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Coordinates: 9°09′07″N 79°26′45″E / 9.152011°N 79.445851°E / 9.152011; 79.445851
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{{Short description|Former town in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{About|the abandoned town in Tamil Nadu|the unreleased Malayalam film|Dhanushkodi (film)}}
{{About|the abandoned town in Tamil Nadu|the unreleased Malayalam film|Dhanushkodi (film)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->| name = Dhanushkodi
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->| name = Dhanushkodi
| native_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
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| settlement_type = Former settlement
| other_name =
| image_skyline = Final Dhanush 002.jpg
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| settlement_type = Former settlement
| image_skyline = Final Dhanush 002.jpg
| image_alt = Dhanushkodi
| image_caption = Aerial view of its top end in former state (now enhanced by an artificial extension of [[National Highway 87 (India)|NH 87]])
| image_alt = Dhanushkodi
| image_caption = Aerial view
| nickname = Ram Setu
| nickname = Ram Setu
| image_map =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
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| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_map_alt = Map showing location of Dhanushkodi within Tamil Nadu
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| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_map_alt = Map showing location of Dhanushkodi within Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Tamil Nadu
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| coordinates = {{coord|9.152011|79.445851|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Tamil Nadu
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| coor_pinpoint =
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| coordinates = {{coord|9.152011|79.445851|display=inline,title}}
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| coordinates_footnotes =
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| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
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| coordinates_footnotes =
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| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
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| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
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| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
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| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
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| subdivision_name2 = [[Ramanathapuram district|Ramanathapuram]]
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| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
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| established_title =
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| subdivision_name2 = [[Ramanathapuram district|Ramanathapuram]]
| established_date =
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| established_title =
| established_date =
| extinct_title = Destroyed
| extinct_title = Destroyed
| extinct_date = 1964
| extinct_date = 1964
| founder =
| founder =
| unit_pref = Metric
| unit_pref = Metric
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| area_blank2_title = <!-- square kilometers -->
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| area_blank2_title = <!-- square kilometers -->
| area_blank2_km2 = <!-- hectares -->
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| elevation_m = 0
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| population_total = 0
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| population_as_of = 2001
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| population_as_of = 2001
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| population_density_km2 = auto
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| population_density_km2 = auto
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| area_code_type = [[Communications in India|Telephone code]]
| postal_code =
| area_code = +04567
| iso_code =
| area_code_type = [[Communications in India|Telephone code]]
| website =
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| footnotes =
| area_urban_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> -->
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| area_rural_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> -->
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| area_metro_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> -->
| area_rural_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> -->
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| area_metro_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> -->
| utc_offset = +05:30
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
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}}
'''Dhanushkodi''' is an [[abandoned town]] at the south-eastern tip of [[Pamban Island]] of the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/dhanushkodi-ram-setu-adams-bridge-rameshwaram-tamil-nadu-travel-india-tourism-lifetr/1/773610.html|title=Did you know? Dhanushkodi is the place where you can see the origin of the Ram Setu!}}</ref> It is south-east of [[Pamban]] and is about {{convert|24|km|mi}} west of [[Talaimannar]] in [[Sri Lanka]]. The town was destroyed during the [[1964 Rameswaram cyclone]] and remains uninhabited in the aftermath. Today only a few vendors and restaurants can be seen at Dhanushkodi during the day along with the ruins of the long destroyed town.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}
'''Dhanushkodi''' is an [[abandoned town]] at the south-eastern tip of [[Pamban Island]] of the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/dhanushkodi-ram-setu-adams-bridge-rameshwaram-tamil-nadu-travel-india-tourism-lifetr/1/773610.html|title=Did you know? Dhanushkodi is the place where you can see the origin of the Ram Setu!}}</ref> It is south-east of [[Pamban]] and is about {{convert|24|km|mi}} west of [[Talaimannar]] in [[Sri Lanka]]. The town was destroyed during the [[1964 Rameswaram cyclone]] and remains uninhabited in the aftermath. Although devoid of inhabitants, Dhanushkodi remains a tourist attraction due to its historical and mythological relevance.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fascinating facts about Dhanushkodi that will leave you awestruck! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/fascinating-facts-about-dhanushkodi-that-will-leave-you-awestruck/articleshow/105848663.cms |publisher=Times of India |access-date=December 9, 2023}}</ref>


==Geography==
==Geography==
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==Transport==
==Transport==
[[File:Dhan2.jpg|thumb|Remains of Dhanushkodi railway station]]
[[File:Dhanushkodi Old Railway Station 02.jpg|thumb|Remains of [[Dhanushkodi railway station]].]]
The National Highway completed the 9.5-km-long road – 5 km from Mukuntharayar Chathiram to Dhanushkodi and 4.5 km from Dhanushkodi to Arichamunai.<ref>{{cite news | last = Scott| first = D. J. Walter| title = Modi to inaugurate Dhanushkodi road | newspaper = The Hindu | location = Ramanathapuram | publisher = Kasturi & Sons | date = 26 July 2017 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/modi-to-inaugurate-dhanushkodi-road/article19360792.ece | access-date = 1 November 2021}}</ref> Tourists can visit by their own vehicle and end up with [[Pillars of Ashoka]]. Until 2016, Dhanushkodi was reachable either on foot along the seashore or in jeeps.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/28/stories/2010062858210300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100703063507/http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/28/stories/2010062858210300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 July 2010|title=Dhanushkodi still attracts tourists|date=28 June 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In 2016, a road was completed from the village of Mukundarayar Chathiram.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/road-to-dhanushkodi-may-be-opened-by-monthend/article8190642.ece|date=4 February 2016|title=Road to Dhanushkodi may be opened by month-end|author=D.J. Walter Scot|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/article409395.ece|title=Four-lane road planned for Dhanushkodi|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
The National Highway completed the 9.5-km-long road – 5 km from Mukuntharayar Chathiram to Dhanushkodi and 4.5 km from Dhanushkodi to Arichamunai.<ref>{{cite news | last = Scott| first = D. J. Walter| title = Modi to inaugurate Dhanushkodi road | newspaper = The Hindu | location = Ramanathapuram | publisher = Kasturi & Sons | date = 26 July 2017 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/modi-to-inaugurate-dhanushkodi-road/article19360792.ece | access-date = 1 November 2021}}</ref> Until 2016, Dhanushkodi was reachable either on foot along the seashore or in jeeps.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/28/stories/2010062858210300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100703063507/http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/28/stories/2010062858210300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 July 2010|title=Dhanushkodi still attracts tourists|date=28 June 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In 2016, a road was completed from the village of Mukundarayar Chathiram.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/road-to-dhanushkodi-may-be-opened-by-monthend/article8190642.ece|date=4 February 2016|title=Road to Dhanushkodi may be opened by month-end|author=D.J. Walter Scot|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/article409395.ece|title=Four-lane road planned for Dhanushkodi|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>


A [[metre gauge railway]] line connected [[Mandapam]] on mainland India to Dhanushkodi.<ref>{{cite book| title=Shree Kutch Gurjar Kshatriya Samaj: A brief History & Glory of our fore-fathers| first=Raja Pawan| last=Jethwa| year=2007| chapter=Section II: Mileage wise available Details of Railway lines laid| pages=63–70}}</ref> [[Boat Mail|Boat mail express]] ran from [[Chennai Egmore railway station|Chennai Egmore]] to Dhanushkodi till 1964 when the metre-gauge branch line from Pamban to Dhanushkodi was destroyed during the [[1964 Dhanushkodi cyclone]].<ref>{{cite news|title='Boat Mail' to run on main line from August 1|first=Syed Muthahar|last=Saqaf|date=11 June 2010 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/article452738.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/17/stories/2006071705960300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027141816/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/17/stories/2006071705960300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 October 2007|title=Their sentiment to metre gauge train is unfathomable|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 July 2006|first=C|last=Jaishankar}}</ref> In 2003, Southern Railway sent a project report to Ministry of Railways for re-laying a {{convert|16|km}} railway line to Dhanushkodi from Rameswaram. The planning commission looked into the possibility of a new railway line between Dhanushkodi and Rameswaram in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title=Railway budget may put Dhanushkodi back on track |author=C. Jaishankar |date=26 February 2010 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/26/stories/2010022651500300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302203544/http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/26/stories/2010022651500300.htm|url-status=dead|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=2 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Poll-bound TN, Kerala will get more trains |newspaper=The Asian Age |date=26 February 2011 |url=http://archive.asianage.com/india/poll-bound-tn-kerala-will-get-more-trains-754}}</ref>
A [[metre gauge railway]] line connected [[Mandapam]] on mainland India to Dhanushkodi.<ref>{{cite book| title=Shree Kutch Gurjar Kshatriya Samaj: A brief History & Glory of our fore-fathers| first=Raja Pawan| last=Jethwa| year=2007| chapter=Section II: Mileage wise available Details of Railway lines laid| pages=63–70}}</ref> [[Boat Mail|Boat mail express]] ran from [[Chennai Egmore railway station|Chennai Egmore]] to Dhanushkodi till 1964 when the metre-gauge branch line from Pamban to Dhanushkodi was destroyed during the [[1964 Dhanushkodi cyclone]].<ref>{{cite news|title='Boat Mail' to run on main line from August 1|first=Syed Muthahar|last=Saqaf|date=11 June 2010 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/article452738.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/17/stories/2006071705960300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027141816/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/17/stories/2006071705960300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 October 2007|title=Their sentiment to metre gauge train is unfathomable|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 July 2006|first=C|last=Jaishankar}}</ref> In 2003, Southern Railway sent a project report to Ministry of Railways for re-laying a {{convert|16|km}} railway line to Dhanushkodi from Rameswaram. The planning commission looked into the possibility of a new railway line between Dhanushkodi and Rameswaram in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title=Railway budget may put Dhanushkodi back on track |author=C. Jaishankar |date=26 February 2010 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/26/stories/2010022651500300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302203544/http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/26/stories/2010022651500300.htm|url-status=dead|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=2 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Poll-bound TN, Kerala will get more trains |newspaper=The Asian Age |date=26 February 2011 |url=http://archive.asianage.com/india/poll-bound-tn-kerala-will-get-more-trains-754}}</ref>
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{{main article|1964 Rameswaram cyclone}}
{{main article|1964 Rameswaram cyclone}}
The area around Rameswaram is prone to high-intensity geomorphic activity. A scientific study conducted by the [[Geological Survey of India]] indicated that the southern part of Dhanushkodi facing the [[Gulf of Mannar]] sank by almost {{convert|5|m}} in 1948 and 1949, due to vertical tectonic movement of land parallel to the coastline. As a result of this, a patch of land of about {{convert|0.5|km|}} in width, stretching {{convert|7|km}} from north to south, submerged under the sea.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=G. G. Vaz|author2=M. Hariprasad|author3=B. R. Rao|author4=V. Subba Rao|date=10 March 2007|title=Subsidence of southern part of erstwhile Dhanushkodi township, Tamil Nadu|journal=Current Science|volume=92|pages=671–672}}</ref>
The area around Rameswaram is prone to high-intensity geomorphic activity. A scientific study conducted by the [[Geological Survey of India]] indicated that the southern part of Dhanushkodi facing the [[Gulf of Mannar]] sank by almost {{convert|5|m}} in 1948 and 1949, due to vertical tectonic movement of land parallel to the coastline. As a result of this, a patch of land of about {{convert|0.5|km|}} in width, stretching {{convert|7|km}} from north to south, was submerged under the sea.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=G. G. Vaz|author2=M. Hariprasad|author3=B. R. Rao|author4=V. Subba Rao|date=10 March 2007|title=Subsidence of southern part of erstwhile Dhanushkodi township, Tamil Nadu|journal=Current Science|volume=92|pages=671–672}}</ref>


On 17 December 1964, a depression formed at 5°N 93°E in the South Andaman Sea. On 19 December, it intensified into a [[tropical cyclone|cyclonic storm]]. After 21 December 1964, it moved westwards, almost in a straight line, at the rate of {{convert|400|to|550|km}} per day. On 22 December, it crossed [[Vavunia]] in [[Sri Lanka]] and made landfall at Dhanushkodi on the night of 22–23 December 1964. Estimated wind velocity was {{convert|280|km/h}} and tidal waves were {{convert|7|m}} high.<ref name="ApplMet1966">{{cite journal|author1=Shashi M Kulshreshta|author2=Madan G Gupta|date=June 1966|title=Satellite Study of the Rameswaram Cyclonic Storm of 20–23 December 1964|url=http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1175%2F1520-0450(1966)005%3C0373%3ASSOTRC%3E2.0.CO%3B2&ct=2|journal=Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology|volume=5|issue=3|pages=373–376|doi=10.1175/1520-0450(1966)005<0373:ssotrc>2.0.co;2|ISSN=0021-8952|doi-access=free}}</ref>
On 17 December 1964, a tropical depression formed at 5°N 93°E in the South Andaman Sea. On 19 December, it intensified into a [[tropical cyclone|cyclonic storm]]. After 21 December 1964, it moved westwards, almost in a straight line, at the rate of {{convert|400|to|550|km}} per day. On 22 December, it crossed [[Vavuniya]] in [[Sri Lanka]] and made landfall at Dhanushkodi on the night of 22–23 December 1964. Estimated wind velocity was {{convert|280|km/h}} and tidal waves were {{convert|7|m}} high.<ref name="ApplMet1966">{{cite journal|author1=Shashi M Kulshreshta|author2=Madan G Gupta|date=June 1966|title=Satellite Study of the Rameswaram Cyclonic Storm of 20–23 December 1964|journal=Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology|volume=5|issue=3|pages=373–376|doi=10.1175/1520-0450(1966)005<0373:ssotrc>2.0.co;2|bibcode=1966JApMe...5..373K |issn=0021-8952|doi-access=free}}</ref>


An estimated 1,800 people died in the cyclonic storm on 22 December including 115 passengers on board the Pamban-Dhanushkodi passenger train.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=G8ZSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=E30DAAAAIBAJ&pg=4392,2097652|title=India Train, 150 Aboard, Swept Away By Big Wave|date=26 December 1964|newspaper=St. Petersburg Times|agency=[[United Press International|UPI]]|page=3A}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=XYgtAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dpwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4836,6829745|title=1,800 Asians Feared Dead After Cyclone and Tidal Wave|date=28 December 1964|newspaper=Reading Eagle|agency=[[United Press International|UPI]]|page=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-xkTAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rZYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6560,4311447&hl=en|title=Ships, Planes Search for Survivors|date=28 December 1964|newspaper=The Age|agency=A.A.P.-Reuters|page=4}}</ref> The entire town was marooned and the [[Madras state|Government of Madras]] declared Dhanushkodi as a [[ghost town]], unfit for living.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/last-station-master-of-danushkodi-passes-away/article4745452.ece|title=Eye-witness account of the cyclone|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
An estimated 1,800 people died in the cyclonic storm on 22 December including 115 passengers on board the Pamban-Dhanushkodi passenger train.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=G8ZSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=E30DAAAAIBAJ&pg=4392,2097652|title=India Train, 150 Aboard, Swept Away By Big Wave|date=26 December 1964|newspaper=St. Petersburg Times|agency=[[United Press International|UPI]]|page=3A}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=XYgtAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dpwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4836,6829745|title=1,800 Asians Feared Dead After Cyclone and Tidal Wave|date=28 December 1964|newspaper=Reading Eagle|agency=[[United Press International|UPI]]|page=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-xkTAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rZYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6560,4311447&hl=en|title=Ships, Planes Search for Survivors|date=28 December 1964|newspaper=The Age|agency=A.A.P.-Reuters|page=4}}</ref> The entire town was marooned and the [[Madras state|Government of Madras]] declared Dhanushkodi as a [[ghost town]], unfit for living.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/last-station-master-of-danushkodi-passes-away/article4745452.ece|title=Eye-witness account of the cyclone|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>


In December 2004, around the 40th anniversary of the deadly cyclone, the sea around Dhanushkodi receded about {{convert|500|m}} from the coastline, briefly exposing the submerged part of the town before massive [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|tsunami]] waves struck the coast.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.zeenews.com/news627420.html|title=Submerged temple tower visible in Dhanushkodi|work=Zee news}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=G. G. Vaz|author2=M. Hariprasad|author3=B. R. Rao|author4=V. Subba Rao|name-list-style=amp|date=March 2007|title=Subsidence of southern part of erstwhile Dhanushkodi township, Tamil Nadu – evidences from bathymetry, side scan and underwater videography|url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar102007/671.pdf|journal=Current Science|type=PDF|volume=92|issue=5|pages=671–675}}</ref>
In December 2004, around the 40th anniversary of the deadly cyclone, the sea around Dhanushkodi receded about {{convert|500|m}} from the coastline, briefly exposing the submerged part of the town before massive [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|tsunami]] waves struck the coast.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.zeenews.com/news627420.html|title=Submerged temple tower visible in Dhanushkodi|work=Zee news}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=G. G. Vaz|author2=M. Hariprasad|author3=B. R. Rao|author4=V. Subba Rao|name-list-style=amp|date=March 2007|title=Subsidence of southern part of erstwhile Dhanushkodi township, Tamil Nadu – evidences from bathymetry, side scan and underwater videography|url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar102007/671.pdf|journal=Current Science|type=PDF|volume=92|issue=5|pages=671–675|access-date=8 July 2012|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051846/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar102007/671.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>


==Gallery==
The wreckage of the Rameswaram-Dhanushkodi passenger train, which was hit by the cyclone and tidal waves that struck the area on Dec. 22, lies half submerged here. More than 115 people died in the area-wide calamity 1964.12.31 (UPI Radiophoto)
<gallery widths="150">

File:Dhan6.jpg|Mini Trucks take people to Land's End, Dhanushkodi, through deep sand and shallows, using planks put under wheels by local kids as the vehicle struggles.
The locomotive in the picture is B Class 4-6-0 No. 31376 built by North British.[https://www.irfca.org/gallery/accident/img102_001.jpg.html?]
File:Dhan5.jpg|The sea from Land's End, Dhanushkodi. Sri Lanka is about 15 kilometers from here.
File:Kothandaramaswamy Temple.jpg|Front view of the [[Kothandaramaswamy Temple]] at Dhanushkodi
File:Dhan18.jpg|The [[Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park|Gulf of Mannar Marine Sanctuary]] is host to many marine animals and birds. Birds sighted here include flamingoes, curlew, gulls, terns, sandpipers, plovers, reef herons and egrets.
File:Dhan14.jpg|A church in Dhanushkodi.
</gallery>


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Dhanushkodi Tirtham]]
* [[Dhanushkodi Tirtham]]
* [[Palk Strait bridge]]
* [[Palk Strait bridge]]
* [[Ramanathaswamy Temple]]
* [[Kothandaramaswamy Temple]]
* [[Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park]]
* [[List of lost lands]]
* [[List of lost lands]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


==External links==
==External links==
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[[Category:India–Sri Lanka border crossings]]
[[Category:India–Sri Lanka border crossings]]
[[Category:Ghost towns in India]]
[[Category:Ghost towns in India]]
[[Category:Populated places disestablished in 1964]]
[[Category:1964 disestablishments in India]]

Latest revision as of 12:26, 28 November 2024

This article is about the abandoned town in Tamil Nadu. For the unreleased Malayalam film, see Dhanushkodi (film).

Dhanushkodi
Former settlement
Dhanushkodi
Aerial view of its top end in former state (now enhanced by an artificial extension of NH 87)
Nickname: 
Ram Setu
Map showing location of Dhanushkodi within Tamil Nadu
Map showing location of Dhanushkodi within Tamil Nadu
Dhanushkodi
Location within Tamil Nadu
Map showing location of Dhanushkodi within Tamil Nadu
Map showing location of Dhanushkodi within Tamil Nadu
Dhanushkodi
Dhanushkodi (India)
Coordinates: 9°09′07″N 79°26′45″E / 9.152011°N 79.445851°E / 9.152011; 79.445851
Country India
StateTamil Nadu
DistrictRamanathapuram
Destroyed1964
Elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Population
 (2001)
 • Total
0
Time zoneUTC+05:30 (IST)

Dhanushkodi is an abandoned town at the south-eastern tip of Pamban Island of the state of Tamil Nadu in India.[1] It is south-east of Pamban and is about 24 kilometres (15 mi) west of Talaimannar in Sri Lanka. The town was destroyed during the 1964 Rameswaram cyclone and remains uninhabited in the aftermath. Although devoid of inhabitants, Dhanushkodi remains a tourist attraction due to its historical and mythological relevance.[2]

Geography

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Dhanushkodi is on the tip of Pamban island, separated from the mainland by the Palk Strait.

Transport

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Remains of Dhanushkodi railway station.

The National Highway completed the 9.5-km-long road – 5 km from Mukuntharayar Chathiram to Dhanushkodi and 4.5 km from Dhanushkodi to Arichamunai.[3] Until 2016, Dhanushkodi was reachable either on foot along the seashore or in jeeps.[4] In 2016, a road was completed from the village of Mukundarayar Chathiram.[5][6]

A metre gauge railway line connected Mandapam on mainland India to Dhanushkodi.[7] Boat mail express ran from Chennai Egmore to Dhanushkodi till 1964 when the metre-gauge branch line from Pamban to Dhanushkodi was destroyed during the 1964 Dhanushkodi cyclone.[8][9] In 2003, Southern Railway sent a project report to Ministry of Railways for re-laying a 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) railway line to Dhanushkodi from Rameswaram. The planning commission looked into the possibility of a new railway line between Dhanushkodi and Rameswaram in 2010.[10][11]

1964 cyclone

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Main article: 1964 Rameswaram cyclone

The area around Rameswaram is prone to high-intensity geomorphic activity. A scientific study conducted by the Geological Survey of India indicated that the southern part of Dhanushkodi facing the Gulf of Mannar sank by almost 5 metres (16 ft) in 1948 and 1949, due to vertical tectonic movement of land parallel to the coastline. As a result of this, a patch of land of about 0.5 kilometres (0.31 mi) in width, stretching 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) from north to south, was submerged under the sea.[12]

On 17 December 1964, a tropical depression formed at 5°N 93°E in the South Andaman Sea. On 19 December, it intensified into a cyclonic storm. After 21 December 1964, it moved westwards, almost in a straight line, at the rate of 400 to 550 kilometres (250 to 340 mi) per day. On 22 December, it crossed Vavuniya in Sri Lanka and made landfall at Dhanushkodi on the night of 22–23 December 1964. Estimated wind velocity was 280 kilometres per hour (170 mph) and tidal waves were 7 metres (23 ft) high.[13]

An estimated 1,800 people died in the cyclonic storm on 22 December including 115 passengers on board the Pamban-Dhanushkodi passenger train.[14][15][16] The entire town was marooned and the Government of Madras declared Dhanushkodi as a ghost town, unfit for living.[17]

In December 2004, around the 40th anniversary of the deadly cyclone, the sea around Dhanushkodi receded about 500 metres (1,600 ft) from the coastline, briefly exposing the submerged part of the town before massive tsunami waves struck the coast.[18][19]

[edit]
  • Mini Trucks take people to Land's End, Dhanushkodi, through deep sand and shallows, using planks put under wheels by local kids as the vehicle struggles.
    Mini Trucks take people to Land's End, Dhanushkodi, through deep sand and shallows, using planks put under wheels by local kids as the vehicle struggles.
  • The sea from Land's End, Dhanushkodi. Sri Lanka is about 15 kilometers from here.
    The sea from Land's End, Dhanushkodi. Sri Lanka is about 15 kilometers from here.
  • Front view of the Kothandaramaswamy Temple at Dhanushkodi
    Front view of the Kothandaramaswamy Temple at Dhanushkodi
  • The Gulf of Mannar Marine Sanctuary is host to many marine animals and birds. Birds sighted here include flamingoes, curlew, gulls, terns, sandpipers, plovers, reef herons and egrets.
    The Gulf of Mannar Marine Sanctuary is host to many marine animals and birds. Birds sighted here include flamingoes, curlew, gulls, terns, sandpipers, plovers, reef herons and egrets.
  • A church in Dhanushkodi.
    A church in Dhanushkodi.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Did you know? Dhanushkodi is the place where you can see the origin of the Ram Setu!".
  2. ^ "Fascinating facts about Dhanushkodi that will leave you awestruck!". Times of India. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
  3. ^ Scott, D. J. Walter (26 July 2017). "Modi to inaugurate Dhanushkodi road". The Hindu. Ramanathapuram: Kasturi & Sons. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  4. ^ "Dhanushkodi still attracts tourists". The Hindu. 28 June 2010. Archived from the original on 3 July 2010.
  5. ^ D.J. Walter Scot (4 February 2016). "Road to Dhanushkodi may be opened by month-end". The Hindu.
  6. ^ "Four-lane road planned for Dhanushkodi". The Hindu.
  7. ^ Jethwa, Raja Pawan (2007). "Section II: Mileage wise available Details of Railway lines laid". Shree Kutch Gurjar Kshatriya Samaj: A brief History & Glory of our fore-fathers. pp. 63–70.
  8. ^ Saqaf, Syed Muthahar (11 June 2010). "'Boat Mail' to run on main line from August 1". The Hindu.
  9. ^ Jaishankar, C (17 July 2006). "Their sentiment to metre gauge train is unfathomable". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 27 October 2007.
  10. ^ C. Jaishankar (26 February 2010). "Railway budget may put Dhanushkodi back on track". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 2 March 2010.
  11. ^ "Poll-bound TN, Kerala will get more trains". The Asian Age. 26 February 2011.
  12. ^ G. G. Vaz; M. Hariprasad; B. R. Rao; V. Subba Rao (10 March 2007). "Subsidence of southern part of erstwhile Dhanushkodi township, Tamil Nadu". Current Science. 92: 671–672.
  13. ^ Shashi M Kulshreshta; Madan G Gupta (June 1966). "Satellite Study of the Rameswaram Cyclonic Storm of 20–23 December 1964". Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology. 5 (3): 373–376. Bibcode:1966JApMe...5..373K. doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1966)005<0373:ssotrc>2.0.co;2. ISSN 0021-8952.
  14. ^ "India Train, 150 Aboard, Swept Away By Big Wave". St. Petersburg Times. UPI. 26 December 1964. p. 3A.
  15. ^ "1,800 Asians Feared Dead After Cyclone and Tidal Wave". Reading Eagle. UPI. 28 December 1964. p. 4.
  16. ^ "Ships, Planes Search for Survivors". The Age. A.A.P.-Reuters. 28 December 1964. p. 4.
  17. ^ "Eye-witness account of the cyclone". The Hindu.
  18. ^ "Submerged temple tower visible in Dhanushkodi". Zee news.
  19. ^ G. G. Vaz; M. Hariprasad; B. R. Rao & V. Subba Rao (March 2007). "Subsidence of southern part of erstwhile Dhanushkodi township, Tamil Nadu – evidences from bathymetry, side scan and underwater videography" (PDF). Current Science (PDF). 92 (5): 671–675. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
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