Thomas W. Lamb: Difference between revisions

Thomas W. Lamb
Thomas W. Lamb
	Lamb in 1926
Born	May 5, 1870; Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
Died	February 26, 1942 (aged 71); New York City, New York, United States
Nationality	American
Alma mater	Cooper Union
Occupation	Architect
Practice	Thomas W. Lamb, Incorporated
Buildings	Fox Theatre, San Francisco, 1929;; Madison Square Garden, 1925

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Thomas White Lamb (May 5, 1870 – February 26, 1942) was a Scottish-born, American architect. He was one of the foremost designers of theaters and cinemas of the 20th century.

Career

Born in Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom, Thomas W. Lamb came to the United States at the age of 12. He studied architecture at Cooper Union in New York and initially worked for the City of New York as an inspector. His architecture firm, Thomas W. Lamb, Inc., was located at 36 West 40th Street in Manhattan, New York.^[1]

Lamb achieved recognition as one of the leading architects of the boom in movie theater construction of the 1910s and 1920s^{[citation needed]}. Particularly associated with the Fox Theatres, Loew's Theatres and Keith-Albee chains of vaudeville and film theaters, Lamb was instrumental in establishing and developing the design and construction of the large, lavishly decorated theaters, known as "movie palaces", as showcases for the films of the emerging Hollywood studios.^{[citation needed]}

As early as 1904, Lamb was credited with renovations for two existing theaters in the city: the Weber and Fields' Broadway Music Hall at 1215 Broadway, and the Dewey Theater on East 14th Street, the latter owned by Tammany Hall figure "Big Tim" Sullivan.^[2] His first complete theater design was the City Theatre, built on 14th Street in 1909 for film mogul William Fox. His designs for the 1914 Mark Strand Theatre, the 1916 Rialto Theatre and the 1917 Rivoli Theatre, all in Times Square, set the template for what would become the American movie palace.^{[citation needed]}

Among his most notable theaters are the 1929 Fox Theatre in San Francisco and the 1919 Capitol Theatre in New York, both now demolished. Among his most noted designs that have been preserved and restored are the B.F. Keith Memorial Theatre in Boston (1928) (now the Boston Opera House), Warner's Hollywood Theatre (1930) in New York (now the Times Square Church), the Hippodrome Theatre (1914) in Baltimore, and the Loew's Ohio Theatre (1928) in Columbus, Ohio. Among Lamb's existing Canadian theaters are the Pantages Theatre in Toronto (1920) (now the Ed Mirvish Theatre).^[3] and Elgin and Winter Garden Theatres. The Cinema Treasures website, which documents the history of film theaters, lists 174 theaters designed by Lamb's company.

Aside from movie theaters, Lamb is noted for designing (with Joseph Urban) New York's Ziegfeld Theatre, a legitimate theater, as well as the third Madison Square Garden and the Paramount Hotel in midtown Manhattan.^{[citation needed]}

Lamb died in 1942 in New York City at the age of 71. His architectural archive is held by the Drawings and Archives Department of Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library at Columbia University.^{[citation needed]}

John J. McNamara

During the last ten years of his practice, Lamb's associate was the architect John J. McNamara.^[4] After Lamb's death, McNamara continued as an architect of theaters under his own name. McNamara was responsible for renovating some of Lamb's older New York theaters, and among his original designs was one for the 1969 Ziegfeld Theatre in Manhattan, which replaced Lamb's original building.

Selected theater designs

United States

Interior of B.F. Keith Memorial Theatre, Boston, 1928 (1970)
Pitkin, Brooklyn, 1928 (2010)^[5]
Tivoli, Washington, DC, 1924 (2005)
The United Palace Theater, formerly Loew's 175th Street Theatre, New York, 1930 (2009)
Interior of the United Palace Theater (2007)
Lincoln Theatre, Lincoln Road, South Beach, Miami Beach, Florida, 1936
Palace Theater, Waterbury, Connecticut, 1922 (2016)

Academy of Music, New York City, 1927
B.F. Keith Memorial Theatre, Boston, Massachusetts, 1928
Capitol Theatre, New York City, 1919
Capitol Theatre, Port Chester, New York, 1926
Cort (now James Earl Jones) Theatre, New York City, 1912^[6]
Embassy Theatre, New York City, 1925
Eltinge 42nd Street Theatre, New York City, 1912
Fenway Theatre, Boston, 1915
Fox Theatre, San Francisco, California, 1929
Franklin Square Theatre, Worcester, Massachusetts, 1927
Hippodrome Theatre, Baltimore, Maryland, 1914
Hippodrome, New York City, 1923 redesign^[7]
Keith-Albee Theatre, Flushing, Queens, New York, 1928
Keith-Albee Theatre, Huntington, West Virginia, 1928
Keith-Albee Palace Theatre, Columbus, Ohio, 1926
Keith-Albee Palace Theatre, Stamford, Connecticut, 1927
Lincoln Theatre, Miami Beach, Florida, 1936
Loew's 72nd Street Theatre, New York City, 1930
Loew’s Canal Theatre, 1926^[8]
Loew's 175th Street Theater, New York City, 1930
Loew's and United Artists' Ohio Theatre, Columbus, Ohio, 1928
Loew's Grand Theatre, Atlanta, Georgia, 1932 redesign^[9]
Loew's Midland Theatre, Kansas City, Missouri, 1927
Midway Theatre, Forest Hills, New York, 1942
Loew's Pitkin Theatre, Brooklyn, New York, 1928^[5]
Loew's State Theatre, Playhouse Square, Cleveland, Ohio, 1920
Loew's State Theatre (Now the TCC Roper Performing Arts Center), Norfolk, Virginia, 1926^[10]
Loew's State Theatre, Times Square, New York City, 1924
Newark Paramount Theatre, Downtown Newark, Newark, New Jersey, 1920s.
Loew's State Theatre, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1926
Loew's Theatre, New Rochelle, New York, 1925
Loew's State Theatre (Now the Landmark Theatre), Syracuse, New York, 1928
Madison Square Garden, New York City, 1925
Madison Theater, Albany, New York, 1929
Mark Hellinger Theatre (now Times Square Church), New York City, 1930
Mark Strand Theater, New York City, 1914
Maryland Theatre, Hagerstown, Maryland, 1915
Municipal Auditorium, Birmingham, Alabama, 1924
Ohio Theatre, Playhouse Square, Cleveland, Ohio, 1921
Orpheum Theatre, Boston, Massachusetts, 1915 redesign
Palace Theater, Waterbury, Connecticut, 1922
Poli's Majestic Theatre, Bridgeport, Connecticut, 1922
Poli's Palace Theatre, Bridgeport, Connecticut, 1922
Pythian Temple, Manhattan, 1927, the spacious theater the building once housed is gone; the facade remains.
Proctor's 58th Street Theatre, New York City, 1928
Proctor's 86th Street Theatre, New York City, 1927
Proctor's Theatre, Schenectady, New York, 1926
Reade's State Theatre, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1921
Regent Theatre, New York City, 1913
Rialto Theatre, New York City, 1916
Ridgewood Theatre, Ridgewood, New York, 1916
Rivoli Theatre, New York City, 1917
Stanley Theatre, Utica, New York, 1928
State Theatre, Uniontown, Pennsylvania, 1922
Strand Theatre, Lakewood, New Jersey, 1922
Tivoli Theatre, Washington, DC, 1924
Victoria Theater, New York City, 1917
Warner Theatre, Torrington, Connecticut, 1931
Warner's Hollywood Theatre, New York City, 1930
Ziegfeld Theatre, New York City (with Joseph Urban), 1927

Canada

Lobby of Capitol Cinema, in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 1920; demolished 1970
Elgin and Winter Garden Theatres double-decker vaudeville theatres Toronto, Ontario 1913-1914^[11]
The Canon Theatre (now Ed Mirvish Theatre), Toronto, Ontario, 1920

Elgin and Winter Garden Theatres, Toronto, 1913
The Sanderson Centre, Brantford, Ontario, 1919; auditorium restored in 1990, currently a performing arts centre
Capitol Theatre, Hamilton, Ontario, 1920; 103 King Street East, Hamilton all but lobby demolished in 1973;^[12] now vacant after Buttinsky's Bar and Wing Joint closed
Capitol Theatre (Windsor, Ontario), 1920; currently a performing arts centre.^[13]
Pantages Theatre, Toronto, Ontario, 1920
Uptown Theatre, Toronto, Ontario, 1920; demolished in 2003

India

Metro Cinema, Mumbai, India
Metro Cinema, Kolkata (Calcutta), 2010

Metro Cinema, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 1938
Metro Cinema, Kolkata (Calcutta), West Bengal, 1935; Currently being renovated.

Residential architecture

In 1920, Lamb designed for himself a private summer home in the Adirondacks in the village of Elizabethtown, New York. The house, which is still extant as a residence, is situated on the Boquet River. The eight-bedroom manor, referred to today as Cobble Mountain Lodge, is a shingle and cobble stone design marked by the inclusion of a stone turret.

References

^ "THOMAS W. LAMB, 71; A NOTED ARCHITECT". New York Times. February 27, 1942.
^ ""Big Tim's" Theater to Have Improvements". New-York Tribune. 6 Aug 1904. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
^ Pound, Richard W. (2005). Fitzhenry and Whiteside Book of Canadian Facts and Dates. Fitzhenry and Whiteside.
^ Dunlap, David W. (May 9, 1988). "John J. McNamara, an Architect And Theater Designer, Dies at 90". New York Times.
^ ^a ^b Cinema Treasures, Brooklyn
^ Morrison, William (1999). Broadway Theatres: History and Architecture (trade paperback). Dover Books on Architecture. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. p. 82. ISBN 0-486-40244-4.
^ Morrison, p. 82
^ "Photos: Inside the Abandoned Old Loew's Theatre on Canal Street". 27 June 2014.
^ Cinema Treasures
^ "Home". tccropercenter.org.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-03-20. Retrieved 2011-03-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Ontario Heritage Trust Loew's Yonge Street and Winter Garden Theatres
^ Archives of Ontario Archived 2003-12-27 at the Wayback Machine
^ The Capitol Theatre and Arts Centre Archived 2013-04-01 at the Wayback Machine

External links

[1] "THOMAS W. LAMB, 71; A NOTED ARCHITECT". New York Times. February 27, 1942.

[2] ""Big Tim's" Theater to Have Improvements". New-York Tribune. 6 Aug 1904. Retrieved 2 November 2021.

[3] Pound, Richard W. (2005). Fitzhenry and Whiteside Book of Canadian Facts and Dates. Fitzhenry and Whiteside.

[4] Dunlap, David W. (May 9, 1988). "John J. McNamara, an Architect And Theater Designer, Dies at 90". New York Times.

[Pitkin-5] Cinema Treasures, Brooklyn

[Morrison-82-6] Morrison, William (1999). Broadway Theatres: History and Architecture (trade paperback). Dover Books on Architecture. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. p. 82. ISBN 0-486-40244-4.

[Morrison-7] Morrison, p. 82

[8] "Photos: Inside the Abandoned Old Loew's Theatre on Canal Street". 27 June 2014.

[9] Cinema Treasures

[10] "Home". tccropercenter.org.

[11] "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-03-20. Retrieved 2011-03-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Ontario Heritage Trust Loew's Yonge Street and Winter Garden Theatres

[12] Archives of Ontario Archived 2003-12-27 at the Wayback Machine

[13] The Capitol Theatre and Arts Centre Archived 2013-04-01 at the Wayback Machine

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|20th-century Scottish-American architect (1871-1942)}}
+{{Short description|Scottish-American architect (1871–1942)}}
 {{other people|Thomas Lamb}}
 {{Infobox architect
-|name = Thomas W. Lamb
+| name = Thomas W. Lamb
-|image= File:Thomas W. Lamb 1926.jpg
+| image = File:Thomas W. Lamb 1926.jpg
-|caption= Lamb in 1926
+| caption = Lamb in 1926
-|nationality = American
+| nationality = American
-|birth_date = 1871
+| birth_date = May 5, 1870
-|birth_place = [[Dundee, Scotland]], [[United Kingdom]]
+| birth_place = [[Dundee, Scotland]], [[United Kingdom]]
-|death_date = 1942
+| death_date = February 26, 1942 (aged 71)
-|death_place = [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[United States]]
+| death_place = [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[United States]]
-|alma_mater = [[Cooper Union]]
+| alma_mater = [[Cooper Union]]
-|practice= Thomas W. Lamb, Incorporated
+| practice = Thomas W. Lamb, Incorporated
-|significant_buildings = [[Fox Theatre (San Francisco, California)|Fox Theatre]], San Francisco, 1929;<br/>[[Madison Square Garden (1925)|Madison Square Garden]], 1925
+| significant_buildings = [[Fox Theatre (San Francisco, California)|Fox Theatre]], San Francisco, 1929;<br />[[Madison Square Garden (1925)|Madison Square Garden]], 1925
-|significant_projects =
+| significant_projects =
-|significant_design =
+| significant_design =
-|awards =
+| awards =
 }}
-'''Thomas White Lamb''' (1871–1942) was a Scottish-born, American [[architect]]. He was one of the foremost designers of [[theater (structure)|theaters]] and [[movie theater|cinemas]] in the 20th century.
+'''Thomas White Lamb''' (May 5, 1870 – February 26, 1942) was a Scottish-born, American [[architect]]. He was one of the foremost designers of [[theater (structure)|theaters]] and [[movie theater|cinemas]] of the 20th century.
 ==Career==
 Born in [[Dundee, Scotland]], United Kingdom, Thomas W. Lamb came to the United States at the age of 12. He studied architecture at [[Cooper Union]] in New York and initially worked for the City of New York as an inspector. His architecture firm, Thomas W. Lamb, Inc., was located at 36 West 40th Street in Manhattan, New York.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0C14FD3F5D167B93C5AB1789D85F468485F9&scp=2&sq=thomas%20w%20lamb%20architect&st=cse |title=THOMAS W. LAMB, 71; A NOTED ARCHITECT |date=February 27, 1942 |work=New York Times }}</ref>
-Lamb achieved recognition as one of the leading architects of the boom in [[movie theater]] construction of the 1910s and 1920s. Particularly associated with the [[Fox Theatres]], [[Loews Cineplex Entertainment|Loew's Theatres]] and [[RKO|Keith-Albee]] chains of vaudeville and film theaters, Lamb was instrumental in establishing and developing the design and construction of the large, lavishly decorated theaters, known as "[[movie palaces]]", as showcases for the films of the emerging Hollywood studios.
+Lamb achieved recognition as one of the leading architects of the boom in [[movie theater]] construction of the 1910s and 1920s{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}. Particularly associated with the [[Fox Theatres]], [[Loews Cineplex Entertainment|Loew's Theatres]] and [[RKO|Keith-Albee]] chains of vaudeville and film theaters, Lamb was instrumental in establishing and developing the design and construction of the large, lavishly decorated theaters, known as "[[movie palaces]]", as showcases for the films of the emerging Hollywood studios.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}
-As early as 1904 Lamb was credited with renovations for two existing theaters in the city:  the [[Weber and Fields]] Music Hall at 1215 Broadway, and the Dewey Theater on East 14th Street, the latter owned by Tammany Hall figure [[Timothy Sullivan|"Big Tim" Sullivan]].<ref>{{cite news |title="Big Tim's" Theater to Have Improvements |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/468712255/ |access-date=2 November 2021 |publisher=New-York Tribune |date=6 Aug 1904}}</ref>  His first complete theater design was the City Theatre, built on 14th Street in 1909 for film mogul [[William Fox (producer)|William Fox]]. His designs for the 1914 [[Mark Strand Theatre]], the 1916 [[Rialto Theatre (New York City)|Rialto Theatre]] and the 1917 [[Rivoli Theatre (New York City)|Rivoli Theatre]], all in [[Times Square]], set the template for what would become the American movie palace.
+As early as 1904, Lamb was credited with renovations for two existing theaters in the city:  the [[Weber and Fields' Broadway Music Hall]] at 1215 Broadway, and the Dewey Theater on East 14th Street, the latter owned by Tammany Hall figure [[Timothy Sullivan|"Big Tim" Sullivan]].<ref>{{cite news |title="Big Tim's" Theater to Have Improvements |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/468712255/ |access-date=2 November 2021 |publisher=New-York Tribune |date=6 Aug 1904}}</ref>  His first complete theater design was the City Theatre, built on 14th Street in 1909 for film mogul [[William Fox (producer)|William Fox]]. His designs for the 1914 [[Mark Strand Theatre]], the 1916 [[Rialto Theatre (New York City)|Rialto Theatre]] and the 1917 [[Rivoli Theatre (New York City)|Rivoli Theatre]], all in [[Times Square]], set the template for what would become the American movie palace.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}
 Among his most notable theaters are the 1929 [[Fox Theatre (San Francisco, California)|Fox Theatre]] in San Francisco and the 1919 [[Capitol Theatre (New York City)|Capitol Theatre]] in New York, both now demolished. Among his most noted designs that have been preserved and restored are the B.F. Keith Memorial Theatre in Boston (1928) (now the [[Boston Opera House (1980)|Boston Opera House]]), [[Mark Hellinger Theatre|Warner's Hollywood Theatre]] (1930) in New York (now the [[Times Square Church]]), the [[Hippodrome Theatre (Baltimore)|Hippodrome Theatre]] (1914) in Baltimore, and the [[Ohio Theatre (Columbus, Ohio)|Loew's Ohio Theatre]] (1928) in Columbus, Ohio. Among Lamb's existing Canadian theaters are the Pantages Theatre in Toronto (1920) (now the [[Ed Mirvish Theatre]]).<ref>{{cite book |title=Fitzhenry and Whiteside Book of Canadian Facts and Dates  |last=Pound |first=Richard W. |publisher=Fitzhenry and Whiteside |year=2005}}</ref> and [[Elgin and Winter Garden Theatres]]. The Cinema Treasures website, which documents the history of film theaters, lists 174 theaters designed by Lamb's company.
-Aside from movie theaters, Lamb is noted for designing (with [[Joseph Urban]]) [[New York City|New York's]] [[Ziegfeld Theatre (1927)|Ziegfeld Theatre]], a legitimate theater, as well as the third [[Madison Square Garden (1925)|Madison Square Garden]] and the [[Paramount Hotel]] in midtown Manhattan.
+Aside from movie theaters, Lamb is noted for designing (with [[Joseph Urban]]) [[New York City|New York's]] [[Ziegfeld Theatre (1927)|Ziegfeld Theatre]], a legitimate theater, as well as the third [[Madison Square Garden (1925)|Madison Square Garden]] and the [[Paramount Hotel]] in midtown Manhattan.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}
-Lamb died in 1942 in New York City at the age of 71. His architectural archive is held by the Drawings and Archives Department of [[Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library]] at [[Columbia University]].
+Lamb died in 1942 in New York City at the age of 71. His architectural archive is held by the Drawings and Archives Department of [[Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library]] at [[Columbia University]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}
 ===John J. McNamara===
@@ Line 53: / Line 53: @@
 * [[Capitol Theatre (New York City)|Capitol Theatre]], New York City, 1919
 * [[Capitol Theater (Port Chester, New York)|Capitol Theatre]], Port Chester, New York, 1926
-* [[James Earl Jones Theatre|Cort (now James Earl Jone) Theatre]], New York City, 1912<ref name="Morrison-82">{{cite book |last1=Morrison |first1=William |title=Broadway Theatres: History and Architecture|type=trade paperback |series=Dover Books on Architecture |year=1999|publisher=[[Dover Publications]] |location=[[Mineola, New York]]|isbn=0-486-40244-4 |page=82}}</ref>
+* [[James Earl Jones Theatre|Cort (now James Earl Jones) Theatre]], New York City, 1912<ref name="Morrison-82">{{cite book |last1=Morrison |first1=William |title=Broadway Theatres: History and Architecture|type=trade paperback |series=Dover Books on Architecture |year=1999|publisher=[[Dover Publications]] |location=[[Mineola, New York]]|isbn=0-486-40244-4 |page=82}}</ref>
 * [[Embassy Theatre (New York City)|Embassy Theatre]], New York City, 1925
 * [[Empire Theatre (42nd Street)|Eltinge 42nd Street Theatre]], New York City, 1912
@@ Line 67: / Line 67: @@
 * [[Lincoln Theatre (Miami Beach, Florida)|Lincoln Theatre]], Miami Beach, Florida, 1936
 * Loew's 72nd Street Theatre, New York City, 1930
+* Loew’s Canal Theatre, 1926<ref>{{cite web | url=https://gothamist.com/arts-entertainment/photos-inside-the-abandoned-old-loews-theatre-on-canal-street | title=Photos: Inside the Abandoned Old Loew's Theatre on Canal Street | date=27 June 2014 }}</ref>
 * [[United Palace Theater|Loew's 175th Street Theater]], New York City, 1930
 * [[Ohio Theatre (Columbus, Ohio)|Loew's and United Artists' Ohio Theatre]], Columbus, Ohio, 1928
@@ Line 74: / Line 75: @@
 * Loew's Pitkin Theatre, Brooklyn, New York, 1928<ref name = "Pitkin"/>
 * [[State Theatre (Cleveland, Ohio)|Loew's State Theatre]], Playhouse Square, Cleveland, Ohio, 1920
-* Loew's State Theatre (Now the TCC Roper Performing Arts Center), Norfolk, Virginia, 1926<ref>http://www.tccropercenter.org</ref>
+* Loew's State Theatre (Now the TCC Roper Performing Arts Center), Norfolk, Virginia, 1926<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tccropercenter.org/ |title=Home |website=tccropercenter.org}}</ref>
 * Loew's State Theatre, Times Square, New York City, 1924
+* [[Newark Paramount Theatre]], [[Downtown Newark]], [[Newark, New Jersey]], 1920s.
 * [[State Palace Theatre (New Orleans, Louisiana)|Loew's State Theatre]], New Orleans, Louisiana, 1926
 * [[Loew's Theatre, New Rochelle|Loew's Theatre]], New Rochelle, New York, 1925
@@ Line 96: / Line 98: @@
 * [[State Theatre (New Brunswick, New Jersey)|Reade's State Theatre]], New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1921
 * Regent Theatre, New York City, 1913
+* Rialto Theatre, New York City, 1916
 * Ridgewood Theatre, Ridgewood, New York, 1916
 * Rivoli Theatre, New York City, 1917
@@ Line 138: / Line 141: @@
 *[http://www.cinematreasures.org/architect/66/ Cinema Treasures' List of theatres designed by Thomas W. Lamb.]
 *[http://collection.cooperhewitt.org/people/18043417/ Thomas W. Lamb works in the collection of the] [[Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum]]
-* Gray, Christopher, [http://wirednewyork.com/forum/showthread.php?t=19305 Streetscapes: Thomas W. Lamb’s Theaters, An Architect for Stage and Screen], ''Wired New York'', October 5, 2008
+* Gray, Christopher, [http://wirednewyork.com/forum/showthread.php?t=19305 Streetscapes: Thomas W. Lamb's Theaters, An Architect for Stage and Screen], ''Wired New York'', October 5, 2008
 *[http://www.arti-fact.com/architect/map/558/Thomas-W-Lamb Thomas W. Lamb Architecture on Google Maps]
 *[https://clio.columbia.edu/catalog/6473624 Thomas W. Lamb and John J. McNamara architectural records, 1895-1989, held by the Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library, Columbia University]
 *[http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3822244&lang=eng Lamb, Thomas W. fonds (R12543)] at [[Library and Archives Canada]]
 {{Authority control}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Lamb, Thomas W.}}
-[[Category:1871 births]]
+[[Category:1870 births]]
 [[Category:1942 deaths]]
 [[Category:American theatre architects]]
@@ Line 153: / Line 155: @@
 [[Category:Architects from New York City]]
 [[Category:People from Dundee]]
-[[Category:Scottish emigrants to the United States]]
+[[Category:British emigrants to the United States]]
-[[Category:Cooper Union alumni]]

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