Khmer Krom: Difference between revisions

Khmer Krom, Vietnamese Cambodian
ជនជាតិខ្មែរក្រោម (Khmer); người Khmer Nam Bộ (Vietnamese)
Total population
	c. 2.5 million[citation needed]
Regions with significant populations
Southern Vietnam (Mekong Delta and SE Vietnam)	1.32 million (2019)
Cambodia	1.2 million (1999)
United States	30,000 (1999)
France	3,000 (1999)
Australia	1,000 (1999)
Other countries	6,000 (1999)
Languages
	Khmer, Vietnamese
Religion
	Theravada Buddhism 95%, Roman Catholic 5%
Related ethnic groups
	Khmers, Northern Khmers

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The Khmer Krom (Khmer: ជនជាតិខ្មែរក្រោម, Chónchéatĕ Khmêr Kraôm, [cɔnciət kʰmae kraom]; lit. 'Lower Khmer people' or 'Southern Khmer people') are ethnically Khmer people living in or from the Mekong Delta (Tây Nam Bộ), the south western part of Vietnam known in Khmer as Kampuchea Krom (Khmer: កម្ពុជាក្រោម, Kâmpŭchéa Kraôm [kampuciə kraom] lit. 'Lower Cambodia'). The Khmer Krom people are considered an the indigenous people of parts of Southern Vietnam and have the oldest extant recorded history of inhabiting in the region.^[4] In Vietnam, they are recognized as one of Vietnam's fifty-three ethnic minorities.

In Accordance to Resolution 117-CT/TƯ issued September 29, 1981 of the Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam and Resolution 122-CT issued on May 12, 1982 from the Vietnamese Ministry Committee, the term Khmer (as well as its Vietnamese transliteration Khơ Me and Khơ-me) was sanctioned by the government as the only state-recognized ethnonym of the Khmer Krom people, stated that all other colloquial exonyms previously used by Vietnamese to refer to Khmer people "are incorrect and have negative racial connotations." Both Resolutions declared that any acts of misuse to misspelling that intended to incite and direct hate speech and discrimination toward the Khmer people are prohibited by the law.^[5]

In Khmer, Krom (ក្រោម kraôm) means 'low' or 'below'. It is added to differentiate from the Khmers in Cambodia. Most Khmer Krom live in Tây Nam Bộ, the southern lowland region of historical Cambodia covering an area of 89,000 square kilometres (34,363 sq mi) around modern day Ho Chi Minh City and the Mekong Delta, which used to be the southeasternmost territory of the Khmer Empire until its incorporation into Vietnam under the Nguyễn lords in the early 18th century. This marks the final stage of the Vietnamese "March to the South" (Nam tiến).^[6]^[7]

Khmer Krom people have been members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization since 15 July 2001.^[8]

According to the US-based Human Rights Watch (HRW) "the Khmer Krom people face serious restrictions of freedom of expression, assembly, association, information, and movement".^[9]

Demographics

The majority of Khmer Krom live in Southern Vietnam. According to Vietnamese government figures (2019 census), there are 1,319,652 Khmer Krom in Vietnam. Their distribution is as follows: Sóc Trăng (362,029 people, constituting 30.18% of the province's population and 27.43% of all Khmer in Vietnam), Trà Vinh (318,231 people, constituting 31.53% of the province's population and 24.11% of all Khmer in Vietnam), Kiên Giang (211,282 people, constituting 12.26% of the province's population and 16.01% of all Khmer in Vietnam), An Giang (75,878 people), Bạc Liêu (73,968 people), Bình Dương (65,233 people), Hồ Chí Minh City (50,422 people), Cà Mau (26,110 people), Đồng Nai (23,560 people), Vĩnh Long (22,630 people) each constituting less than 10% of all Khmer in Vietnam.^[1]

Other estimates vary considerably, with the Khmer Kampuchea-Krom Federation claiming that there are about 7 million Khmer Krom.^[3] A significant number of Khmer Krom also fled to Cambodia, estimated at 1.20 million by one source.^[10]

In other parts of the world, there are approximately 40,000 Khmer Krom emigrants notably in the United States (30,000), France (3,000), Australia (1,000), Canada (500).^[10] Khmer Krom emigrant communities in the US are located near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and in Washington state.^[11]

Origins

The Khmer Krom identify ethnically with the Khmer people, who founded the Khmer Empire under the rule of King Jayavarman II in 802 C.E.^[12] They retain deep linguistic, religious, customary and cultural links to Cambodia.^[13] The Mekong Delta region constituted for more than 800 years an integral part of the empire and the subsequent kingdom.^[14] The region's economic center was the city of Prey Nokor, now Ho Chi Minh City.

History

Absorption of the Mekong Delta by Vietnam

In the 17th century a weakened Khmer state left the Mekong Delta poorly administered after repeated warfare with Siam. Concurrently Vietnamese refugees fleeing the Trịnh–Nguyễn War in Vietnam migrated into the area. In 1623 Cambodian king Chey Chettha II (1618–1628) officially sanctioned the Vietnamese immigrants to operate a custom house at Prey Nokor, then a small fishing village. The settlement steadily grew soon becoming a major regional port, attracting even more settlers.

In 1698 the Nguyễn Lords of Huế commissioned Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh, a Vietnamese noble to organize the territory along Vietnamese administrative lines, thus by de facto detaching it from the Kingdom of Cambodia and incorporating it into Vietnam.^[15]

With the loss of the port of Prey Nokor, then renamed Saigon, Cambodia's control of the area grew increasingly tenuous while increasing waves of Vietnamese settlers to the Delta isolated the Khmer of the Mekong Delta from the Cambodian kingdom. By 1757 the Vietnamese had absorbed the provinces of Psar Dèk (renamed Sa Đéc in Vietnamese) on the Mekong itself, and Moat Chrouk (Vietnamized to Châu Đốc) on the Bassac River.^[6]

After establishment of the Nguyễn dynasty, emperor Minh Mạng enacted compulsory assimilation policies upon the Khmer such as forcing them to adopt Sino-Vietnamese surnames, culture, and clothing. Minh Mang sinicized ethnic minorities including the Cambodians, in line with Confucianism as he diffused Vietnamese culture with China's Han civilization using the term Han people 漢人 for the Vietnamese.^[16] Minh Mang declared that "We must hope that their barbarian habits will be subconsciously dissipated, and that they will daily become more infected by Han [Sino-Vietnamese] customs."^[17]^[18] These policies were directed at the Khmer and hill tribes.^[19]

Separatist movements

Khmer nationalist Son Ngoc Thanh (1908–77) was a Khmer krom, born in Trà Vinh, Vietnam. Thanh was active in the independence movement for Cambodia. With Japanese support he became the prime minister of Cambodia in March 1945 but was then quickly ousted with the return of the French later that year. Widely supported by the Khmer Krom during the First Indochina War, Thanh's role faded in Vietnam after 1954 as he became more embroiled with politics in Cambodia proper, forming an opposition movement against Prince Sihanouk.

During the Vietnam War and direct American involvement between 1964 and 1974, the Khmer Krom were recruited by the United States Armed Forces to serve in MIKE Force.^[20] The force fought on the side of South Vietnam against the Viet Cong but in time the militia regrouped as the "Front for the Struggle of Kampuchea Krom" (French: Front de Lutte du Kampuchea Krom). Headed by a Khmer Krom Buddhist monk, Samouk Sen, the group was nicknamed the "White Scarves" (Khmer: Kangsaing Sar; Vietnamese: Khăn Rằn Trắng) and allied itself with FULRO against South Vietnam.^[21] FULRO was an alliance of Khmer Krom, Montagnard, and Cham groups.

The anti-Communist prime minister of the Khmer Republic (1970 - 1975) Lon Nol planned to recapture the Mekong Delta from South Vietnam.^[22]

After the Fall of Saigon in 1975 and the Communist take-over of all of Vietnam, the Kampuchea Krom militia found itself embattled with People's Army of Vietnam. Many of the fighters fled to Khmer Rouge-controlled Democratic Kampuchea hoping to find a safe haven to launch their operations inside Vietnam. The "White Scarves" arrived in Kiri Vong District in 1976, making overture to the Khmer Rouge and appealing to the leader Khieu Samphan directly for assistance. The force was disarmed and welcomed initially. Subsequent orders from the Khmer Rouge leadership however had Samouk Sen arrested, taken to Phnom Penh, tortured, and killed. His force of 67 Khmer Krom fighters were all massacred. During the following months, some 2,000 "White Scarves" fighters crossing into Kampuchea were systematically killed by the Khmer Rouge.^[23]

In the late 1970s, the Kampuchean Revolutionary Army attacked Vietnam in an attempt to reconquer the areas which were formerly part of the Khmer Empire, but this military adventure was a total disaster and precipitated the invasion of Democratic Kampuchea by the People's Army of Vietnam and subsequent downfall of the Khmer Rouge, with Vietnam occupying Kampuchea and set up the People's Republic of Kampuchea.

Human rights

Many independent NGOs report that the human rights of the Khmer Krom are being violated by the Vietnamese government. Khmer Krom are reportedly forced to adopt Vietnamese family names and speak the Vietnamese language.^[24]^[25] As well, the Vietnamese government has cracked down on non-violent demonstrations by the Khmer Krom.^[26]

Unlike some other minority people groups in Vietnam^[who?], the Khmer Krom are largely unknown by the Western world, despite efforts by associations of exiled Khmer Krom such as the Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation to publicize their plight with the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation. No Western government has yet raised the matter of the Khmer Krom's human rights with the Vietnamese government.^[24]

The "Human Rights Council Universal Periodic Review Working Group" was visited by the Khmer Kampuchea Krom Federation.^[27]

Notable people

Chau Sen Cocsal Chhum, Prime Minister of Cambodia (1962)
Ieng Sary, Khmer Rouge member and Minister of Foreign Affairs of Democratic Kampuchea
Son Ngoc Minh, co-founder of the Communist Party of Kampuchea
Son Ngoc Thanh, Prime Minister of Cambodia (1945) and the Khmer Republic (1972)
Son Sen, Khmer Rouge member and Minister of National Defence of Democratic Kampuchea
Tou Samouth, co-founder and General Secretary of the Communist Party of Kampuchea (1951–1962)

References

^ ^a ^b General Statistics Office of Vietnam (2019). "Completed Results of the 2019 Viet Nam Population and Housing Census" (PDF). Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam). ISBN 978-604-75-1532-5.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Khmer Krom Background". Retrieved 2019-05-04.
^ ^a ^b "The Culture of the Khmer-Krom". KKF | Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation. December 29, 2012.
^ "Dân tộc Khơme (Khmer people)" (in Vietnamese). Nhân Dân. October 24, 2022. Retrieved October 24, 2023.
^ Chỉ thị của Chủ tịch Hội đồng Bộ trưởng số 122-CT ngày 12/5/1982 về công tác đối với đồng bào Khmer, Văn phòng Quốc hội, cơ sở dữ liệu luật Việt Nam^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ ^a ^b "Reconceptualizing Southern Vietnamese History from the 15th to 18th Centuries Competition along the Coasts from Guangdong to Cambodia by Brian A. Zottoli". University of Michigan. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
^ "Mak Phœun: Histoire du Cambodge de la fin du XVIe au début du XVIIIe siècle - According to Cambodian oral tradition, the marriage was because a weak Cambodian king fell in love..." (PDF). Michael Vickery’s Publications. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
^ "Khmer Krom". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation. Jan 30, 2018. Retrieved April 26, 2019.
^ "Khmer Krom in Cambodia Mark Loss of Their Homeland". Radio Free Asia. June 4, 2013. Retrieved September 16, 2016.
^ ^a ^b "Khmer Krom People Statistics". KKF | Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation. Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation (KKF). Jan 3, 2006. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
^ Chan, Sucheng (2003). Not just victims: conversations with Cambodian community leaders in the United States. Kim, Audrey U. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 265. ISBN 025202799X. OCLC 49942929.
^ Stuart-Fox, William, The Murderous Revolution: Life & Death in Pol Pot's Kampuchea, Alternative Publishing Co-Operative Limited, 1985, pp. 6.
^ "Reconstituting the "Un-Pereson": The Khmer Krom & The Khmer Rouge Tribunal". Singapore Year Book of International Law and Contributorsb. Retrieved September 16, 2016.
^ "Memorandum By Cambodia on Her Territories in South Viet-Nam..." (PDF). caraweb. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 9, 2016. Retrieved September 16, 2016.
^ Church, Peter (2012-02-03). MA Short History of South-East Asia edited by Peter Church. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118350447. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
^ Norman G. Owen (2005). The Emergence Of Modern Southeast Asia: A New History. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 115–. ISBN 978-0-8248-2890-5.
^ A. Dirk Moses (1 January 2008). Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History. Berghahn Books. p. 209. ISBN 978-1-84545-452-4.
^ Ta, Van Tai. "The Vietnamese Tradition of Human Rights" (PDF). Indochina Research Monograph. Institute of East Asian Studies ^§V) University of California, Berkeley: 134.
^ Randall Peerenboom; Carole J. Petersen; Albert H.Y. Chen (27 September 2006). Human Rights in Asia: A Comparative Legal Study of Twelve Asian Jurisdictions, France and the USA. Routledge. pp. 474–. ISBN 978-1-134-23881-1.
^ Vietnam Studies, U.S. Army Special Forces 1961-1971, CMH Publication 90-23, Department of the Army, Washington, D.C. 1989 (First Printed, 1973)
^ Radu, M. The New Insurgencies, Transaction Publishers, 1990, p.202
^ Kiernan, B. (2004). How Pol Pot came to Power. Yale University Press. p. 348. ISBN 9780300102628.
^ Ben Kiernan, The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975–79. New Haven: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-14434-5, 1996
^ ^a ^b Human Rights Watch: "On the Margins: Rights and Abuses of Ethnic Khmer in Vietnam's Mekong Delta" Archived 2013-04-23 at the Wayback Machine 2009
^ "Rearhoo (The Dark Age) - KKF". 6 August 2009. Archived from the original on 6 August 2009. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
^ "On the Margins". Human Rights Watch. 21 January 2009. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
^ "Khmer Krom Attend UPR Session on Vietnam". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation.

External links

[census-1] General Statistics Office of Vietnam (2019). "Completed Results of the 2019 Viet Nam Population and Housing Census" (PDF). Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam). ISBN 978-604-75-1532-5.

[mirocam-2] "Khmer Krom Background". Retrieved 2019-05-04.

[auto1-3] "The Culture of the Khmer-Krom". KKF | Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation. December 29, 2012.

[4] "Dân tộc Khơme (Khmer people)" (in Vietnamese). Nhân Dân. October 24, 2022. Retrieved October 24, 2023.

[5] Chỉ thị của Chủ tịch Hội đồng Bộ trưởng số 122-CT ngày 12/5/1982 về công tác đối với đồng bào Khmer, Văn phòng Quốc hội, cơ sở dữ liệu luật Việt Nam^{[permanent dead link‍]}

[auto-6] "Reconceptualizing Southern Vietnamese History from the 15th to 18th Centuries Competition along the Coasts from Guangdong to Cambodia by Brian A. Zottoli". University of Michigan. Retrieved 26 June 2015.

[7] "Mak Phœun: Histoire du Cambodge de la fin du XVIe au début du XVIIIe siècle - According to Cambodian oral tradition, the marriage was because a weak Cambodian king fell in love..." (PDF). Michael Vickery’s Publications. Retrieved 30 June 2015.

[8] "Khmer Krom". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation. Jan 30, 2018. Retrieved April 26, 2019.

[9] "Khmer Krom in Cambodia Mark Loss of Their Homeland". Radio Free Asia. June 4, 2013. Retrieved September 16, 2016.

[KKFStat-10] "Khmer Krom People Statistics". KKF | Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation. Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation (KKF). Jan 3, 2006. Retrieved 26 April 2019.

[11] Chan, Sucheng (2003). Not just victims: conversations with Cambodian community leaders in the United States. Kim, Audrey U. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 265. ISBN 025202799X. OCLC 49942929.

[12] Stuart-Fox, William, The Murderous Revolution: Life & Death in Pol Pot's Kampuchea, Alternative Publishing Co-Operative Limited, 1985, pp. 6.

[13] "Reconstituting the "Un-Pereson": The Khmer Krom & The Khmer Rouge Tribunal". Singapore Year Book of International Law and Contributorsb. Retrieved September 16, 2016.

[14] "Memorandum By Cambodia on Her Territories in South Viet-Nam..." (PDF). caraweb. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 9, 2016. Retrieved September 16, 2016.

[15] Church, Peter (2012-02-03). MA Short History of South-East Asia edited by Peter Church. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118350447. Retrieved 12 June 2015.

[Owen2005-16] Norman G. Owen (2005). The Emergence Of Modern Southeast Asia: A New History. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 115–. ISBN 978-0-8248-2890-5.

[Moses2008-17] A. Dirk Moses (1 January 2008). Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History. Berghahn Books. p. 209. ISBN 978-1-84545-452-4.

[18] Ta, Van Tai. "The Vietnamese Tradition of Human Rights" (PDF). Indochina Research Monograph. Institute of East Asian Studies ^§V) University of California, Berkeley: 134.

[PeerenboomPetersen2006-19] Randall Peerenboom; Carole J. Petersen; Albert H.Y. Chen (27 September 2006). Human Rights in Asia: A Comparative Legal Study of Twelve Asian Jurisdictions, France and the USA. Routledge. pp. 474–. ISBN 978-1-134-23881-1.

[20] Vietnam Studies, U.S. Army Special Forces 1961-1971, CMH Publication 90-23, Department of the Army, Washington, D.C. 1989 (First Printed, 1973)

[21] Radu, M. The New Insurgencies, Transaction Publishers, 1990, p.202

[22] Kiernan, B. (2004). How Pol Pot came to Power. Yale University Press. p. 348. ISBN 9780300102628.

[23] Ben Kiernan, The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975–79. New Haven: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-14434-5, 1996

[RCUSA-24] Human Rights Watch: "On the Margins: Rights and Abuses of Ethnic Khmer in Vietnam's Mekong Delta" Archived 2013-04-23 at the Wayback Machine 2009

[25] "Rearhoo (The Dark Age) - KKF". 6 August 2009. Archived from the original on 6 August 2009. Retrieved 21 September 2016.

[26] "On the Margins". Human Rights Watch. 21 January 2009. Retrieved 21 September 2016.

[27] "Khmer Krom Attend UPR Session on Vietnam". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|Ethnic Khmers of southwestern Vietnam}}{{infobox ethnic group|
+{{Short description|Ethnic Khmers of southwestern Vietnam}}
+{{infobox ethnic group|
-| group            = Khmer Krom
+| group            = Khmer Krom, Vietnamese Cambodian
-| native_name      = {{lang|km|ជនជាតិខ្មែរក្រោម}}<br>{{lang|vi|người Khmer Nam Bộ}}
+| native_name      = {{native name|km|ជនជាតិខ្មែរក្រោម}}<br />{{native name|vi|người Khmer Nam Bộ}}
 | native_name_lang = km
-| total            = {{circa}} 9.3 million
+| image            =
+| caption          =
+| total            = {{circa}} 2.5 million{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}
 | region1          = [[Southern Vietnam]] ([[Mekong Delta]] and [[Southeast (Vietnam)|SE Vietnam]])
+| pop1             = 1.32 million (2019)<ref name=census>{{cite book | author = [[General Statistics Office of Vietnam]] | year = 2019 | url = https://www.gso.gov.vn/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Ket-qua-toan-bo-Tong-dieu-tra-dan-so-va-nha-o-2019.pdf | title = "Completed Results of the 2019 Viet Nam Population and Housing Census" | publisher = Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam) | isbn= 978-604-75-1532-5 }}</ref>
-| pop1             = {{Unbulleted list |class=nowrap
-    | 1,260,640 (2009)<ref name=gso-vn>{{cite web
-      |title=The 2009 Vietnam Population and Housing Census: Completed Results
-      |url=http://www.gso.gov.vn/Modules/Doc_Download.aspx?DocID=12724
-      |publisher=General Statistics Office of Vietnam: Central Population and Housing Census Steering Committee
-      |date=June 2010
-      |access-date=26 November 2013
-      |page=134
-      |url-status=dead
-      |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018040824/http://www.gso.gov.vn/Modules/Doc_Download.aspx?DocID=12724
-      |archive-date=18 October 2013
-      }}</ref>
-   }}
 | region2          = [[Cambodia]]
 | pop2             = 1.2 million (1999)
-| ref2             = <ref name=mirocam>{{Cite web
+| ref2             = <ref name=mirocam>{{Cite web |url=http://mirocambodia.org/?page_id=11 |title=Khmer Krom Background |language=en-CA |access-date=2019-05-04}}</ref>
+| region3          = United States
-      |url=http://mirocambodia.org/?page_id=11
-      |title=Khmer Krom Background
-      |language=en-CA
-      |access-date=2019-05-04}}</ref>
-| region3          = [[United States]]
 | pop3             = 30,000 (1999)
 | ref3             = <ref name=mirocam/>
-| region4          = [[France]]
+| region4          = France
 | pop4             = 3,000 (1999)
 | ref4             = <ref name=mirocam/>
-| region5          = [[Australia]]
+| region5          = Australia
 | pop5             = 1,000 (1999)
 | ref5             = <ref name=mirocam/>
@@ Line 38: / Line 24: @@
 | pop6             = 6,000 (1999)
 | ref6             = <ref name=mirocam/>
-| rels             = 95%: [[Theravada Buddhism]],5%:[[Roman Catholic]]
+| rels             = [[Theravada Buddhism]] 95%,<ref name="auto1"/> [[Roman Catholic]] 5%
 | langs            = [[Khmer language|Khmer]], [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]
 | related          = [[Khmers]], [[Northern Khmer people|Northern Khmers]]
 }}
-The '''''Khmer Krom''''' ({{lang-km|ជនជាតិខ្មែរក្រោម}}, {{lang|km-Latn|Chónchéat Khmê Kraôm}}, {{IPA-km|cunciət kʰmae kraom|}}, lit. 'Lower Khmers' or 'Southern Khmers'; {{lang-vi|người Khơ-me Crộm, người Khmer Nam Bộ, người Khmer Việt Nam, người Việt gốc Miên (used before 1975)}}) are ethnically [[Khmer people]] living in or from the region of Tây Nam Bộ, the south western part of [[Vietnam]]. In Vietnam, they are recognized as one of [[List of ethnic groups in Vietnam|Vietnam's fifty-three ethnic minorities]]: {{lang-vi|Người Khmer}} and {{lang|vi|Người Miên}} (both literally meaning 'Khmer People').
+The '''Khmer Krom''' ({{langx|km|ជនជាតិខ្មែរក្រោម}}, {{transl|km|Chónchéatĕ Khmêr Kraôm}}, {{IPA-km|cɔnciət kʰmae kraom|}}; {{literal translation|Lower Khmer people}} or 'Southern Khmer people') are ethnically [[Khmer people]] living in or from the [[Mekong Delta]] (Tây Nam Bộ), the south western part of [[Vietnam]] known in [[Khmer language|Khmer]] as [[Kampuchea Krom]] ({{langx|km|កម្ពុជាក្រោម}}, {{transliteration|km|Kâmpŭchéa Kraôm|}} {{IPA-km|kampuciə kraom|}} {{literal translation|Lower Cambodia}}). The Khmer Krom people are considered an the [[indigenous people]] of parts of [[Southern Vietnam]] and have the oldest extant recorded history of inhabiting in the region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nhandan.vn/dan-toc-kho-me-post723889.html|title=Dân tộc Khơme (Khmer people)|publisher=[[Nhân Dân]]|language=vi|date=October 24, 2022|access-date=October 24, 2023}}</ref> In Vietnam, they are recognized as one of [[List of ethnic groups in Vietnam|Vietnam's fifty-three ethnic minorities]].
+In Accordance to Resolution 117-CT/TƯ issued September 29, 1981 of the [[Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam]] and Resolution 122-CT issued on May 12, 1982 from the Vietnamese Ministry Committee, the term ''Khmer'' (as well as its Vietnamese [[transliteration]] ''Khơ Me'' and ''Khơ-me'') was sanctioned by the government as the only state-recognized [[ethnonym]] of the Khmer Krom people, stated that all other colloquial [[exonym]]s previously used by Vietnamese to refer to Khmer people "are incorrect and have negative racial connotations." Both Resolutions declared that any acts of misuse to misspelling that intended to incite and direct [[hate speech]] and [[discrimination]] toward the Khmer people are prohibited by the law.<ref>[http://qppl.egov.gov.vn/congbao.nsf/9e6a1e4b64680bd247256801000a8614/7F91C9076751192447256EC10044A3E0/$file/82000224.rtf Chỉ thị của Chủ tịch Hội đồng Bộ trưởng số 122-CT ngày 12/5/1982 về công tác đối với đồng bào Khmer, Văn phòng Quốc hội, cơ sở dữ liệu luật Việt Nam]{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
-In [[Khmer language|Khmer]], ''Krom'' ({{lang|km|ក្រោម}}, {{lang|km-Latn|Kraôm}}) means 'low' or 'below'. It is added to differentiate from the [[Khmer people|Khmers]] in [[Cambodia]]. Most ''Khmer Krom'' live in ''Tây Nam Bộ'', the southern lowland region of [[History of Cambodia|historical Cambodia]] covering an area of {{convert|89000|km2|sqmi|0}} around modern day Ho Chi Minh City and the [[Mekong Delta]], which used to be the southeasternmost territory of the [[Khmer Empire]] until its incorporation into Vietnam under the [[Nguyễn lords]] in the early 18th century. This marks the final stage of the Vietnamese "[[Nam tiến|March to the South]]" (''Nam tiến'').<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/89821/bria?sequence=1 |title= Reconceptualizing Southern Vietnamese History from the 15th to 18th Centuries Competition along the Coasts from Guangdong to Cambodia by Brian A. Zottoli  | publisher= University of Michigan |access-date=26 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://michaelvickery.org/vickery1996mak.pdf  |title= Mak Phœun : Histoire du Cambodge de la fin du XVIe au début du XVIIIe siècle - According to Cambodian oral tradition, the marriage was because a weak Cambodian king fell in love...  | publisher= Michael Vickery’s Publications |access-date=30 June 2015}}</ref>
+In [[Khmer language|Khmer]], ''Krom'' ({{lang|km|ក្រោម}} {{transl|km|kraôm}}) means 'low' or 'below'. It is added to differentiate from the [[Khmer people|Khmers]] in [[Cambodia]]. Most ''Khmer Krom'' live in ''[[Tây Nam Bộ]]'', the southern lowland region of [[History of Cambodia|historical Cambodia]] covering an area of {{convert|89000|km2|sqmi|0}} around modern day Ho Chi Minh City and the [[Mekong Delta]], which used to be the southeasternmost territory of the [[Khmer Empire]] until its incorporation into Vietnam under the [[Nguyễn lords]] in the early 18th century. This marks the final stage of the Vietnamese "[[Nam tiến|March to the South]]" (''Nam tiến'').<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/89821/bria?sequence=1 |title= Reconceptualizing Southern Vietnamese History from the 15th to 18th Centuries Competition along the Coasts from Guangdong to Cambodia by Brian A. Zottoli | publisher= University of Michigan |access-date=26 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://michaelvickery.org/vickery1996mak.pdf |title= Mak Phœun: Histoire du Cambodge de la fin du XVIe au début du XVIIIe siècle - According to Cambodian oral tradition, the marriage was because a weak Cambodian king fell in love... | publisher= Michael Vickery’s Publications |access-date=30 June 2015}}</ref>
-''Khmer Krom'' people have been members of the [[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]] (UNPO) since 15 July, 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://unpo.org/members/7887 |title= Khmer Krom |date=Jan 30, 2018 | publisher= UNREPRESENTED NATIONS AND PEOPLES ORGANIZATION |access-date=April 26, 2019}}</ref>
-According to the US-based [[Human Rights Watch]] (HRW) "the ''Khmer Krom'' people face serious restrictions of freedom of expression, assembly, association, information, and movement".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/cambodia/krom-06042013182202.html  |title= Khmer Krom in Cambodia Mark Loss of Their Homeland  | publisher= Radio Free Asia |date=June 4, 2013 |access-date=September 16, 2016}}</ref>
+''Khmer Krom'' people have been members of the [[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]] since 15 July 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://unpo.org/members/7887 |title= Khmer Krom |date=Jan 30, 2018 | work= [[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation]] |access-date=April 26, 2019}}</ref>
+According to the US-based [[Human Rights Watch]] (HRW) "the ''Khmer Krom'' people face serious restrictions of freedom of expression, assembly, association, information, and movement".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/cambodia/krom-06042013182202.html |title= Khmer Krom in Cambodia Mark Loss of Their Homeland | publisher= Radio Free Asia |date=June 4, 2013 |access-date=September 16, 2016}}</ref>
 ==Demographics==
+[[File:Ethnic territories of Khmer Krom in Vietnam.jpg|thumb|The Khmer Krom ethnic distribution in Vietnam. Most live around the [[Mekong Delta]] and the southernmost areas of Vietnam near the [[Cambodia-Vietnam border|Cambodian border]]. They are the majority (blue), while the minority (light blue).]]
-The majority of ''Khmer Krom'' live in [[Southern Vietnam]]. According to Vietnamese government figures (2009 census), there are 1,260,640 ''Khmer Krom'' in Vietnam.<ref name=gso-vn/> Other estimates vary considerably, with at least 7 million (consistent with the data from ''Khmer Kampuchea-Krom Federation''<ref name=KKFStat>{{cite web
+The majority of ''Khmer Krom'' live in [[Southern Vietnam]]. According to Vietnamese government figures (2019 census), there are 1,319,652 ''Khmer Krom'' in Vietnam. Their distribution is as follows: Sóc Trăng (362,029 people, constituting 30.18% of the province's population and 27.43% of all Khmer in Vietnam), Trà Vinh (318,231 people, constituting 31.53% of the province's population and 24.11% of all Khmer in Vietnam), Kiên Giang (211,282 people, constituting 12.26% of the province's population and 16.01% of all Khmer in Vietnam), An Giang (75,878 people), Bạc Liêu (73,968 people), Bình Dương (65,233 people), Hồ Chí Minh City (50,422 people), Cà Mau (26,110 people), Đồng Nai (23,560 people), Vĩnh Long (22,630 people) each constituting less than 10% of all Khmer in Vietnam.<ref name=census/>
-      |title=Khmer Krom People Statistics
-      |url=https://khmerkrom.org/23khmer-krom-people-statistics/
-      |publisher=Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation (KKF)
-      |date=Jan 3, 2006
-      |access-date=26 April 2019}}</ref>) to over ten million, reported in Taylor (2014) in his ''The Khmer lands of Vietnam''.<ref name=Taylor14>Taylor P. (2014) ''The Khmer lands of Vietnam: environment, cosmology and sovereignty.'' NUS Press.</ref>
+Other estimates vary considerably, with the ''Khmer Kampuchea-Krom Federation'' claiming that there are about 7 million ''Khmer Krom''.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://khmerkrom.org/the-culture-of-the-khmer-krom/|title=The Culture of the Khmer-Krom|date=December 29, 2012|website=KKF &#124; Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation}}</ref> A significant number of ''Khmer Krom'' also fled to Cambodia, estimated at 1.20 million by one source.<ref name=KKFStat>{{cite news |title=Khmer Krom People Statistics |newspaper=KKF &#124; Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation |url=https://khmerkrom.org/23khmer-krom-people-statistics/|publisher=Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation (KKF) |date=Jan 3, 2006 |access-date=26 April 2019}}</ref>
-A significant number of ''Khmer Krom'' also fled to Cambodia, estimated at 1.2 million by one source.<ref name=KKFStat/>
-In other parts of the world, there are approximately 40,000 ''Khmer Krom'' emigrants notably in the [[USA]] (30,000), [[France]] (3,000), [[Australia]] (1,000), [[Canada]] (500).<ref name=KKFStat/> ''Khmer Krom'' emigrant communities in the US are located near [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], and in [[Washington (state)|Washington state]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Not just victims : conversations with Cambodian community leaders in the United States|last=Chan|first=Sucheng|date=2003|publisher=University of Illinois Press|others=Kim, Audrey U.|isbn=025202799X|location=Urbana|page=265|oclc=49942929}}</ref>
+In other parts of the world, there are approximately 40,000 ''Khmer Krom'' emigrants notably in the United States (30,000), France (3,000), Australia (1,000), Canada (500).<ref name=KKFStat/> ''Khmer Krom'' emigrant communities in the US are located near [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], and in [[Washington (state)|Washington state]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Not just victims: conversations with Cambodian community leaders in the United States|last=Chan|first=Sucheng|date=2003|publisher=University of Illinois Press|others=Kim, Audrey U.|isbn=025202799X|location=Urbana|page=265|oclc=49942929}}</ref>
 ==Origins==
 [[File:Ngo junk of the Khmer people (Tuk ngo).jpg|250px|right|thumb|Prow of the ''tuk ngo'', ''Khmer Krom'' styled boat used in celebratory races]]
-The ''Khmer Krom'' identify ethnically with the [[Khmer people]] who constitute a distinct people at least since the late eighth century and the foundation of the [[Khmer Empire]] by Jayavarman II in 802 C.E.<ref>Stuart-Fox, William, ''The Murderous Revolution: Life & Death in Pol Pot's Kampuchea'', Alternative Publishing Co-Operative Limited, 1985, pp. 6.</ref> They retain deep linguistic, religious, customary and cultural links to Cambodia proper.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005&context=sol_aprl  |title= RECONSTITUTING THE "UN-PERSON": THE KHMER KROM & THE KHMER ROUGE TRIBUNAL  | publisher= Singapore Year Book of International Law and Contributorsb |access-date=September 16, 2016}}</ref> The Mekong Delta region constituted for more than 800 years an integral part of the empire and the subsequent kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caraweb.org/articles/kampuchea_krom.pdf  |title= MEMORANDUM BY CAMBODIA ON HER TERRITORIES IN SOUTH VIET-NAM...  | publisher= caraweb |access-date=September 16, 2016}}</ref> The region's economic center was the city of Prey Nokor, now [[Ho Chi Minh City]].
+The ''Khmer Krom'' identify ethnically with the [[Khmer people]], who founded the [[Khmer Empire]] under the rule of [[Jayavarman II|King Jayavarman II]] in 802 C.E.<ref>Stuart-Fox, William, ''The Murderous Revolution: Life & Death in Pol Pot's Kampuchea'', Alternative Publishing Co-Operative Limited, 1985, pp. 6.</ref> They retain deep linguistic, religious, customary and cultural links to [[Cambodia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005&context=sol_aprl |title=Reconstituting the "Un-Pereson": The Khmer Krom & The Khmer Rouge Tribunal | publisher= Singapore Year Book of International Law and Contributorsb |access-date=September 16, 2016}}</ref> The Mekong Delta region constituted for more than 800 years an integral part of the empire and the subsequent kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caraweb.org/articles/kampuchea_krom.pdf |title=Memorandum By Cambodia on Her Territories in South Viet-Nam... |publisher=caraweb |access-date=September 16, 2016 |archive-date=September 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909133511/http://www.caraweb.org/articles/kampuchea_krom.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The region's economic center was the city of Prey Nokor, now [[Ho Chi Minh City]].
 ==History==
 {{Main article|History of Cambodia}}
+[[File:Vinh Hung tower, Vinh Loi, Bac Lieu.jpg|thumb|right|Ancient Vĩnh Hưng tower, a religious structure built in 9th century CE by Khmer people, in Vĩnh Lợi district, [[Bạc Liêu province]]]]
 ===Absorption of the Mekong Delta by Vietnam===
 In the 17th century a weakened Khmer state left the Mekong Delta poorly administered after repeated warfare with [[Siam]]. Concurrently Vietnamese refugees fleeing the [[Trịnh–Nguyễn War]] in Vietnam migrated into the area. In 1623 Cambodian king [[Chey Chettha II]] (1618–1628) officially sanctioned the Vietnamese immigrants to operate a custom house at Prey Nokor, then a small fishing village. The settlement steadily grew soon becoming a major regional port, attracting even more settlers.
-In 1698 the [[Nguyễn Lords]] of [[Huế]] commissioned [[Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh]], a Vietnamese noble to organize the territory along Vietnamese administrative lines, thus by ''de facto'' detaching it from the Kingdom of Cambodia and incorporating it into Vietnam.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8S5PXyWMEeAC&q=16th+century+cambodia&pg=PT24  |title= MA Short History of South-East Asia edited by Peter Church   |date= 2012-02-03|access-date=12 June 2015|isbn= 9781118350447 |last1= Church |first1= Peter }}</ref>
+In 1698 the [[Nguyễn Lords]] of [[Huế]] commissioned [[Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh]], a Vietnamese noble to organize the territory along Vietnamese administrative lines, thus by ''de facto'' detaching it from the Kingdom of Cambodia and incorporating it into Vietnam.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8S5PXyWMEeAC&q=16th+century+cambodia&pg=PT24 |title= MA Short History of South-East Asia edited by Peter Church |date= 2012-02-03|access-date=12 June 2015|isbn= 9781118350447 |last1= Church |first1= Peter |publisher= John Wiley & Sons }}</ref>
-With the loss of the port of Prey Nokor, then renamed [[Sài Gòn]], Cambodia's control of the area grew increasingly tenuous while increasing waves of Vietnamese settlers to the Delta isolated the Khmer of the Mekong Delta from the Cambodian kingdom. By 1757 the Vietnamese had absorbed the provinces of Psar Dèk (renamed [[Sa Đéc]] in Vietnamese) on the [[Mekong]] itself, and Moat Chrouk (Vietnamized to [[Châu Đốc]]) on the [[Bassac River]].<ref name="auto"/>
+With the loss of the port of Prey Nokor, then renamed [[Saigon]], Cambodia's control of the area grew increasingly tenuous while increasing waves of Vietnamese settlers to the Delta isolated the Khmer of the Mekong Delta from the Cambodian kingdom. By 1757 the Vietnamese had absorbed the provinces of Psar Dèk (renamed [[Sa Đéc]] in Vietnamese) on the [[Mekong]] itself, and Moat Chrouk (Vietnamized to [[Châu Đốc]]) on the [[Bassac River]].<ref name="auto"/>
-[[Minh Mạng]] enacted assimilation policies upon the Khmer such as forcing them to adopt Sino-Vietnamese surnames, culture, and clothing. Minh Mang sinicized ethnic minorities including the Cambodians, in line with Confucianism as he diffused Vietnamese culture with China's [[Han Chinese|Han civilization]] using the term Han people 漢人 for the Vietnamese.<ref name="Owen2005">{{cite book|author=Norman G. Owen|title=The Emergence Of Modern Southeast Asia: A New History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=py5Xh0-pw18C&q=minh+mang+han&pg=PA115|year=2005|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2890-5|pages=115–}}</ref> Minh Mang declared that "We must hope that their barbarian habits will be subconsciously dissipated, and that they will daily become more infected by Han [Sino-Vietnamese] customs."<ref name="Moses2008">{{cite book|author=A. Dirk Moses|title=Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBgoNN4MG-YC&q=minh+mang+han&pg=PA209|archive-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cbSWBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA209&dq=minh+mang+han&hl=en&sa=X&ei=cOZSUqPkLcbgyQHVzYD4AQ&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=minh%20mang%20han&f=false|archive-date=2008|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-84545-452-4|pages=209–}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=TA |first=VAN TAI |title=The Vietnamese Tradition of Human Rights |url=http://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/ieas/IRM_004.pdf |journal=Indochina Research Monograph |publisher=INSTITUTE OF EAST ASIAN STUDIES ^§V) UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA • BERKELEY |page=134 }}</ref> These policies were directed at the Khmer and hill tribes.<ref name="PeerenboomPetersen2006">{{cite book|author1=Randall Peerenboom|author2=Carole J. Petersen|author3=Albert H.Y. Chen|title=Human Rights in Asia: A Comparative Legal Study of Twelve Asian Jurisdictions, France and the USA|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2j6GNiMMc1oC&q=kinh+people+of+capital&pg=PA474|date=27 September 2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-23881-1|pages=474–}}</ref>
+After establishment of the [[Nguyễn dynasty]], emperor [[Minh Mạng]] enacted compulsory assimilation policies upon the Khmer such as forcing them to adopt [[Chữ Nôm|Sino-Vietnamese]] surnames, culture, and clothing. Minh Mang sinicized ethnic minorities including the Cambodians, in line with Confucianism as he diffused Vietnamese culture with China's [[Han Chinese|Han civilization]] using the term Han people 漢人 for the Vietnamese.<ref name="Owen2005">{{cite book|author=Norman G. Owen|title=The Emergence Of Modern Southeast Asia: A New History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=py5Xh0-pw18C&q=minh+mang+han&pg=PA115|year=2005|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2890-5|pages=115–}}</ref> Minh Mang declared that "We must hope that their barbarian habits will be subconsciously dissipated, and that they will daily become more infected by Han [Sino-Vietnamese] customs."<ref name="Moses2008">{{cite book|author=A. Dirk Moses|title=Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cbSWBAAAQBAJ&dq=minh+mang+han&pg=PA209|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-84545-452-4|page=209}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Ta |first=Van Tai |title=The Vietnamese Tradition of Human Rights |url=http://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/ieas/IRM_004.pdf |journal=Indochina Research Monograph |publisher=Institute of East Asian Studies ^§V) University of California, Berkeley |page=134 }}</ref> These policies were directed at the Khmer and hill tribes.<ref name="PeerenboomPetersen2006">{{cite book|author1=Randall Peerenboom|author2=Carole J. Petersen|author3=Albert H.Y. Chen|title=Human Rights in Asia: A Comparative Legal Study of Twelve Asian Jurisdictions, France and the USA|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2j6GNiMMc1oC&q=kinh+people+of+capital&pg=PA474|date=27 September 2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-23881-1|pages=474–}}</ref>
 ===Separatist movements===
 Khmer nationalist [[Son Ngoc Thanh]] (1908–77) was a Khmer krom, born in [[Trà Vinh]], Vietnam. Thanh was active in the independence movement for Cambodia. With Japanese support he became the prime minister of Cambodia in March 1945 but was then quickly ousted with the return of the French later that year. Widely supported by the Khmer Krom during the [[First Indochina War]], Thanh's role faded in Vietnam after 1954 as he became more embroiled with politics in Cambodia proper, forming an opposition movement against Prince [[Sihanouk]].
-During the [[Vietnam War]] and direct American involvement between 1964 and 1974, the Khmer Krom were recruited by the [[United States Armed Forces]] to serve in [[MIKE Force]].<ref>[http://www.army.mil/cmh/books/Vietnam/90-23/90-23C.htm ''Vietnam Studies, U.S. Army Special Forces 1961-1971''], CMH Publication 90-23, Department of the Army, Washington, D.C. 1989 (First Printed, 1973)</ref> The force fought on the side of [[South Vietnam]] against the [[Viet Cong]] but in time the militia regrouped as the "Front for the Struggle of Kampuchea Krom" ({{lang-fr|Front de Lutte du Kampuchea Krom}}). Headed by a Khmer Krom [[Buddhist monk]], Samouk Sen, the group was nicknamed the "White Scarves" ({{lang-km|Kangsaing Sar}}; {{lang-vi|Can Sen So}}) and allied itself with [[FULRO]] against South Vietnam.<ref>Radu, M. ''The New Insurgencies'', Transaction Publishers, 1990, p.202</ref> FULRO was an alliance of Khmer Krom, Montagnard, and Cham groups.
+During the [[Vietnam War]] and direct American involvement between 1964 and 1974, the Khmer Krom were recruited by the [[United States Armed Forces]] to serve in [[MIKE Force]].<ref>[http://www.army.mil/cmh/books/Vietnam/90-23/90-23C.htm ''Vietnam Studies, U.S. Army Special Forces 1961-1971''], CMH Publication 90-23, Department of the Army, Washington, D.C. 1989 (First Printed, 1973)</ref> The force fought on the side of [[South Vietnam]] against the [[Viet Cong]] but in time the militia regrouped as the "Front for the Struggle of Kampuchea Krom" ({{langx|fr|Front de Lutte du Kampuchea Krom}}). Headed by a Khmer Krom [[Buddhist monk]], Samouk Sen, the group was nicknamed the "White Scarves" ({{langx|km|Kangsaing Sar}}; {{langx|vi|Khăn Rằn Trắng}}) and allied itself with [[FULRO]] against South Vietnam.<ref>Radu, M. ''The New Insurgencies'', Transaction Publishers, 1990, p.202</ref> FULRO was an alliance of Khmer Krom, Montagnard, and Cham groups.
 The anti-Communist prime minister of the [[Khmer Republic]] (1970 - 1975) [[Lon Nol]] planned to recapture the [[Mekong Delta]] from South Vietnam.<ref>{{cite book|title= How Pol Pot came to Power |first1= B. |last1= Kiernan |url=https://archive.org/details/howpolpotcametop00kier_0|url-access= registration |publisher= [[Yale University Press]] |year= 2004 |page=[https://archive.org/details/howpolpotcametop00kier_0/page/348 348]|isbn= 9780300102628 }}</ref>
@@ Line 89: / Line 73: @@
 After the [[Fall of Saigon]] in 1975 and the Communist take-over of all of Vietnam, the Kampuchea Krom militia found itself embattled with [[People's Army of Vietnam]]. Many of the fighters fled to [[Khmer Rouge]]-controlled [[Democratic Kampuchea]] hoping to find a safe haven to launch their operations inside Vietnam. The "White Scarves" arrived in [[Kiri Vong District]] in 1976, making overture to the Khmer Rouge and appealing to the leader [[Khieu Samphan]] directly for assistance. The force was disarmed and welcomed initially. Subsequent orders from the Khmer Rouge leadership however had Samouk Sen arrested, taken to Phnom Penh, tortured, and killed. His force of 67 Khmer Krom fighters were all massacred. During the following months, some 2,000 "White Scarves" fighters crossing into Kampuchea were systematically killed by the Khmer Rouge.<ref>Ben Kiernan, ''The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge'', 1975–79. New Haven: Yale University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-300-14434-5}}, 1996</ref>
-In the late 1970s, the [[Kampuchean Revolutionary Army]] attacked Vietnam in an attempt to reconquer the areas which were formerly part of the Khmer Empire, but this military adventure was a total disaster and precipitated the invasion of Democratic Kampuchea by the People's Army of Vietnam and subsequent downfall of the [[Khmer Rouge]], with Vietnam occupying Kampuchea.
+In the late 1970s, the [[Kampuchean Revolutionary Army]] attacked Vietnam in an attempt to reconquer the areas which were formerly part of the Khmer Empire, but this military adventure was a total disaster and precipitated [[Cambodian–Vietnamese War|the invasion of Democratic Kampuchea by the People's Army of Vietnam and subsequent downfall]] of the [[Khmer Rouge]], with Vietnam occupying Kampuchea and set up the [[People's Republic of Kampuchea]].
 ==Human rights==
 [[File:Flag of KKF.svg|thumb|Flag of Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation (KKF)]]
-Many independent [[Non-governmental organization|NGOs]] report that the human rights of the Khmer Krom are being violated by the Vietnamese government. Khmer Krom are reportedly forced to adopt Vietnamese family names and speak the [[Vietnamese language]].<ref name=RCUSA>[http://www.rcusa.org/uploads/pdfs/HRW%20Khmer,%20January%202009.pdf Human Rights Watch: "On the Margins: Rights and Abuses of Ethnic Khmer in Vietnam's Mekong Delta"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423230440/http://www.rcusa.org/uploads/pdfs/HRW%20Khmer,%20January%202009.pdf |date=2013-04-23 }} 2009</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khmerkrom.org/node/25 |title=Rearhoo (The Dark Age) - KKF |date=6 August 2009 |access-date=21 September 2016 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806184840/http://www.khmerkrom.org/node/25 |archive-date= 6 August 2009 }}</ref> As well, the Vietnamese government has cracked down on non violent demonstrations by the Khmer Krom.<ref>{{cite document|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/01/21/margins/rights-abuses-ethnic-khmer-vietnams-mekong-delta|title=On the Margins|date=21 January 2009|access-date=21 September 2016}}</ref>
+Many independent [[Non-governmental organization|NGOs]] report that the human rights of the Khmer Krom are being violated by the Vietnamese government. Khmer Krom are reportedly forced to adopt Vietnamese family names and speak the [[Vietnamese language]].<ref name=RCUSA>[http://www.rcusa.org/uploads/pdfs/HRW%20Khmer,%20January%202009.pdf Human Rights Watch: "On the Margins: Rights and Abuses of Ethnic Khmer in Vietnam's Mekong Delta"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423230440/http://www.rcusa.org/uploads/pdfs/HRW%20Khmer,%20January%202009.pdf |date=2013-04-23 }} 2009</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khmerkrom.org/node/25 |title=Rearhoo (The Dark Age) - KKF |date=6 August 2009 |access-date=21 September 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806184840/http://www.khmerkrom.org/node/25 |archive-date= 6 August 2009 }}</ref> As well, the Vietnamese government has cracked down on non-violent demonstrations by the Khmer Krom.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/01/21/margins/rights-abuses-ethnic-khmer-vietnams-mekong-delta|title=On the Margins|journal=Human Rights Watch |date=21 January 2009|access-date=21 September 2016}}</ref>
 Unlike some other minority people groups in Vietnam{{who|date=April 2018}}, the Khmer Krom are largely unknown by the Western world, despite efforts by associations of exiled Khmer Krom such as the [[Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation]] to publicize their plight with the [[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation]]. No Western government has yet raised the matter of the Khmer Krom's human rights with the Vietnamese government.<ref name=RCUSA/>
-The "Human Rights Council Universal Periodic Review Working Group" was visited by the Khmer Kampuchea Krom Federation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unpo.org/article/16831|title=UNPO: Khmer Krom Attend UPR Session on Vietnam}}</ref>
+The "Human Rights Council Universal Periodic Review Working Group" was visited by the Khmer Kampuchea Krom Federation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unpo.org/article/16831|title=Khmer Krom Attend UPR Session on Vietnam|website=[[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation]]}}</ref>
 ==Notable people==
@@ Line 116: / Line 100: @@
 ==References==
-{{Reflist|2}}
+{{reflist}}
 ==External links==
-{{commons|Khmer Krom}}
+{{commons}}
+{{Wikiquote}}
 * [http://khmerkrom.org/ Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation (KKF)]
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050829055707/http://www.khmerkrom.net/ Khmer Krom news and information network]
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928082046/http://www.khmerkromcanada.com/ Khmer Krom news and information in Khmer language]
-* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050210183952/http://www.unpo.org/news_detail.php?arg=30&par=1347 Khmer Krom: A Royal Solution for a Nationalist Vietnam] reported by [[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation]]
+* [https://unpo.org/article/1347 Khmer Krom: A Royal Solution for a Nationalist Vietnam] reported by [[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation]]
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070219044134/http://www.rebeccasommer.org/documentaries/Khmer-Krom/index.php  Video clips of Rebecca Sommer's film "Eliminated without Bleeding" documenting human rights violation claims of the Khmer Krom in Vietnam]
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070320024221/http://www.huntingtonnews.net/local/070317-kinchen-kk.html March 2007- Article on religious oppression by Vietnam]
@@ Line 140: / Line 125: @@
 [[Category:Ethnic groups in Southeast Asia]]
 [[Category:Khmer people]]
-[[Category:History of Cambodia]]
+[[Category:Social history of Cambodia]]

v t e Ethnic groups of Vietnam
Austroasiatic (Vietic)	Việt (Kinh) Mường Thổ Chứt Nguồn
Austroasiatic (non-Vietic)	Khmer Ba Na Xơ Đăng Cơ Ho Hrê M'Nông Xtiêng Bru-Vân Kiều Khơ Mú Cơ Tu Giẻ Triêng Tà Ôi Mạ Co Chơ Ro Xinh Mun Kháng Mảng Rơ Măm Brâu Ơ Đu
Hmong–Dao	H'Mông Dao Pà Thẻn
Tai–Kadai	Tày Thái Thái Đen Thái Đỏ Thái Trắng Phu Thái Tày Thanh Thái Hàng Tổng Nùng Sán Chay Giáy Lào Lự Bố Y La Chí La Ha Cơ Lao Pu Péo Thủy
Sino-Tibetan (Chinese)	Hoa Sán Dìu Ngái
Sino-Tibetan (Tibeto-Burman)	Hà Nhì Phù Lá La Hủ Lô Lô Cống Si La
Malayo-Polynesian	Chăm Chu Ru Gia Rai H'roi Ê Đê Raglai
Immigrants and expatriate	Indian Japanese Korean Jewish Nigerian Taiwanese
The 54 officially recognised ethnic groups are ranked by population in their language families according to 2019 census Italic – Not officially recognised Vietnam portal Category

v t e Members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
Africa	Afrikaners Barotseland Bellah people Biafra Haratin Kabylia Ogaden Ogoni Oromo Rehoboth Basters Somaliland Western Togoland Yoruba Zambesia
Asia	Aceh Assyria Balochistan Chittagong Hill Tracts East Turkestan Gilgit Baltistan Hmong Iranian Kurdistan Khmer Krom Khuzestani Madhesh Nagalim Southern Azerbaijan South Moluccas Southern Mongolia Sindh Sulu Taiwan Tibet West Balochistan
Europe	Abkhazia Brittany Catalonia Crimean Tatars Lezghin Savoy
North America	District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.)
Oceania	Guam West Papuans