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{{Short description|Indian anti-poverty program}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{update|type=Salary grants|date=January 2016|reason=Fund's transfer}}
{{Infobox project
{{Infobox project
| abbreviation = DBT
| abbreviation = DBT
| country = India
| country = India
| key_people = Launched under PM [[Manmohan Singh]] and expanded under PM [[Narendra Modi]]
| launched = {{Start date and age|2013|01|01|df=y}}
| launched = {{Start date and age|2013|01|01|df=y}}
| current_status = Active
| current_status = Active
| website ={{url|https://dbtbharat.gov.in/}}
| website ={{URL|https://dbtbharat.gov.in/}}
|ministry=DBT Mission/Division, [[Cabinet Secretariat (India)|Cabinet Secretariat]]}}
|ministry=DBT Mission, [[Cabinet Secretariat (India)|Cabinet Secretariat]]|primeminister=Launched under PM [[Manmohan Singh]] and expanded under PM [[Narendra Modi]]}}

'''Direct Benefit Transfer'''{{Efn|The DBT Handbook 2013 differentiates between cash, benefit and subsidy transfers; a cash transfer could be used for any purpose by the beneficiary, say to increase overall consumption, a benefit transfer refers to a cash transfer to the beneficiary for use on a specific government scheme.{{sfnp|Planning Commission, Handbook on DBT|2013|p=8}}

In some cases this was initially known as Direct Cash Transfer (DCT) scheme,<ref name=":Diff1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=27 November 2012 |title=What is direct cash transfer? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/what-is-direct-cash-transfer-122709-2012-11-27 |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaushiki |date=December 20, 2012 |title=Can Aadhaar-enabled cash transfer schemes deliver? |url=https://prsindia.org/theprsblog/can-aadhaar-enabled-cash-transfer-schemes-deliver |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref> the relevant committee the 'National Committee on Direct Cash Transfers'.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2012 |others=Ministry of Finance, Government of India |title=Committee on Direct Cash Transfers |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=90093 |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>

⚫
Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT) was already present in the country.<ref name=":Diff1" /><ref name=":RBIebt">{{Cite web |date=15 April 2008 |title=Report of the Committee on Suggesting a Framework for Electronic Benefit Transfer |url=https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/bs_viewcontent.aspx?Id=1267 |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=Reserve Bank of India - Database}}</ref>}} or '''DBT''' is an attempt to change the mechanism of transferring subsidies launched by [[Government of India]] on 1 January 2013. This scheme or program aims to establish a [[Giro (banking)|Giro system]] to transfer subsidies directly to the people through their linked bank accounts. It is hoped that crediting subsidies into bank accounts will reduce leakages, duplicity and delay and the new processes will increase transparency and accountability.<ref>{{cite web |title=DBT (Direct Benefit Transfer), MIS-DBT, Ministry of Finance, Department of Expenditure |url=http://www.dbtmis.planningcommission.nic.in/dbtentry/homepage.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403055414/http://www.dbtmis.planningcommission.nic.in/dbtentry/homepage.aspx |archive-date=3 April 2016 |access-date=21 November 2014 |publisher=Planning Commission}}</ref>

While initial DBT implementation has solved certain delivery issues and met some of its objectives, it has created a new set of concerns to be dealt with.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Jahnavi |date=21 June 2018 |title=If Jharkhand's Direct Benefit Transfer Experiment Isn't Working, Why Is It Still On? |url=https://thewire.in/rights/jharkhand-direct-benefit-transfer-nagri-pds |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lahoti |first=Rahul |date=2015-06-05 |title=Questioning the "Phenomenal Success" of Aadhaar-linked Direct Benefit Transfers for LPG |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2016/52/web-exclusives/questioning-%E2%80%9Cphenomenal-success%E2%80%9D-aadhaar-linked-direct-benefit |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |language=en |volume=51 |issue=52 |pages=7–8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-13 |title=CAG blasts govt claim on savings from direct benefit transfer |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/564113/cag-blasts-govt-claim-savings.html |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> For the successful implementation of DBT, beneficiaries were made aware of the importance of creating and keeping a bank account.''{{sfnp|Status and Performance of DBT Scheme in Karnataka|2020|p=132}}'' Nationwide financial literacy and financial inclusion schemes such as [[Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana|PM's Jan Dhan Yojana]] (PM's People's Wealth Scheme) launched in August 2014 and the [[JAM Yojana]], that is the bank-mobile-identification trinity, were started to this effect.{{Sfn|Sharma|2021|p=42}}''{{sfnp|Status and Performance of DBT Scheme in Karnataka|2020|p=132}}'' Literacy and social issues also impact the beneficiary. Tracking deposits, reading SMS notifications, knowing the correct amount of money that is owed, ensuring that the correct amount has been deposited, and mobility are some barriers faced by female beneficiaries in rural areas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sabherwal |first1=Rashi |last2=Sharma |first2=Devesh |last3=Trivedi |first3=Neeraj |date=2019-11-17 |title=Using direct benefit transfers to transfer benefits to women: a perspective from India |journal=Development in Practice |volume=29 |issue=8 |pages=1001–1013 |doi=10.1080/09614524.2019.1653264 |s2cid=211461063 |issn=0961-4524|doi-access=free }}</ref>

In the 1980s, Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] had stated that [[Only 15 paise reaches the beneficiary|only 15 paise out of every rupee spent reaches the poor]]. In this context the [[Premiership of Narendra Modi|Modi government]] has stated that now every paisa, aided by direct transfer, reaches the intended beneficiary.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 January 2019 |title=Narendra Modi uses Rajiv Gandhi's remark to hit out at Congress |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/narendra-modi-uses-rajiv-gandhis-remark-to-hit-out-at-congress/articleshow/67651396.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-04-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2018 |agency=Press Trust of India |title=Every Paisa Is Reaching Poor People: PM Modi |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/every-paisa-is-reaching-poor-people-pm-modi-1905282 |access-date=2022-04-23 |website=NDTV}}</ref>


⚫
'''Direct Benefit Transfer''' or '''DBT''' is an attempt to change the mechanism of transferring subsidies launched by [[Government of India]] on 1 January 2013. This scheme or program aims to transfer subsidies directly to the people through their bank accounts. It is hoped that crediting subsidies into bank accounts will reduce leakages, delays, etc.<ref>{{cite web |title=DBT (Direct Benefit Transfer), MIS-DBT, Ministry of Finance, Department of Expenditure |url=http://www.dbtmis.planningcommission.nic.in/dbtentry/homepage.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403055414/http://www.dbtmis.planningcommission.nic.in/dbtentry/homepage.aspx |archive-date=3 April 2016 |access-date=21 November 2014 |publisher=Planning Commission}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Laskar|author-link=Rejaul Karim Laskar|first1=R. K.|title=Direct cash transfer: A game changer move|url=http://old.thefinancialworld.com/epaper/fwepaper_new.aspx|access-date=30 January 2018|agency=The Financial World|date=2 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210142619/http://old.thefinancialworld.com/epaper/fwepaper_new.aspx|archive-date=10 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==History==
==History==
A precursor to DBT was the 2006 [[Andhra Pradesh]] smartcard project.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Padmanabhan |first=Vishnu |date=2019-04-21 |title=Has Aadhaar improved welfare delivery? |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/has-aadhaar-improved-welfare-delivery-1555861461316.html |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=Livemint}}</ref>{{sfnp|Muralidharan, Niehaus, Sukhtankar, Building State Capacity: Evidence from Biometric Smartcards in India|2016|p=2903}} Internationally similar precedents include Mexico's social assistance program ''[[Oportunidades]]'' started in 2002, based on an earlier program ''Progresa'' from 1997.''{{sfnp|Status and Performance of DBT Scheme in Karnataka|2020|p=11-12}}{{sfnp|Status and Performance of DBT Scheme in Karnataka|2020|p=30}}'' Similar pilots include Bangladesh's ''Shombhob'' and Kenya's ''Give Directly UCT.{{sfnp|Status and Performance of DBT Scheme in Karnataka|2020|p=11-12}}'' [[Conditional cash transfer]] has also been initiated in countries like South Africa, Jamaica and Turkey.''{{sfnp|Status and Performance of DBT Scheme in Karnataka|2020|p=30}}'' Brazil's first cash credit transfer was in 1996.''{{sfnp|Status and Performance of DBT Scheme in Karnataka|2020|p=37}}''

On 14 February 2011 a task force under [[Nandan Nilekani]] was set up to suggest solutions to creating a system to undertake direct transfer of benefits to beneficiaries.{{Sfn|Sharma|2021|p=32-33}}
On 14 February 2011 a task force under [[Nandan Nilekani]] was set up to suggest solutions to creating a system to undertake direct transfer of benefits to beneficiaries.{{Sfn|Sharma|2021|p=32-33}}


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The primary aim of this Direct Benefit Transfer program is to bring transparency and terminate pilferage from distribution of funds sponsored by Central Government of India. In DBT, benefit or subsidy will be directly transferred to citizens living below poverty line.
The primary aim of this Direct Benefit Transfer program is to bring transparency and terminate pilferage from distribution of funds sponsored by Central Government of India. In DBT, benefit or subsidy will be directly transferred to citizens living below poverty line.


[[Central Plan Scheme Monitoring System]] (CPSMS), now the Public Financial Management System (PFMS), being implemented by the Office of Controller General of Accounts (Ministry of Finance), acts as the common platform for routing DBT.{{Sfn|Sharma|2021|p=42}} CPSMS/PFMS is used for the preparation of beneficiary list, digitally signing the same and processing of payments in the bank accounts of the beneficiary using the Aadhaar Payment Bridge of [[National Payments Corporation of India|NPCI]].{{Sfn|Sharma|2021|p=42}}<ref>[http://cpsms.nic.in/Users/LoginDetails/Login.aspx?ReturnUrl=%2fdefault.aspx Homepage]. <span>Central Plan Scheme Monitoring System [CPSMS</span>&#x5D;. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510132938/http://cpsms.nic.in/Users/LoginDetails/Login.aspx?ReturnUrl=%2Fdefault.aspx|date=10 May 2015}} </ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Direct Benefit Transfer – A blessing during the time of Pandemic |url=https://www.nic.in/blogs/direct-benefit-transfer-a-blessing-during-the-time-of-pandemic/#:~:text=Aadhaar%20Payment%20Bridge%20(APB)%20System,AEBA)%20of%20the%20intended%20beneficiaries. |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=nic.in |publisher=National Informatics Centre}}</ref>
[[Central Plan Scheme Monitoring System]] (CPSMS), now the Public Financial Management System (PFMS), being implemented by the Office of Controller General of Accounts (Ministry of Finance), acts as the common platform for routing DBT.{{Sfn|Sharma|2021|p=42}} CPSMS/PFMS is used for the preparation of beneficiary list, digitally signing the same and processing of payments in the bank accounts of the beneficiary using the Aadhaar Payment Bridge of [[National Payments Corporation of India|NPCI]].{{Sfn|Sharma|2021|p=42}}<ref>[http://cpsms.nic.in/Users/LoginDetails/Login.aspx?ReturnUrl=%2fdefault.aspx Homepage]. Central Plan Scheme Monitoring System (CPSMS){{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510132938/http://cpsms.nic.in/Users/LoginDetails/Login.aspx?ReturnUrl=%2Fdefault.aspx|date=10 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Direct Benefit Transfer – A blessing during the time of Pandemic |url=https://www.nic.in/blogs/direct-benefit-transfer-a-blessing-during-the-time-of-pandemic/#:~:text=Aadhaar%20Payment%20Bridge%20(APB)%20System,AEBA)%20of%20the%20intended%20beneficiaries. |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=nic.in |publisher=National Informatics Centre}}</ref>


The program was launched in selected cities of India on 1 January 2013.<ref name="The New Indian Express Direct Benefit Transfer to be launched today">{{cite news |date=1 January 2013 |title=Direct Benefit Transfer to be launched today |newspaper=The New Indian Express |url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/article1402701.ece |access-date=8 January 2013}}</ref> Former Union [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Minister for Rural Development]] of India [[Jairam Ramesh]] and former [[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]] [[N. Kiran Kumar Reddy]] inaugurated the scheme at Gollaprolu in East Godavari district on 6 January 2013.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Sankar |first=K N Murali |date=2013-01-06 |title=Direct Benefit Transfer scheme finally gets going |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/direct-benefit-transfer-scheme-finally-gets-going/article4281371.ece |access-date=2022-04-20 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="Govt to review benefits transfer project on Jan 15">{{cite news |last=Mukherjee |first=Sanjeeb |date=29 January 2013 |title=Govt to review benefits transfer project on Jan 15 |newspaper=Business Standard |url=http://business-standard.com/india/news/govt-to-review-benefits-transfer-projectjan-15/498105/ |access-date=8 January 2013}}</ref>
The program was launched in selected cities of India on 1 January 2013.<ref name="The New Indian Express Direct Benefit Transfer to be launched today">{{cite news |date=1 January 2013 |title=Direct Benefit Transfer to be launched today |newspaper=The New Indian Express |url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/article1402701.ece |access-date=8 January 2013 |archive-date=17 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317021007/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/article1402701.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref> Former Union [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Minister for Rural Development]] of India [[Jairam Ramesh]] and former [[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]] [[N. Kiran Kumar Reddy]] inaugurated the scheme at Gollaprolu in East Godavari district on 6 January 2013.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Sankar |first=K N Murali |date=2013-01-06 |title=Direct Benefit Transfer scheme finally gets going |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/direct-benefit-transfer-scheme-finally-gets-going/article4281371.ece |access-date=2022-04-20 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="Govt to review benefits transfer project on Jan 15">{{cite news |last=Mukherjee |first=Sanjeeb |date=29 January 2013 |title=Govt to review benefits transfer project on Jan 15 |newspaper=Business Standard |url=http://business-standard.com/india/news/govt-to-review-benefits-transfer-projectjan-15/498105/ |access-date=8 January 2013}}</ref>


Enabled by the [[JAM Yojana|Jan Dhan, Aadhaar, and Mobile]] (JAM) trio.{{Sfn|Sharma|2021|p=42}}
Enabled by the [[JAM Yojana|Jan Dhan, Aadhaar, and Mobile]] (JAM) trio.{{Sfn|Sharma|2021|p=42}} It utilizes [[core banking]] and [[electronic funds transfer]] services such as [[National Electronic Funds Transfer]] (NEFT).{{sfnp|Ministry of Rural Development, DBTS for MGNREGAS|2007|p=36}} Between FY2013 and FY 2021, fund transfer was valued at {{INRConvert|21|lc|lk=on}}.<ref name=":homepage" />

Enrolment requires that the intended beneficiary has a bank account and an Aadhaar.''{{sfnp|Status and Performance of DBT Scheme in Karnataka|2020|p=9}}'' Then the person must get the bank account linked to the Aadhar, and then finally linked with the scheme that is to be availed.''{{sfnp|Status and Performance of DBT Scheme in Karnataka|2020|p=9}}'' This requires submission of a number of documents, significant travel time for some, and hesitations due to various social reasons and communication issues.''{{sfnp|Status and Performance of DBT Scheme in Karnataka|2020|p=9}}''


=== DBT schemes ===
=== DBT schemes ===
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| y1Title=Cash schemes
| y1Title=Cash schemes
| y2Title=In kind schemes
| y2Title=In kind schemes
| yAxisTitle=Number of schemes
| legend=Legend
| legend=Legend
}}
}}
}}DBT came into effect on 1 January 2013 with seven [[List of schemes of the government of India|central sector schemes]] in 20 districts.{{Sfn|Sharma|2021|p=34}} In effect only 1 district was able to manage the roll out.<ref name=":0" /> Following a prime ministerial review, the government decided to extend DBT to 27 central schemes in 78 more districts of the country from 1 July 2013.{{Sfn|Sharma|2021|p=34}}<ref name="DBT scheme to be extended in 78 new districts from July 1, 2013">{{cite news |title=DBT scheme to be extended in 78 new districts from July 1, 2013 |work=My Aadhaar Card |url=http://www.myaadhaarcard.in/direct-cash-transfer/dbt-scheme-to-be-extended-in-78-new-districts-from-july-1-2013/ |url-status=dead |access-date=7 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411034132/http://www.myaadhaarcard.in/direct-cash-transfer/dbt-scheme-to-be-extended-in-78-new-districts-from-july-1-2013/ |archive-date=11 April 2013}}</ref>
}}DBT came into effect on 1 January 2013 with seven [[List of schemes of the government of India|central sector schemes]] in 20 districts.{{Sfn|Sharma|2021|p=34}} In effect only 1 district was able to manage the roll out.<ref name=":0" /> Following a prime ministerial review, the government decided to extend DBT to 27 central schemes in 78 more districts of the country from 1 July 2013.{{Sfn|Sharma|2021|p=34}}<ref name="DBT scheme to be extended in 78 new districts from July 1, 2013">{{cite news |title=DBT scheme to be extended in 78 new districts from July 1, 2013 |work=My Aadhaar Card |url=http://www.myaadhaarcard.in/direct-cash-transfer/dbt-scheme-to-be-extended-in-78-new-districts-from-july-1-2013/ |url-status=dead |access-date=7 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411034132/http://www.myaadhaarcard.in/direct-cash-transfer/dbt-scheme-to-be-extended-in-78-new-districts-from-july-1-2013/ |archive-date=11 April 2013}}</ref>


On 1 June 2013, the minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas, [[Veerappa Moily|M Veerappa Moily]] formally launched the direct benefit transfer scheme for LPG (DBTL) in 20 high [[Aadhaar]] coverage districts. The subsidy on LPG cylinders would be credited directly to consumers' Aadhaar-linked bank accounts. All Aadhaar-linked domestic LPG consumers will get an advance in their bank account as soon as they book the first subsidized cylinder before delivery. On receiving the first subsidized cylinder, subsidy for next will again get credited in their bank account, which can then be available for the purchase of the next cylinder at market rate until the cap of 12 cylinders per year is reached.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jayaswal |first=Rajeev |date=1 June 2013 |title=Moily launches Direct Benefit Transfer Scheme for LPG in Karnataka |work=The Economic Times. The Times Of India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/moily-launches-direct-benefit-transfer-scheme-for-lpg-in-karnataka/articleshow/20382844.cms}}</ref> A modified Direct Benefit Transfer of LPG (DBTL) scheme in 54 districts in 11 states was started 15 November 2014 whereby LPG consumers who have not yet availed the benefit will be able to get cash subsidy amount transferred into their accounts to buy Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) cylinders at market price.<ref name="Pahal DBTL-nov-27-14">{{cite web |author= |date=23 December 2014 |title=What is Pahal DBTL Scheme? |url=http://www.pahaldbtlscheme.com/what-is-pahal-dbtl-scheme/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225235118/http://www.pahaldbtlscheme.com/what-is-pahal-dbtl-scheme/ |archive-date=25 December 2014 |access-date=23 December 2014 |publisher=pahaldbtlscheme.com}}</ref>
On 1 June 2013, the minister of petroleum and natural gas, [[Veerappa Moily|M Veerappa Moily]] formally launched the direct benefit transfer scheme for LPG (DBTL) in 20 high [[Aadhaar]] coverage districts. The subsidy on LPG cylinders would be credited directly to consumers' Aadhaar-linked bank accounts. All Aadhaar-linked domestic LPG consumers will get an advance in their bank account as soon as they book the first subsidized cylinder before delivery. On receiving the first subsidized cylinder, subsidy for next will again get credited in their bank account, which can then be available for the purchase of the next cylinder at market rate until the cap of 12 cylinders per year is reached.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jayaswal |first=Rajeev |date=1 June 2013 |title=Moily launches Direct Benefit Transfer Scheme for LPG in Karnataka |work=The Economic Times. The Times Of India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/moily-launches-direct-benefit-transfer-scheme-for-lpg-in-karnataka/articleshow/20382844.cms}}</ref> A modified Direct Benefit Transfer of LPG (DBTL) scheme in 54 districts in 11 states was started 15 November 2014 whereby LPG consumers who have not yet availed the benefit will be able to get cash subsidy amount transferred into their accounts to buy [[liquefied petroleum gas]] (LPG) cylinders at market price.<ref name="Pahal DBTL-nov-27-14">{{cite web |author= |date=23 December 2014 |title=What is Pahal DBTL Scheme? |url=http://www.pahaldbtlscheme.com/what-is-pahal-dbtl-scheme/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225235118/http://www.pahaldbtlscheme.com/what-is-pahal-dbtl-scheme/ |archive-date=25 December 2014 |access-date=23 December 2014 |publisher=pahaldbtlscheme.com}}</ref> Unlike the application of DBT in LPG subsidies, utilization of DBT in food and fertilizer subsidies has seen the cash flow to different locations, and accordingly difference in subsidy retrieval mechanism by the beneficiary.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Sekhri |first1=Desh Gaurav |last2=Suri |first2=Yogesh |date=2018-02-19 |title=Fixing delivery: on direct benefit transfer in fertilizers |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/fixing-delivery/article22800156.ece |access-date=2022-04-21 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dey |first=Sanjoy |date=2018-02-15 |title='Direct benefit transfer' pilot project for food subsidies turns a burden in Jharkhand |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/direct-benefit-transfer-pilot-project-for-food-subsidies-turns-a-burden-in-jharkhand/story-vhmptJS0H3OThCZB0a82MI.html |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>


In a review by the Prime Minister's Office on 5 August 2013, the minutes reported that two schemes dominated transfers through CPSMS - 83% of all transfers were for the [[Janani Suraksha Yojana]] and scholarships. Lack of computerized records for schemes to be linked to DBT was hindering rollout. The minutes show that out of 39.76 lakh beneficiaries who ought to have been covered under various schemes, only 56% had bank accounts, 25.3% had both bank accounts and aadhaar numbers, but only 9.62% have bank accounts seeded with aadhaar numbers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2013 |title=Meeting of the National Committee on Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) Programme |url=http://finmin.nic.in/dbt/record_dbt0508.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315115311/http://finmin.nic.in/dbt/record_dbt0508.pdf |archive-date=15 March 2016 |access-date=21 November 2014}}</ref>
In a review by the Prime Minister's Office on 5 August 2013, the minutes reported that two schemes dominated transfers through CPSMS - 83% of all transfers were for the [[Janani Suraksha Yojana]] and scholarships. Lack of computerized records for schemes to be linked to DBT was hindering rollout. The minutes show that out of 39.76 lakh beneficiaries who ought to have been covered under various schemes, only 56% had bank accounts, 25.3% had both bank accounts and aadhaar numbers, but only 9.62% have bank accounts seeded with aadhaar numbers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2013 |title=Meeting of the National Committee on Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) Programme |url=http://finmin.nic.in/dbt/record_dbt0508.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315115311/http://finmin.nic.in/dbt/record_dbt0508.pdf |archive-date=15 March 2016 |access-date=21 November 2014}}</ref>


74 schemes of 17 ministries of central government were under DBT by 31 May 2016.<ref>{{citation |title=Aadhaar law will ensure Direct Benefit Transfer reaches genuine beneficiaries: FM Jaitley |date=15 July 2016 |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-aadhaar-law-will-ensure-direct-benefit-transfer-reaches-genuine-beneficiaries-fm-jaitley-2234747 |work= |others=PTI |publisher=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2016 |others=PTI |title=Aadhaar law will ensure Direct Benefit Transfer reaches genuine beneficiaries: FM Jaitley |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-aadhaar-law-will-ensure-direct-benefit-transfer-reaches-genuine-beneficiaries-fm-jaitley-2234747 |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=DNA India}}</ref> By August 2019, 439 central schemes had been included and about 3,486 state/UT schemes identified.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |others=Joint Secretary, DBT Mission, Cabinet Secretariat, Government of India |title=Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) |url=https://nceg.gov.in/sites/default/files/DBT%20Presentation%20-%20Saurabh%20Tiwari.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420123129/https://nceg.gov.in/sites/default/files/DBT%20Presentation%20-%20Saurabh%20Tiwari.pdf |archive-date=20 April 2022}}</ref> By March 2022 this 313 CS/CSSs from 53 ministries were on the DBT website.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2022 |others=Ministry of Finance, Government of India |title=313 Central sector & Centrally sponsored schemes from 53 Ministries on boarded on DBT Bharat Portal |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1811080 |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>
74 schemes of 17 ministries of central government were under DBT by 31 May 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2016 |agency=PTI |title=Aadhaar law will ensure Direct Benefit Transfer reaches genuine beneficiaries: FM Jaitley |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-aadhaar-law-will-ensure-direct-benefit-transfer-reaches-genuine-beneficiaries-fm-jaitley-2234747 |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=DNA India}}</ref> By August 2019, 439 central schemes had been included and about 3,486 state/UT schemes identified.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |others=Joint Secretary, DBT Mission, Cabinet Secretariat, Government of India |title=Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) |url=https://nceg.gov.in/sites/default/files/DBT%20Presentation%20-%20Saurabh%20Tiwari.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420123129/https://nceg.gov.in/sites/default/files/DBT%20Presentation%20-%20Saurabh%20Tiwari.pdf |archive-date=20 April 2022}}</ref> By March 2022 this 313 CS/CSSs from 53 ministries were on the DBT website.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2022 |others=Ministry of Finance, Government of India |title=313 Central sector & Centrally sponsored schemes from 53 Ministries on boarded on DBT Bharat Portal |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1811080 |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>

== Further reading ==

* [https://www.dvara.com/research/blog/2022/07/04/payment-failures-in-direct-benefit-transfers/ Payment failures in the Direct Benefit Transfer]<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Improving Cash Benefit Transfers - The Role of Biometric Authentication Failures |url=http://www.indicus.org/admin/pdf_doc/White-Paper-ICFI-June-2022-Improving-Cash-Benefit-Transfers-The-Role-of-Biometric-Authentication-Failures.pdf |journal=Indicus Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://scroll.in/article/1026091/these-are-the-gaps-the-centre-must-fill-to-ensure-100-coverage-of-welfare-beneficiaries|title=These are the gaps the Centre must fill to ensure 100% coverage of welfare beneficiaries }}</ref>
* [https://www.dvara.com/research/blog/2022/06/03/state-of-exclusion-delivery-of-government-to-citizen-cash-transfers-in-india/ State of Exclusion]: Delivery of Government to Citizen Cash Transfers in [[India]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://theprint.in/india/despite-direct-benefit-transfers-welfare-schemes-beneficiaries-still-floundering-claims-study/983113/|title=Despite direct benefit transfers, welfare schemes beneficiaries still floundering, claims study |date=4 June 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://thewire.in/political-economy/a-tale-of-trade-offs-the-anatomy-of-the-direct-benefit-transfers-system|title=A Tale of Trade-offs: The Anatomy of the Direct Benefit Transfers System }}</ref>
* Government of Maharashtra reimburse scholarships through MahaDBT Scholarship Portal. [https://mahadbtmahait.co.in/ MahaDBT] is governed by the Maharashtra Government's Social Justice and Special Assistance department, which provides various 45 kinds of scholarships to socially or economically backward students by providing them monetary help for their further studies.


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 57: Line 76:
* [[Central Plan Scheme Monitoring System]]
* [[Central Plan Scheme Monitoring System]]
* [[Ration card (India)|Indian ration card]]
* [[Ration card (India)|Indian ration card]]
*[[Farmer Welfare and Agricultre Development ]]


; Digital related
; Digital related



* [[India Stack]]
* [[India Stack]]
* [[Aadhar]]
* [[Aadhaar]]
* [[Unified Payments Interface]]
* [[Unified Payments Interface]]
* [[Buy now, pay later|Buy Now Pay Later]]


== References ==
== References ==
;Notes
{{Notelist}}

;Citations
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

;Bibliography
* {{Cite web |title=Handbook on Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) |url=https://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/sectors/dbt/hand_book1305.pdf |website=NITI Aayog, Planning Commission, Government of India |ref={{sfnref|Planning Commission, Handbook on DBT|2013}} |date=2013}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Muralidharan |first1=Karthik |last2=Niehaus |first2=Paul |last3=Sukhtankar |first3=Sandip |date=2016-10-01 |title=Building State Capacity: Evidence from Biometric Smartcards in India |url=https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/10.1257/aer.20141346 |journal=American Economic Review |language=en |volume=106 |issue=10 |pages=2895–2929 |doi=10.1257/aer.20141346 |s2cid=10230468 |issn=0002-8282 |ref={{sfnref|Muralidharan, Niehaus, Sukhtankar, Building State Capacity: Evidence from Biometric Smartcards in India|2016}}|citeseerx=10.1.1.714.9863 }}
* {{Citation |title=Status and Performance of Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) Scheme in Karnataka |date=March 2020 |url=https://kmea.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/Reports%20and%20other%20docs/DBT%20English.pdf |others=Kishan Jindal, Principal Investigator, NABARD Consultancy Services |publisher=Karnataka Evaluation Authority, Department of Planning, Programme Monitoring and Statistics, Government of Karnataka |ref={{sfnref|Status and Performance of DBT Scheme in Karnataka|2020}}}}
⚫
* {{Citation |last=Sharma |first=Rajesh |title=Digitalization of Public Service Delivery in Asia |date=February 2021 |url=https://www.apo-tokyo.org/publications/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/Digitalization-of-Public-Service-Delivery-in-Asia-final.pdf |editor-last=Choi |editor-first=Jinho |chapter=Direct Benefit Transfer Scheme, India |publisher=Asian Productivity Organization |editor2-last=Xavier |editor2-first=John}}


== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |date=5 January 2022 |others=PIB Backgrounder |title=Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) - Transforming Governance in Uttar Pradesh: Nearly Rs 76000 crore transferred to beneficiaries under DBT in the state |url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2022/jan/doc2022153101.pdf |website=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India}}
⚫
* {{Citation |last=Sharma |first=Rajesh |title=Digitalization of Public Service Delivery in Asia |date=February 2021 |editor-last=Choi |editor-first=Jinho |chapter=Direct Benefit Transfer Scheme, India |publisher=Asian Productivity Organization |editor2-last=Xavier |editor2-first=John}}
* {{Citation |last1=Kale |first1=Sumita |title=Direct Benefit Transfers: Status and Challenges Ahead |date=July 2021 |url=https://www.indicus.org/admin/pdf_doc/Direct-Benefit-Transfer-Status-and-Challenges-Ahead.pdf |publisher=Indicus Foundation |last2=Bhandari |first2=Laveesh |last3=Nageswaran |first3=V. Anantha}}
* {{Citation |last1=Jain |first1=Abhishek |title=Lessons from the World's Largest Subsidy Benefit Transfer Scheme: The Case of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Subsidy Reform in India |date=2018 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/politics-of-fossil-fuel-subsidies-and-their-reform/lessons-from-the-worlds-largest-subsidy-benefit-transfer-scheme/B40A7910F24A24719678E13C4A42EA88 |work=The Politics of Fossil Fuel Subsidies and their Reform |pages=212–228 |editor-last=Asselt |editor-first=Harro van |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-41679-5 |access-date=2022-04-20 |last2=Agrawal |first2=Shalu |last3=Ganesan |first3=Karthik |editor2-last=Skovgaard |editor2-first=Jakob}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Sabherwal |first1=Rashi |last2=Sharma |first2=Devesh |last3=Trivedi |first3=Neeraj |date=2019-11-17 |title=Using direct benefit transfers to transfer benefits to women: a perspective from India |journal=Development in Practice |volume=29 |issue=8 |pages=1001–1013 |doi=10.1080/09614524.2019.1653264 |s2cid=211461063 |issn=0961-4524|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite web |last=Barnwal |first=Prabhat |date=2016 |title=Curbing Leakage in Public Programs with Direct Benefit Transfers. Evidence from India's Fuel Subsidies and Black Markets |url=https://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/826341466181741330/Barnwal-DBT-India.pdf |website=World Bank Public Documents}}
* {{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Direct Benefit Transfer System for Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme |url=http://haryanarural.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/DBA_Manual13.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Rural Development, Government Of India |ref={{sfnref|Ministry of Rural Development, DBTS for MGNREGAS|2007}}}}


==External links==
==External links==
* {{Commons-inline}}
* [https://dbtbharat.gov.in/ Official Website]
* [https://dbtbharat.gov.in/ Official Website]


Latest revision as of 15:39, 14 August 2024

Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT)
CountryIndia
Prime Minister(s)Launched under PM Manmohan Singh and expanded under PM Narendra Modi
MinistryDBT Mission, Cabinet Secretariat
Launched1 January 2013; 11 years ago (2013-01-01)
StatusActive
Websitedbtbharat.gov.in

Direct Benefit Transfer[a] or DBT is an attempt to change the mechanism of transferring subsidies launched by Government of India on 1 January 2013. This scheme or program aims to establish a Giro system to transfer subsidies directly to the people through their linked bank accounts. It is hoped that crediting subsidies into bank accounts will reduce leakages, duplicity and delay and the new processes will increase transparency and accountability.[6]

While initial DBT implementation has solved certain delivery issues and met some of its objectives, it has created a new set of concerns to be dealt with.[7][8][9] For the successful implementation of DBT, beneficiaries were made aware of the importance of creating and keeping a bank account.[10] Nationwide financial literacy and financial inclusion schemes such as PM's Jan Dhan Yojana (PM's People's Wealth Scheme) launched in August 2014 and the JAM Yojana, that is the bank-mobile-identification trinity, were started to this effect.[11][10] Literacy and social issues also impact the beneficiary. Tracking deposits, reading SMS notifications, knowing the correct amount of money that is owed, ensuring that the correct amount has been deposited, and mobility are some barriers faced by female beneficiaries in rural areas.[12]

In the 1980s, Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi had stated that only 15 paise out of every rupee spent reaches the poor. In this context the Modi government has stated that now every paisa, aided by direct transfer, reaches the intended beneficiary.[13][14]

History

[edit]

A precursor to DBT was the 2006 Andhra Pradesh smartcard project.[15][16] Internationally similar precedents include Mexico's social assistance program Oportunidades started in 2002, based on an earlier program Progresa from 1997.[17][18] Similar pilots include Bangladesh's Shombhob and Kenya's Give Directly UCT.[17] Conditional cash transfer has also been initiated in countries like South Africa, Jamaica and Turkey.[18] Brazil's first cash credit transfer was in 1996.[19]

On 14 February 2011 a task force under Nandan Nilekani was set up to suggest solutions to creating a system to undertake direct transfer of benefits to beneficiaries.[20]

A DBT Mission was created as the nodal agency. It was set up under the Planning Commission, shifted to the Department of Expenditure in the Finance Ministry and then the Cabinet Secretariat in September 2015.[21] This signaled that DBT was not the domain of any one ministry and that various ministries would have to prioritize implementation under central oversight.[11]

The primary aim of this Direct Benefit Transfer program is to bring transparency and terminate pilferage from distribution of funds sponsored by Central Government of India. In DBT, benefit or subsidy will be directly transferred to citizens living below poverty line.

Central Plan Scheme Monitoring System (CPSMS), now the Public Financial Management System (PFMS), being implemented by the Office of Controller General of Accounts (Ministry of Finance), acts as the common platform for routing DBT.[11] CPSMS/PFMS is used for the preparation of beneficiary list, digitally signing the same and processing of payments in the bank accounts of the beneficiary using the Aadhaar Payment Bridge of NPCI.[11][22][23]

The program was launched in selected cities of India on 1 January 2013.[24] Former Union Minister for Rural Development of India Jairam Ramesh and former Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh N. Kiran Kumar Reddy inaugurated the scheme at Gollaprolu in East Godavari district on 6 January 2013.[25][26]

Enabled by the Jan Dhan, Aadhaar, and Mobile (JAM) trio.[11] It utilizes core banking and electronic funds transfer services such as National Electronic Funds Transfer (NEFT).[27] Between FY2013 and FY 2021, fund transfer was valued at ₹21 lakh crore (US$250 billion).[28]

Enrolment requires that the intended beneficiary has a bank account and an Aadhaar.[29] Then the person must get the bank account linked to the Aadhar, and then finally linked with the scheme that is to be availed.[29] This requires submission of a number of documents, significant travel time for some, and hesitations due to various social reasons and communication issues.[29]

DBT schemes

[edit]
Number of schemes under DBT.[28][30] Total schemes in 2021-22 is 313 (cash + in kind).[28]

DBT came into effect on 1 January 2013 with seven central sector schemes in 20 districts.[31] In effect only 1 district was able to manage the roll out.[25] Following a prime ministerial review, the government decided to extend DBT to 27 central schemes in 78 more districts of the country from 1 July 2013.[31][32]

On 1 June 2013, the minister of petroleum and natural gas, M Veerappa Moily formally launched the direct benefit transfer scheme for LPG (DBTL) in 20 high Aadhaar coverage districts. The subsidy on LPG cylinders would be credited directly to consumers' Aadhaar-linked bank accounts. All Aadhaar-linked domestic LPG consumers will get an advance in their bank account as soon as they book the first subsidized cylinder before delivery. On receiving the first subsidized cylinder, subsidy for next will again get credited in their bank account, which can then be available for the purchase of the next cylinder at market rate until the cap of 12 cylinders per year is reached.[33] A modified Direct Benefit Transfer of LPG (DBTL) scheme in 54 districts in 11 states was started 15 November 2014 whereby LPG consumers who have not yet availed the benefit will be able to get cash subsidy amount transferred into their accounts to buy liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) cylinders at market price.[34] Unlike the application of DBT in LPG subsidies, utilization of DBT in food and fertilizer subsidies has seen the cash flow to different locations, and accordingly difference in subsidy retrieval mechanism by the beneficiary.[35][36]

In a review by the Prime Minister's Office on 5 August 2013, the minutes reported that two schemes dominated transfers through CPSMS - 83% of all transfers were for the Janani Suraksha Yojana and scholarships. Lack of computerized records for schemes to be linked to DBT was hindering rollout. The minutes show that out of 39.76 lakh beneficiaries who ought to have been covered under various schemes, only 56% had bank accounts, 25.3% had both bank accounts and aadhaar numbers, but only 9.62% have bank accounts seeded with aadhaar numbers.[37]

74 schemes of 17 ministries of central government were under DBT by 31 May 2016.[38] By August 2019, 439 central schemes had been included and about 3,486 state/UT schemes identified.[39] By March 2022 this 313 CS/CSSs from 53 ministries were on the DBT website.[40]

Further reading

[edit]
  • Payment failures in the Direct Benefit Transfer[41][42]
  • State of Exclusion: Delivery of Government to Citizen Cash Transfers in India[43][44]
  • Government of Maharashtra reimburse scholarships through MahaDBT Scholarship Portal. MahaDBT is governed by the Maharashtra Government's Social Justice and Special Assistance department, which provides various 45 kinds of scholarships to socially or economically backward students by providing them monetary help for their further studies.

See also

[edit]
Benefits related
Digital related


References

[edit]
Notes
  1. ^ The DBT Handbook 2013 differentiates between cash, benefit and subsidy transfers; a cash transfer could be used for any purpose by the beneficiary, say to increase overall consumption, a benefit transfer refers to a cash transfer to the beneficiary for use on a specific government scheme.[1] In some cases this was initially known as Direct Cash Transfer (DCT) scheme,[2][3] the relevant committee the 'National Committee on Direct Cash Transfers'.[4] Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT) was already present in the country.[2][5]
Citations
  1. ^ Planning Commission, Handbook on DBT (2013), p. 8.
  2. ^ a b "What is direct cash transfer?". India Today. 27 November 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  3. ^ Kaushiki (20 December 2012). "Can Aadhaar-enabled cash transfer schemes deliver?". PRS Legislative Research. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  4. ^ "Committee on Direct Cash Transfers". Press Information Bureau. Ministry of Finance, Government of India. 6 December 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  5. ^ "Report of the Committee on Suggesting a Framework for Electronic Benefit Transfer". Reserve Bank of India - Database. 15 April 2008. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  6. ^ "DBT (Direct Benefit Transfer), MIS-DBT, Ministry of Finance, Department of Expenditure". Planning Commission. Archived from the original on 3 April 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  7. ^ Sen, Jahnavi (21 June 2018). "If Jharkhand's Direct Benefit Transfer Experiment Isn't Working, Why Is It Still On?". The Wire. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  8. ^ Lahoti, Rahul (5 June 2015). "Questioning the "Phenomenal Success" of Aadhaar-linked Direct Benefit Transfers for LPG". Economic and Political Weekly. 51 (52): 7–8.
  9. ^ "CAG blasts govt claim on savings from direct benefit transfer". Deccan Herald. 13 August 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  10. ^ a b Status and Performance of DBT Scheme in Karnataka (2020), p. 132.
  11. ^ a b c d e Sharma 2021, p. 42.
  12. ^ Sabherwal, Rashi; Sharma, Devesh; Trivedi, Neeraj (17 November 2019). "Using direct benefit transfers to transfer benefits to women: a perspective from India". Development in Practice. 29 (8): 1001–1013. doi:10.1080/09614524.2019.1653264. ISSN 0961-4524. S2CID 211461063.
  13. ^ "Narendra Modi uses Rajiv Gandhi's remark to hit out at Congress". The Economic Times. 23 January 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
  14. ^ "Every Paisa Is Reaching Poor People: PM Modi". NDTV. Press Trust of India. 24 August 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
  15. ^ Padmanabhan, Vishnu (21 April 2019). "Has Aadhaar improved welfare delivery?". Livemint. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  16. ^ Muralidharan, Niehaus, Sukhtankar, Building State Capacity: Evidence from Biometric Smartcards in India (2016), p. 2903.
  17. ^ a b Status and Performance of DBT Scheme in Karnataka (2020), p. 11-12.
  18. ^ a b Status and Performance of DBT Scheme in Karnataka (2020), p. 30.
  19. ^ Status and Performance of DBT Scheme in Karnataka (2020), p. 37.
  20. ^ Sharma 2021, p. 32-33.
  21. ^ Sharma 2021, p. 34, 42.
  22. ^ Homepage. Central Plan Scheme Monitoring System (CPSMS)Archived 10 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  23. ^ "Direct Benefit Transfer – A blessing during the time of Pandemic". nic.in. National Informatics Centre. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  24. ^ "Direct Benefit Transfer to be launched today". The New Indian Express. 1 January 2013. Archived from the original on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  25. ^ a b Sankar, K N Murali (6 January 2013). "Direct Benefit Transfer scheme finally gets going". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  26. ^ Mukherjee, Sanjeeb (29 January 2013). "Govt to review benefits transfer project on Jan 15". Business Standard. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  27. ^ Ministry of Rural Development, DBTS for MGNREGAS (2007), p. 36.
  28. ^ a b c "Official website homepage". dbtbharat.gov.in. Direct Benefit Transfer Mission, Government of India. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  29. ^ a b c Status and Performance of DBT Scheme in Karnataka (2020), p. 9.
  30. ^ Sharma 2021, p. 39.
  31. ^ a b Sharma 2021, p. 34.
  32. ^ "DBT scheme to be extended in 78 new districts from July 1, 2013". My Aadhaar Card. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
  33. ^ Jayaswal, Rajeev (1 June 2013). "Moily launches Direct Benefit Transfer Scheme for LPG in Karnataka". The Economic Times. The Times Of India.
  34. ^ "What is Pahal DBTL Scheme?". pahaldbtlscheme.com. 23 December 2014. Archived from the original on 25 December 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  35. ^ Sekhri, Desh Gaurav; Suri, Yogesh (19 February 2018). "Fixing delivery: on direct benefit transfer in fertilizers". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  36. ^ Dey, Sanjoy (15 February 2018). "'Direct benefit transfer' pilot project for food subsidies turns a burden in Jharkhand". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  37. ^ "Meeting of the National Committee on Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) Programme" (PDF). 5 August 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  38. ^ "Aadhaar law will ensure Direct Benefit Transfer reaches genuine beneficiaries: FM Jaitley". DNA India. PTI. 15 July 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  39. ^ "Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT)" (PDF). Joint Secretary, DBT Mission, Cabinet Secretariat, Government of India. 8 August 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 April 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  40. ^ "313 Central sector & Centrally sponsored schemes from 53 Ministries on boarded on DBT Bharat Portal". Press Information Bureau. Ministry of Finance, Government of India. 29 March 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  41. ^ "Improving Cash Benefit Transfers - The Role of Biometric Authentication Failures" (PDF). Indicus Foundation.
  42. ^ "These are the gaps the Centre must fill to ensure 100% coverage of welfare beneficiaries".
  43. ^ "Despite direct benefit transfers, welfare schemes beneficiaries still floundering, claims study". 4 June 2022.
  44. ^ "A Tale of Trade-offs: The Anatomy of the Direct Benefit Transfers System".
Bibliography

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
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