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{{short description|Hungarian socialist Prime Minister in 1919}}
{{short description|Hungarian socialist Prime Minister in 1919}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox President
{{Infobox President
| name = Sándor Garbai
| name = Sándor Garbai
| image = Garbai Sándor.JPG
| image = Garbai Sándor (retouched).JPG
| caption = Sándor Garbai in 1919
| caption = Sándor Garbai in 1919
| nationality = Hungarian
| nationality = Hungarian
| order = [[President of Hungary|Chairman of the Hungarian Central Executive Council]] in Soviet Hungary (Hungarian SSSR)
| order = [[President of Hungary|Chairman of the Hungarian Central Executive Council]]
| term_start = 23 March 1918
| term_start = 21 March 1919
| term_end = 13 August 1929
| term_end = 1 August 1919
| predecessor = [[Mihály Károlyi]]
| primeminister = ''Himself''
| predecessor = [[Mihály Károlyi]]<BR><small>(as President of Hungary)</small>
| successor = [[Gyula Peidl]]
| successor = [[Gyula Peidl]]
| order2 = 22nd [[Prime Minister of Hungary]]
| order2 = [[Prime Minister of Hungary]]
| term_start2 = 23 March 1918
| term_start2 = 21 March 1919
| term_end2 = 13 August 1929
| term_end2 = 1 August 1919
| 1blankname2 = Chairman
| 1namedata2 = ''Himself''
| predecessor2 = [[Dénes Berinkey]]
| predecessor2 = [[Dénes Berinkey]]
| successor2 = [[Gyula Peidl]]
| successor2 = [[Gyula Peidl]]
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| death_place = [[Paris]], France
| death_place = [[Paris]], France
| spouse = Zsófia Pötördi
| spouse = Zsófia Pötördi
| party = [[Hungarian Social Democratic Party]] <br /> [[Hungarian Socialist Party]] <br /> [[Hungarian Socialist and Communist Party]]
| party = [[Hungarian Social Democratic Party]] <br /> {{ill|Socialist-Communist Workers' Party of Hungary|hu|Magyarországi Szocialista Párt}}
| profession = [[politician]], [[journalist]]
| profession = [[politician]], [[journalist]]
}}
}}
{{Eastern name order|Garbai Sándor}}
{{Eastern name order|Garbai Sándor}}
'''Sándor Garbai''' (27 March 1879 – 7 November 1947) was a [[Hungarians|Hungarian]] socialist politician who served as the prime minister of the [[Hungarian Soviet Republic]].
'''Sándor Garbai''' (27 March 1879 – 7 November 1947) was a [[Hungarians|Hungarian]] socialist politician who was the [[de jure]] leader of the [[Hungarian Soviet Republic]] as both its [[List of heads of state of Hungary|head of state]] and [[Prime Minister of Hungary|prime minister]].


==Life and political career==
==Life and political career==
Garbai was born in to the family of a [[Protestantism|Protestant]] bricklayer. An active participant in the labor movement from a young age, he joined the [[Social Democratic Party of Hungary]] in 1901 and quickly rose through its ranks.<ref name="R&K">{{cite book |last1=Roszkowski |first1=Wojciech |last2=Kofman |first2=Jan |title=Biographical Dictionary of Central and Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century |date=2016 |page=277|publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317475941 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_HGlDAAAQBAJ&q=S%C3%A1ndor+Garbai&pg=PA276 |language=en}}</ref>
Garbai was born into the family of a [[Protestantism|Protestant]] bricklayer. An active participant in the labor movement from a young age, he joined the [[Social Democratic Party of Hungary|Social Democratic Party of Hungary (MSZDP)]] in 1901 and quickly rose through its ranks.<ref name="R&K">{{cite book |last1=Roszkowski |first1=Wojciech |author-link1=Wojciech Roszkowski |last2=Kofman |first2=Jan |title=Biographical Dictionary of Central and Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century |date=2016 |page=277|publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317475941 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_HGlDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA276 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Garbai Sándor és családja (Vajda M. Pál, 1917).jpg|thumb|Garbai with his family in 1917]]

From 1908 he was the chairman of the Workers' Insurance Fund and during the [[First Hungarian Republic]] he headed the All National Housing Council.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Politikatörténeti Intézet|url=http://polhist.hu/?option=com_phlev&controller=rep&fond_id=269&Itemid=68|access-date=2022-01-02|language=hu}}</ref> He was in favour of the merger of the MSZDP with the [[Hungarian Communist Party]] which occurred on 21 March 1919. This led to the foundation of the [[Hungarian Soviet Republic]], with Garbai as the [[Revolutionary Governing Council]], both head of state and prime minister. Although Garbai remained titular leader of the Soviet Republic for the better part of its existence, the de facto leader of the state was Communist foreign minister [[Béla Kun]].
From 1908 he was the chairman of the Workers' Insurance Fund and during the [[First Hungarian Republic]] he headed the All National Housing Council.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Politikatörténeti Intézet|url=http://polhist.hu/?option=com_phlev&controller=rep&fond_id=269&Itemid=68|access-date=2022-01-02|language=hu}}</ref> He was in favour of the merger of the MSZDP with the [[Hungarian Communist Party]] which occurred on 21 March 1919. This led to the foundation of the [[Hungarian Soviet Republic]], with Garbai as the [[Revolutionary Governing Council]], both head of state and prime minister. Although Garbai remained titular leader of the Soviet Republic for the better part of its existence, the de facto leader of the state was Communist foreign minister [[Béla Kun]].
⚫
[[File:Garbai Kun.jpg|thumb|Garbai speaking with Béla Kun after the proclamation of the Soviet Republic ]]After the fall of the Soviet Republic, he was arrested by the Romanian military. Fearing reprisals, Garbai escaped from Romanian captivity in Cluj and fled to Czechoslovakia and first in settled Bratislava and then emigrated to Vienna. He was a leader of the centrist Marxist movement among the Hungarian political refugees. With his family, he opened a restaurant in Vienna, where he hosted former communist and other socialist leaders. The restaurant soon went bankrupt, Garbai suffered huge financial losses and lived in poverty for the rest of his lifetime. After leaving Austria in 1934 due to the victory of the right-wing [[Fatherland Front (Austria)|Fatherland Front]], he settled in Bratislava, and in 1938, in Paris.<ref>{{Citation|title=Gyenes, Lajos Sándor|date=2011-10-31|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.b00081888|work=Benezit Dictionary of Artists|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.b00081888 |access-date=2022-01-02}}</ref>


⚫
During the [[German occupation of France]] he did not participate in the [[French Resistance|Resistance Movement]], although the underground tried to recruit him. He was also not bothered by the German occupiers. After the liberation of Hungary, Garbai and his family desired to return to their homeland but their request was rejected.
[[Mátyás Rákosi]] later joked that the revolution's Jewish leaders took the [[gentile]] Garbai in so that they would have somebody to sign the death sentences on Saturday.<ref>Jerry Z. Muller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=nMZ_w0mFGIgC&pg=PA153 Capitalism and the Jews]'', Princeton University Press, 2010, page 153</ref>

⚫
After the fall of the Soviet Republic, he was arrested by the Romanian military. Fearing reprisals, Garbai escaped from Romanian captivity in Cluj and fled to Czechoslovakia and first in settled Bratislava and then emigrated to Vienna. He was a leader of the centrist Marxist movement among the Hungarian political refugees. With his family, he opened a restaurant in Vienna, where he hosted former communist and other socialist leaders. The restaurant soon went bankrupt, Garbai suffered huge financial losses and lived in poverty for the rest of his lifetime. After leaving Austria in 1934 due to the victory of the right-wing [[Fatherland Front (Austria)|Fatherland Front]], he settled in Bratislava, and in 1938, in Paris.<ref>{{Citation|title=Gyenes, Lajos Sándor|date=2011-10-31|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.b00081888|work=Benezit Dictionary of Artists|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=2022-01-02}}</ref>
[[File:Garbai Kalló Kiskunhalas.JPG|thumb|right|Bust of Garbai]]
[[File:Garbai Kalló Kiskunhalas.JPG|thumb|right|Bust of Garbai]]
⚫
Garbai remained in Paris where he died on November 7, 1947.<ref name="R&K" />
⚫
During the German occupation of France he did not participate in the [[French Resistance|Resistance Movement]], although the underground tried to recruit him. He was also not bothered by the German occupiers. After the liberation of Hungary, Garbai and his family desired to return to their homeland but their request was rejected.

⚫
Garbai remained in Paris where he died on 7 November 1947.<ref name="R&K" />


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Hungarian Calvinist and Reformed Christians]]
[[Category:Hungarian Calvinist and Reformed Christians]]
[[Category:Social Democratic Party of Hungary politicians]]
[[Category:Social Democratic Party of Hungary politicians]]
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Hungary]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Hungary]]
[[Category:Education ministers of Hungary]]
[[Category:Ministers of education of Hungary]]
[[Category:Hungarian Marxists]]
[[Category:Hungarian Marxists]]
[[Category:Heads of government who were later imprisoned]]
[[Category:Heads of government who were later imprisoned]]

Latest revision as of 10:28, 1 December 2024

Sándor Garbai
Sándor Garbai in 1919
Chairman of the Hungarian Central Executive Council
In office
21 March 1919 – 1 August 1919
Prime MinisterHimself
Preceded byMihály Károlyi
(as President of Hungary)
Succeeded byGyula Peidl
Prime Minister of Hungary
In office
21 March 1919 – 1 August 1919
ChairmanHimself
Preceded byDénes Berinkey
Succeeded byGyula Peidl
Personal details
Born(1879-03-27)27 March 1879
Kiskunhalas, Austria-Hungary
Died7 November 1947(1947-11-07) (aged 68)
Paris, France
NationalityHungarian
Political partyHungarian Social Democratic Party
Socialist-Communist Workers' Party of Hungary [hu]
SpouseZsófia Pötördi
Professionpolitician, journalist
The native form of this personal name is Garbai Sándor. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals.

Sándor Garbai (27 March 1879 – 7 November 1947) was a Hungarian socialist politician who was the de jure leader of the Hungarian Soviet Republic as both its head of state and prime minister.

Life and political career

[edit]

Garbai was born into the family of a Protestant bricklayer. An active participant in the labor movement from a young age, he joined the Social Democratic Party of Hungary (MSZDP) in 1901 and quickly rose through its ranks.[1]

Garbai with his family in 1917

From 1908 he was the chairman of the Workers' Insurance Fund and during the First Hungarian Republic he headed the All National Housing Council.[2] He was in favour of the merger of the MSZDP with the Hungarian Communist Party which occurred on 21 March 1919. This led to the foundation of the Hungarian Soviet Republic, with Garbai as the Revolutionary Governing Council, both head of state and prime minister. Although Garbai remained titular leader of the Soviet Republic for the better part of its existence, the de facto leader of the state was Communist foreign minister Béla Kun.

Garbai speaking with Béla Kun after the proclamation of the Soviet Republic

After the fall of the Soviet Republic, he was arrested by the Romanian military. Fearing reprisals, Garbai escaped from Romanian captivity in Cluj and fled to Czechoslovakia and first in settled Bratislava and then emigrated to Vienna. He was a leader of the centrist Marxist movement among the Hungarian political refugees. With his family, he opened a restaurant in Vienna, where he hosted former communist and other socialist leaders. The restaurant soon went bankrupt, Garbai suffered huge financial losses and lived in poverty for the rest of his lifetime. After leaving Austria in 1934 due to the victory of the right-wing Fatherland Front, he settled in Bratislava, and in 1938, in Paris.[3]

During the German occupation of France he did not participate in the Resistance Movement, although the underground tried to recruit him. He was also not bothered by the German occupiers. After the liberation of Hungary, Garbai and his family desired to return to their homeland but their request was rejected.

Bust of Garbai

Garbai remained in Paris where he died on November 7, 1947.[1]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Roszkowski, Wojciech; Kofman, Jan (2016). Biographical Dictionary of Central and Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century. Routledge. p. 277. ISBN 9781317475941.
  2. ^ "Politikatörténeti Intézet" (in Hungarian). Retrieved 2 January 2022.
  3. ^ "Gyenes, Lajos Sándor", Benezit Dictionary of Artists, Oxford University Press, 31 October 2011, doi:10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.b00081888, retrieved 2 January 2022
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sándor Garbai.
Political offices
Preceded by
Mihály Károlyi
as Provisional President
 Chairman of the Hungarian Central Executive Council
1919 		Succeeded by
Gyula Peidl
as Prime Minister
Preceded by
Dénes Berinkey
as Prime Minister
Preceded by Minister of Religion and Education
1919 		Succeeded by
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