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{{Short description|Encirclement of Axis forces in the Baltic region}}
[[Image:Eastern Front 1943-08 to 1944-12.png|right|thumb|250px|Soviet advances on the [[Eastern Front (WWII)]], 1943-08-01 to 1944-12-31]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
[[Image:Kurlandfront.jpg|thumb|300px|Germans advancing in the Courland pocket.]]
{{coord missing| Latvia }}
{{Expand Russian|Курляндский котёл}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battles of the Courland Bridgehead
| image = Eastern Front 1943-08 to 1944-12.png
| caption = Soviet advances from 1 September 1943 – 31 December 1944, the Courland Pocket is the white area west of the [[Gulf of Riga]]
| partof = the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] of [[World War II]]
| coordinates = 57°0′0″N 22°0′0″E
| place = [[Courland Peninsula]], [[Latvia]]
| date = 31 July 1944 – 10 May 1945
| result = Soviet victory
* German forces in Courland surrender after the [[German Instrument of Surrender|general German surrender]]
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Nazi Germany|Germany]]
| combatant2 =
{{flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[Soviet Union]]<br />
{{flagicon|Germany|1866}} [[National Committee for a Free Germany|Free Germany]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Kai Schoenhals|title=The Free Germany Movement: A Case of Patriotism Or Treason?|year=1989|isbn=9780313263903|pages=|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |url=https://archive.org/details/freegermanymovem0000scho}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Encyclopedia of German resistance to the Nazi movement|date=1997|publisher=Continuum |editor=Wolfgang Benz |editor2=Walter H. Pehle |isbn=0-8264-0945-8|location=New York|oclc=34745997}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Willy Wolff|title=An der Seite der Roten Armee|script-title=ru:На стороне Красной армии|date=1976|orig-date = 1973|url=https://djvu.online/file/4OoaLzxp0kvKH}}</ref>
----
{{flagicon|Latvia}} {{ill|Kurelis group|lt|Kurelininkai|lv|Kureļa grupa|pl|Grupa Kurelisa|ru|Группа генерала Курелиса}}
| commander1 = [[Ferdinand Schörner]]<br/>[[Lothar Rendulic]]<br/>[[Heinrich von Vietinghoff]]<br/>[[Carl Hilpert]]<br/>[[Walter Krüger (SS general)|Walter Krüger]]
| commander2 = [[Ivan Bagramyan]]<br/>[[Andrey Yeryomenko]]<br/>[[Leonid Govorov]]
| units1 = [[Army Group North]] (prior to 25/01/1945)<br/>[[Army Group Courland]] (from 25/01/1945 onwards until surrender)
| units2 = [[1st Baltic Front]]<br/>[[2nd Baltic Front]]
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 = October 1944–8 May 1945<br/>117,871 combat casualties<br/>(39,537 in February–March 1945){{sfn|Frieser|2007|p=661}}<br/>189,112 captured on 9 May 1945{{sfn|Frieser|2007|p=661}}
| casualties2 = 16 Feb – 8 May 1945<br/>30,501 killed, 130,447 wounded or sick<ref name=krivosheev2001/><br/>Total: 160,948
| notes = {{Reflist|group="nb"}}
|campaignbox=
{{Campaignbox Axis–Soviet War}}
{{Campaignbox Leningrad and Baltics 1941-1944}}
}}


The '''Courland Pocket'''{{Efn|{{langx|ru|блокада Курляндской группировки войск}} (Blockade of the Courland army group), ({{langx|de|Kurland-Kessel}})/{{langx|de|Kurland-Brückenkopf}} (Courland Bridgehead), {{langx|lv|Kurzemes katls}} (Courland Cauldron) or ''Kurzemes cietoksnis'' (Courland Fortress).|group=lower-alpha}} was an area of the [[Courland Peninsula]] where [[Army Group North]] of [[Nazi Germany]] and the [[Reichskommissariat Ostland]] were cut off and surrounded by the [[Red Army]] for almost a year, lasting from July 1944 until 10 May 1945.
In 1944 some 200,000 [[Germany|German]] soldiers at the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] were trapped in the '''Courland Pocket''' by the [[Red Army]] of the [[Soviet Union]]. They were besieged with their backs to the [[Baltic Sea]] until the [[end of World War II in Europe]] in May 1945.


The pocket was created during the Red Army's [[Baltic Offensive]], when forces of the [[1st Baltic Front]] reached the [[Baltic Sea]] near [[Klaipėda|Memel]] (Klaipėda) during its lesser [[Memel Offensive Operation]] phases in October 1944. This action isolated the German [[Army Group North]] from the rest of the German forces, having been pushed from the south by the Red Army, standing in a front between [[Tukums]] and [[Liepāja|Libau]] in [[Latvia]], with the [[Baltic Sea]] in the West, the [[Irbe Strait]] in the North and the [[Gulf of Riga]] in the East behind the Germans. Renamed [[Army Group Courland]] on 25 January, the Army Group in the Courland Pocket remained isolated until the end of the war. When they were ordered to surrender to the Soviet command on 8 May, they were in "blackout" and did not get the official order before 10 May, two days after the [[German Instrument of Surrender|capitulation]] of Germany. It was one of the last German groups to surrender in Europe.
At the start of [[Operation Barbarossa]] in [[1941]], [[Courland]], along with the rest of the [[Baltic region|Baltic]] eastern coast, was overrun by [[Army Group North]] headed by [[Field Marshal]] [[Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb]]. In [[1944]], the Red Army lifted the [[Battle of Leningrad|siege of Leningrad]] and in [[Operation Bagration]] re-conquered the Baltic area along with much of [[Ukraine]] and [[Belarus]].
{{TOC limit}}


==Background==
Towards the end of [[Operation Bagration]], on Tuesday 10 October 1944 the [[Red Army]] reached the [[Battle of Memel|Baltic near Memel]] and cut off [[Army Group North]] (26 divisions, some 200,000 men) for the rest of the war in the Courland Pocket<ref>[http://www.wargamer.com/ww2timeline/1944eastern.asp World War II Eastern Front, Time Line (1944)]</ref>.
{{main|Operation Bagration}}
[[Courland]], with the rest of independent Latvia, had been [[Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940|occupied by the Soviets in June 1940]]. The [[Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic]], along with the rest of the [[Baltic region|Baltic]] eastern coast and islands, was overrun by the German [[Army Group North]] during 1941. Army Group North spent most of the next two years attempting to take [[Leningrad]], without success. In January 1944, the Soviet Army lifted the [[siege of Leningrad]].


On 22 June 1944, the Red Army launched the Belorussian Strategic Offensive, codenamed [[Operation Bagration]]. The goal of this offensive was to recapture the [[Byelorussian SSR]] from [[Occupation of Belarus by Nazi Germany|German occupation]]. Operation Bagration was extremely successful, resulting in the almost complete destruction of [[Army Group Centre]], and ended on 29 August. In its final stages (the [[Kaunas Offensive|Kaunas]] and [[Šiauliai Offensive]]s), Operation Bagration saw Soviet forces strike deep towards the Baltic coast, severing communications between the German Army Group North and the remnants of Army Group Centre.
There were 6 major battles in the Courland Pocket between 15 October 1944 and 4 April 1945:
*The first from 15 October to 22 October
*The second from 27 October to 25 November
*The third from 23 December to 31 December
*The fourth from 23 January to 3 February
*The fifth from 12 February to 19 February
*The sixth from 17 March to 4 April


After Operation Bagration ended, the Soviet forces continued the clearing of the Baltic coast, despite German attempts to restore the front in [[Operation Doppelkopf]]. The Red Army fought the [[Battle of Memel|Memel Offensive Operation]] with the goal of isolating Army Group North by capturing the city of Memel ([[Klaipėda]]).
[[Colonel-General]] [[Heinz Guderian]], the Chief of the [[German General Staff]], insisted to [[Adolf Hitler]] that the troops in Courland should be evacuated by sea and used for the defense of the [[Third Reich]]. However, Hitler refused and ordered the German forces in Courland to hold out. He believed them necessary to protect German submarine bases along the Baltic coast.


==Battles of the Courland Bridgehead==
Soviet forces lost approximately 390 000 dead, wounded or captured, 2700 [[tank]]s, 720 [[aircraft]], 1120 [[artilery]] items and more than 1500 [[small arms]].
[[File:1945-05-01GerWW2BattlefrontAtlas.jpg|thumb|Front lines 1 May 1945 (pink = allied occupied territory; red = area of fighting. The Courland Pocket can be seen on the upper right of this map, cut off from the general fighting in central Germany)]]
[[File:Капитуляция немецких войск в Курляндии 3.jpg|thumb|Destroyed German equipment between Riga and Tukums]]
On 9 October 1944, the Soviet forces reached the [[Baltic Sea]] near Memel after overrunning the headquarters of the [[3rd Panzer Army]]. As a result, Army Group North was cut off from [[East Prussia]]. Hitler's military advisors—notably [[Heinz Guderian]], the Chief of the [[German General Staff]]—urged evacuation and utilisation of the troops to stabilise the front in central Europe. However, [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] refused, and ordered the German forces in Courland and the Estonian islands [[Hiiumaa]] (Dagö) and [[Saaremaa]] (Ösel) to hold out, believing them necessary to protect German submarine bases along the Baltic coast. Hitler still believed the war could be won, and hoped that Dönitz's new [[Type XXI submarine|Type XXI U-boat]] technology could bring victory to Germany in the [[Battle of the Atlantic]], forcing the Allies out of Western Europe. This would allow German forces to focus on the Eastern Front, using the Courland Pocket as a springboard for a new offensive.<ref>{{cite book |first=Gerhard L. |last=Weinberg |title=Germany, Hitler, and World War II: Essays in Modern German and World History |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=1995 |isbn=0-521-56626-6 |page=290}}</ref>
[[File:Kurland6pf20apr1945.jpg|thumb|upright|Stamp used in Courland pocket (1945)]]


Hitler's refusal to evacuate the Army Group resulted in the entrenchment of more than 200,000 German troops largely of the [[16th Army (Wehrmacht)|16th Army]] and [[18th Army (Wehrmacht)|18th Army]], in what was to become known to the Germans as the "Courland Bridgehead". Thirty-three divisions of the Army Group North, commanded by Field-Marshall [[Ferdinand Schörner]], were cut off from East Prussia and spread out along a front reaching from [[Riga]] to [[Liepāja]], retreating to the more defensible Courland position, abandoning Riga.<ref name=500Days>{{cite book |last=McAteer |first=Sean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bg8drRyDGhEC&q=McAteer,+Sean.+500+Days:+The+War+in+Eastern+Europe,+1944-1945 |title=500 Days: The War in Eastern Europe, 1944–1945 |publisher=Dorrance Publishing Co |location=Pittsburgh |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4349-6159-4}}</ref>
On January 15, 1945, Army Group North was renamed [[Army Group Courland]] (''Heeresgruppe Kurland'') under [[Colonel-General]] Dr. [[Lothar Rendulic]]. Until the end of the war, Army Group Courland (including divisions such as the Latvian Freiwilligen SS Legion) successfully defended the Latvian peninsula. It held out until May 9, 1945, when it surrendered under [[Colonel-General]] [[Carl Hilpert]], the army group's last commander. He surrendered to Marshal [[Leonid Govorov]], the commander of opposing Soviet forces on the Courland perimeter. At this time the group still consisted of some 31 divisions of varying strength. After May 9, 1945 approximately 203,000 troops of Army Group Courland began moving to Soviet prison camps in the East. The majority of them never returned to Germany{{Fact|date=February 2007}}.


Soviet forces launched six major offensives against the German and Latvian forces entrenched in the Courland Pocket between 15 October 1944 and 4 April 1945.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}} The German two-phase withdrawals during the execution of the second stage of the Soviet [[Baltic Offensive]] (14 September – 24 November 1944), subsequent to the pocket being formed in the Baltic Offensive's first stage, the [[Memel Offensive Operation]].
A number of German, Estonian and Latvian soldiers evaded capture and joined the [[Forest Brothers]] resistance that waged [[guerrilla warfare]] against the Soviets for several years after the war.


==Footnotes==
===Timeline===
From 15 to 22 October 1944 – Soviets launched the [[Riga Offensive Operation]] on the 15th at 10:00 after conducting a heavy artillery barrage.<ref name="LE">{{cite book |title=Latvju Enciklopēdija |editor-last=Švābe |editor-first=Arveds |year=1950–55 |publisher=Trīs zvaigznes |location=Stockholm |language=lv |oclc=11845651 |page=3}}</ref> Hitler permitted the Army Group Commander, [[Ferdinand Schörner]], to commence withdrawal from Riga on 11 October, and the city was taken by the [[3rd Baltic Front]] on 13 October.<ref name=mitchamp152>* {{Cite book
<references/>
|last=Mitcham
|first=Samuel W
|year=2007
|title=The German Defeat in the East, 1944–45
|location=Mechanicsburg, PA
|publisher=[[Stackpole Books]]
|isbn=978-0-8117-3371-7
|page=152}}</ref> The front stabilised with the main remnant of Army Group North isolated in the peninsula.


From 27 October to 25 November – Soviets launched an offensive trying to break through the front toward [[Skrunda]] and [[Saldus]] including at one point initiating a simultaneous attack by 52 divisions.<ref name="LE"/> Soviet forces also attacked southeast of Liepāja in an attempt to capture that port. 80 divisions assaulted the Germans from 1 to 15 November in a front 12&nbsp;km wide.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} The Soviet breakthrough stalled after roughly 4 kilometers.<ref name="historia.lv">[http://www.historia.lv/publikacijas/gramat/mangulis/09.nod.htm Mangulis, V. Latvia in the Wars of the 20th Century. CHAPTER IX JULY 1941 TO MAY 8, 1945] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314063229/http://www.historia.lv/publikacijas/gramat/mangulis/09.nod.htm |date=14 March 2012 }}. Historia.lv.</ref>{{page needed|date=March 2013}}
[[Category:Battles and operations of World War II]]


The third phase of the fighting (also known as "the other Christmas Battle") started on 21 December with a Soviet attack on Germans near Saldus. The Soviet [[2nd Baltic Front|2nd Baltic]] (northern sector) and [[1st Baltic Front|1st Baltic]] Fronts (southern sector) commenced a blockade, precipitating the German defence of the Courland perimeter during Soviet attempts to reduce it. In this battle, serving with the 2nd Baltic Front's [[22nd Army (Soviet Union)|22nd Army]], the [[Latvian Riflemen Soviet Divisions|Latvian 130th Rifle Corps]] faced their opposites in the [[19th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (2nd Latvian)|Latvian 19th SS Division]]. The battle ended on 31 December and the front was stabilized.
[[ru:Курляндский котел]]

On 15 January 1945, Army Group North was renamed [[Army Group Courland]] under Colonel-General [[Lothar Rendulic]]. In the middle of January, Guderian got Hitler's permission to withdraw 7 divisions from Courland, however, Hitler refused to consider a total withdrawal.<ref name="historia.lv"/>{{page needed|date=March 2013}} The [[4th Panzer Division]], [[31st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|31st]], [[32nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|32nd]], [[93rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|93rd Infantry Divisions]], [[11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland|11th SS Division Nordland]] and the remnants of the battered [[227th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|227th]], [[218th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|218th]] and [[389th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|389th]] Infantry Divisions and [[15th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Latvian)|15th Latvian SS-Division]] were evacuated over the sea. On 23 January Soviet forces launched an offensive trying to break through the front toward Liepāja and Saldus. They managed to take the bridgeheads on [[Bārta]] and Vārtāja rivers but were once again driven off by the Germans.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}

The fifth battle started on 12 February with a Soviet attack against the Germans towards {{Interlanguage link multi|Džūkste|lv}}. Other attacks took place south of Liepāja where the Soviets massed 21 divisions, and south of Tukums where 11 divisions tried to break through the German front and take the town. On 16 February the Soviets started an offensive against the 19th Division.

===Surrender===
[[File:Солдаты Курляндской группировки немцев, интернированные нашими войсками.jpg|thumb|German prisoners of war after the surrender, May 1945]]
[[File:Капитуляция немецкой группировки войск в Курляндии 2.jpg|thumb|German prisoners of the war captured in the pocket being marched through Riga, May 1945]]
[[File:Капитуляция немецких войск в Курляндии.jpg|thumb|Surrendering German troops hand over their weapons]]
On 8 May, Germany's [[Head of State]] and President [[Karl Dönitz]] ordered Colonel-General [[Carl Hilpert]] – the Army Group's last commander – to surrender. Hilpert, his personal staff, and staffs of three Armies surrendered to Marshal [[Leonid Govorov]], the commander of the Leningrad Front. At this time, the group still consisted of the remnants of 27 divisions and one brigade.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Kozlov |editor-first=M. M. |title=Velikaya Otechestvennaya Voina 1941–1945: Entsiklopediya |trans-title=The Great Patriotic War, 1941–1945: An Encyclopaedia |publisher=Soviet Encyclopedia |location=Moscow |year=1985 |page=442 |language=ru}}</ref>

On 8 May, General Otto Friedrich Rauser succeeded in obtaining better surrender terms from the Soviet command.<ref>{{cite book |last=Thorwald |first=Jürgen |editor-last=Wieck |editor-first=Fred |title=Flight in the Winter: Russia Conquers, January to May 1945 |publisher=Pantheon |location=New York |year=1951 |page=64}}</ref> On 9 May, the Soviet commission in Peilei started to interrogate the captive staff of Army Group Courland, and general collection of prisoners began.{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}

By 12 May, approximately 135,000 German troops surrendered in the Courland Pocket. On 23 May, the Soviet collection of the German troops in the Courland Pocket was completed. A total of about 180,000 German troops were taken into captivity from the Baltic area. The bulk of the [[German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union|prisoners of war]] were initially held at the [[Valdai Hills]] camps.{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
[[File:Пункт по сдаче вооружения в Курляндии.jpg|thumb|A Red Army officer accepts surrendered [[Sturmgeschütz IV]] assault guns ]]

According to Robert Forczyk, the Battle of Courland was very costly for the Soviets, who lost over 1,000 tanks there.<ref>{{cite book |last=Forczyk |first=Robert |title=Tank Warfare on the Eastern Front 1943–1945: Red Steamroller |publisher=Osprey Publishing |year=2018 |page=311 |isbn=978-1472806566}}</ref>

==German Order of Battle (March 1945) ==

{{See also|Army Group Courland}}
'''Army Group North''' (to 25 January 1945)<br/>
'''Army Group Courland''' (25 January 1945 to 8 May 1945)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ordersofbattle.com/Units/UnitHistory?UniX=7243 |title=ordersofbattle.com article |access-date=1 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055927/http://www.ordersofbattle.com/Units/UnitHistory?UniX=7243 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br>
Generaloberst [[Heinrich von Vietinghoff]] – from 10 March 1945 Generaloberst [[Lothar Rendulic]] – from 25 March 1945 Generaloberst [[Carl Hilpert]]

=== [[16th Army (Wehrmacht)|German 16th Army]] ===
General der Infanterie [[Carl Hilpert]] – from 10 March 1945 General der Infanterie [[Ernst-Anton von Krosigk]] (KIA) – from 16 March General der Gebirgstruppen [[Friedrich-Jobst Volckamer von Kirchensittenbach]]

* [[XVI. Armeekorps]] – Generalleutnant [[Ernst-Anton von Krosigk]] – from 10 March Generalleutnant [[Gottfried Weber (general)|Gottfried Weber]]
** [[81st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|81. Infanterie-Division]] – Generalleutnant Franz Eccard von Bentivegni
** [[300th Special Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|300. Infanterie-Division z.&nbsp;b.&nbsp;V.]] – Generalmajor Anton Eberth
** [[21st Luftwaffe Field Division (Germany)|21. Luftwaffen-Feld-Division]] – Generalleutnant [[Albert Henze]], 16 February 1945 Generalmajor [[Otto Barth (general)|Otto Barth]]
* [[VI SS Army Corps (Latvian)|VI. SS-Armeekorps]] – SS-Obergruppenführer [[Walter Krüger (SS general)|Walter Krüger]]
** [[24th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|24. Infanterie-Division]] – Generalmajor [[Harald Schultz]]
** [[12th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)|12. Panzer-Division]] – Generalleutnant [[Erpo von Bodenhausen]], from 14 April 1945 Generalmajor [[Horst von Usedom]]
** [[19th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (2nd Latvian)|19. SS-Grenadier-Division]] – SS-Gruppenführer und Generalleutnant der Waffen-SS [[Bruno Streckenbach]]
* [[XXXVIII. Armeekorps]] – General der Artillerie [[Kurt Herzog (General)|Kurt Herzog]]
**[[122nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|122. Infanterie-Division]] – General der Infanterie [[Friedrich Fangohr]], from 20 January 1945 Generalmajor [[Bruno Schatz]]
** [[290th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|290. Infanterie-Division]] – Generalmajor [[Hans-Joachim Baurmeister]], from 25 April 1945 Generalmajor Carl Henke, from 27 April 1945 Generalleutnant Bruno Ortler
** [[329th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|329. Infanterie-Division]] – Generalleutnant [[Konrad Menkel]], from 1 January 1945 Generalmajor [[Werner Schulze]]

=== [[18th Army (Wehrmacht)|German 18th Army]] ===
General der Infanterie [[Ehrenfried Boege]]

*[[I. Armeekorps (Wehrmacht)|I. Armeekorps]] – General der Infanterie [[Friedrich Fangohr]], from 21 April 1945 Generalleutnant [[Christian Usinger]]
** [[218th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|218. Infanterie-Division]] – Generalleutnant Viktor Lang, from 25 December 1944 Generalmajor Ingo von Collani, from 1 May 1945 Generalleutnant [[Werner Ranck]]
** [[132nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|132. Infanterie-Division]] – Generalleutnant [[Herbert Wagner (general)|Herbert Wagner]], from 8 January 1945 Generalmajor [[Rudolf Demme]]
* [[II. Armeekorps (Wehrmacht)|II. Armeekorps]] – General der Infanterie [[Johannes Mayer]], from 1 April 1945 Generalleutnant [[Alfred Gause]]
** [[263rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|263. Infanterie-Division]] – Generalleutnant [[Alfred Hemmann]]
** [[563rd Volksgrenadier Division (Wehrmacht)|563. Volksgrenadier-Division]] – Generalmajor Ferdinand Brühl, from 25 February 1945 Generalmajor [[Werner Neumann (officer)|Werner Neumann]]
* [[X. Armeekorps (Wehrmacht)|X. Armeekorps]] – General der Artillerie [[Siegfried Thomaschki]]
**[[87th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|87. Infanterie-Division]] – Generalmajor Helmuth Walter, from 16 January 1945 Generalleutnant [[Mauritz Freiherr von Strachwitz]]
** [[126th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|126. Infanterie-Division]] – Generalmajor/Generalleutnant [[Gotthard Fischer]], from 5 January 1945 Oberst/Generalmajor [[Kurt Hähling]]
** [[30th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|30. Infanterie-Division]] – Generalmajor [[Otto Barth (general)|Otto Barth]], from 30 January 1945 Generalleutnant [[Albert Henze]]
* [[L. Armeekorps]] – General der Gebirgstruppe [[Friedrich Jobst Volckamer von Kirchensittenbach]], from 11 April 1945 Generalleutnant [[Erpo von Bodenhausen]]
** [[205th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|205. Infanterie-Division]] – Generalmajor Ernst Biehler, from 15 November 1944 Generalmajor Karl-Hans Giese
** [[225th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|225. Infanterie-Division]] – Generalleutnant [[Walter Risse]]
** [[11th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|11. Infanterie-Division]] – Generalleutnant [[Hellmuth Reymann]], from 18 November 1944 Generalleutnant [[Gerhard Feyerabend]]
** [[14th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)|14. Panzer-Division]] – Generalmajor [[Oskar Munzel]], from 25 November 1944 Generalmajor [[Martin Unrein]], from 19 February 1945 Oberst Friedrich-Wilhelm Jürgen, from 22 March 1945 Oberst Paul Lüneburg, from 25 March 1945 Oberst Karl-Max Gräßel

'''Security Divisions'''
* [[52nd Security Division]] : ''Festung Libau'' – Generalleutnant Albrecht Digeon von Monteton
* [[201st Security Division (Wehrmacht)|201st Security Division]] – Generalmajor Anton Eberth
* [[207th Security Division (Wehrmacht)|207th Security Division]] – only Staff

'''Luftwaffe'''
* [[Jagdgeschwader 54]] – Oberst [[Dietrich Hrabak]]

'''Marine'''
* 9. Marine-Sicherungsdivision
* 1. Minensuchflottille
* 3. Minensuchflottille
* 25. Minensuchflottille
* 31. Minensuchflottille
* 1. Räumbootsflottille – [[Kapitänleutnant]] Carl Hoff
* 17. Räumbootsflottille
* 3. Vorpostenflottille
* 9. Vorpostenflottille
* 17. Vorpostenflottille
* 3. Sicherungsflottille
* 14. Sicherungsflottille
* 13. Landungsflottille
* 21. Landungsflottille
* 24. Landungsflottille
* 3. U-Jagdflottille
* 11. U-Jagdflottille
* 1. Schnellboot-Schulflottille
* 2. Schnellboot-Schulflottille
* 3. Schnellboot-Schulflottille

== Soviet Order of Battle ==
=== [[Leningrad Front]] (Army General [[Leonid Govorov]]) === 1 МАY 1945
* [[51st Army (Russia)|51st Army]] (Army General [[Yakov Kreizer]])
** [[1st Guards Rifle Corps]] ([[53rd Guards Rifle Division|53rd Guards]], [[204th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)|204th]], [[267th Rifle Division|267th]] [[Rifle Division]]s)
** [[10th Rifle Corps]] ([[91st Rifle Division|91st]], [[279th Rifle Division|279th]], [[347th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)|347th]] Rifle Divisions),
** [[63rd Rifle Corps]] ([[77th Rifle Division|77th]], [[87th Rifle Division|87th]], [[417th Rifle Division|417th]] Rifle Divisions)
* [[6th Guards Army]] (Colonel General [[Ivan Chistyakov]])
** [[2nd Guards Rifle Corps|2nd]] ([[9th Guards Rifle Division|9th Guards]], 71st Guards, and [[166th Rifle Division]]s),
** 22nd ([[46th Guards Rifle Division|46th Guards Rifle]], [[16th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)|16th Lithuanian]], and [[29th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)|29th Rifle Division]]s), and
** [[30th Guards Rifle Corps]] ([[45th Guards Rifle Division|45th Guards]], [[63rd Guards Rifle Division|63rd Guards]], and [[64th Guards Rifle Division]]s)
* [[4th Shock Army]] (Army General [[Pyotr Malyshev]])
** 84 Corp (164, 270 infantry division)
** 92 Corp (156, 179, 257 infantry division),
** 32 infantry division
* [[42nd Army (Soviet Union)|42nd Army]] (Lieutenant General [[Vladimir Petrovich Sviridov]])
** 14 Rifle Corps (11, 288 infantry division),
** 122 Rifle Corps (56, 85 infantry division),
** 130th Latvian Rifle Corps (43 Guards,308 Latvian Rifle Division),
** 118 Fortified Region
* [[1st Shock Army]] (Lieutenant General Vladimir N. Razuvaev)
** 1 Corp (306, 344, 357 infantry division)
** 8 Estonian. Corp (7, 249 Estonian infantry division)
** 119 Corp (201, 360, 374 infantry division)
** 123 Corp (21 guards, 376 infantry division)
** 6 Guards, 20 Breakthrough Artillery division
* [[10th Guards Army]] (Lieutenant General [[Mikhail Kazakov]])
** 7 Guards Corp (7, 8 и 119 Guards division),
** 15 Guards Corp (29, 30 и 85 Guards division),
** 19 Guards Corp (22, 56 и 65 Guards, 198 infantry division)
* [[15th Air Army]]
Front Reserves
*8 Guards Rocket Artillery Division (26, 27, 28 Guards Rocket Brigade)
*21, 28 Artillery Divisions
*[[3rd Guards Tank Division|3rd Guards Tank Corp]]

==Historiography==
===Soviet and Russian accounts===
[[File:Капитуляция немецкой группировки войск в Курляндии 4.jpg|thumb|Soviet tankists examine captured German tanks at [[Stende]], May 1945]]
The First Courland Battle was intended to destroy German forces. After that failure, official accounts ignore Courland, stating only that the Soviet goal was to prevent the Germans from escaping.<ref name=Grier>{{cite book |first=Howard D. |last=Grier |title=Hitler, Dönitz, and the Baltic Sea: The Third Reich's Last Hope, 1944–1945 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-59-114-345-1 |pages=81–88}}</ref>

In this account, the Soviet actions in Courland were defensive [[Blockade|blocking]] operations. Hostilities consisted of containing German breakout attempts, and the Red Army made no concerted effort to capture the Courland Pocket,{{Citation needed|date=August 2012}} which was of little strategic importance after the isolation of Army Group North, whereas the main offensive effort was required for the [[Vistula-Oder Offensive|Vistula-Oder]] and [[Battle of Berlin|Berlin Offensive]]s. Soviet forces suffered correspondingly low casualties. The modern research of [[Grigoriy Krivosheev]] indicates a total of 160,948 Soviet casualties between 16 February and 8 May 1945": 30,501 "irrecoverable" and 130,447 "medical" losses.<ref name=krivosheev2001>{{cite book |title=Россия и СССР в войнах XX века: Потери вооруженных сил. Статистическое исследование |trans-title=Russia and the USSR in the Wars of the Twentieth Century: Losses of the Armed Forces. A Statistical Study |editor-last=Krivosheyev |editor-first=Grigoriy F. |location=Moscow |publisher=OLMA-Press |year=2001 |isbn=5-224-01515-4 |language=ru}}</ref>

According to the Russian historian [[Aleksei Isaev (historian)|Aleksei Isaev]], Courland was a peripheral front for both the Soviets and Germans. The Soviet goal was to prevent the German troops there from being transported by sea to reinforce the defense of Berlin. Soviet operations intended to further isolate and also destroy the enemy, but the strength of the attacking troops was too low to make any significant progress in the difficult terrain. The Soviet commanders worked competently and as a result the reported casualties were low.<ref name=isayev>{{cite interview |last=Isayev |first=Aleksey |interviewer=Dmitriy Zakharov |title=Unknown Winter of 1945 |url=http://echo.msk.ru/programs/victory/644363-echo |language=ru |work=Price of Victory |publisher=[[Echo of Moscow]] |location=Moscow |date=28 December 2009 |access-date=13 August 2012}}</ref>

===Western sources===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1985-0531-500, Kurland, Evakuierung aus Windau.jpg|thumb|upright|Evacuation at [[Ventspils]] (Windau), 19 October 1944]]

Stalin had initially been intent on destroying the German forces in Courland, reporting in September 1944 that he was "mopping up" in the Baltics, and in November, that the Germans were "now being hammered to a finish."<ref name=Grier /> As late as March 1945, Stalin was still making claims that German forces in Courland would soon be defeated.<ref name=Grier /> This victory was necessary, in Stalin's eyes, to re-establish Soviet control over its 1941 frontiers following the annexation of the Baltic states.<ref name=Buttar>{{cite book |first=Prit |last=Buttar |title=Battleground Prussia: The Assault on Germany's Eastern Front 1944–45 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |location=Oxford |year=2012 |isbn=978-1849081900}}</ref>

The Soviets launched six offensives to defeat Army Group Courland.<ref name="LE"/><ref name=Grier/> Throughout the campaign against the Courland pocket, Soviet forces did not advance more than 25 miles anywhere along the front, ending no more than a few kilometers forward of their original positions after seven months of conflict.<ref name=Grier /> The Soviet operations were hampered by the difficult terrain and bad weather.<ref name=Grier />

The German army group reported inflicting heavy losses on the Soviets.<ref name=Grier/><ref name=WGNW>{{cite book |first1=Steven D. |last1=Mercatante |first2=Robert M. |last2=Citino | author-link = Robert M. Citino | title=Why Germany Nearly Won: A New History of the Second World War in Europe |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-313-39592-5}}</ref> However, in the absence of heavy weaponry and a near total lack of air support, total German casualties in Courland were heavy as well, and estimated to be over 150,000.<ref name=Grier />

The withdrawal of Soviet units starting from December 1944 indicates that the Soviet command did not consider Courland to be as important as other sectors of the Eastern Front. Destroying the German forces there was not worth the effort and the goal was now to keep them from breaking out. The next three offensives were most likely intended to prevent the evacuation of German troops by sea.<ref name=Grier /> By the start of April 1945, the Soviets viewed the German forces in Courland as not much more than self-supporting prisoners.<ref name=Grier />

==Aftermath==
On 9 May 1945, General [[Ivan Bagramyan]] accepted the surrender of German forces at [[Ezere Manor]] in southwest Latvia.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} According to Russian records, 146,000 German and Latvian troops were taken prisoner, including 28 generals and 5,083 officers,<ref name="LE"/> and taken to camps in the USSR interior and imprisoned for years. Current scholarship puts the count of those surrendering at about 190,000:<ref name=Grier/> 189,112 Germans including 42 generals—among them Hilpert, who was executed for war crimes after trial in Soviet captivity in 1947<ref name=Grier />—and approximately 14,000 Latvians.<ref name=Haupt>{{cite book |last=Haupt |first=Werner |title=Heeresgruppe Nord: Der Kampf im Nordabschnitt der Ostfront 1941–1945 |publisher=Dörfler Verlag GmbH |year=2009 |isbn=978-3895555909 |language=de}}</ref>

The Soviets detained all males between the ages of 16 and 60, and conducted widespread deforestation campaigns, burning tracts of forest to flush out resisters.<ref name="LE"/>

== See also ==
* [[Operation Hannibal]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Literature==
*Dallas, Gregor., ''1945: The War That Never Ended'', Yale University Press, Yale, 2006 {{ISBN|0-300-10980-6}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Frieser
| first1 = Karl-Heinz
| author-link1 = Karl-Heinz Frieser
| first2 =Klaus
| last2 = Schmider
| first3 =Klaus
| last3 = Schönherr
| first4 = Gerhard
| last4 = Schreiber
| first5 = Kristián
| last5 = Ungváry
| author-link5 = Krisztián Ungváry
| first6 =Bernd
| last6=Wegner
| series = [[Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg]] [Germany and the Second World War]
| volume = VIII
| title = Die Ostfront 1943/44 – Der Krieg im Osten und an den Nebenfronten
| trans-title = The Eastern Front 1943–1944: The War in the East and on the Neighbouring Fronts
| publisher = Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt
| location = München
| year = 2007
| isbn = 978-3-421-06235-2
| language = de
| ref = {{harvid|Frieser|2007}}
}}
* Richard P. Wade: "The Survivors of the Kurland Pocket 1944-1945". American Military University, Charlestown, West Virginia, 2015.

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Military history of Latvia during World War II]]
[[Category:Military operations of World War II involving Germany]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of the Soviet–German War]]
[[Category:Encirclements in World War II]]
[[Category:1944 in Latvia]]
[[Category:1945 in Latvia]]
[[Category:Trench warfare]]
[[Category:Battles involving Latvia]]
[[Category:Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic]]
[[Category:Generalbezirk Lettland]]

Latest revision as of 06:49, 12 December 2024

Battles of the Courland Bridgehead
Part of the Eastern Front of World War II

Soviet advances from 1 September 1943 – 31 December 1944, the Courland Pocket is the white area west of the Gulf of Riga
Date31 July 1944 – 10 May 1945
Location57°0′0″N 22°0′0″E
Result

Soviet victory

Belligerents
Nazi Germany Germany

Soviet Union Soviet Union
Germany Free Germany[1][2][3]


Latvia Kurelis group [lt; lv; pl; ru]
Commanders and leaders
Ferdinand Schörner
Lothar Rendulic
Heinrich von Vietinghoff
Carl Hilpert
Walter Krüger
Ivan Bagramyan
Andrey Yeryomenko
Leonid Govorov
Units involved
Army Group North (prior to 25/01/1945)
Army Group Courland (from 25/01/1945 onwards until surrender)
1st Baltic Front
2nd Baltic Front
Casualties and losses
October 1944–8 May 1945
117,871 combat casualties
(39,537 in February–March 1945)[4]
189,112 captured on 9 May 1945[4]
16 Feb – 8 May 1945
30,501 killed, 130,447 wounded or sick[5]
Total: 160,948

The Courland Pocket[a] was an area of the Courland Peninsula where Army Group North of Nazi Germany and the Reichskommissariat Ostland were cut off and surrounded by the Red Army for almost a year, lasting from July 1944 until 10 May 1945.

The pocket was created during the Red Army's Baltic Offensive, when forces of the 1st Baltic Front reached the Baltic Sea near Memel (Klaipėda) during its lesser Memel Offensive Operation phases in October 1944. This action isolated the German Army Group North from the rest of the German forces, having been pushed from the south by the Red Army, standing in a front between Tukums and Libau in Latvia, with the Baltic Sea in the West, the Irbe Strait in the North and the Gulf of Riga in the East behind the Germans. Renamed Army Group Courland on 25 January, the Army Group in the Courland Pocket remained isolated until the end of the war. When they were ordered to surrender to the Soviet command on 8 May, they were in "blackout" and did not get the official order before 10 May, two days after the capitulation of Germany. It was one of the last German groups to surrender in Europe.

Background

[edit]

Courland, with the rest of independent Latvia, had been occupied by the Soviets in June 1940. The Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic, along with the rest of the Baltic eastern coast and islands, was overrun by the German Army Group North during 1941. Army Group North spent most of the next two years attempting to take Leningrad, without success. In January 1944, the Soviet Army lifted the siege of Leningrad.

On 22 June 1944, the Red Army launched the Belorussian Strategic Offensive, codenamed Operation Bagration. The goal of this offensive was to recapture the Byelorussian SSR from German occupation. Operation Bagration was extremely successful, resulting in the almost complete destruction of Army Group Centre, and ended on 29 August. In its final stages (the Kaunas and Šiauliai Offensives), Operation Bagration saw Soviet forces strike deep towards the Baltic coast, severing communications between the German Army Group North and the remnants of Army Group Centre.

After Operation Bagration ended, the Soviet forces continued the clearing of the Baltic coast, despite German attempts to restore the front in Operation Doppelkopf. The Red Army fought the Memel Offensive Operation with the goal of isolating Army Group North by capturing the city of Memel (Klaipėda).

Battles of the Courland Bridgehead

[edit]
Front lines 1 May 1945 (pink = allied occupied territory; red = area of fighting. The Courland Pocket can be seen on the upper right of this map, cut off from the general fighting in central Germany)
Destroyed German equipment between Riga and Tukums

On 9 October 1944, the Soviet forces reached the Baltic Sea near Memel after overrunning the headquarters of the 3rd Panzer Army. As a result, Army Group North was cut off from East Prussia. Hitler's military advisors—notably Heinz Guderian, the Chief of the German General Staff—urged evacuation and utilisation of the troops to stabilise the front in central Europe. However, Hitler refused, and ordered the German forces in Courland and the Estonian islands Hiiumaa (Dagö) and Saaremaa (Ösel) to hold out, believing them necessary to protect German submarine bases along the Baltic coast. Hitler still believed the war could be won, and hoped that Dönitz's new Type XXI U-boat technology could bring victory to Germany in the Battle of the Atlantic, forcing the Allies out of Western Europe. This would allow German forces to focus on the Eastern Front, using the Courland Pocket as a springboard for a new offensive.[6]

Stamp used in Courland pocket (1945)

Hitler's refusal to evacuate the Army Group resulted in the entrenchment of more than 200,000 German troops largely of the 16th Army and 18th Army, in what was to become known to the Germans as the "Courland Bridgehead". Thirty-three divisions of the Army Group North, commanded by Field-Marshall Ferdinand Schörner, were cut off from East Prussia and spread out along a front reaching from Riga to Liepāja, retreating to the more defensible Courland position, abandoning Riga.[7]

Soviet forces launched six major offensives against the German and Latvian forces entrenched in the Courland Pocket between 15 October 1944 and 4 April 1945.[citation needed] The German two-phase withdrawals during the execution of the second stage of the Soviet Baltic Offensive (14 September – 24 November 1944), subsequent to the pocket being formed in the Baltic Offensive's first stage, the Memel Offensive Operation.

Timeline

[edit]

From 15 to 22 October 1944 – Soviets launched the Riga Offensive Operation on the 15th at 10:00 after conducting a heavy artillery barrage.[8] Hitler permitted the Army Group Commander, Ferdinand Schörner, to commence withdrawal from Riga on 11 October, and the city was taken by the 3rd Baltic Front on 13 October.[9] The front stabilised with the main remnant of Army Group North isolated in the peninsula.

From 27 October to 25 November – Soviets launched an offensive trying to break through the front toward Skrunda and Saldus including at one point initiating a simultaneous attack by 52 divisions.[8] Soviet forces also attacked southeast of Liepāja in an attempt to capture that port. 80 divisions assaulted the Germans from 1 to 15 November in a front 12 km wide.[citation needed] The Soviet breakthrough stalled after roughly 4 kilometers.[10][page needed]

The third phase of the fighting (also known as "the other Christmas Battle") started on 21 December with a Soviet attack on Germans near Saldus. The Soviet 2nd Baltic (northern sector) and 1st Baltic Fronts (southern sector) commenced a blockade, precipitating the German defence of the Courland perimeter during Soviet attempts to reduce it. In this battle, serving with the 2nd Baltic Front's 22nd Army, the Latvian 130th Rifle Corps faced their opposites in the Latvian 19th SS Division. The battle ended on 31 December and the front was stabilized.

On 15 January 1945, Army Group North was renamed Army Group Courland under Colonel-General Lothar Rendulic. In the middle of January, Guderian got Hitler's permission to withdraw 7 divisions from Courland, however, Hitler refused to consider a total withdrawal.[10][page needed] The 4th Panzer Division, 31st, 32nd, 93rd Infantry Divisions, 11th SS Division Nordland and the remnants of the battered 227th, 218th and 389th Infantry Divisions and 15th Latvian SS-Division were evacuated over the sea. On 23 January Soviet forces launched an offensive trying to break through the front toward Liepāja and Saldus. They managed to take the bridgeheads on Bārta and Vārtāja rivers but were once again driven off by the Germans.[citation needed]

The fifth battle started on 12 February with a Soviet attack against the Germans towards Džūkste [lv]. Other attacks took place south of Liepāja where the Soviets massed 21 divisions, and south of Tukums where 11 divisions tried to break through the German front and take the town. On 16 February the Soviets started an offensive against the 19th Division.

Surrender

[edit]
German prisoners of war after the surrender, May 1945
German prisoners of the war captured in the pocket being marched through Riga, May 1945
Surrendering German troops hand over their weapons

On 8 May, Germany's Head of State and President Karl Dönitz ordered Colonel-General Carl Hilpert – the Army Group's last commander – to surrender. Hilpert, his personal staff, and staffs of three Armies surrendered to Marshal Leonid Govorov, the commander of the Leningrad Front. At this time, the group still consisted of the remnants of 27 divisions and one brigade.[11]

On 8 May, General Otto Friedrich Rauser succeeded in obtaining better surrender terms from the Soviet command.[12] On 9 May, the Soviet commission in Peilei started to interrogate the captive staff of Army Group Courland, and general collection of prisoners began.[citation needed]

By 12 May, approximately 135,000 German troops surrendered in the Courland Pocket. On 23 May, the Soviet collection of the German troops in the Courland Pocket was completed. A total of about 180,000 German troops were taken into captivity from the Baltic area. The bulk of the prisoners of war were initially held at the Valdai Hills camps.[citation needed]

A Red Army officer accepts surrendered Sturmgeschütz IV assault guns

According to Robert Forczyk, the Battle of Courland was very costly for the Soviets, who lost over 1,000 tanks there.[13]

German Order of Battle (March 1945)

[edit]

Army Group North (to 25 January 1945)
Army Group Courland (25 January 1945 to 8 May 1945)[14]
Generaloberst Heinrich von Vietinghoff – from 10 March 1945 Generaloberst Lothar Rendulic – from 25 March 1945 Generaloberst Carl Hilpert

General der Infanterie Carl Hilpert – from 10 March 1945 General der Infanterie Ernst-Anton von Krosigk (KIA) – from 16 March General der Gebirgstruppen Friedrich-Jobst Volckamer von Kirchensittenbach

General der Infanterie Ehrenfried Boege

Security Divisions

Luftwaffe

Marine

  • 9. Marine-Sicherungsdivision
  • 1. Minensuchflottille
  • 3. Minensuchflottille
  • 25. Minensuchflottille
  • 31. Minensuchflottille
  • 1. Räumbootsflottille – Kapitänleutnant Carl Hoff
  • 17. Räumbootsflottille
  • 3. Vorpostenflottille
  • 9. Vorpostenflottille
  • 17. Vorpostenflottille
  • 3. Sicherungsflottille
  • 14. Sicherungsflottille
  • 13. Landungsflottille
  • 21. Landungsflottille
  • 24. Landungsflottille
  • 3. U-Jagdflottille
  • 11. U-Jagdflottille
  • 1. Schnellboot-Schulflottille
  • 2. Schnellboot-Schulflottille
  • 3. Schnellboot-Schulflottille

Soviet Order of Battle

[edit]

=== Leningrad Front (Army General Leonid Govorov) === 1 МАY 1945

Front Reserves

  • 8 Guards Rocket Artillery Division (26, 27, 28 Guards Rocket Brigade)
  • 21, 28 Artillery Divisions
  • 3rd Guards Tank Corp

Historiography

[edit]

Soviet and Russian accounts

[edit]
Soviet tankists examine captured German tanks at Stende, May 1945

The First Courland Battle was intended to destroy German forces. After that failure, official accounts ignore Courland, stating only that the Soviet goal was to prevent the Germans from escaping.[15]

In this account, the Soviet actions in Courland were defensive blocking operations. Hostilities consisted of containing German breakout attempts, and the Red Army made no concerted effort to capture the Courland Pocket,[citation needed] which was of little strategic importance after the isolation of Army Group North, whereas the main offensive effort was required for the Vistula-Oder and Berlin Offensives. Soviet forces suffered correspondingly low casualties. The modern research of Grigoriy Krivosheev indicates a total of 160,948 Soviet casualties between 16 February and 8 May 1945": 30,501 "irrecoverable" and 130,447 "medical" losses.[5]

According to the Russian historian Aleksei Isaev, Courland was a peripheral front for both the Soviets and Germans. The Soviet goal was to prevent the German troops there from being transported by sea to reinforce the defense of Berlin. Soviet operations intended to further isolate and also destroy the enemy, but the strength of the attacking troops was too low to make any significant progress in the difficult terrain. The Soviet commanders worked competently and as a result the reported casualties were low.[16]

Western sources

[edit]
Evacuation at Ventspils (Windau), 19 October 1944

Stalin had initially been intent on destroying the German forces in Courland, reporting in September 1944 that he was "mopping up" in the Baltics, and in November, that the Germans were "now being hammered to a finish."[15] As late as March 1945, Stalin was still making claims that German forces in Courland would soon be defeated.[15] This victory was necessary, in Stalin's eyes, to re-establish Soviet control over its 1941 frontiers following the annexation of the Baltic states.[17]

The Soviets launched six offensives to defeat Army Group Courland.[8][15] Throughout the campaign against the Courland pocket, Soviet forces did not advance more than 25 miles anywhere along the front, ending no more than a few kilometers forward of their original positions after seven months of conflict.[15] The Soviet operations were hampered by the difficult terrain and bad weather.[15]

The German army group reported inflicting heavy losses on the Soviets.[15][18] However, in the absence of heavy weaponry and a near total lack of air support, total German casualties in Courland were heavy as well, and estimated to be over 150,000.[15]

The withdrawal of Soviet units starting from December 1944 indicates that the Soviet command did not consider Courland to be as important as other sectors of the Eastern Front. Destroying the German forces there was not worth the effort and the goal was now to keep them from breaking out. The next three offensives were most likely intended to prevent the evacuation of German troops by sea.[15] By the start of April 1945, the Soviets viewed the German forces in Courland as not much more than self-supporting prisoners.[15]

Aftermath

[edit]

On 9 May 1945, General Ivan Bagramyan accepted the surrender of German forces at Ezere Manor in southwest Latvia.[citation needed] According to Russian records, 146,000 German and Latvian troops were taken prisoner, including 28 generals and 5,083 officers,[8] and taken to camps in the USSR interior and imprisoned for years. Current scholarship puts the count of those surrendering at about 190,000:[15] 189,112 Germans including 42 generals—among them Hilpert, who was executed for war crimes after trial in Soviet captivity in 1947[15]—and approximately 14,000 Latvians.[19]

The Soviets detained all males between the ages of 16 and 60, and conducted widespread deforestation campaigns, burning tracts of forest to flush out resisters.[8]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Russian: блокада Курляндской группировки войск (Blockade of the Courland army group), (German: Kurland-Kessel)/German: Kurland-Brückenkopf (Courland Bridgehead), Latvian: Kurzemes katls (Courland Cauldron) or Kurzemes cietoksnis (Courland Fortress).

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Kai Schoenhals (1989). The Free Germany Movement: A Case of Patriotism Or Treason?. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9780313263903.
  2. ^ Wolfgang Benz; Walter H. Pehle, eds. (1997). Encyclopedia of German resistance to the Nazi movement. New York: Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-0945-8. OCLC 34745997.
  3. ^ Willy Wolff (1976) [1973]. An der Seite der Roten Armee На стороне Красной армии.
  4. ^ a b Frieser 2007, p. 661.
  5. ^ a b Krivosheyev, Grigoriy F., ed. (2001). Россия и СССР в войнах XX века: Потери вооруженных сил. Статистическое исследование [Russia and the USSR in the Wars of the Twentieth Century: Losses of the Armed Forces. A Statistical Study] (in Russian). Moscow: OLMA-Press. ISBN 5-224-01515-4.
  6. ^ Weinberg, Gerhard L. (1995). Germany, Hitler, and World War II: Essays in Modern German and World History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 290. ISBN 0-521-56626-6.
  7. ^ McAteer, Sean (2009). 500 Days: The War in Eastern Europe, 1944–1945. Pittsburgh: Dorrance Publishing Co. ISBN 978-1-4349-6159-4.
  8. ^ a b c d e Švābe, Arveds, ed. (1950–55). Latvju Enciklopēdija (in Latvian). Stockholm: Trīs zvaigznes. p. 3. OCLC 11845651.
  9. ^ * Mitcham, Samuel W (2007). The German Defeat in the East, 1944–45. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-8117-3371-7.
  10. ^ a b Mangulis, V. Latvia in the Wars of the 20th Century. CHAPTER IX JULY 1941 TO MAY 8, 1945 Archived 14 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Historia.lv.
  11. ^ Kozlov, M. M., ed. (1985). Velikaya Otechestvennaya Voina 1941–1945: Entsiklopediya [The Great Patriotic War, 1941–1945: An Encyclopaedia] (in Russian). Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia. p. 442.
  12. ^ Thorwald, Jürgen (1951). Wieck, Fred (ed.). Flight in the Winter: Russia Conquers, January to May 1945. New York: Pantheon. p. 64.
  13. ^ Forczyk, Robert (2018). Tank Warfare on the Eastern Front 1943–1945: Red Steamroller. Osprey Publishing. p. 311. ISBN 978-1472806566. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help)
  14. ^ "ordersofbattle.com article". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Grier, Howard D. (2007). Hitler, Dönitz, and the Baltic Sea: The Third Reich's Last Hope, 1944–1945. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. pp. 81–88. ISBN 978-1-59-114-345-1.
  16. ^ Isayev, Aleksey (28 December 2009). "Unknown Winter of 1945". Price of Victory (Interview) (in Russian). Interviewed by Dmitriy Zakharov. Moscow: Echo of Moscow. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
  17. ^ Buttar, Prit (2012). Battleground Prussia: The Assault on Germany's Eastern Front 1944–45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1849081900.
  18. ^ Mercatante, Steven D.; Citino, Robert M. (2012). Why Germany Nearly Won: A New History of the Second World War in Europe. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-39592-5.
  19. ^ Haupt, Werner (2009). Heeresgruppe Nord: Der Kampf im Nordabschnitt der Ostfront 1941–1945 (in German). Dörfler Verlag GmbH. ISBN 978-3895555909.

Literature

[edit]
  • Dallas, Gregor., 1945: The War That Never Ended, Yale University Press, Yale, 2006 ISBN 0-300-10980-6
  • Frieser, Karl-Heinz; Schmider, Klaus; Schönherr, Klaus; Schreiber, Gerhard; Ungváry, Kristián; Wegner, Bernd (2007). Die Ostfront 1943/44 – Der Krieg im Osten und an den Nebenfronten [The Eastern Front 1943–1944: The War in the East and on the Neighbouring Fronts]. Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg [Germany and the Second World War] (in German). Vol. VIII. München: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. ISBN 978-3-421-06235-2.
  • Richard P. Wade: "The Survivors of the Kurland Pocket 1944-1945". American Military University, Charlestown, West Virginia, 2015.