ghost chile' burns away stomach ills - Diet & Nutrition - NBC News". Associated Press. 2007. Archived from the original on 28 February 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2007.
^ Paul W. Bosland; Jit B. Baral (2007). "'Bhut Jolokia'—The World's Hottest Known Chile Pepper is a Putative Naturally Occurring Interspecific Hybrid" (PDF). Horticultural Science. 42 (2): 222–4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
^ "Hottest Chili". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on 24 September 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
^ "Definition of BHUT JOLOKIA". www.merriam-webster.com. Archived from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "India's 'ghost pepper' is one of the hottest chillies. Can Britain handle it?". 16 September 2021.
^ "MasterChef Australia features eight of the hottest chillies on the planet; have you tried any?". The Indian Express. 2 June 2021. Archived from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
^ "Can Ghost Peppers Kill You?". HowStuffWorks. 11 August 2015. Archived from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
^ "The origin of the Chili lies in the north-eastern of India, in the region of Assam." https://chili-plant.com/chilli-varieties/bhut-jolokia-chili/
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Raktim Ranjan Bhagowati; et al. (2009). "Genetic Variability and Traditional Practices in Naga King Chili Landraces of Nagaland" (PDF). Asian Agri-History. 13 (3): 171–180. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2011.
^ Dave DeWitt; Paul W. Bosland (2009). The Complete Chile Pepper Book. Timber Press. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-88192-920-1.
^ Sanatombi K.; G. J. Sharma (2008). "Capsaicin Content and Pungency of Different Capsicum spp. Cultivars". Not. Bot. Hort. Agrobot. Cluj. 36 (2): 89–90. ISSN 1842-4309. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
^ "Bhut Jolokia / Naga Chilli / King Chilli". August 2021. Archived from the original on 25 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
^ Mathur R; et al. (2000). "The hottest chili variety in India" (PDF). Current Science. 79 (3): 287–8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 August 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2006.
^ "Bih jolokia". 2006. Archived from the original on 13 December 2006. Retrieved 12 December 2006.
^ "NMSU: The Chile Pepper Institute - Home". The Chile Pepper Institute. Archived from the original on 20 November 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
^ Bosland, Paul; Coon, Danise; Cooke, Peter H. (June 2015). "Novel Formation of Ectopic (Nonplacental) Capsaicinoid Secreting Vesicles on Fruit Walls Explains the Morphological Mechanism for Super-hot Chile Peppers". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 140 (3): 253–256. doi:10.21273/JASHS.140.3.253.
^ Barker, Catherine L. (2007). "Hot Pod: World's Hottest". National Geographic Magazine. Vol. 2007, no. May. p. 21.
^ Dremann, Craig Carlton. 2011. Redwood City Seed Company, Observations on the variations in the Bhut Jolokia pepper from seed reproduction growouts.
^ Mary Roach (June 2013). "The Gut-Wrenching Science Behind the World's Hottest Peppers". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 27 December 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
^ Hussain, Wasbir (20 November 2007). "World's Hottest Chile Used as Elephant Repellent". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 22 November 2007. Retrieved 21 November 2007.
^ "Ghost Chile Scares Off Elephants". National Geographic News website. National Geographic. 20 November 2007. Archived from the original on 24 November 2007. Retrieved 18 August 2008.
^ "Army's new weapon: world's hottest chili - Trends News - IBNLive". Ibnlive.in.com. 24 March 2010. Archived from the original on 27 March 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
^ "South Asia | India plans hot chilli grenades". BBC News. 25 June 2009. Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
^ Bhaumik, Subir (24 March 2010). "India scientists hail 'multi-purpose' chillis". BBC News. City of Westminster, England. Archived from the original on 7 November 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
^ "Army used 'chilly grenades' to flush out Pak terrorist Sajjad Ahmed from a cave". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2016.

[1] It is extensively cultivated in northeastern India, especially in the states of Assam, Nagaland, Manipur. https://www.frontalagritech.com/chillies-peppers-herbs Archived 10 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine

[2] Gamillo, Elizabeth (3 August 2018). "Ghost peppers are saving U.S. grasslands—by scaring off hungry mice". Science. Archived from the original on 20 March 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2019.

[3] Deepak, Sharanya (1 January 2019). "The Incredible Story of Bhut Jolokia: From Rural India to Dumb YouTube Stunts". Taste. Retrieved 25 June 2019.

[4] "Definition of BHUT JOLOKIA". www.merriam-webster.com. Archived from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[bosland-5] Shaline L. Lopez (2007). "NMSU is home to the world's hottest chile pepper". Archived from the original on 19 February 2007. Retrieved 21 February 2007.

[Associated_Press-6] "'Ghost chile' burns away stomach ills - Diet & Nutrition - NBC News". Associated Press. 2007. Archived from the original on 28 February 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2007.

[hortscience-7] Paul W. Bosland; Jit B. Baral (2007). "'Bhut Jolokia'—The World's Hottest Known Chile Pepper is a Putative Naturally Occurring Interspecific Hybrid" (PDF). Horticultural Science. 42 (2): 222–4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2014.

[8] "Hottest Chili". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on 24 September 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2023.

[:0-9] "Definition of BHUT JOLOKIA". www.merriam-webster.com. Archived from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[10] "India's 'ghost pepper' is one of the hottest chillies. Can Britain handle it?". 16 September 2021.

[11] "MasterChef Australia features eight of the hottest chillies on the planet; have you tried any?". The Indian Express. 2 June 2021. Archived from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 4 November 2021.

[12] "Can Ghost Peppers Kill You?". HowStuffWorks. 11 August 2015. Archived from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 17 August 2022.

[13] "The origin of the Chili lies in the north-eastern of India, in the region of Assam." https://chili-plant.com/chilli-varieties/bhut-jolokia-chili/

[raktim-14] Raktim Ranjan Bhagowati; et al. (2009). "Genetic Variability and Traditional Practices in Naga King Chili Landraces of Nagaland" (PDF). Asian Agri-History. 13 (3): 171–180. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2011.

[tezpur-15] Dave DeWitt; Paul W. Bosland (2009). The Complete Chile Pepper Book. Timber Press. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-88192-920-1.

[umorok-16] Sanatombi K.; G. J. Sharma (2008). "Capsaicin Content and Pungency of Different Capsicum spp. Cultivars". Not. Bot. Hort. Agrobot. Cluj. 36 (2): 89–90. ISSN 1842-4309. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2011.

[17] "Bhut Jolokia / Naga Chilli / King Chilli". August 2021. Archived from the original on 25 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.

[currscience-18] Mathur R; et al. (2000). "The hottest chili variety in India" (PDF). Current Science. 79 (3): 287–8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 August 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2006.

[fa-19] "Bih jolokia". 2006. Archived from the original on 13 December 2006. Retrieved 12 December 2006.

[20] "NMSU: The Chile Pepper Institute - Home". The Chile Pepper Institute. Archived from the original on 20 November 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2012.

[21] Bosland, Paul; Coon, Danise; Cooke, Peter H. (June 2015). "Novel Formation of Ectopic (Nonplacental) Capsaicinoid Secreting Vesicles on Fruit Walls Explains the Morphological Mechanism for Super-hot Chile Peppers". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 140 (3): 253–256. doi:10.21273/JASHS.140.3.253.

[NatGeo_May_07-22] Barker, Catherine L. (2007). "Hot Pod: World's Hottest". National Geographic Magazine. Vol. 2007, no. May. p. 21.

[23] Dremann, Craig Carlton. 2011. Redwood City Seed Company, Observations on the variations in the Bhut Jolokia pepper from seed reproduction growouts.

[24] Mary Roach (June 2013). "The Gut-Wrenching Science Behind the World's Hottest Peppers". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 27 December 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013.

[25] Hussain, Wasbir (20 November 2007). "World's Hottest Chile Used as Elephant Repellent". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 22 November 2007. Retrieved 21 November 2007.

[26] "Ghost Chile Scares Off Elephants". National Geographic News website. National Geographic. 20 November 2007. Archived from the original on 24 November 2007. Retrieved 18 August 2008.

[27] "Army's new weapon: world's hottest chili - Trends News - IBNLive". Ibnlive.in.com. 24 March 2010. Archived from the original on 27 March 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2012.

[28] "South Asia | India plans hot chilli grenades". BBC News. 25 June 2009. Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 11 April 2010.

[BBC24March2012-29] Bhaumik, Subir (24 March 2010). "India scientists hail 'multi-purpose' chillis". BBC News. City of Westminster, England. Archived from the original on 7 November 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2012.

[30] "Army used 'chilly grenades' to flush out Pak terrorist Sajjad Ahmed from a cave". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2016.

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@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 | image = Bhut-Jolokia-pc.jpg
 | image_caption = Red (ripe) and green ghost pepper fruits
+| origin = [[Northeast India]] (especially in [[Assam]], [[Manipur]] and [[Nagaland]])<ref>It is extensively cultivated in northeastern India, especially in the states of Assam, Nagaland, Manipur. https://www.frontalagritech.com/chillies-peppers-herbs {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210110219/https://www.frontalagritech.com/chillies-peppers-herbs |date=10 February 2023 }}</ref>
-| origin = [[India]]
-* [[Northeast India]] (especially in [[Manipur]] & [[Nagaland]])<ref>It is extensively cultivated in northeastern India, especially in the states of Assam, Nagaland and Manipur. https://www.frontalagritech.com/chillies-peppers-herbs</ref>
 | hybrid = ''[[Capsicum chinense]]'' × ''[[Capsicum frutescens]]''
 | module = {{Infobox pepper
@@ Line 15: / Line 14: @@
 }}
-The '''ghost pepper''',<ref>{{cite news|last=Gamillo|first=Elizabeth|date=3 August 2018|title=Ghost peppers are saving U.S. grasslands—by scaring off hungry mice|work=Science|url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/08/ghost-peppers-are-saving-us-grasslands-scaring-hungry-mice|access-date=25 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Deepak|first=Sharanya|date=1 January 2019|title=The Incredible Story of Bhut Jolokia: From Rural India to Dumb YouTube Stunts|work=Taste|url=https://www.tastecooking.com/many-lives-king-chile/|access-date=25 June 2019}}</ref> also known as '''''bhut jolokia''''' (which literally means '''[[Bhutan]] pepper''' in [[Assamese language|Assamese]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Definition of BHUT JOLOKIA|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bhut+jolokia|access-date=2020-10-26|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en}}</ref>), is an [[interspecific hybrid]] [[chili pepper]] cultivated in [[Northeast India]].<ref name="bosland">{{cite web |author=Shaline L. Lopez |url=http://www.nmsu.edu/~ucomm/Releases/2007/february/hottest_chile.htm |title=NMSU is home to the world's hottest chile pepper |year=2007 |access-date=21 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219124128/http://www.nmsu.edu/~ucomm/Releases/2007/february/hottest_chile.htm |archive-date=19 February 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Associated Press">{{cite news |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/20058096 |title='Ghost chile' burns away stomach ills - Diet & Nutrition - NBC News |agency=Associated Press |year=2007 |access-date=5 August 2007 }}</ref> It is a hybrid of ''[[Capsicum chinense]]'' and ''[[Capsicum frutescens]]''.<ref name="hortscience">{{cite journal |author=Paul W. Bosland |author2=Jit B. Baral |title='Bhut Jolokia'—The World's Hottest Known Chile Pepper is a Putative Naturally Occurring Interspecific Hybrid |journal=Horticultural Science |year=2007 |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=222–4 |url=http://www.chilepepperinstitute.org/content/files/JolokiaArt.pdf |access-date=11 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923202809/http://www.chilepepperinstitute.org/content/files/JolokiaArt.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+The '''ghost pepper''',<ref>{{cite news|last=Gamillo|first=Elizabeth|date=3 August 2018|title=Ghost peppers are saving U.S. grasslands—by scaring off hungry mice|work=Science|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/ghost-peppers-are-saving-us-grasslands-scaring-hungry-mice|access-date=25 June 2019|archive-date=20 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320034401/https://www.science.org/content/article/ghost-peppers-are-saving-us-grasslands-scaring-hungry-mice|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Deepak|first=Sharanya|date=1 January 2019|title=The Incredible Story of Bhut Jolokia: From Rural India to Dumb YouTube Stunts|work=Taste|url=https://www.tastecooking.com/many-lives-king-chile/|access-date=25 June 2019}}</ref> also known as '''''bhüt jolokia''''' ({{lit.|Bhutanese pepper}} or 'Ghost pepper' in [[Assamese language|Assamese]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition of BHUT JOLOKIA|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bhut+jolokia|access-date=2020-10-26|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|archive-date=4 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904033126/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bhut%20jolokia|url-status=live}}</ref>), is an [[interspecific hybrid]] [[chili pepper]] cultivated in [[Northeast India]].<ref name="bosland">{{cite web |author=Shaline L. Lopez |url=http://www.nmsu.edu/~ucomm/Releases/2007/february/hottest_chile.htm |title=NMSU is home to the world's hottest chile pepper |year=2007 |access-date=21 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219124128/http://www.nmsu.edu/~ucomm/Releases/2007/february/hottest_chile.htm |archive-date=19 February 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Associated Press">{{cite news |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/20058096 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228030504/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/20058096/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 February 2013 |title='Ghost chile' burns away stomach ills - Diet & Nutrition - NBC News |agency=Associated Press |year=2007 |access-date=5 August 2007 }}</ref> It is a hybrid of ''[[Capsicum chinense]]'' and ''[[Capsicum frutescens]]''.<ref name="hortscience">{{cite journal |author=Paul W. Bosland |author2=Jit B. Baral |title='Bhut Jolokia'—The World's Hottest Known Chile Pepper is a Putative Naturally Occurring Interspecific Hybrid |journal=Horticultural Science |year=2007 |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=222–4 |url=http://www.chilepepperinstitute.org/content/files/JolokiaArt.pdf |access-date=11 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923202809/http://www.chilepepperinstitute.org/content/files/JolokiaArt.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-In 2007, ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' certified that the ghost pepper was the world's hottest chili pepper, 170 times hotter than [[Tabasco sauce]]. The ghost chili is rated at more than one million [[Scoville Heat Unit]]s (SHUs). However, in the [[race to grow the hottest pepper]], the ghost chili was superseded by the [[Trinidad Scorpion Butch T pepper]] in 2011 and the [[Carolina Reaper]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/1/hottest-chili |title=Hottest Chili |publisher=[[Guinness World Records]] |access-date=26 December 2013}}</ref>
+In 2007, ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' certified that the ghost pepper was the world's hottest chili pepper, 170 times hotter than [[Tabasco sauce]]. The ghost chili is rated at more than one million [[Scoville Heat Unit]]s (SHUs) and far surpasses the amount of a [[cayenne pepper]]. However, in the race to grow the [[hottest chili pepper]], the ghost chili was superseded by the [[Trinidad Scorpion Butch T pepper]] in 2011, the [[Carolina Reaper]] in 2013 and [[Pepper X]] in 2023.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/1/hottest-chili |title=Hottest Chili |newspaper=[[Guinness World Records]] |access-date=11 November 2023 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924041301/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/1/hottest-chili |url-status=live }}</ref>
 ==Etymology and regional names==
-The name ''bhüt jolokia'' (ভোট জলকীয়া) means ''Bhutanese pepper'' in Assamese; the first element ''bhüt'', meaning ''Bhutan'', was mistakenly confused for a near-[[homonym]] ''bhut'' meaning ''ghost''.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=16 September 2021|title=India's 'ghost pepper' is one of the hottest chillies. Can Britain handle it?|url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/lifestyle-culture/article/3148870/indias-ghost-pepper-chilli-so-hot-villagers-use-it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-02|title=MasterChef Australia features eight of the hottest chillies on the planet; have you tried any?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/masterchef-australia-features-eight-of-the-hottest-chillies-on-the-planet-7334566/|access-date=2021-11-04|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
+The name ''bhüt jolokia''  means 'Bhutanese pepper' in [[Assamese language|Assamese]]; the first element ''bhüt'' {{IPA|lang=as|/bʱʊt/}} , meaning '[[Bhutan]]ese', was mistakenly confused for a near-[[homonym]] ''bhut'' {{IPA|lang=as|/bʱut/}}  meaning 'ghost'.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Definition of BHUT JOLOKIA |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bhut+jolokia |access-date=2020-10-26 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=4 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904033126/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bhut%20jolokia |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=16 September 2021|title=India's 'ghost pepper' is one of the hottest chillies. Can Britain handle it?|url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/lifestyle-culture/article/3148870/indias-ghost-pepper-chilli-so-hot-villagers-use-it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-02|title=MasterChef Australia features eight of the hottest chillies on the planet; have you tried any?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/masterchef-australia-features-eight-of-the-hottest-chillies-on-the-planet-7334566/|access-date=2021-11-04|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=4 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904033126/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/masterchef-australia-features-eight-of-the-hottest-chillies-on-the-planet-7334566/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-11 |title=Can Ghost Peppers Kill You? |url=https://health.howstuffworks.com/food-nutrition/can-ghost-peppers-kill.htm |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=HowStuffWorks |language=en-us |archive-date=4 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904033233/https://health.howstuffworks.com/food-nutrition/can-ghost-peppers-kill.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
+In [[Assam]],<ref>"The origin of the Chili lies in the north-eastern of India, in the region of Assam." https://chili-plant.com/chilli-varieties/bhut-jolokia-chili/</ref> the pepper is also known as ''bih zôlôkia''  meaning 'poison chili', from Assamese ''bih'' meaning 'poison' and ''zôlôkia'' meaning 'chili pepper', denoting the plant's heat.<ref name="raktim" /> Similarly, in [[Nagaland]], one of the regions of cultivation, the chili is called ''Raja Mirja'' meaning King chili ('Naga king chili'; also romanized ''nôga zôlôkia'') and ''bhut jolokia'' (also romanized ''bhût zôlôkiya'').<ref name="raktim">{{cite journal |title=Genetic Variability and Traditional Practices in Naga King Chili Landraces of Nagaland |pages=171–180 |author=Raktim Ranjan Bhagowati |journal=Asian Agri-History |year=2009 |volume=13 |issue=3 |url=http://www.agri-history.org/pdf/171%20to%20180.pdf |display-authors=etal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720103043/http://www.agri-history.org/pdf/171%20to%20180.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 }}</ref> This name is especially common in other regions where it is grown, such as Assam and [[Manipur]].<ref name="raktim" /> It has also been called the Tezpur chili after the Assamese city of [[Tezpur]].<ref name="tezpur">{{cite book |title=The Complete Chile Pepper Book |page=158 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90M5Tw0530gC&pg=PA158 |author=Dave DeWitt |author2=Paul W. Bosland |isbn=978-0-88192-920-1 |year=2009 |publisher=Timber Press}}</ref> In Manipur, the chili is called ''umorok''.<ref name="umorok">{{cite journal |title=Capsaicin Content and Pungency of Different Capsicum spp. Cultivars |pages=89–90 |author=Sanatombi K. |author2=G. J. Sharma |journal=Not. Bot. Hort. Agrobot. Cluj. |year=2008 |volume=36 |issue=2 |issn=1842-4309 |url=http://notulaebotanicae.ro/nbha/article/viewFile/345/346 |format=PDF |access-date=2 March 2011 |archive-date=23 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823104048/http://notulaebotanicae.ro/nbha/article/viewFile/345/346 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In [[Northeast India]], ''bhut jolokia'' is also known as the "king chili" or "king cobra chilli'".<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://findmeacure.com/2009/06/27/bhut-jolokia-naga-chilli-king-chilli|title = Bhut Jolokia / Naga Chilli / King Chilli|date = Aug 2021|access-date = 25 August 2021|archive-date = 25 August 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210825165039/https://findmeacure.com/2009/06/27/bhut-jolokia-naga-chilli-king-chilli/|url-status = live}}</ref> Other usages on the subcontinent are ''saga jolokia'', 'Indian mystery chili' and 'Indian rough chili'.<ref name="raktim" />
-In [[Assam]],<ref>"The origin of the Chili lies in the north-eastern of India, in the region of Assam." https://chili-plant.com/chilli-varieties/bhut-jolokia-chili/</ref> the pepper is also known as ''bih zôlôkia'' ('poison chili'), from [[Assamese language|Assamese]] ''bih'' 'poison' and ''zôlôkia'' 'chili pepper,' denoting the plant's heat.<ref name="raktim" />
-In Bangladesh, the pepper is referred to as ''[[Naga Morich|Naga morich]] (''<nowiki/>'Naga chili'). Similarly, in [[Nagaland]], one of the regions of cultivation, the chili is called ''Naga jolokia'' ('Naga chili'; also romanized ''nôga zôlôkia'') and ''bhut jolokia'' (also romanized ''bhût zôlôkiya'').<ref name="raktim">{{cite journal |title=Genetic Variability and Traditional Practices in Naga King Chili Landraces of Nagaland |pages=171–180 |author=Raktim Ranjan Bhagowati |journal=Asian Agri-History |year=2009 |volume=13 |issue=3 |url=http://www.agri-history.org/pdf/171%20to%20180.pdf |display-authors=etal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720103043/http://www.agri-history.org/pdf/171%20to%20180.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 }}</ref> This name is especially common in other regions where it is grown, such as [[Assam]] and [[Manipur]].<ref name="raktim" /> Other usages on the subcontinent are ''Saga jolokia'', ''Indian mystery chili'' and ''Indian rough chili''.<ref name="raktim" />
-It has also been called the ''Tezpur chili'' after the Assamese city of [[Tezpur]].<ref name="tezpur">{{cite book |title=The Complete Chile Pepper Book |page=158 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90M5Tw0530gC&pg=PA158 |author=Dave DeWitt |author2=Paul W. Bosland |isbn=978-0-88192-920-1 |year=2009 |publisher=Timber Press}}</ref> In [[Manipur]], the chili is called ''umorok''<ref name="umorok">{{cite journal |title=Capsaicin Content and Pungency of Different Capsicum spp. Cultivars |pages=89–90 |author=Sanatombi K. |author2=G. J. Sharma |journal=Not. Bot. Hort. Agrobot. Cluj. |year=2008 |volume=36 |issue=2 |issn=1842-4309 |url=http://notulaebotanicae.ro/nbha/article/viewFile/345/346 |format=PDF}}</ref> or ''oo-morok'' ('tree chili').
-In northeastern India, the ''bhut jolokia'' is also known as the ''king chilli'' or ''king cobra chilli''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://findmeacure.com/2009/06/27/bhut-jolokia-naga-chilli-king-chilli|title = Bhut Jolokia / Naga Chilli / King Chilli|date = Aug 2021}}</ref>
 ==Scoville rating==
-In 2000, India's Defence Research Laboratory (DRL) reported a [[Scoville scale|Scoville]] rating for the ghost pepper of 855,000 SHUs,<ref name="currscience">{{cite journal |author=Mathur R |title=The hottest chili variety in India |journal=Current Science |year=2000 |volume=79 |issue=3 |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/aug102000/scr974.pdf |pages=287–8|display-authors=etal}}</ref> and in 2004 a rating of 1,041,427 SHUs was made using [[High-performance liquid chromatography|HPLC]] analysis.<ref name="fa">{{cite web |url=http://www.frontalagritech.co.in/products/bihjolokia_gen.htm |title=Bih jolokia |year=2006 |access-date=12 December 2006}}</ref> For comparison, [[Tabasco sauce|Tabasco red pepper sauce]] rates at 2,500–5,000, and pure [[capsaicin]] (the chemical responsible for the [[pungency]] of pepper plants) rates at 16,000,000 SHUs. In 2005, [[New Mexico State University]]'s [[Chile Pepper Institute]] in [[Las Cruces, New Mexico]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chilepepperinstitute.org/ |title=NMSU: The Chile Pepper Institute - Home |publisher=The Chile Pepper Institute |access-date=20 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120165150/http://www.chilepepperinstitute.org/ |archive-date=20 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> found ghost peppers grown from seed in southern [[New Mexico]] to have a Scoville rating of 1,001,304 SHUs by HPLC.<ref name="bosland" /> Unlike most peppers, ghost peppers produce [[capsaicin]] in vesicles found in both the placenta around the seeds and throughout the fruit, rather than just in the placenta.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bosland|first1=Paul|last2=Coon|first2=Danise|last3=Cooke|first3=Peter H.|title=Novel Formation of Ectopic (Nonplacental) Capsaicinoid Secreting Vesicles on Fruit Walls Explains the Morphological Mechanism for Super-hot Chile Peppers|journal=Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science|date=June 2015|volume=140|issue=3|pages=253–256|doi=10.21273/JASHS.140.3.253|doi-access=free}}</ref>
+In 2000, India's Defence Research Laboratory (DRL) reported a [[Scoville scale|Scoville]] rating for the ghost pepper of 855,000 SHUs,<ref name="currscience">{{cite journal |author=Mathur R |title=The hottest chili variety in India |journal=Current Science |year=2000 |volume=79 |issue=3 |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/aug102000/scr974.pdf |pages=287–8 |display-authors=etal |access-date=2 August 2006 |archive-date=29 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829063133/http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/aug102000/scr974.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and in 2004 a rating of 1,041,427 SHUs was made using [[High-performance liquid chromatography|HPLC]] analysis.<ref name="fa">{{cite web |url=http://www.frontalagritech.co.in/products/bihjolokia_gen.htm |title=Bih jolokia |year=2006 |access-date=12 December 2006 |archive-date=13 December 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061213011514/http://www.frontalagritech.co.in/products/bihjolokia_gen.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> For comparison, [[Tabasco sauce|Tabasco red pepper sauce]] rates at 2,500–5,000, and pure [[capsaicin]] (the chemical responsible for the [[pungency]] of pepper plants) rates at 16,000,000 SHUs. In 2005, [[New Mexico State University]]'s [[Chile Pepper Institute]] in [[Las Cruces, New Mexico]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chilepepperinstitute.org/ |title=NMSU: The Chile Pepper Institute - Home |publisher=The Chile Pepper Institute |access-date=20 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120165150/http://www.chilepepperinstitute.org/ |archive-date=20 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> found ghost peppers grown from seed in southern [[New Mexico]] to have a Scoville rating of 1,001,304 SHUs by HPLC.<ref name="bosland" /> Unlike most peppers, ghost peppers produce capsaicin in vesicles not only in the placenta around the seeds but also throughout the fruit.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bosland|first1=Paul|last2=Coon|first2=Danise|last3=Cooke|first3=Peter H.|title=Novel Formation of Ectopic (Nonplacental) Capsaicinoid Secreting Vesicles on Fruit Walls Explains the Morphological Mechanism for Super-hot Chile Peppers|journal=Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science|date=June 2015|volume=140|issue=3|pages=253–256|doi=10.21273/JASHS.140.3.253|doi-access=free}}</ref>
 ==Characteristics==
@@ Line 108: / Line 101: @@
 ==Uses==
+===Culinary===
 [[File:Bhoot Jolokia ( Ghost Chili pepper ).jpg|thumb|The ghost pepper]]
-Ghost peppers are used as a food and a spice.<ref name="Associated Press" /> It is used in both fresh and dried forms to "heat up" curries, pickles and [[chutney]]s. It is popularly used in combination with pork or dried or fermented fish. In northeastern India, the peppers are smeared on fences or incorporated in smoke bombs as a safety precaution to keep wild [[Indian Elephant|elephants]] at a distance.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hussain |first=Wasbir |title=World's Hottest Chile Used as Elephant Repellent |publisher=National Geographic |date=20 November 2007 |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/11/071120-AP-india-elephants.html |access-date=21 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=''Ghost Chile'' Scares Off Elephants |work=National Geographic News website |publisher=National Geographic |date=20 November 2007 |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/11/photogalleries/elephant-pictures |access-date=18 August 2008}}</ref> The pepper's intense heat makes it a fixture in competitive chili-pepper eating.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/The-Gut-Wrenching-Science-Behind-the-Worlds-Hottest-Peppers-208350211.html#Burning-Desire-peppers-1.jpg|title=The Gut-Wrenching Science Behind the World's Hottest Peppers|author=Mary Roach|author-link=Mary Roach|date=June 2013|publisher=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref>
+Ghost peppers are used as a food and a spice.<ref name="Associated Press" /> It is used in both fresh and dried forms to heat up [[Curry|curries]], [[Pickling|pickles]] and [[chutney]]s. It is popularly used in combination with [[pork]] or dried or [[Fermentation|fermented]] fish. The pepper's intense heat makes it a fixture in competitive chili pepper eating.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/The-Gut-Wrenching-Science-Behind-the-Worlds-Hottest-Peppers-208350211.html#Burning-Desire-peppers-1.jpg|title=The Gut-Wrenching Science Behind the World's Hottest Peppers|author=Mary Roach|author-link=Mary Roach|date=June 2013|publisher=Smithsonian Magazine|access-date=4 December 2013|archive-date=27 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227023920/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/The-Gut-Wrenching-Science-Behind-the-Worlds-Hottest-Peppers-208350211.html#Burning-Desire-peppers-1.jpg|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+===Animal control===
+In northeastern India, the peppers are smeared on fences or incorporated in smoke bombs as a safety precaution to keep wild [[Indian Elephant|elephants]] at a distance.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hussain |first=Wasbir |title=World's Hottest Chile Used as Elephant Repellent |publisher=National Geographic |date=20 November 2007 |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/11/071120-AP-india-elephants.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071122081719/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/11/071120-AP-india-elephants.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 November 2007 |access-date=21 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=''Ghost Chile'' Scares Off Elephants |work=National Geographic News website |publisher=National Geographic |date=20 November 2007 |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/11/photogalleries/elephant-pictures |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124000026/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/11/photogalleries/elephant-pictures/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 November 2007 |access-date=18 August 2008}}</ref>
 ===Chili grenades===
 {{Main|Chili grenade}}
-In 2009, scientists at India's [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) announced plans to use the peppers in [[hand grenade]]s as a [[Less lethal weapon|nonlethal]] method to control rioters with [[pepper spray]]s or in self-defence.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/armys-new-weapon-worlds-hottest-chili/111958-19.html?from=tn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327091037/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/armys-new-weapon-worlds-hottest-chili/111958-19.html?from=tn |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 March 2010 |title=Army's new weapon: world's hottest chili - Trends News - IBNLive |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=24 March 2010 |access-date=6 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8119591.stm |title=South Asia &#124; India plans hot chilli grenades. |work=BBC News |date=25 June 2009 |access-date=11 April 2010}}</ref> The DRDO said that ghost pepper-based aerosol sprays could be used as a "safety device", and "civil variants" of chili [[grenade]]s could be used to control and disperse mobs.<ref name="BBC24March2012">{{cite news |title=India scientists hail 'multi-purpose' chillis |first=Subir |last=Bhaumik |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8584988.stm |work=BBC News |location=[[City of Westminster]], England |date=24 March 2010 |access-date=24 April 2012}}</ref> Chili grenades made from ghost peppers were successfully used by the [[Indian Army]] in August 2015 to flush out a terrorist hiding in a cave.<ref>{{cite news |title=Army used 'chilly grenades' to flush out Pak terrorist Sajjad Ahmed from a cave |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/pakistani-militant-captured-army-used-chilly-grenades-to-catch-sajjad-ahmed/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
+In 2009, scientists at India's [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) announced plans to use the peppers in [[hand grenade]]s as a [[Less lethal weapon|nonlethal]] method to control rioters with [[pepper spray]]s or in self-defence.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/armys-new-weapon-worlds-hottest-chili/111958-19.html?from=tn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327091037/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/armys-new-weapon-worlds-hottest-chili/111958-19.html?from=tn |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 March 2010 |title=Army's new weapon: world's hottest chili - Trends News - IBNLive |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=24 March 2010 |access-date=6 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8119591.stm |title=South Asia &#124; India plans hot chilli grenades. |work=BBC News |date=25 June 2009 |access-date=11 April 2010 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401172910/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8119591.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> The DRDO said that ghost pepper-based aerosol sprays could be used as a "safety device", and "civil variants" of chili [[grenade]]s could be used to control and disperse mobs.<ref name="BBC24March2012">{{cite news |title=India scientists hail 'multi-purpose' chillis |first=Subir |last=Bhaumik |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8584988.stm |work=BBC News |location=[[City of Westminster]], England |date=24 March 2010 |access-date=24 April 2012 |archive-date=7 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107143213/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8584988.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Chili grenades made from ghost peppers were successfully used by the [[Indian Army]] in August 2015 to flush out a terrorist hiding in a cave.<ref>{{cite news |title=Army used 'chilly grenades' to flush out Pak terrorist Sajjad Ahmed from a cave |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/pakistani-militant-captured-army-used-chilly-grenades-to-catch-sajjad-ahmed/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=14 February 2016 |archive-date=4 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904033126/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/pakistani-militant-captured-army-used-chilly-grenades-to-catch-sajjad-ahmed/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 ==Gallery==
@@ Line 120: / Line 117: @@
 File:Bhut jolokia leaf.JPG|Ghost pepper leaf, about 30-day-old plant
 File:Bhut jolokia plant 40 days.JPG|Ghost pepper plant, 40 days old, grown in coco peat
-File:Naga Jolokia Peppers.jpg
+File:Peach Bhut Jolokia Ghost Pepper.jpg|Peach ghost pepper
-File:BhutJolokia02 Asit.jpg
-File:BhutJolokia03 Asit.jpg
-File:BhutJolokia04 Asit.jpg
-File:BhutJolokia06 Asit.jpg
-File:BhutJolokia08 Asit.jpg
-File:Peach Bhut Jolokia Ghost Pepper.jpg|Peach ghost pepper
 File:Yellow Bhut Jolokia Ghost Pepper.jpg|Yellow ghost pepper
 File:Chocolate Bhut Jolokia Ghost Pepper.jpg|Chocolate ghost pepper
 File:Purple Bhut Jolokia Ghost Pepper.jpg|Purple ghost pepper
 File:Red Bhut Jolokia Ghost PepperParadise.org.JPG|Red ghost pepper
-File:Bjhut-Jolokia.jpg|Ripe, harvested Bhut Jolokia
+File:Bjhut-Jolokia.jpg|Ripe, harvested ''bhut jolokia''
-File:Bhut-Jolokia-plant.jpg|Bhut Jolokia / Ghost Pepper Plant
+File:Bhut-Jolokia-plant.jpg|''Bhut jolokia''/ghost pepper plant
 </gallery>
 ==See also==
+* [[Naga Morich]]
 * [[List of Capsicum cultivars|List of ''Capsicum'' cultivars]]
@@ Line 147: / Line 139: @@
 [[Category:Medicinal plants of Asia]]
 [[Category:Flora of Assam (region)]]
-[[Category:Geographical indications in Nagaland]]

v t e Capsicum cultivars
C. annuum var. annuum	Almora Lakhori Mirchi Aleppo Baklouti pepper Banana pepper Banaras Lal Bharwamirch Beaver Dam pepper Bell pepper Bhiwapur Bird's eye Byadagi Cascabel Cayenne Cheongyang Chilaca Cubanelle De árbol Diavoletto d'Abruzzo Dundicut Edayur Er jing tiao Espelette Facing heaven Friggitello Guajillo Guntur Sannam Harmal Hungarian wax Jalapeño Kashmiri red Khola Korean Medusa Mulato Nandurbar Mirchi New Mexico chile Big Jim Chimayó Fresno No. 9 Sandia Santa Fe Grande Padrón Pasilla Peter Peperone crusco Pimiento Poblano Ramnathapuram Mundu Serrano Shishito Siling haba Sirarakhong Hathei
C. annuum var. glabriusculum	Piquín Wild chiltepin
C. chinense	Adjuma Ají dulce Bhut jolokia Carolina Reaper Chocolate habanero Datil Dragon's Breath Fatalii Habanaga Habanero Hainan yellow lantern Infinity Madame Jeanette Nagabon Naga Mircha Naga Morich 'Red Savina' habanero Scotch bonnet Trinidad Moruga scorpion Trinidad scorpion 'Butch T' Pepper X
C. frutescens	African bird's eye Kambuzi Labuyo Malagueta Mizo Tabasco
C. baccatum	Ají Bishop's crown Lemon drop Sweet piquanté pepper
C. pubescens	Rocoto pepper
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