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{{Short description|Activist impact investing hedge fund}}
{{Short description|American activist impact investing hedge fund}}
{{Infobox company
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'''Engine No. 1''' is an American [[Activist shareholder|activist]]<ref name="NNyt" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kerber|first=Ross|date=2022-01-12|title=After Exxon win, Engine No. 1 turns to diversity, workforce issues|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/after-exxon-win-engine-no-1-turns-diversity-workforce-issues-2022-01-12/|access-date=2022-02-15}}</ref> and [[Impact investing|impact-focused]] [[investment firm]].<ref name="BReuters">{{Cite news|last=Herbst-Bayliss|first=Svea|date=2020-12-01|title=Hedge fund veteran launches impact firm with former Jana, BlackRock executives|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-investment-funds-james-idUSKBN28B6AO|access-date=2021-10-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Herbst-Bayliss |first=Svea |date=2021-06-02 |title=Investment firm Engine No. 1 prepares to launch Transform 500 ETF after Exxon win |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/investment-firm-engine-no-1-prepares-launch-transform-500-etf-after-exxon-win-2021-06-01/ |access-date=2022-03-02}}</ref> It attracted attention with its campaign to replace four members of [[ExxonMobil]]'s board of directors despite owning only 0.02% of the company's shares.<ref name="NNyt">{{Cite news|last=Phillips|first=Matt|date=2021-06-09|title=Exxon’s Board Defeat Signals the Rise of Social-Good Activists|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/09/business/exxon-mobil-engine-no1-activist.html|access-date=2021-10-13|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kishan|first=Saijel|last2=Carroll|first2=Joe|date=2021-06-09|title=The Little Engine That Won an Environmental Victory Over Exxon|work=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-06-09/engine-no-1-proxy-campaign-against-exxon-xom-marks-win-for-esg-activists|access-date=2021-10-16}}</ref>
| name = Engine No. 1
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| type =
| industry = [[Hedge fund]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|2020}}
| founder =
| location_city = [[San Francisco, California]]
| location_country = U.S.
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people =
| products =
| num_employees = 39
| homepage = {{URL|https://engine1.com/}}
| footnotes =
| intl =
}}
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'''Engine No. 1''' is an American [[Activist shareholder|activist]]<ref name="NNyt" /><ref name="ReutersKerberWork">{{Cite news|last=Kerber|first=Ross|date=2022-01-12|title=After Exxon win, Engine No. 1 turns to diversity, workforce issues|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/after-exxon-win-engine-no-1-turns-diversity-workforce-issues-2022-01-12/|access-date=2022-02-15}}</ref> and [[Impact investing|impact-focused]] [[investment firm]].<ref name="BReuters">{{Cite news|last=Herbst-Bayliss|first=Svea|date=2020-12-01|title=Hedge fund veteran launches impact firm with former Jana, BlackRock executives|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-investment-funds-james-idUSKBN28B6AO|access-date=2021-10-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Herbst-Bayliss |first=Svea |date=2021-06-02 |title=Investment firm Engine No. 1 prepares to launch Transform 500 ETF after Exxon win |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/investment-firm-engine-no-1-prepares-launch-transform-500-etf-after-exxon-win-2021-06-01/ |access-date=2022-03-02}}</ref> It attracted attention with its campaign to replace four members of [[ExxonMobil]]'s board of directors despite owning only 0.02% of the company's shares.<ref name="NNyt">{{Cite news|last=Phillips|first=Matt|date=2021-06-09|title=Exxon's Board Defeat Signals the Rise of Social-Good Activists|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/09/business/exxon-mobil-engine-no1-activist.html|access-date=2021-10-13|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Kishan|first1=Saijel|last2=Carroll|first2=Joe|date=2021-06-09|title=The Little Engine That Won an Environmental Victory Over Exxon|work=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-06-09/engine-no-1-proxy-campaign-against-exxon-xom-marks-win-for-esg-activists|access-date=2021-10-16}}</ref> The firm describes its investment approach as "active ownership", as it prefers to work with management instead of launching activist campaigns.<ref name="LATInterview">{{Cite news |last=Choe |first=Stan |date=2021-12-28 |title=After shaking up Exxon's board, Engine No. 1 widens its sights |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2021-12-28/exxon-board-engine-no-1-stock-fund-clean-energy |access-date=2022-03-28}}</ref>


The fund was founded in December 2020<ref name="BReuters" /><ref name="CBloomberg">{{Cite news|last=Kishan|first=Saijel|date=2020-12-01|title=Hedge Fund Veteran Chris James to Start Impact-Investing Firm|work=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-01/hedge-fund-veteran-chris-james-to-start-impact-investing-firm|access-date=2021-10-13}}</ref> and its most recent{{Efn|as of January 2022}} 13F filing indicated that it had $430 million in [[assets under management]].<ref name="BloombergGraffeo">{{Cite news|last=Graffeo|first=Emily|date=2022-01-24|title=Engine No. 1 Lays Its Cards on the Table for Next Proxy Targets|work=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-01-24/engine-no-1-lays-its-cards-on-the-table-for-next-proxy-targets|access-date=2022-01-30}}</ref> Jennifer Grancio is the fund's [[chief executive officer]] and Christopher James its executive chairman.<ref name="BloombergCrowley">{{Cite news|last=Crowley|first=Kevin|last2=Hyde|first2=Caroline|last3=Romaine|first3=Bostick|date=2021-10-20|title=Engine No. 1 Wants Exxon to Make Different Capital Decisions|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-10-20/engine-no-1-wants-exxon-to-make-different-capital-decisions|access-date=2021-10-27}}</ref><ref name="WEngine" /> As of October 2021, the fund employed 39 staff.<ref name="VInstInv">{{Cite news|last=Celarier|first=Michelle|date=2021-10-06|title=The Commonsense Capitalism of Chris James|work=[[Institutional Investor (magazine)|Institutional Investor]]|url=https://www.institutionalinvestor.com/article/b1twx4xdvtmp37/The-Commonsense-Capitalism-of-Chris-James|access-date=2021-10-13}}</ref>
The fund was founded in December 2020<ref name="BReuters" /><ref name="CBloomberg">{{Cite news|last=Kishan|first=Saijel|date=2020-12-01|title=Hedge Fund Veteran Chris James to Start Impact-Investing Firm|work=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-01/hedge-fund-veteran-chris-james-to-start-impact-investing-firm|access-date=2021-10-13}}</ref> and its most recent{{Efn|as of January 2022}} 13F filing indicated that it had $430 million in [[assets under management]].<ref name="BloombergGraffeo">{{Cite news|last=Graffeo|first=Emily|date=2022-01-24|title=Engine No. 1 Lays Its Cards on the Table for Next Proxy Targets|work=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-01-24/engine-no-1-lays-its-cards-on-the-table-for-next-proxy-targets|access-date=2022-01-30}}</ref> Jennifer Grancio is the fund's [[chief executive officer]] and Christopher James its executive chairman.<ref name="BloombergCrowley">{{Cite news|last1=Crowley|first1=Kevin|last2=Hyde|first2=Caroline|last3=Romaine|first3=Bostick|date=2021-10-20|title=Engine No. 1 Wants Exxon to Make Different Capital Decisions|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-10-20/engine-no-1-wants-exxon-to-make-different-capital-decisions|access-date=2021-10-27}}</ref><ref name="WEngine" /> As of October 2021, the fund employed 39 staff.<ref name="VInstInv">{{Cite news|last=Celarier|first=Michelle|date=2021-10-06|title=The Commonsense Capitalism of Chris James|work=[[Institutional Investor (magazine)|Institutional Investor]]|url=https://www.institutionalinvestor.com/article/b1twx4xdvtmp37/The-Commonsense-Capitalism-of-Chris-James|access-date=2021-10-13}}</ref>


== History ==
== History ==
Engine No. 1 was founded by Christopher James with $250 million of his own funds in December 2020.<ref name="OWsj">{{Cite news|last=Lim|first=Justin Baer and Dawn|date=2021-06-12|title=The Hedge-Fund Manager Who Did Battle With Exxon—and Won|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-hedge-fund-manager-who-did-battle-with-exxonand-won-11623470420|access-date=2021-10-13|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> The name refers to one of the oldest fire stations in [[San Francisco]], the city the fund is based in.<ref name="BReuters" /> Charles Penner, who previously worked at [[JANA Partners LLC|Jana Partners]], an activist fund pushing Apple to work more on limiting children's smartphone usage,<ref name="UReuters">{{Cite news|last=Klayman|first=Ben|last2=Herbst-Bayliss|first2=Svea|date=2021-10-04|title=Engine No. 1 backs GM's strategy around transition to EVs|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/engine-no-1-backs-gms-strategy-around-transition-evs-2021-10-04/|access-date=2021-10-13}}</ref> and Jennifer Grancio, who co-founded [[BlackRock]]'s iShares exchange traded funds business, were also members of the founding team.<ref name="BReuters" />{{efn|Pennner left the firm in November 2021.<ref name="PennerLeaving">{{Cite news|last=Herbst-Bayliss|first=Svea|date=2021-11-15|title=EXCLUSIVE Engine No. 1 partner leaves hedge fund after successful challenge of Exxon|work=[[Reuters]]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/exclusive-engine-no-1-partner-who-challenged-exxon-will-leave-hedge-fund-sources-2021-11-15/|access-date=2021-11-27}}</ref>}}
Engine No. 1 was founded by [[#Christopher James|Christopher James]] with $250 million of his own funds in December 2020.<ref name="OWsj">{{Cite news|last=Lim|first=Justin Baer and Dawn|date=2021-06-12|title=The Hedge-Fund Manager Who Did Battle With Exxon—and Won|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-hedge-fund-manager-who-did-battle-with-exxonand-won-11623470420|access-date=2021-10-13|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> The name refers to one of the oldest fire stations in [[San Francisco]], the city the fund is based in.<ref name="BReuters" /> Charles Penner, who previously worked at [[JANA Partners LLC|Jana Partners]], an activist fund pushing Apple to work more on limiting children's smartphone usage,<ref name="UReuters">{{Cite news|last1=Klayman|first1=Ben|last2=Herbst-Bayliss|first2=Svea|date=2021-10-04|title=Engine No. 1 backs GM's strategy around transition to EVs|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/engine-no-1-backs-gms-strategy-around-transition-evs-2021-10-04/|access-date=2021-10-13}}</ref> and Jennifer Grancio, who co-founded [[BlackRock]]'s iShares exchange traded funds business, were also members of the founding team.<ref name="BReuters" />{{efn|Pennner left the firm in November 2021.<ref name="PennerLeaving">{{Cite news|last=Herbst-Bayliss|first=Svea|date=2021-11-15|title=EXCLUSIVE Engine No. 1 partner leaves hedge fund after successful challenge of Exxon|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/exclusive-engine-no-1-partner-who-challenged-exxon-will-leave-hedge-fund-sources-2021-11-15/|access-date=2021-11-27}}</ref>}}


=== Christopher James ===
=== Christopher James ===
Christopher James, the firm's founder and executive chairman,<ref name="WEngine">{{Cite web|title=Meet the team|url=https://engine1.com/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-13|website=Engine No. 1|language=en}}</ref> grew up in [[Harrisburg, Illinois]].<ref name="OWsj" /> He studied economics at [[Tulane University]] and later served on its board of trustees.<ref name="OWsj" /><ref name="XBigEasy">{{Cite news|last=Hodge|first=Taylor|date=2021-06-04|title="Green Activist" Investor and Former Tulane Trustee Board Member, Chris James, Pushes Toxic Grain Elevator in Majority Black Community|work=Big Easy Magazine|url=https://www.bigeasymagazine.com/2021/06/04/green-activist-investor-and-former-tulane-trustee-board-member-chris-james-pushes-toxic-grain-elevator-in-majority-black-community/|access-date=2021-10-13}}</ref> During the dot-com boom, he operated a coal mine in Illinois and built storage facilities for the oil and gas sector.<ref name="OWsj" /> He also founded and worked for a number of investment funds before founding Engine No. 1.<ref name="OWsj" />
Christopher James, the firm's founder and executive chairman,<ref name="WEngine">{{Cite web|title=Meet the team|url=https://engine1.com/|access-date=2021-10-13|website=Engine No. 1|language=en}}</ref> grew up in [[Harrisburg, Illinois]].<ref name="OWsj" /> He studied economics at [[Tulane University]] and later served on its board of trustees.<ref name="OWsj" /><ref name="XBigEasy">{{Cite news|last=Hodge|first=Taylor|date=2021-06-04|title="Green Activist" Investor and Former Tulane Trustee Board Member, Chris James, Pushes Toxic Grain Elevator in Majority Black Community|work=Big Easy Magazine|url=https://www.bigeasymagazine.com/2021/06/04/green-activist-investor-and-former-tulane-trustee-board-member-chris-james-pushes-toxic-grain-elevator-in-majority-black-community/|access-date=2021-10-13}}</ref> During the dot-com boom, he operated a coal mine in Illinois and built storage facilities for the oil and gas sector.<ref name="OWsj" /> He also founded and worked for a number of investment funds before founding Engine No. 1.<ref name="OWsj" />


James was a founder of [[Tipping Point Community]], an anti-poverty organisation based in San Francisco.<ref name="VInstInv" /> Working mainly on the [[Homelessness in the San Francisco Bay Area|area's homelessness problem]], he realized that many of his peers were working for tech companies, which were the major factor behind rising rents.<ref name="VInstInv" /> After this realization, he began reading up on the social value of business, with writings including those of [[Luigi Zingales]] and [[Michael Porter]]. He concluded that companies should take care of their impacts and decided to found Engine No. 1 in 2020.<ref name="VInstInv" />
James was a founder of [[Tipping Point Community]], an anti-poverty organisation based in San Francisco.<ref name="VInstInv" /> Working mainly on the [[Homelessness in the San Francisco Bay Area|area's homelessness problem]], he realized that many of his peers were working for tech companies, which were the major factor behind rising rents.<ref name="VInstInv" /> After this realization, he began reading up on the social value of business, with writings including those of [[Luigi Zingales]] and [[Michael Porter]]. He concluded that companies should take care of their impacts and decided to found Engine No. 1 in 2020.<ref name="VInstInv" />
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Engine No. 1's decision to invest in [[ExxonMobil]] was sparked by a family dinner of James in 2019.<ref name="OWsj" /> His sons asked him how he squared environmentalism – he served on the board of the [[National Fish and Wildlife Foundation]] – with his investments in energy companies.<ref name="OWsj" /> After finding his own answer lacking, he decided to "take on" ExxonMobil.<ref name="OWsj" />
Engine No. 1's decision to invest in [[ExxonMobil]] was sparked by a family dinner of James in 2019.<ref name="OWsj" /> His sons asked him how he squared environmentalism – he served on the board of the [[National Fish and Wildlife Foundation]] – with his investments in energy companies.<ref name="OWsj" /> After finding his own answer lacking, he decided to "take on" ExxonMobil.<ref name="OWsj" />


Engine No. 1 bought a stake in ExxonMobil worth $40 million in December 2020,<ref name="DHbr">{{Cite news|last=Eccles|first=Robert G.|last2=Mayer|first2=Colin|date=2021-01-20|title=Can a Tiny Hedge Fund Push ExxonMobil Towards Sustainability?|work=Harvard Business Review|url=https://hbr.org/2021/01/can-a-tiny-hedge-fund-push-exxonmobile-towards-sustainability|access-date=2021-10-13|issn=0017-8012}}</ref> which equated to about 0.02% of the oil company's shares.<ref name="NNyt" /> At that time, institutional investors were already becoming frustrated with the company lagging behind its competitors in preparing for the energy transition,<ref name="SReuters">{{Cite news|last=Herbst-Bayliss|first=Svea|last2=Hiller|first2=Jennifer|date=2021-05-27|title=The little engine that could, and the oil giant that couldn’t|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/little-engine-that-could-oil-giant-that-couldnt-2021-05-27/|access-date=2021-10-13}}</ref> ExxonMobil also incurred a $22 billion loss that year.<ref name="OWsj" />
Engine No. 1 bought a stake in ExxonMobil worth $40 million in December 2020,<ref name="DHbr">{{Cite news|last1=Eccles|first1=Robert G.|last2=Mayer|first2=Colin|date=2021-01-20|title=Can a Tiny Hedge Fund Push ExxonMobil Towards Sustainability?|work=Harvard Business Review|url=https://hbr.org/2021/01/can-a-tiny-hedge-fund-push-exxonmobile-towards-sustainability|access-date=2021-10-13|issn=0017-8012}}</ref> which equated to about 0.02% of the oil company's shares.<ref name="NNyt" /> At that time, institutional investors were already becoming frustrated with the company lagging behind its competitors in preparing for the energy transition,<ref name="SReuters">{{Cite news|last1=Herbst-Bayliss|first1=Svea|last2=Hiller|first2=Jennifer|date=2021-05-27|title=The little engine that could, and the oil giant that couldn't|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/little-engine-that-could-oil-giant-that-couldnt-2021-05-27/|access-date=2021-10-13}}</ref> ExxonMobil also incurred a $22 billion loss that year.<ref name="OWsj" />


==== Open letter ====
==== Open letter ====
On December 7, 2020, James wrote an open letter to the board of directors, pointing out Exxon's poor [[return on capital employed]] (ROCE).<ref name="DHbr" /> Writing for the [[Harvard Business Review]], Robert Eccles and [[Colin Mayer]] argue that Exxon's poor capital allocation stemmed from its [[ExxonMobil climate change controversy|decades of climate change denial]].<ref name="DHbr" /> The letter asked for widespread reform and proposed an alternative slate of four independent directors, all with experience of the energy sector.<ref name="DHbr" />
On December 7, 2020, James wrote an open letter to the board of directors, pointing out Exxon's poor [[return on capital employed]] (ROCE).<ref name="DHbr" /> Writing for the ''[[Harvard Business Review]]'', Robert Eccles and [[Colin Mayer]] argue that Exxon's poor capital allocation stemmed from its [[ExxonMobil climate change controversy|decades of climate change denial]].<ref name="DHbr" /> The letter asked for widespread reform and proposed an alternative slate of four independent directors, all with experience of the energy sector.<ref name="DHbr" />


Given their small stake in the company, the investment fund's strategy relied on convincing Exxon's large shareholders, the largest three being [[BlackRock]], [[The Vanguard Group]] and [[State Street Global Advisors|State Street]], to back its plans.<ref name="NNyt" /> Engine No. 1 appealed less to environmental principles and more to profitability in their strategy to convince investors.<ref name="France24">{{Cite news|last=Seibt|first=Sébastian|date=2021-06-05|title=Engine No. 1, a tiny ‘green’ investment fund, is challenging the oil titans|work=[[France24]]|url=https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20210605-engine-no-1-a-tiny-green-investment-fund-is-challenging-the-oil-titans|access-date=2021-10-16}}</ref> It said that Exxon's focus on fossil fuels threatened future returns,<ref name="France24" /> stating that the company faced "existential risks".<ref name="GFt">{{Cite news|last=Brower|first=Derek|last2=Jacobs|first2=Justin|date=2021-04-25|title=Exxon faces ‘existential’ risk over fossil fuel focus, activist investor warns|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/5ab010de-43c8-4b60-80f2-020f01610eee|access-date=2021-10-13}}</ref>
Given its small stake in the company, the investment fund's strategy relied on convincing Exxon's large shareholders, the largest three being [[BlackRock]], [[The Vanguard Group]] and [[State Street Global Advisors|State Street]], to back its plans.<ref name="NNyt" /> Engine No. 1 appealed less to environmental principles and more to profitability in their strategy to convince investors.<ref name="France24">{{Cite news|last=Seibt|first=Sébastian|date=2021-06-05|title=Engine No. 1, a tiny 'green' investment fund, is challenging the oil titans|work=[[France24]]|url=https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20210605-engine-no-1-a-tiny-green-investment-fund-is-challenging-the-oil-titans|access-date=2021-10-16}}</ref> It said that Exxon's focus on fossil fuels threatened future returns,<ref name="France24" /> stating that the company faced "existential risks".<ref name="GFt">{{Cite news|last1=Brower|first1=Derek|last2=Jacobs|first2=Justin|date=2021-04-25|title=Exxon faces 'existential' risk over fossil fuel focus, activist investor warns|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/5ab010de-43c8-4b60-80f2-020f01610eee|access-date=2021-10-13}}</ref>


==== Reactions ====
==== Reactions ====
Exxon reacted to Engine No. 1's campaign by expanding its board and adding a director with sustainable investing experience.<ref name="TReuters">{{Cite news|last=Hiller|first=Jennifer|last2=Herbst-Bayliss|first2=Svea|date=2021-04-15|title=Exxon, activist spend over $65 mln in battle for oil giant's future|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/exxon-activist-spend-over-65-mln-battle-oil-giants-future-2021-04-15/|access-date=2021-10-13}}</ref> It also announced a plan for a [[Carbon capture and storage|carbon capture]] business and a new carbon capture technology venture, both believed to be a consequence of Engine No. 1's activities.<ref name="RConv">{{Cite web|last=DesJardine|first=Mark|last2=Bansal|first2=Tima|title=Engine No. 1's big win over Exxon shows activist hedge funds joining fight against climate change|url=http://theconversation.com/engine-no-1s-big-win-over-exxon-shows-activist-hedge-funds-joining-fight-against-climate-change-159983|access-date=2021-10-13|website=The Conversation|language=en}}</ref> According to Exxon, the company expected to spend $35 million on the [[Proxy fight|proxy battle]]. Engine No. 1 estimated its costs to add up to $30 million.<ref name="RConv" /> Some experts believed Exxon's spending to hit $100 million.<ref name="TReuters" />
Exxon reacted to Engine No. 1's campaign by expanding its board and adding a director with sustainable investing experience.<ref name="TReuters">{{Cite news|last1=Hiller|first1=Jennifer|last2=Herbst-Bayliss|first2=Svea|date=2021-04-15|title=Exxon, activist spend over $65 mln in battle for oil giant's future|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/exxon-activist-spend-over-65-mln-battle-oil-giants-future-2021-04-15/|access-date=2021-10-13}}</ref> It also announced a plan for a [[Carbon capture and storage|carbon capture]] business and a new carbon capture technology venture, both believed to be a consequence of Engine No. 1's activities.<ref name="RConv">{{Cite web|last1=DesJardine|first1=Mark|last2=Bansal|first2=Tima|title=Engine No. 1's big win over Exxon shows activist hedge funds joining fight against climate change|url=http://theconversation.com/engine-no-1s-big-win-over-exxon-shows-activist-hedge-funds-joining-fight-against-climate-change-159983|access-date=2021-10-13|website=The Conversation|date=26 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref> According to Exxon, the company expected to spend $35 million on the [[Proxy fight|proxy battle]]. Engine No. 1 estimated its costs to add up to $30 million.<ref name="RConv" /> Some experts believed Exxon's spending to hit $100 million.<ref name="TReuters" />


The [[California State Teachers' Retirement System]], the US' second largest public pension fund, announced its support on the day Christopher James' initial letter was published,<ref name="DHbr" /> the [[Church of England]] followed suit a few days later.<ref name="EFt">{{Cite news|last=Aliaj|first=Ortenca|last2=Brower|first2=Derek|last3=McCormick|first3=Myles|date=2020-12-10|title=ExxonMobil under pressure as Church of England joins investor campaign|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/c0639fb0-d81f-4ee9-8d58-d8e8da05c454|access-date=2021-10-13}}</ref> With [[CalPERS]] and the [[New York State Common Retirement Fund]] disclosing their support some time after that, the United States three biggest pension funds were backing the alternative slate.<ref name="ZCal">{{Cite web|date=2021-05-14|title=Proxy adviser backs activist call for Exxon board overhaul|url=https://californianewstimes.com/proxy-adviser-backs-activist-call-for-exxon-board-overhaul/336819/|access-date=2021-10-13|website=California News Times|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Institutional Shareholder Services]], a proxy advisor, endorsed three of the four candidates on Engine No. 1's slate in May 2021.<ref name="FFt">{{Cite news|last=Brower|first=Derek|date=2021-05-14|title=Proxy adviser backs activist call for Exxon board overhaul|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/e466d1ad-67b7-43e6-9c8f-b79326d28da0|access-date=2021-10-13}}</ref> [[Glass Lewis]] supported two candidates.<ref name="KReuters">{{Cite news|last=Reuters|date=2021-05-18|title=Advisory firm Glass Lewis backs two dissident nominees in Exxon battle|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/advisory-firm-glass-lewis-backs-two-dissident-nominees-exxon-battle-2021-05-18/|access-date=2021-10-13}}</ref> However, [[D. E. Shaw & Co.|D.E. Shaw]], which had also been calling for changes at the oil company, reached an agreement with Exxon in March.<ref name="AINyt">{{Cite news|last=Sorkin|first=Andrew Ross|last2=Karaian|first2=Jason|last3=Kessler|first3=Sarah|last4=Merced|first4=Michael J. de la|last5=Hirsch|first5=Lauren|last6=Livni|first6=Ephrat|date=2021-05-28|title=Inside Exxon’s Board Fight|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/28/business/dealbook/exxon-mobil-engine-no-1.html|access-date=2021-10-13|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Exxon used the agreement to unsuccessfully pressure Engine No. 1 into abandoning its campaign.<ref name="AINyt" />
The [[California State Teachers' Retirement System]], the US' second largest public pension fund, announced its support on the day Christopher James' initial letter was published,<ref name="DHbr" /> the [[Church of England]] followed suit a few days later.<ref name="EFt">{{Cite news|last1=Aliaj|first1=Ortenca|last2=Brower|first2=Derek|last3=McCormick|first3=Myles|date=2020-12-10|title=ExxonMobil under pressure as Church of England joins investor campaign|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/c0639fb0-d81f-4ee9-8d58-d8e8da05c454|access-date=2021-10-13}}</ref> With [[CalPERS]] and the [[New York State Common Retirement Fund]] disclosing their support some time after that, the United States three biggest pension funds were backing the alternative slate.<ref name="ZCal">{{Cite web|date=2021-05-14|title=Proxy adviser backs activist call for Exxon board overhaul|url=https://californianewstimes.com/proxy-adviser-backs-activist-call-for-exxon-board-overhaul/336819/|access-date=2021-10-13|website=California News Times|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Institutional Shareholder Services]], a proxy advisor, endorsed three of the four candidates on Engine No. 1's slate in May 2021.<ref name="FFt">{{Cite news|last=Brower|first=Derek|date=2021-05-14|title=Proxy adviser backs activist call for Exxon board overhaul|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/e466d1ad-67b7-43e6-9c8f-b79326d28da0|access-date=2021-10-13}}</ref> [[Glass Lewis]] supported two candidates.<ref name="KReuters">{{Cite news|date=2021-05-18|title=Advisory firm Glass Lewis backs two dissident nominees in Exxon battle|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/advisory-firm-glass-lewis-backs-two-dissident-nominees-exxon-battle-2021-05-18/|access-date=2021-10-13}}</ref> However, [[D. E. Shaw & Co.|D.E. Shaw]], which had also been calling for changes at the oil company, reached an agreement with Exxon in March.<ref name="AINyt">{{Cite news|last1=Sorkin|first1=Andrew Ross|last2=Karaian|first2=Jason|last3=Kessler|first3=Sarah|last4=Merced|first4=Michael J. de la|last5=Hirsch|first5=Lauren|last6=Livni|first6=Ephrat|date=2021-05-28|title=Inside Exxon's Board Fight|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/28/business/dealbook/exxon-mobil-engine-no-1.html|access-date=2021-10-13|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Exxon used the agreement to unsuccessfully pressure Engine No. 1 into abandoning its campaign.<ref name="AINyt" />


==== Shareholder meeting ====
==== Shareholder meeting ====
On 26 May, the day of the shareholder meeting, preliminary vote counts suggested that at least two of Engine No. 1's candidates would be successful.<ref name="AINyt" /> During the meeting, ExxonMobil declared a one-hour recess, ostensibly following demands by shareholders for more time to consider their votes.<ref name="AINyt" /> The move was believed to provide further opportunity for negotiations over votes and was described by a former oil executive as "pretty desperate".<ref name="AJWapo">{{Cite news|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=2021-05-26|title=A bad day for Big Oil|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2021/05/26/exxonmobil-rebel-shareholders-win-board-seats/|access-date=2021-10-13}}</ref> By the end of the meeting, two candidates had been elected to the board of directors, with the vote over a third one being too close to call.<ref name="AJCnbc">{{Cite web|last=Stevens|first=Pippa|date=2021-05-26|title=Engine No. 1 wins at least 2 Exxon board seats as activist pushes for climate strategy change|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/26/engine-no-1-gets-at-least-2-candidates-elected-to-exxons-board-in-win-for-the-activist.html|access-date=2021-10-13|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref> A week later, Exxon announced that Engine No. 1's slate had won a third seat.<ref name="ALCnbc">{{Cite web|last=Stevens|first=Pippa|date=2021-06-02|title=Activist firm Engine No. 1 claims third Exxon board seat|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/02/activist-firm-engine-no-1-claims-third-exxon-board-seat-.html|access-date=2021-10-13|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref>
On May 26, 2021, the day of the shareholder meeting, preliminary vote counts suggested that at least two of Engine No. 1's candidates would be successful.<ref name="AINyt" /> During the meeting, ExxonMobil declared a one-hour recess, ostensibly following demands by shareholders for more time to consider their votes.<ref name="AINyt" /> The move was believed to provide further opportunity for negotiations over votes and was described by a former oil executive as "pretty desperate".<ref name="AJWapo">{{Cite news|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=2021-05-26|title=A bad day for Big Oil|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2021/05/26/exxonmobil-rebel-shareholders-win-board-seats/|access-date=2021-10-13}}</ref> By the end of the meeting, two candidates had been elected to the board of directors, with the vote over a third one being too close to call.<ref name="AJCnbc">{{Cite web|last=Stevens|first=Pippa|date=2021-05-26|title=Engine No. 1 wins at least 2 Exxon board seats as activist pushes for climate strategy change|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/26/engine-no-1-gets-at-least-2-candidates-elected-to-exxons-board-in-win-for-the-activist.html|access-date=2021-10-13|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref> A week later, Exxon announced that Engine No. 1's slate had won a third seat.<ref name="ALCnbc">{{Cite web|last=Stevens|first=Pippa|date=2021-06-02|title=Activist firm Engine No. 1 claims third Exxon board seat|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/02/activist-firm-engine-no-1-claims-third-exxon-board-seat-.html|access-date=2021-10-13|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref>


According to industry experts, changing ExxonMobil's strategy will be a difficult and protracted process.<ref name="AMnyt">{{Cite news|last=Eavis|first=Peter|last2=Krauss|first2=Clifford|date=2021-05-27|title=Activists Crashed Exxon’s Board, but Forcing Change Will Be Hard|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/27/business/economy/exxon-board-climate-change.html|access-date=2021-10-13|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><!-- Not sure if this is a good place for the grain elevator part, but given that it relates to the Exxon part directly I'm hesitant to subsume it under other subsections-->
According to industry experts, changing ExxonMobil's strategy will be a difficult and protracted process.<ref name="AMnyt">{{Cite news|last1=Eavis|first1=Peter|last2=Krauss|first2=Clifford|date=2021-05-27|title=Activists Crashed Exxon's Board, but Forcing Change Will Be Hard|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/27/business/economy/exxon-board-climate-change.html|access-date=2021-10-13|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><!-- Not sure if this is a good place for the grain elevator part, but given that it relates to the Exxon part directly I'm hesitant to subsume it under other subsections-->

⚫
Medlock Investments, owned by Christopher James, is the [[parent company]] of Greenfield Louisiana, which plans to build a [[grain elevator]] in [[Wallace, Louisiana]].<ref name="JanetAP">{{Cite news|last=McConnaughey|first=Janet (AP)|date=2021-11-11|title=Fight Over $400M Grain Terminal Turns to 'Corrupt Zoning'|work=Biz New Orleans|url=https://www.bizneworleans.com/fight-over-400m-grain-terminal-turns-to-corrupt-zoning/|access-date=2022-02-01}}</ref><ref name="NOLAParker">{{Cite news|last=Parker|first=Halle|date=2021-10-16|title=Is this Louisiana town right for a $400 million grain terminal? Some residents say no.|work=[[The Times-Picayune/The New Orleans Advocate]]|url=https://www.nola.com/news/environment/article_6fd9b386-2c35-11ec-991d-135432dd1ce1.html|access-date=2022-02-01}}</ref> While the company says that the project will be safe and provide jobs, critics argue that it will prove to be an environmental hazard and contrast it with James' image as an environmental activist.<ref name="JanetAP" /><ref name="NOLAParker" /><ref name="HodgeBig">{{Cite news|last=Hodge|first=Taylor|date=2021-06-04|title="Green Activist" Investor and Former Tulane Trustee Board Member, Chris James, Pushes Toxic Grain Elevator in Majority Black Community|work=Big Easy Magazine|url=https://www.bigeasymagazine.com/2021/06/04/green-activist-investor-and-former-tulane-trustee-board-member-chris-james-pushes-toxic-grain-elevator-in-majority-black-community/|access-date=2022-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Burnett|first1=John|last2=Peñaloza|first2=Marisa|date=2021-07-07|title=Descendants Of Slaves Say This Proposed Grain Complex Will Destroy The Community|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/07/07/1012609448/descendants-of-slaves-say-this-proposed-grain-factory-will-destroy-the-community?t=1643746581516|access-date=2022-02-01}}</ref>


⚫
Medlock Investments, owned by Christopher James, is the [[parent company]] of Greenfield Louisiana, which plans to build a [[grain elevator]] in [[Wallace, Louisiana]].<ref name="JanetAP">{{Cite news|last=McConnaughey|first=Janet (AP)|date=2021-11-11|title=Fight Over $400M Grain Terminal Turns to ‘Corrupt Zoning’|work=Biz New Orleans|url=https://www.bizneworleans.com/fight-over-400m-grain-terminal-turns-to-corrupt-zoning/|access-date=2022-02-01}}</ref><ref name="NOLAParker">{{Cite news|last=Parker|first=Halle|date=2021-10-16|title=Is this Louisiana town right for a $400 million grain terminal? Some residents say no.|work=[[The Times-Picayune/The New Orleans Advocate]]|url=https://www.nola.com/news/environment/article_6fd9b386-2c35-11ec-991d-135432dd1ce1.html|access-date=2022-02-01}}</ref> While the company says that the project will be safe and provide jobs, critics argue that it will prove to be an environmental hazard and contrast it with James' image as an environmental activist.<ref name="JanetAP" /><ref name="NOLAParker" /><ref name="HodgeBig">{{Cite news|last=Hodge|first=Taylor|date=2021-06-04|title="Green Activist" Investor and Former Tulane Trustee Board Member, Chris James, Pushes Toxic Grain Elevator in Majority Black Community|work=Big Easy Magazine|url=https://www.bigeasymagazine.com/2021/06/04/green-activist-investor-and-former-tulane-trustee-board-member-chris-james-pushes-toxic-grain-elevator-in-majority-black-community/|access-date=2022-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Burnett|first=John|last2=Peñaloza|first2=Marisa|date=2021-07-07|title=Descendants Of Slaves Say This Proposed Grain Complex Will Destroy The Community|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/07/07/1012609448/descendants-of-slaves-say-this-proposed-grain-factory-will-destroy-the-community?t=1643746581516|access-date=2022-02-01}}</ref>
== Investment activities ==
== Investment activities ==
As of June 2021, Engine No. 1 holds small stakes in [[John Deere]] and [[Bunge Limited]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Brower|first=Derek|last2=Aliaj|first2=Ortenca|date=2021-06-03|title=Engine No 1, the giant-killing hedge fund, has big plans|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/ebfdf67d-cbce-40a5-bb29-d361377dea7a|access-date=2021-10-14}}</ref> In October 2021, the firm announced that it had taken a stake in [[General Motors]], an investment it justified in part with GM's investments into [[Electric vehicle|electric vehicles]].<ref name="CNBCStevens">{{Cite news|last=Stevens|first=Pippa|date=2021-10-04|title=Upstart activist Engine No. 1 takes stake in GM, supports EV transition plan|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/10/04/upstart-activist-engine-no-1-takes-stake-in-gm-supports-ev-transition-plan.html|access-date=2021-10-27|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref>
As of June 2021, Engine No. 1 holds small stakes in [[John Deere]] and [[Bunge Limited]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Brower|first1=Derek|last2=Aliaj|first2=Ortenca|date=2021-06-03|title=Engine No 1, the giant-killing hedge fund, has big plans|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/ebfdf67d-cbce-40a5-bb29-d361377dea7a|access-date=2021-10-14}}</ref> In October 2021, the firm announced that it had taken a stake in [[General Motors]], an investment it justified in part with GM's investments into [[electric vehicle]]s.<ref name="CNBCStevens">{{Cite news|last=Stevens|first=Pippa|date=2021-10-04|title=Upstart activist Engine No. 1 takes stake in GM, supports EV transition plan|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/10/04/upstart-activist-engine-no-1-takes-stake-in-gm-supports-ev-transition-plan.html|access-date=2021-10-27|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref>


=== ETF ===
=== ETF ===
On June 23, 2021, Engine No. 1 launched an [[exchange-traded fund]] focused on [[environmental, social and corporate governance]] with $100 million in assets from institutional investors.<ref name="ACThink">{{Cite web|last=Napach|first=Bernice|title=Engine No. 1 Introduces a New Kind of Purpose-Driven ETF|url=https://www.thinkadvisor.com/2021/06/25/engine-no-1-introduces-a-new-kind-of-purpose-driven-etf/|access-date=2021-10-13|website=ThinkAdvisor|language=en}}</ref>
On June 23, 2021, Engine No. 1 launched an [[exchange-traded fund]] focused on [[environmental, social and corporate governance]] (ESG) with $100 million in assets from institutional investors.<ref name="ACThink">{{Cite web|last=Napach|first=Bernice|title=Engine No. 1 Introduces a New Kind of Purpose-Driven ETF|url=https://www.thinkadvisor.com/2021/06/25/engine-no-1-introduces-a-new-kind-of-purpose-driven-etf/|access-date=2021-10-13|website=ThinkAdvisor|language=en}}</ref>


The Engine No. 1 Transition 500 ETF (trading under the ticker VOTE)<ref name="CNBCetflaunch">{{Cite news|last=Stevens|first=Pippa|date=2021-06-22|title=Underdog activist Engine No. 1 is launching an ETF after big Exxon win|work=[[CNBC]]|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/22/underdog-activist-engine-no-1-is-launching-an-etf-after-big-exxon-win.html|access-date=2022-02-06}}</ref> tracks the largest 500 companies in the US by [[market capitalization]].<ref name="ABEtf">{{Cite news|last=Gordon|first=Jamie|date=2021-07-19|title=ESG engagement in focus following Engine No.1 launch|work=ETF Stream|url=https://www.etfstream.com/features/esg-engagement-in-focus-following-engine-no1-launch/|access-date=2021-10-13}}</ref> Instead of selecting and excluding stocks based on [[Environmental, social and corporate governance|ESG]] criteria, the ETF seeks to align the companies invested in with its ESG goals.<ref name="AGNgi">{{Cite web|last=Baker|first=Andrew|date=2021-06-30|title=Engine No. 1 Looking Beyond ExxonMobil with ETF Launch|url=https://www.naturalgasintel.com/engine-no-1-looking-beyond-exxonmobil-with-eft-launch/|url-status=live|website=Naturalgasintel.com}}</ref><ref name="AHFortune">{{Cite web|last=Dunn|first=Katherine|date=2021-10-13|title=This tiny investment firm took on ExxonMobil, and won. Now it's launching an ETF|url=https://fortune.com/2021/06/22/engine-no1-etfs-esg-finance-2021/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-13|website=Fortune|language=en}}</ref> The active role it will take in corporate governance is unusual for an ETF.<ref name="ADAtlantic" /> The ETF will also use its shares to support proxy campaigns of Engine No. 1.<ref name="ADAtlantic">{{Cite web|last=Meyer|first=Robinson|date=2021-06-22|title=A Major New Index Fund Should Unnerve Climate-Skeptical CEOs|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/newsletters/archive/2021/06/climate-focused-hedge-funds-new-index-fund-engine-no-1/619264/|access-date=2021-10-13|website=The Atlantic|language=en}}</ref> It is open to retail investors, advisors and pension plans via [[Betterment (company)|Betterment]]'s investment platform.<ref name="AGNgi" />
The Engine No. 1 Transition 500 ETF (trading under the ticker VOTE)<ref name="CNBCetflaunch">{{Cite news|last=Stevens|first=Pippa|date=2021-06-22|title=Underdog activist Engine No. 1 is launching an ETF after big Exxon win|work=[[CNBC]]|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/22/underdog-activist-engine-no-1-is-launching-an-etf-after-big-exxon-win.html|access-date=2022-02-06}}</ref> tracks the largest 500 companies in the US by [[market capitalization]].<ref name="ABEtf">{{Cite news|last=Gordon|first=Jamie|date=2021-07-19|title=ESG engagement in focus following Engine No.1 launch|work=ETF Stream|url=https://www.etfstream.com/features/esg-engagement-in-focus-following-engine-no1-launch/|access-date=2021-10-13}}</ref> Instead of selecting and excluding stocks based on ESG criteria, the ETF seeks to align the companies invested in with its ESG goals.<ref name="AGNgi">{{Cite web|last=Baker|first=Andrew|date=2021-06-30|title=Engine No. 1 Looking Beyond ExxonMobil with ETF Launch|url=https://www.naturalgasintel.com/engine-no-1-looking-beyond-exxonmobil-with-eft-launch/|website=Naturalgasintel.com}}</ref><ref name="AHFortune">{{Cite web|last=Dunn|first=Katherine|date=2021-10-13|title=This tiny investment firm took on ExxonMobil, and won. Now it's launching an ETF|url=https://fortune.com/2021/06/22/engine-no1-etfs-esg-finance-2021/|access-date=2021-10-13|website=Fortune|language=en}}</ref> The active role it will take in corporate governance is unusual for an ETF,<ref name="ADAtlantic" /> but becoming more common.<ref name="IIHamlin">{{Cite news |last=Hamlin |first=Jessica |date=2022-03-25 |title=Activist Approaches May Gain Ground as Investors Get Pragmatic About Fossil Fuel Companies |work=[[Institutional Investor (magazine)|Institutional Investor]] |url=https://www.institutionalinvestor.com/article/b1x9s26tn8x23z/Activist-Approaches-May-Gain-Ground-as-Investors-Get-Pragmatic-About-Fossil-Fuel-Companies |access-date=2022-03-28}}</ref> The ETF will also use its shares to support proxy campaigns of Engine No. 1.<ref name="ADAtlantic">{{Cite web|last=Meyer|first=Robinson|date=2021-06-22|title=A Major New Index Fund Should Unnerve Climate-Skeptical CEOs|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/newsletters/archive/2021/06/climate-focused-hedge-funds-new-index-fund-engine-no-1/619264/|access-date=2021-10-13|website=The Atlantic|language=en}}</ref> It is open to retail investors, advisors and pension plans via [[Betterment (company)|Betterment]]'s investment platform.<ref name="AGNgi" /> As of March 2022, it had $329 million in assets.<ref name="IIHamlin" />


The firm launched a second [[Environmental, social and corporate governance|ESG]] fund in February 2022.<ref name="BarronsLiu">{{Cite news|last=Liu|first=Eve|date=2022-02-03|title=A New ESG Fund Launches Today. Why Its Top Holdings Are GM and Occidental.|work=[[Barron's (newspaper)|Barron's]]|url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/engine-no-1-transform-climate-etf-51643896022|access-date=2022-02-06}}</ref> The Transform Climate ETF (trading under NETZ) is actively managed and invests in firms active in the largest carbon-emitting industries.<ref name="BarronsLiu" /><ref name="ResponsibleWebb">{{Cite news|last=Webb|first=Dominic|date=2022-02-04|title=Friday Funds: Engine No. 1 launches transition ETF|work=Responsible Investor|url=https://www.responsible-investor.com/articles/friday-funds-engine-no-1-launches-transition-etf|access-date=2022-02-06}}</ref> At the time of its launch, its three largest holdings were [[General Motors]], [[John Deere]], and [[Occidental Petroleum]].<ref name="BarronsLiu" />
The firm launched a second ESG fund in February 2022.<ref name="BarronsLiu">{{Cite news|last=Liu|first=Eve|date=2022-02-03|title=A New ESG Fund Launches Today. Why Its Top Holdings Are GM and Occidental.|work=[[Barron's (newspaper)|Barron's]]|url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/engine-no-1-transform-climate-etf-51643896022|access-date=2022-02-06}}</ref> The Transform Climate ETF (trading under NETZ) is actively managed and invests in firms active in the largest carbon-emitting industries.<ref name="BarronsLiu" /><ref name="ResponsibleWebb">{{Cite news|last=Webb|first=Dominic|date=2022-02-04|title=Friday Funds: Engine No. 1 launches transition ETF|work=Responsible Investor|url=https://www.responsible-investor.com/articles/friday-funds-engine-no-1-launches-transition-etf|access-date=2022-02-06}}</ref> At the time of its launch, its three largest holdings were [[General Motors]], [[John Deere]], and [[Occidental Petroleum]].<ref name="BarronsLiu" />


In October 2023, Engine No. 1 sold its ETF platform to the [[TCW Group]].<ref name="SaleETF">{{cite web |title=Engine No. 1 Closes Sale of ETF Business to TCW |url=https://engine1.com/transforming/articles/engine-no-1-closes-sale-of-etf-business-to-tcw/ |website=Engine No. 1 |publisher=Engine No. 1 |access-date=20 May 2024}}</ref>
⚫
== References ==

'''Informational notes'''
==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
{{Notelist}}

'''Citations'''
⚫
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


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[[Category:ExxonMobil]]
[[Category:ExxonMobil]]
[[Category:Exchange-traded funds]]
[[Category:Exchange-traded funds]]
[[Category:Financial services companies established in 2020]]

Latest revision as of 19:23, 20 October 2024

Engine No. 1
IndustryHedge fund
Founded2020; 4 years ago (2020)
Headquarters
San Francisco, California
,
U.S.
Area served
Worldwide
Number of employees
39
Websiteengine1.com

Engine No. 1 is an American activist[1][2] and impact-focused investment firm.[3][4] It attracted attention with its campaign to replace four members of ExxonMobil's board of directors despite owning only 0.02% of the company's shares.[1][5] The firm describes its investment approach as "active ownership", as it prefers to work with management instead of launching activist campaigns.[6]

The fund was founded in December 2020[3][7] and its most recent[a] 13F filing indicated that it had $430 million in assets under management.[8] Jennifer Grancio is the fund's chief executive officer and Christopher James its executive chairman.[9][10] As of October 2021, the fund employed 39 staff.[11]

History

[edit]

Engine No. 1 was founded by Christopher James with $250 million of his own funds in December 2020.[12] The name refers to one of the oldest fire stations in San Francisco, the city the fund is based in.[3] Charles Penner, who previously worked at Jana Partners, an activist fund pushing Apple to work more on limiting children's smartphone usage,[13] and Jennifer Grancio, who co-founded BlackRock's iShares exchange traded funds business, were also members of the founding team.[3][b]

Christopher James

[edit]

Christopher James, the firm's founder and executive chairman,[10] grew up in Harrisburg, Illinois.[12] He studied economics at Tulane University and later served on its board of trustees.[12][15] During the dot-com boom, he operated a coal mine in Illinois and built storage facilities for the oil and gas sector.[12] He also founded and worked for a number of investment funds before founding Engine No. 1.[12]

James was a founder of Tipping Point Community, an anti-poverty organisation based in San Francisco.[11] Working mainly on the area's homelessness problem, he realized that many of his peers were working for tech companies, which were the major factor behind rising rents.[11] After this realization, he began reading up on the social value of business, with writings including those of Luigi Zingales and Michael Porter. He concluded that companies should take care of their impacts and decided to found Engine No. 1 in 2020.[11]

ExxonMobil

[edit]

Engine No. 1's decision to invest in ExxonMobil was sparked by a family dinner of James in 2019.[12] His sons asked him how he squared environmentalism – he served on the board of the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation – with his investments in energy companies.[12] After finding his own answer lacking, he decided to "take on" ExxonMobil.[12]

Engine No. 1 bought a stake in ExxonMobil worth $40 million in December 2020,[16] which equated to about 0.02% of the oil company's shares.[1] At that time, institutional investors were already becoming frustrated with the company lagging behind its competitors in preparing for the energy transition,[17] ExxonMobil also incurred a $22 billion loss that year.[12]

Open letter

[edit]

On December 7, 2020, James wrote an open letter to the board of directors, pointing out Exxon's poor return on capital employed (ROCE).[16] Writing for the Harvard Business Review, Robert Eccles and Colin Mayer argue that Exxon's poor capital allocation stemmed from its decades of climate change denial.[16] The letter asked for widespread reform and proposed an alternative slate of four independent directors, all with experience of the energy sector.[16]

Given its small stake in the company, the investment fund's strategy relied on convincing Exxon's large shareholders, the largest three being BlackRock, The Vanguard Group and State Street, to back its plans.[1] Engine No. 1 appealed less to environmental principles and more to profitability in their strategy to convince investors.[18] It said that Exxon's focus on fossil fuels threatened future returns,[18] stating that the company faced "existential risks".[19]

Reactions

[edit]

Exxon reacted to Engine No. 1's campaign by expanding its board and adding a director with sustainable investing experience.[20] It also announced a plan for a carbon capture business and a new carbon capture technology venture, both believed to be a consequence of Engine No. 1's activities.[21] According to Exxon, the company expected to spend $35 million on the proxy battle. Engine No. 1 estimated its costs to add up to $30 million.[21] Some experts believed Exxon's spending to hit $100 million.[20]

The California State Teachers' Retirement System, the US' second largest public pension fund, announced its support on the day Christopher James' initial letter was published,[16] the Church of England followed suit a few days later.[22] With CalPERS and the New York State Common Retirement Fund disclosing their support some time after that, the United States three biggest pension funds were backing the alternative slate.[23] Institutional Shareholder Services, a proxy advisor, endorsed three of the four candidates on Engine No. 1's slate in May 2021.[24] Glass Lewis supported two candidates.[25] However, D.E. Shaw, which had also been calling for changes at the oil company, reached an agreement with Exxon in March.[26] Exxon used the agreement to unsuccessfully pressure Engine No. 1 into abandoning its campaign.[26]

Shareholder meeting

[edit]

On May 26, 2021, the day of the shareholder meeting, preliminary vote counts suggested that at least two of Engine No. 1's candidates would be successful.[26] During the meeting, ExxonMobil declared a one-hour recess, ostensibly following demands by shareholders for more time to consider their votes.[26] The move was believed to provide further opportunity for negotiations over votes and was described by a former oil executive as "pretty desperate".[27] By the end of the meeting, two candidates had been elected to the board of directors, with the vote over a third one being too close to call.[28] A week later, Exxon announced that Engine No. 1's slate had won a third seat.[29]

According to industry experts, changing ExxonMobil's strategy will be a difficult and protracted process.[30]

Medlock Investments, owned by Christopher James, is the parent company of Greenfield Louisiana, which plans to build a grain elevator in Wallace, Louisiana.[31][32] While the company says that the project will be safe and provide jobs, critics argue that it will prove to be an environmental hazard and contrast it with James' image as an environmental activist.[31][32][33][34]

Investment activities

[edit]

As of June 2021, Engine No. 1 holds small stakes in John Deere and Bunge Limited.[35] In October 2021, the firm announced that it had taken a stake in General Motors, an investment it justified in part with GM's investments into electric vehicles.[36]

ETF

[edit]

On June 23, 2021, Engine No. 1 launched an exchange-traded fund focused on environmental, social and corporate governance (ESG) with $100 million in assets from institutional investors.[37]

The Engine No. 1 Transition 500 ETF (trading under the ticker VOTE)[38] tracks the largest 500 companies in the US by market capitalization.[39] Instead of selecting and excluding stocks based on ESG criteria, the ETF seeks to align the companies invested in with its ESG goals.[40][41] The active role it will take in corporate governance is unusual for an ETF,[42] but becoming more common.[43] The ETF will also use its shares to support proxy campaigns of Engine No. 1.[42] It is open to retail investors, advisors and pension plans via Betterment's investment platform.[40] As of March 2022, it had $329 million in assets.[43]

The firm launched a second ESG fund in February 2022.[44] The Transform Climate ETF (trading under NETZ) is actively managed and invests in firms active in the largest carbon-emitting industries.[44][45] At the time of its launch, its three largest holdings were General Motors, John Deere, and Occidental Petroleum.[44]

In October 2023, Engine No. 1 sold its ETF platform to the TCW Group.[46]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ as of January 2022
  2. ^ Pennner left the firm in November 2021.[14]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Phillips, Matt (2021-06-09). "Exxon's Board Defeat Signals the Rise of Social-Good Activists". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-10-13.
  2. ^ Kerber, Ross (2022-01-12). "After Exxon win, Engine No. 1 turns to diversity, workforce issues". Reuters. Retrieved 2022-02-15.
  3. ^ a b c d Herbst-Bayliss, Svea (2020-12-01). "Hedge fund veteran launches impact firm with former Jana, BlackRock executives". Reuters. Retrieved 2021-10-13.
  4. ^ Herbst-Bayliss, Svea (2021-06-02). "Investment firm Engine No. 1 prepares to launch Transform 500 ETF after Exxon win". Reuters. Retrieved 2022-03-02.
  5. ^ Kishan, Saijel; Carroll, Joe (2021-06-09). "The Little Engine That Won an Environmental Victory Over Exxon". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2021-10-16.
  6. ^ Choe, Stan (2021-12-28). "After shaking up Exxon's board, Engine No. 1 widens its sights". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2022-03-28.
  7. ^ Kishan, Saijel (2020-12-01). "Hedge Fund Veteran Chris James to Start Impact-Investing Firm". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2021-10-13.
  8. ^ Graffeo, Emily (2022-01-24). "Engine No. 1 Lays Its Cards on the Table for Next Proxy Targets". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2022-01-30.
  9. ^ Crowley, Kevin; Hyde, Caroline; Romaine, Bostick (2021-10-20). "Engine No. 1 Wants Exxon to Make Different Capital Decisions". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2021-10-27.
  10. ^ a b "Meet the team". Engine No. 1. Retrieved 2021-10-13.
  11. ^ a b c d Celarier, Michelle (2021-10-06). "The Commonsense Capitalism of Chris James". Institutional Investor. Retrieved 2021-10-13.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i Lim, Justin Baer and Dawn (2021-06-12). "The Hedge-Fund Manager Who Did Battle With Exxon—and Won". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2021-10-13.
  13. ^ Klayman, Ben; Herbst-Bayliss, Svea (2021-10-04). "Engine No. 1 backs GM's strategy around transition to EVs". Reuters. Retrieved 2021-10-13.
  14. ^ Herbst-Bayliss, Svea (2021-11-15). "EXCLUSIVE Engine No. 1 partner leaves hedge fund after successful challenge of Exxon". Reuters. Retrieved 2021-11-27.
  15. ^ Hodge, Taylor (2021-06-04). ""Green Activist" Investor and Former Tulane Trustee Board Member, Chris James, Pushes Toxic Grain Elevator in Majority Black Community". Big Easy Magazine. Retrieved 2021-10-13.
  16. ^ a b c d e Eccles, Robert G.; Mayer, Colin (2021-01-20). "Can a Tiny Hedge Fund Push ExxonMobil Towards Sustainability?". Harvard Business Review. ISSN 0017-8012. Retrieved 2021-10-13.
  17. ^ Herbst-Bayliss, Svea; Hiller, Jennifer (2021-05-27). "The little engine that could, and the oil giant that couldn't". Reuters. Retrieved 2021-10-13.
  18. ^ a b Seibt, Sébastian (2021-06-05). "Engine No. 1, a tiny 'green' investment fund, is challenging the oil titans". France24. Retrieved 2021-10-16.
  19. ^ Brower, Derek; Jacobs, Justin (2021-04-25). "Exxon faces 'existential' risk over fossil fuel focus, activist investor warns". Financial Times. Retrieved 2021-10-13.
  20. ^ a b Hiller, Jennifer; Herbst-Bayliss, Svea (2021-04-15). "Exxon, activist spend over $65 mln in battle for oil giant's future". Reuters. Retrieved 2021-10-13.
  21. ^ a b DesJardine, Mark; Bansal, Tima (26 May 2021). "Engine No. 1's big win over Exxon shows activist hedge funds joining fight against climate change". The Conversation. Retrieved 2021-10-13.
  22. ^ Aliaj, Ortenca; Brower, Derek; McCormick, Myles (2020-12-10). "ExxonMobil under pressure as Church of England joins investor campaign". Financial Times. Retrieved 2021-10-13.
  23. ^ "Proxy adviser backs activist call for Exxon board overhaul". California News Times. 2021-05-14. Retrieved 2021-10-13.
  24. ^ Brower, Derek (2021-05-14). "Proxy adviser backs activist call for Exxon board overhaul". Financial Times. Retrieved 2021-10-13.
  25. ^ "Advisory firm Glass Lewis backs two dissident nominees in Exxon battle". Reuters. 2021-05-18. Retrieved 2021-10-13.
  26. ^ a b c d Sorkin, Andrew Ross; Karaian, Jason; Kessler, Sarah; Merced, Michael J. de la; Hirsch, Lauren; Livni, Ephrat (2021-05-28). "Inside Exxon's Board Fight". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-10-13.
  27. ^ Mufson, Steven (2021-05-26). "A bad day for Big Oil". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2021-10-13.
  28. ^ Stevens, Pippa (2021-05-26). "Engine No. 1 wins at least 2 Exxon board seats as activist pushes for climate strategy change". CNBC. Retrieved 2021-10-13.
  29. ^ Stevens, Pippa (2021-06-02). "Activist firm Engine No. 1 claims third Exxon board seat". CNBC. Retrieved 2021-10-13.
  30. ^ Eavis, Peter; Krauss, Clifford (2021-05-27). "Activists Crashed Exxon's Board, but Forcing Change Will Be Hard". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-10-13.
  31. ^ a b McConnaughey, Janet (AP) (2021-11-11). "Fight Over $400M Grain Terminal Turns to 'Corrupt Zoning'". Biz New Orleans. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
  32. ^ a b Parker, Halle (2021-10-16). "Is this Louisiana town right for a $400 million grain terminal? Some residents say no". The Times-Picayune/The New Orleans Advocate. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
  33. ^ Hodge, Taylor (2021-06-04). ""Green Activist" Investor and Former Tulane Trustee Board Member, Chris James, Pushes Toxic Grain Elevator in Majority Black Community". Big Easy Magazine. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
  34. ^ Burnett, John; Peñaloza, Marisa (2021-07-07). "Descendants Of Slaves Say This Proposed Grain Complex Will Destroy The Community". NPR. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
  35. ^ Brower, Derek; Aliaj, Ortenca (2021-06-03). "Engine No 1, the giant-killing hedge fund, has big plans". Financial Times. Retrieved 2021-10-14.
  36. ^ Stevens, Pippa (2021-10-04). "Upstart activist Engine No. 1 takes stake in GM, supports EV transition plan". CNBC. Retrieved 2021-10-27.
  37. ^ Napach, Bernice. "Engine No. 1 Introduces a New Kind of Purpose-Driven ETF". ThinkAdvisor. Retrieved 2021-10-13.
  38. ^ Stevens, Pippa (2021-06-22). "Underdog activist Engine No. 1 is launching an ETF after big Exxon win". CNBC. Retrieved 2022-02-06.
  39. ^ Gordon, Jamie (2021-07-19). "ESG engagement in focus following Engine No.1 launch". ETF Stream. Retrieved 2021-10-13.
  40. ^ a b Baker, Andrew (2021-06-30). "Engine No. 1 Looking Beyond ExxonMobil with ETF Launch". Naturalgasintel.com.
  41. ^ Dunn, Katherine (2021-10-13). "This tiny investment firm took on ExxonMobil, and won. Now it's launching an ETF". Fortune. Retrieved 2021-10-13.
  42. ^ a b Meyer, Robinson (2021-06-22). "A Major New Index Fund Should Unnerve Climate-Skeptical CEOs". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2021-10-13.
  43. ^ a b Hamlin, Jessica (2022-03-25). "Activist Approaches May Gain Ground as Investors Get Pragmatic About Fossil Fuel Companies". Institutional Investor. Retrieved 2022-03-28.
  44. ^ a b c Liu, Eve (2022-02-03). "A New ESG Fund Launches Today. Why Its Top Holdings Are GM and Occidental". Barron's. Retrieved 2022-02-06.
  45. ^ Webb, Dominic (2022-02-04). "Friday Funds: Engine No. 1 launches transition ETF". Responsible Investor. Retrieved 2022-02-06.
  46. ^ "Engine No. 1 Closes Sale of ETF Business to TCW". Engine No. 1. Engine No. 1. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
[edit]
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