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'''''Passiflora caerulea''''', the '''blue passionflower''',<ref name=BSBI07>{{BSBI 2007 |access-date=2014-10-17 }}</ref> '''bluecrown passionflower'''<ref>{{PLANTS|id=PACA22|taxon=Passiflora caerulea|access-date=31 January 2016}}</ref> or '''common passion flower''', is a [[species]] of [[flowering plant]] [[native plant|native]] to South America. It has been introduced elsewhere. It is a vigorous, [[deciduous]] or semi-[[evergreen]] tendril [[vine]] growing to {{convert|
'''''[[Passiflora]] caerulea''''', the '''blue passionflower''',<ref name=BSBI07>{{BSBI 2007 |access-date=2014-10-17 }}</ref> '''bluecrown passionflower'''<ref>{{PLANTS|id=PACA22|taxon=Passiflora caerulea|access-date=31 January 2016}}</ref> or '''common passion flower''', is a [[species]] of [[flowering plant]] [[native plant|native]] to South America. It has been introduced elsewhere. It is a vigorous, [[deciduous]] or semi-[[evergreen]] tendril [[vine]] growing to {{cvt|10|m|ft|0}} or more. Its leaves are palmate, and its fragrant flowers are blue-white with a prominent fringe of coronal filaments in bands of blue, white, yellow, and brown. The ovoid orange fruit, growing to {{cvt|6|cm|0}}, is edible, but is variously described as having a bland,<ref name=RHSAZ>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United c ZKingdom|isbn=978-1405332 965|pages=1136}}</ref> undesirable,<ref name="cabi"/> or insipid taste.<ref name="tetraphyllin b"/> In South America, the plant is known for its medicinal properties, and is used by both the [[Toba people|Toba]] and the [[Makaa people|Maka]] peoples.<ref name="cabi"/><ref name="mendiondo"/>
10|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} or more. Its leaves are palmate, and its fragrant flowers are blue-white with a prominent fringe of coronal filaments in bands of blue, white, and brown. The ovoid orange fruit, growing to {{convert|6|cm|0|abbr=on}}, is edible but bland.<ref name=RHSAZ>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United c ZKingdom|isbn=978-1405332 965|pages=1136}}</ref>


==Names==
==Etymology==
This popular and showy plant has attracted a number of common names. In [[Paraguay]] it is widely known as ''mburucuyá'' in [[Guarani language|Guaraní]]. Other names include the blue crown, flower of five wounds, southern beauty, wild apricot, Jesus flower. The [[Botanical name#Binary name|specific epithet]] ''caerulea'' means "blue" and refers to the blue coronal filaments.<ref name=RHSLG>{{cite book|last=Harrison|first=Lorraine|title=RHS Latin for gardeners|year=2012|publisher=Mitchell Beazley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=9781845337315|pages=224}}</ref> In Japan it is called 時計草 (Clock plant) due to having 12 petals, a central stamen and stigmas resembling a timepieces's winding mechanism, and curly green tendrils resembling wound springs. In India this is known as “Krishna Kamal”.
The [[Binomial nomenclature|specific epithet]] ''caerulea'' means "qara and refers to the blue coronal filaments.<ref name=RHSLG>{{cite book|last=Harrison|first=Lorraine|title=RHS Latin for gardeners|year=2012|publisher=Mitchell Beazley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=9781845337315|pages=224}}</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
[[File:Passiflora caerulea (makro close-up).jpg|thumbnail|left|Photograph of P. caerulea.]]
[[File:Passiflora caerulea (makro close-up).jpg|thumbnail|left|''Passiflora caerulea'' flower]]
===Vegetative characteristics===
''Passiflora caerulea'' is a woody vine capable of growing to {{convert|25|m|ft}} high where supporting [[tree]]s are available.<ref name = "keys">{{cite web |title=Factsheet - Passiflora caerulea (Blue Passionflower) |url=https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds/key/weeds/Media/Html/Passiflora_caerulea_(Blue_Passionflower).htm |website=keys.lucidcentral.org |access-date=14 August 2018}}</ref> The [[leaf|leaves]] are alternate, palmately five-lobed (sometimes three, seven, or nine lobes), and are up to {{convert|10|cm|in}} in length while being linear-oblong shaped.<ref name = "PIER">{{cite web |title=Passiflora caerulea: info from PIER (PIER species info) |url=http://www.hear.org/pier/species/passiflora_caerulea.htm |website=www.hear.org |publisher=Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk project (PIER) |access-date=14 August 2018}}</ref> The base of each leaf has a flagellate-twining tendril {{convert|5|-|10|cm|in}} long, which twines around supporting vegetation to hold the plant up.<ref name = "keys"/>
''Passiflora caerulea'' is a woody vine capable of growing to {{convert|25|m|ft}} high where supporting [[tree]]s are available.<ref name = "keys">{{cite web |title=Factsheet - Passiflora caerulea (Blue Passionflower) |url=https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds/key/weeds/Media/Html/Passiflora_caerulea_(Blue_Passionflower).htm |website=keys.lucidcentral.org |access-date=14 August 2018}}</ref> The [[leaf|leaves]] are alternate, palmately five-lobed (sometimes three, seven, or nine lobes), and are up to {{convert|10|cm|in}} in length while being linear-oblong shaped.<ref name = "PIER">{{cite web |title=Passiflora caerulea: info from PIER (PIER species info) |url=http://www.hear.org/pier/species/passiflora_caerulea.htm |website=www.hear.org |publisher=Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk project (PIER) |access-date=14 August 2018}}</ref> The base of each leaf has a flagellate-twining tendril {{convert|5|–|10|cm|in}} long, which twines around supporting vegetation to hold the plant up.<ref name = "keys"/>

===Generative characteristics===
The [[flower]] is complex, about {{convert|10|cm|in}} in diameter,<ref name = "PIER"/> with the five sepals and petals similar in appearance, whitish in colour, surmounted by a corona of blue or violet filaments, then five greenish-yellow [[stamen]]s and three purple [[carpel|stigma]]s.<ref name = "keys"/> The [[fruit]] is an oval orange-yellow [[Berry (botany)|berry]], {{convert|6|cm|in}} long by {{convert|4|cm|in}} in diameter, containing numerous [[seed]]s.<ref name = "keys"/> It is edible to humans when ripe, but tends to have an undesirable flavour.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Popay |first1=Ian |title=Passiflora caerulea (blue passionflower) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/116172 |website=www.cabi.org |access-date=14 August 2018}}</ref>
The [[flower]] is complex, about {{convert|10|cm|in}} in diameter,<ref name = "PIER"/> with the five sepals and petals similar in appearance, whitish in colour, surmounted by a corona of blue or violet filaments, then five greenish-yellow [[stamen]]s and three purple [[stigma (botany)|stigma]]s.<ref name = "keys"/> The [[fruit]] is an oval orange-yellow [[Berry (botany)|berry]], {{convert|6|cm|in}} long by {{convert|4|cm|in}} in diameter, containing numerous [[seed]]s.<ref name = "keys"/> It is edible to humans when ripe, but tends to have an undesirable flavour<ref name="cabi">{{cite web |last1=Popay |first1=Ian |title=Passiflora caerulea (blue passionflower) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/116172 |website=www.cabi.org |access-date=14 August 2018}}</ref> unless allowed to fully ripen in a warm climate and fall naturally from the vine, when it has a mild blackberry flavour, though with a lower sugar content than commonly eaten species.


==Cultivation==
==Cultivation==
''Passiflora caerulea'' is widely cultivated as a wall-climber or as groundcover. Though hardy down to {{convert|-10|C|F|abbr=on}}, it requires a sheltered position facing south or west (in the Northern Hemisphere). It can become invasive, the twining shoots constantly appearing unless eradicated. It has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Passiflora caerulea''|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1386|access-date=25 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807063959/http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1386|archive-date=7 August 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
''Passiflora caerulea'' is widely cultivated as a wall-climber or as groundcover. Though hardy down to {{cvt|-10|C|F|abbr=on}}, it requires a sheltered position facing south or west (in the Northern Hemisphere). It can become invasive, the twining shoots constantly appearing unless eradicated. It has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Passiflora caerulea''|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1386|access-date=25 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807063959/http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1386|archive-date=7 August 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>


===Cultivars===
===Cultivars===
[[File:Passiflora caerulea Constance Elliot (3).jpg|thumb|White flowered ‘Constance Elliott’]]
[[File:Passiflora caerulea Constance Elliot (3).jpg|thumb|White flowered cultivar ''Passiflora caerulea'' 'Constance Elliott']]
A number of [[cultivar]]s have been produced from the species:-
A number of [[cultivar]]s have been produced from the species:

*'[[Chinensis (insect)|Chinensis]]' (corona filaments paler blue)
*'Chinensis' (corona filaments paler blue)
*'Constance Elliott' was raised by Kucombe and Prince in Exeter, [[Great Britain]]. It has pure white, fragrant flowers; not as free-flowering as many other [[Cloning|clones]]. It has also won the Award of Garden Merit<ref name = RHSPF>{{cite web
*'Constance Elliott' was raised by Kucombe and Prince in Exeter, [[Great Britain]]. It has pure white, fragrant flowers; not as free-flowering as many other [[Cloning|clones]]. It has also won the Award of Garden Merit from the [[Royal Horticultural Society]].<ref name = RHSPF>{{cite web
| url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/305875/i-Passiflora-caerulea-i-Constance-Eliott/Details
| url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/305875/i-Passiflora-caerulea-i-Constance-Eliott/Details
| title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Passiflora caerulea'' 'Constance Elliott' | access-date = 18 April 2018}}</ref>
| title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Passiflora caerulea'' 'Constance Elliott' | access-date = 18 April 2018}}</ref>
Line 37: Line 38:
Compared to ''Passiflora incarnata'', this plant contains higher amounts of the [[Monoamine oxidase inhibitor|MAO-inhibitor]] [[harmine]].<ref>{{cite journal| doi = 10.33697/ajur.2007.020 | doi-access = free | title = Extraction, Identification, and Quantification of Harmala Alkaloids in Three Species of Passiflora | year = 2007 | last1 = Frye | first1 = Abigail | last2 = Haustein | first2 = Catherine | journal = American Journal of Undergraduate Research | volume = 6 | issue = 3 }}</ref>
Compared to ''Passiflora incarnata'', this plant contains higher amounts of the [[Monoamine oxidase inhibitor|MAO-inhibitor]] [[harmine]].<ref>{{cite journal| doi = 10.33697/ajur.2007.020 | doi-access = free | title = Extraction, Identification, and Quantification of Harmala Alkaloids in Three Species of Passiflora | year = 2007 | last1 = Frye | first1 = Abigail | last2 = Haustein | first2 = Catherine | journal = American Journal of Undergraduate Research | volume = 6 | issue = 3 }}</ref>


==Other uses==
==Uses==
[[File:Blue Passion Flower and Fruit.jpg|thumb|''Passiflora caerulea'' and fruit]]
[[File:Blue Passion Flower and Fruit.jpg|thumb|''Passiflora caerulea'' flower and fruit]]
Though the fruit is edible, it is rather insipid when eaten raw. A tea can be made of the flower or leaves; however, tetraphyllin B and epi-tetraphyllin B, [[cyanogenic glycoside]]s which liberate [[hydrogen cyanide]] when activated by enzymes, have been found in the leaves. It is possible to boil away most of the cyanide.<ref>DS Seiglera, KC Spencera, WS Statlerb, EE Connb, JE Dunnb, '[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0031942282851911 Tetraphyllin B and epitetraphyillin B sulphates: Novel cyanogenic glucosides from Passiflora caerulea and P. alato-caerulea]', ''Phytochemistry'', 21/9 (1982), 2277-2285.</ref>
Though the fruit is edible, it is rather insipid when eaten raw. A tea can be made of the flower or leaves; however, tetraphyllin B and epi-tetraphyllin B, [[cyanogenic glycoside]]s which liberate [[hydrogen cyanide]] when activated by enzymes, have been found in the leaves. It is possible to boil away most of the cyanide.<ref name="tetraphyllin b">DS Seiglera, KC Spencera, WS Statlerb, EE Connb, JE Dunnb, '[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0031942282851911 Tetraphyllin B and epitetraphyillin B sulphates: Novel cyanogenic glucosides from Passiflora caerulea and P. alato-caerulea]', ''Phytochemistry'', 21/9 (1982), 2277-2285.</ref>

In [[South America]], the plant is known for its medicinal uses. It is used in both herbal tea and dietary supplements, as well as in marmalades, ice creams, syrups and beverages.<ref name="cabi"/><ref name="mendiondo">{{cite journal |last1=Mendiondo |first1=G.M. |last2=García |first2=M.T.A. |date=2009 |title=Germination of stored and scarified seeds of ''Passiflora caerulea'' L. (Passifloraceae). |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/abstract/20093350304 |journal=Plant Biosystems |volume=143 |issue=2 |pages=369–376 |doi=10.1080/11263500902722709 |bibcode=2009PBios.143..369M |s2cid=86722536 |issn=1126-3504 |access-date=28 August 2022|hdl=11336/27122 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> It is also used by the indigenous Argentinian [[Toba people|Toba]] and [[Makaa people|Maka]] people.

''Passiflora caerulea'' is sometimes used as a rootstock, to which is grafted a scion of the edible ''[[Passiflora edulis]]''.<ref name="nelliekelly-passionfruit">{{cite web |title=Passionfruit |url=https://nelliekelly.com.au/passionfruit/ |website=Nellie Kelly |access-date=31 October 2023 |ref=nelliekelly-passionfruit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025084337/https://nelliekelly.com.au/passionfruit/ |archive-date=25 October 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>


The passion flower is the national flower of [[Paraguay]]. Its intricate structure has generated [[Christian symbolism]], each part representing a different part of the [[Passion (Christianity)|Passion of Christ]]. The "[[Etymology]] and names" section of [[Passiflora]] contains more information about this [[Symbolism (arts)|symbolism]].
The passion flower is the national flower of [[Paraguay]]. Its intricate structure has generated [[Christian symbolism]], each part representing a different part of the [[Passion (Christianity)|Passion of Christ]]. The "[[Etymology]] and names" section of ''[[Passiflora]]'' contains more information about this [[Symbolism (arts)|symbolism]].


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
Line 48: Line 53:
File:Passiflora caerulea (2005 10 08) - vrucht.jpg|Fruit
File:Passiflora caerulea (2005 10 08) - vrucht.jpg|Fruit
File:South Central Farm 45.jpg|Flower of ''Passiflora caerulea''
File:South Central Farm 45.jpg|Flower of ''Passiflora caerulea''
File:Passiflora caerulea 'Constance Elliot'.jpg|'Constance Elliot', a white flower form
File:Passiflora caerulea 'Constance Elliot'.jpg|'Constance Elliot', a white flowered cultivar
File:Passiflora "Pierre Pomié".jpg|'Pierre Pomie', a pale pink flower form
File:Passiflora "Pierre Pomié".jpg|'Pierre Pomie', a pale pink flowered cultivar
File:Passiflora-caerulea 2019-06-23 (DSC2447-1).jpg|Peculiarity: two fused filaments force anthers upwards, displaying pollen beds otherwise not visible from this perspective.
File:Passiflora-caerulea 2019-06-23 (DSC2447-1).jpg|Peculiarity: two fused filaments force anthers upwards, displaying pollen beds otherwise not visible from this perspective.
File:Passiflora caerulea -Passiflore bleue-Fleurs-20210705.jpg|A photograph of P. Caerulea
File:Passiflora caerulea -Passiflore bleue-Fleurs-20210705.jpg|''Passiflora caerulea'' flower
File:Passiflora caerulea seeds.jpg|The seeds of ''P. caerulea'', the red gel-like substance around them removed
</gallery>
</gallery>


Latest revision as of 10:15, 8 September 2024

Passiflora caerulea
Flower in full bloom together with a wilted flower and a yet unopened bud
Fruit cut and opened
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Passifloraceae
Genus: Passiflora
Species:
P. caerulea
Binomial name
Passiflora caerulea

Passiflora caerulea, the blue passionflower,[1] bluecrown passionflower[2] or common passion flower, is a species of flowering plant native to South America. It has been introduced elsewhere. It is a vigorous, deciduous or semi-evergreen tendril vine growing to 10 m (33 ft) or more. Its leaves are palmate, and its fragrant flowers are blue-white with a prominent fringe of coronal filaments in bands of blue, white, yellow, and brown. The ovoid orange fruit, growing to 6 cm (2 in), is edible, but is variously described as having a bland,[3] undesirable,[4] or insipid taste.[5] In South America, the plant is known for its medicinal properties, and is used by both the Toba and the Maka peoples.[4][6]

Etymology

[edit]

The specific epithet caerulea means "qara and refers to the blue coronal filaments.[7]

Description

[edit]
Passiflora caerulea flower

Vegetative characteristics

[edit]

Passiflora caerulea is a woody vine capable of growing to 25 metres (82 ft) high where supporting trees are available.[8] The leaves are alternate, palmately five-lobed (sometimes three, seven, or nine lobes), and are up to 10 centimetres (3.9 in) in length while being linear-oblong shaped.[9] The base of each leaf has a flagellate-twining tendril 5–10 centimetres (2.0–3.9 in) long, which twines around supporting vegetation to hold the plant up.[8]

Generative characteristics

[edit]

The flower is complex, about 10 centimetres (3.9 in) in diameter,[9] with the five sepals and petals similar in appearance, whitish in colour, surmounted by a corona of blue or violet filaments, then five greenish-yellow stamens and three purple stigmas.[8] The fruit is an oval orange-yellow berry, 6 centimetres (2.4 in) long by 4 centimetres (1.6 in) in diameter, containing numerous seeds.[8] It is edible to humans when ripe, but tends to have an undesirable flavour[4] unless allowed to fully ripen in a warm climate and fall naturally from the vine, when it has a mild blackberry flavour, though with a lower sugar content than commonly eaten species.

Cultivation

[edit]

Passiflora caerulea is widely cultivated as a wall-climber or as groundcover. Though hardy down to −10 °C (14 °F), it requires a sheltered position facing south or west (in the Northern Hemisphere). It can become invasive, the twining shoots constantly appearing unless eradicated. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[10]

Cultivars

[edit]
White flowered cultivar Passiflora caerulea 'Constance Elliott'

A number of cultivars have been produced from the species:

  • 'Chinensis' (corona filaments paler blue)
  • 'Constance Elliott' was raised by Kucombe and Prince in Exeter, Great Britain. It has pure white, fragrant flowers; not as free-flowering as many other clones. It has also won the Award of Garden Merit from the Royal Horticultural Society.[11]
  • 'Pierre Pomie', a pale pink flower form

Chemical constituents

[edit]

Compared to Passiflora incarnata, this plant contains higher amounts of the MAO-inhibitor harmine.[12]

Uses

[edit]
Passiflora caerulea flower and fruit

Though the fruit is edible, it is rather insipid when eaten raw. A tea can be made of the flower or leaves; however, tetraphyllin B and epi-tetraphyllin B, cyanogenic glycosides which liberate hydrogen cyanide when activated by enzymes, have been found in the leaves. It is possible to boil away most of the cyanide.[5]

In South America, the plant is known for its medicinal uses. It is used in both herbal tea and dietary supplements, as well as in marmalades, ice creams, syrups and beverages.[4][6] It is also used by the indigenous Argentinian Toba and Maka people.

Passiflora caerulea is sometimes used as a rootstock, to which is grafted a scion of the edible Passiflora edulis.[13]

The passion flower is the national flower of Paraguay. Its intricate structure has generated Christian symbolism, each part representing a different part of the Passion of Christ. The "Etymology and names" section of Passiflora contains more information about this symbolism.

[edit]
  • Flower
    Flower
  • Fruit
    Fruit
  • Flower of Passiflora caerulea
    Flower of Passiflora caerulea
  • 'Constance Elliot', a white flowered cultivar
    'Constance Elliot', a white flowered cultivar
  • 'Pierre Pomie', a pale pink flowered cultivar
    'Pierre Pomie', a pale pink flowered cultivar
  • Peculiarity: two fused filaments force anthers upwards, displaying pollen beds otherwise not visible from this perspective.
    Peculiarity: two fused filaments force anthers upwards, displaying pollen beds otherwise not visible from this perspective.
  • Passiflora caerulea flower
    Passiflora caerulea flower
  • The seeds of P. caerulea, the red gel-like substance around them removed
    The seeds of P. caerulea, the red gel-like substance around them removed

References

[edit]
  1. ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  2. ^ NRCS. "Passiflora caerulea". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 31 January 2016.
  3. ^ RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United c ZKingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332 965.
  4. ^ a b c d Popay, Ian. "Passiflora caerulea (blue passionflower)". www.cabi.org. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
  5. ^ a b DS Seiglera, KC Spencera, WS Statlerb, EE Connb, JE Dunnb, 'Tetraphyllin B and epitetraphyillin B sulphates: Novel cyanogenic glucosides from Passiflora caerulea and P. alato-caerulea', Phytochemistry, 21/9 (1982), 2277-2285.
  6. ^ a b Mendiondo, G.M.; García, M.T.A. (2009). "Germination of stored and scarified seeds of Passiflora caerulea L. (Passifloraceae)". Plant Biosystems. 143 (2): 369–376. Bibcode:2009PBios.143..369M. doi:10.1080/11263500902722709. hdl:11336/27122. ISSN 1126-3504. S2CID 86722536. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  7. ^ Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. p. 224. ISBN 9781845337315.
  8. ^ a b c d "Factsheet - Passiflora caerulea (Blue Passionflower)". keys.lucidcentral.org. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
  9. ^ a b "Passiflora caerulea: info from PIER (PIER species info)". www.hear.org. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk project (PIER). Retrieved 14 August 2018.
  10. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Passiflora caerulea". Archived from the original on 7 August 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
  11. ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Passiflora caerulea 'Constance Elliott'". Retrieved 18 April 2018.
  12. ^ Frye, Abigail; Haustein, Catherine (2007). "Extraction, Identification, and Quantification of Harmala Alkaloids in Three Species of Passiflora". American Journal of Undergraduate Research. 6 (3). doi:10.33697/ajur.2007.020.
  13. ^ "Passionfruit". Nellie Kelly. Archived from the original on 25 October 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Passiflora caerulea.
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