Tesla Model S: Difference between revisions

Tesla Model S
Tesla Model S
Overview
Manufacturer	Tesla, Inc.
Production	June 2012 – present
Model years	2013–present
Assembly	United States: Fremont, California (Fremont factory); Netherlands: Tilburg (Tilburg factory, final assembly, 2013–2021);
Designer	Franz von Holzhausen (2008)
Body and chassis
Class	Full-size
Body style	4-door liftback sedan
Layout	Rear-motor, rear-wheel drive; Dual-motor, all-wheel drive; Tri-motor, all-wheel-drive (Plaid models);
Chassis	Unibody
Related	Tesla Model X
Powertrain
Electric motor	3-phase alternating current induction motor
Transmission	Single-speed reduction gear
Battery	40–100 kWh lithium-ion battery
Electric range	208–405 mi (335–652 km)
Dimensions
Wheelbase	116.5 in (2,960 mm)
Length	196.1–197.7 in (4,980–5,021 mm)
Width	77.3 in (1,960 mm)
Height	56.5 in (1,440 mm)
Curb weight	4,323–4,960 lb (1,961–2,250 kg)

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Latest revision as of 20:05, 24 December 2024

The Tesla Model S is a battery-electric, four-door full-size car produced by the American automaker Tesla since 2012. The automaker's longest-produced model and second vehicle, critics have called the Model S one of the most significant and influential electric cars in the industry.

Tesla started developing the Model S around 2007 under the codename "WhiteStar". Initially, Henrik Fisker—known for his work with Aston Martin—was appointed as the lead designer for the WhiteStar project, but after a dispute with Elon Musk, Tesla's CEO, Fisker was replaced by Franz von Holzhausen. By 2008, von Holzhausen had designed what would become the production Model S's exterior. Tesla unveiled a prototype of the vehicle in March 2009, in Hawthorne, California. To produce the Model S, Tesla acquired a facility in Fremont, California, which was previously owned by General Motors and Toyota. Series manufacture of the car officially began at what is now known as the Tesla Fremont Factory in June 2012. Tesla carried out the final assembly for European markets at its facilities in Tilburg, the Netherlands, between 2013 and 2021.

All versions of the Model S come equipped with a single-speed transmission. The car initially used an alternating current induction motor, but in 2019, Tesla substituted it with a permanent magnet synchronous reluctance unit. Constructed mostly of aluminum, the Model S shares 30 percent of its components with the Model X—a crossover SUV that was introduced in 2015. Over the course of its production, it has undergone several updates, the most prominent ones occurring in 2016 and 2021. These updates have typically included modifications to the motor, such as changes to power or torque, as well as revised exterior elements and refreshed interior features. One such change included the introduction of Tesla Autopilot—a partial vehicle automation advanced driver-assistance system—which was released in 2015. To charge the Model S, Tesla operates a network of fast-charging stations.

In 2015, the Model S was the world's best-selling plug-in electric vehicle. It has been the subject of multiple fires, the first in 2013. The car has earned numerous accolades, including being named one of the Best 25 Inventions of the Year 2012 by Time and receiving the Tech Car of the Year for 2012 award from CNET. In 2014, The Daily Telegraph described the Model S as a "car that changed the world".^[6] Road & Track argued that, with the introduction of the Model S Plaid—the high-performance version of the vehicle—and features such as the yoke steering wheel, Tesla managed to turn the Model S into "perhaps one of the worst [cars in the world]."^[7]

Development

In January 2007, a year before the company introduced its first vehicle, the battery-electric Roadster, the American automaker Tesla Motors opened a facility in Michigan, employing sixty people to work on new projects, including a four-door sedan.^[8]^[9] Beginning development under the codename "WhiteStar",^[10] Tesla initially planned for the car to have two powertrain options. The first would be a battery-electric version with an all-electric range of 200 miles (320 km). The second was to be a hybrid electric vehicle with a range extender, capable of traveling between 40 and 50 miles (64 and 80 km) on electric power before a small gasoline engine would recharge its batteries and power the vehicle, giving it a total range of 400 miles (640 km). However, at the GoingGreen conference in September 2008, Elon Musk—the chief executive officer of Tesla^[11]—announced that the company would exclusively produce battery-electric vehicles.^[12]

In 2007, Musk appointed Henrik Fisker, known for his work with Aston Martin,^[13]^[14] as the lead designer of the WhiteStar project.^[15]^[16] Fisker signed an US$875,000 contract to design the car.^[17] The company requested that he design a "sleek, four-door sedan" priced from $50,000–$70,000 (equivalent to $73,471–$102,860 in 2023), and that it be ready between late 2009 and early 2010. Fisker owned a design studio in Orange County, California, which the Tesla employees frequently visited to view his designs. However, their reactions were generally negative; Ron Lloyd, the vice president of the WhiteStar project, described Fisker's designs as "terrible [...] some of the early styles were like a giant egg". When Musk rejected his designs, Fisker attributed the decision to the project's physical constraints, saying, "they wouldn't let me make the car sexy".^[18] Shortly after the meetings, Fisker started his own company^[18] and debuted the Fisker Karma in 2008, at the North American International Auto Show.^[19]^[20] Musk subsequently filed a lawsuit against Fisker, accusing him of stealing Tesla's design ideas and using the $875,000 to launch his own company.^[18]^[21] Fisker won the lawsuit in November 2008, and an arbitrator ordered Tesla to reimburse Fisker's legal fees and declared Tesla's claims to be without merit.^[18]^[22]

A small team of Tesla engineers went to a Mercedes-Benz car dealership where they test-drove a CLS and an E-Class. Both cars shared a chassis, and the engineers assessed different aspects of the two vehicles, evaluating their positives and negatives. They ultimately preferred the CLS's styling and used it as the baseline for the Model S. After purchasing a CLS, they disassembled it, modified the battery pack of a Tesla Roadster, cut out the CLS's floor, and integrated it with the battery pack. They subsequently put all of its electronics and systems in the car's trunk and replaced the interior. After three months of development, the engineers completed a battery-electric version of the CLS. They frequently tested the car on public roads. It had 120 miles (190 km) of all-electric range per charge and weighed more than the Roadster.^[23]

In August 2008, Musk appointed Franz von Holzhausen as the project's lead designer.^[24]^[25] Von Holzhausen reviewed Fisker's sketches and clay models but was unimpressed with what he saw, stating that "it was clear [...] that the people [who] had been working on this were novices". To save money, Tesla established its design center within a SpaceX factory—a company also owned by Musk. As von Holzhausen began designing the exterior of the Model S, Tesla engineers initiated a project to construct another electric version of a CLS. They stripped it to its core, removed the body structure, and extended the wheelbase by four inches (10 cm) to align with early Model-S specifications. Within three months, von Holzhausen had designed the production Model S's exterior, and the engineers had begun building a prototype around the design.^[26] Given the battery pack's substantial weight, Musk and the team began efforts to minimize the weight of other components. To address this issue, Musk opted to use aluminum instead of steel, stating that the non-battery-pack portion of the vehicle must be lighter than equivalent gasoline vehicles. He noted that the primary challenge was that if aluminum were not used in its construction, the car's performance would be compromised.^[27] To accelerate the development of the Model S, one group of engineers worked during the day, while another arrived late evening and worked through the night, both operating within a 3,000 square feet (280 m²) tent in the SpaceX factory.^[28]

Tesla debuted a prototype version of the Model S in Hawthorne, California, on March 26, 2009.^[29]^[30]^[31] Tesla initially intended to manufacture the Model S in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and later in San Jose, California, but later withdrew from both plans mainly due to financial problems.^[32]^[33] During the Great Recession, American automaker General Motors decided to abandon the NUMMI facility in 2009, with Toyota soon following.^[34]^[35] However, a month after the last car was produced at the manufacturing line in April 2010, Toyota and Tesla announced a partnership and the transfer of the factory. Tesla agreed to purchase a significant portion of the facility for $42 million (equivalent $57 million in 2023), while Toyota invested $50 million (equivalent to $68 million in 2023) in Tesla for a 2.5 percent stake in the company.^[36]^[37]

During the early 2010s, Musk expanded the engineering teams for the Model S, while von Holzhausen grew the design teams in Los Angeles. The engineers operated in a lab with forty-five personnel. The "alpha" version of the Model S, featuring newly stamped body parts from the Fremont factory, a revamped battery pack, and improved power electronics, was completed in the basement of an office in Palo Alto, California. Twelve of the cars were produced; some were sent to suppliers such as Bosch, while others were preserved for testing and design alterations.^[38] On June 22, 2012, Tesla invited its employees, select customers, and the press to watch the first production Model S roll off the manufacturing line in Fremont.^[39]^[40]

Design

The body and the chassis of the Model S are made mostly of aluminum.^[41]^[42] The Model S shares its platform and thirty percent of its parts with the Model X,^[43]^[44] a mid-size luxury crossover SUV that was introduced in 2015.^[45]^[46] The Model S is a full-size sedan with four doors^[47]^[48] and five seats;^[49]^[50] a seven-seating option, however, was available.^[51] The company claimed a drag coefficient of 0.24,^[52] the lowest of any production car at release.^[53] This claim was independently verified by the magazine Car and Driver in the middle of 2014.^[54] The vehicle's drag coefficient was improved by a solid front fascia instead of a grille, retractable door handles, and a flat underbody with no exhaust pipes to disrupt the airflow.^[1]

The Model S's battery pack is its heaviest component^[55]^[56] and is located inside of the car's floor.^[57]^[58] The battery pack consists of thousands of identical cylindrical 18650 battery cells, each measuring 18 millimeters (0.71 in) in diameter and 65 millimeters (2.6 in) in height.^[59]^[60] These cells feature a graphite/silicon anode,^[61] and a nickel-cobalt-aluminum cathode.^[62]^[63] The Model S has a center of gravity height of 18 inches (460 mm),^[64]^[65] reducing the risk of rollovers.^[66]^[67] Since the heavier components of the drivetrain are positioned behind the rear axle's centerline, the Model S has a weight distribution of 46 percent at the front and 54 percent at the rear.^[68] The Model S has a single-speed reduction gear transmission,^[69] and an alternating current induction motor. In 2019, Tesla replaced the induction motors with permanent magnet synchronous reluctance units.^[70]^{[note 2]}

A cast aluminum cross-member attached to the vehicle's body structure supports the front suspension and electrically assisted rack-and-pinion steering system. At the rear, a cast subframe is connected to the body using four rubber-isolated mounts to reduce vibrations.^[71] The front suspension features a double control arm design, while the rear suspension uses a multi-link arrangement, each with an air spring for improved ride comfort.^[71]^[72] This chassis also features disc brake components produced by Brembo.^[71]^[73] Since the Model S lacks a front engine, Tesla implemented a "frunk",^{[note 3]} which has 5.3 cubic feet (150 L) of storage.^[74]^[75] The car's rear trunk possesses 26.6 cubic feet (750 L) of storage with the rear seats upright and 58.1 cubic feet (1,650 L) when the seats are folded down.^[76]^[77] Initially, the seats and steering wheel of the Model S were offered in both synthetic and non-synthetic leather options. However, in 2017, following a request from People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals to become the first cruelty-free automaker, Tesla switched exclusively to synthetic leather.^[78]^[79]^[80]

Models and updates

2012–2016: Initial years

The pre-facelift Model S

Tesla allocated its initial 1,000 Model S units to the "Signature" limited edition configurations.^[81]^[82]^[83] The AC induction motor of the base Signature model generates a power output of 270 kW (362 hp) and a torque output of 439 newton-meters (324 lb⋅ft).^[84] The Signature Performance's motor produces 310 kW (416 hp) and 601 newton-meters (443 lb⋅ft).^[85]^[86] Both models incorporate an 85 kilowatt-hour (kWh) lithium-ion battery,^[86]^[87] and have an all-electric range of 265 miles (426 km).^[82]^[88]^[86]

Beginning in 2012, three battery pack configurations of the Model S were offered as 2013 model year^{[note 4]} vehicles.^[90] Initially, a 40 kWh lithium-ion model was planned as the entry-level version, but Tesla announced in 2013 that this version would not be produced.^[91] The motor of this version was to produce a power output of 175 kilowatts (235 hp) and a torque of 420 newton-meters (310 lb⋅ft).^[92]^[93]^[94] Instead, a more powerful model with a 60 kWh model—with its output limited to 40 kWh via software—was introduced to substitute the 40 kWh model.^[92] Its motor generates 225 kilowatts (302 hp) and 430 newton-meters (317 lb⋅ft),^[95] providing it with a range of 208 miles (335 km).^[96] Two versions of the 85 kWh model were created: one with specifications similar to the aforementioned Signature model, and a performance version, the "P85", with specifications akin to the Signature Performance.^[94]^[68]

In 2014, Tesla discontinued the P85, replacing it with the P85D ("D" stands for "dual").^[97]^[98] Tesla introduced a front motor in the P85D, in addition to the existing rear motor used in previous models. This configuration powers both the front and rear wheels, resulting in an all-wheel drive powertrain.^[99]^[100] The two motors produce a combined output of 515 kilowatts (691 hp) and 931 newton-meters (687 lb⋅ft), giving it a range of 275 miles (443 km).^[101]^[102] Replacing the 60 kWh model,^[103]^[104] the 70D was introduced as a 2015 model year vehicle. It features dual motors that produce a combined output of 383 kilowatts (514 hp) and 387 newton-meters (285 lb⋅ft), allowing it to have a range of 240 miles (390 km).^[105]^[106]^[107] A single-motor version of the 70 kWh model was also produced, with an output of 235 kilowatts (315 hp) and 325 newton-meters (240 lb⋅ft), giving it a range of 210 miles (340 km).^[107]

In 2015, Tesla launched the standard 90D and the performance P90D to succeed the 85 kWh model and the P85D, respectively.^[108]^[109]^[110] The 90D's motor produces 311 kilowatts (417 hp) and 658 newton-meters (485 lb⋅ft),^[111]^[112] and a range of 288 miles (463 km).^[112]^[113] The P90D's dual motors generate a combined output of 568 kilowatts (762 hp) and 967 newton-meters (713 lb⋅ft),^[114]^[115] sufficient to give the car a range of 268 miles (431 km).^[115]^[116]^[117]

2016–2019: First major update

The Model S and its prominently revised front fascia

Rear view

In April 2016, Tesla implemented a facelift for the Model S, releasing them as 2017 model year vehicles.^[118]^[119] Its most prominent update lies in its front fascia, where the previous black grille has been replaced by a continuation of the body, leaving only a thin gap between the leading edge of the hood and the bumper, which houses the Tesla logo.^[120]^[121] The updated model also includes restyled, full-LED adaptive headlights that turn with the car to enhance visibility at night.^[120]

That same year, Tesla reintroduced the 60 kWh model and introduced an all-wheel-drive version, the 60D.^[122]^[123] The former produces 235 kilowatts (315 hp) of power and 325 newton-meters (240 lb⋅ft) of torque, giving it a range of 210 miles (340 km).^[124]^[125]^[126] The latter has dual motors that produce 242 kilowatts (324 hp) and 430 newton-meters (317 lb⋅ft), with a range of 253 miles (407 km).^[127] Customers also had the option to upgrade the battery capacity to 75 kWh through an over-the-air update, extending the range by 40 miles (64 km).^[124] In March 2017, Tesla discontinued the 60 kWh model to distinguish its premium cars from the cheaper options, making the 75 kWh model the new entry-level offering.^[128]^[129]

In late 2016, Tesla introduced the P100D as a replacement for the P90D.^[130] The P100D's motors generate a combined output 510 kilowatts (680 hp) and 1,072 newton-meters (791 lb⋅ft), allowing it to have a range of 315 miles (507 km).^[131]^[132]^[133] In early 2017, Tesla introduced the 100D.^[134] Its dual motors deliver 360 kilowatts (483 hp) and 660 newton-meters (487 lb⋅ft), and it has a range of 335 miles (539 km).^[135]^[136] Midway through 2017, Tesla discontinued the 90D.^[137] Tesla subsequently ended production of the rear-wheel-drive 75 kWh model in late 2017.^[138] In 2019, Tesla also replaced the 75D, 100D, and P100D variants as part of the company's shift towards a revamped model range.^[139]^[140]

2019–present: Simplified naming scheme

In favor of a more streamlined lineup, in 2019, the previous 75D, 100D, and P100D models were replaced with the Standard Range, Long Range, and Performance models, respectively;^[140] however, the Standard Range model was discontinued later that year.^[141] The Model S Long Range, equipped with a 100 kWh battery, has dual motors that generate a total output of 350 kilowatts (469 hp) and 730 newton-meters (540 lb⋅ft), giving the Long Range a range of 375 miles (604 km).^[142]^[143] The Performance model also has a 100 kWh battery. Its dual motors produce a combined output of 562 kilowatts (754 hp) and 931 newton-meters (687 lb⋅ft); it has a range of 365 miles (587 km).^[144] For 2020, the Long Range model was replaced with the Long Range Plus.^[145] Its dual motors deliver a combined output of 311 kilowatts (417 hp) and 658 newton-meters (485 lb⋅ft). It has a range of 400 miles (640 km).^[150]

In 2021, Tesla launched a significant update to the Model S, known internally as the "Palladium" project, which involved an overhaul of most of its components. The revised Model S was revealed in January 2021.^[151]^[152]^[153] At its debut, the updated Model S had the lowest drag coefficient of any automobile, with a value of 0.208.^[154]^[155] The updated Long Range delivers 500 kilowatts (670 hp). It achieves a range of 405 miles (652 km).^[156] The Plaid, which features a 95 kWh battery,^[157] has—in contrast to all models previous—a tri-motor, all-wheel drive layout. The trio produce a total output of 760 kilowatts (1,020 hp) and 1,050 newton-meters (770 lb⋅ft), providing the car with a 0 to 60 mph (97 km/h) acceleration of 1.98 seconds and a maximum speed of 200 mph (320 km/h), with a range of 390 miles (630 km).^[158]^[159]^[160] In 2023, Tesla reintroduced the Standard Range model, which has a range of 370 miles (600 km).^[161]^[162]

Technology

Features

The instrument panel is positioned directly before the driver and features a 12.3-inch (310 mm) liquid crystal display electronic instrument cluster.^[49]^[163] Initially, the infotainment control touchscreen featured a 17-inch (430 mm) multi-touch display^[164] divided into four sections. The top section shows status icons and offers quick access to features like charging, HomeLink, Driver Profiles, vehicle information, and Bluetooth. Below that, the second section provides access to various apps, such as Media, Navigation, Energy, Web, Camera, and Phone. The central viewing area displays two active apps, split into upper and lower areas, with most apps expandable to fill the entire screen. The bottom section contains controls and settings for the vehicle, including doors, locks, lights, temperature settings, and a secondary volume control.^[165]

Originally, the Model S's touchscreen was powered by a Nvidia Tegra 3 3D Visual Computing Module (VCM),^[166]^[167] with a separate Nvidia Tegra 2 VCM handling the instrument cluster.^[168] Around 2018, Tesla upgraded these two Tegra System-on-a-Chip (SoC) units to a single Intel Atom–based SoC, which powered both the main touchscreen display and the instrument cluster.^[169] With the Palladium refresh, Tesla further updated the system, switching to a horizontal touchscreen orientation and an AMD Ryzen-based SoC. The touchscreen includes features like driver-side climate control, My App, the app launcher, recent apps, passenger-side climate control, and volume control.^{[note 5]} Features, such as lock and unlock, trunk, glove box, and mirrors, could be controlled from the touchscreen.^[170] Also for the 2021 refresh, Tesla implemented a "yoke" steering wheel.^[171]^{[note 6]}

Autopilot

In 2014, Tesla introduced Autopilot, an advanced driver-assistance system developed by the automaker that amounts to partial vehicle automation.^[174]^[175] Every Model S produced from September 2014 onward included the Autopilot hardware,^[176] and it was officially released in October 2015 as a software update.^[177]^[178] Autopilot uses cameras, radar and ultrasound to detect road signs, lane markings, obstacles, pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists, traffic lights, and other vehicles. Additionally, Autopilot includes adaptive cruise control, lane centering, auto lane changing, autoparking and many other semi-autonomous driving and parking capabilities.^[179]^[180] The Model S's operating systems are partly built using open-source software (OSS), which is publicly available. Tesla uses OSS like Linux, the GNU toolchain, Buildroot, and community projects like Ubuntu.^[181] From 2021, Tesla began using a system known as "Tesla Vision", which relies solely on cameras, replacing the previous radar-based sensors.^[182] In 2023, Tesla discontinued the ultrasonic system as part of its shift towards Tesla Vision.^[183]

The Autopilot system has been the subject of criticism. Following a crash in Florida, the National Transportation Safety Board found that the driver's usage of the system "indicated an over-reliance on the automation and a lack of understanding of the system limitations".^[184] Tesla has faced accusations of misleading advertising, with critics alleging that the company led consumers to believe the vehicles were fully autonomous. Tesla has defended itself by arguing that the state's prolonged lack of objection to the Autopilot branding implied approval of its advertising practices.^[185]^{[note 7]} In a 2019 survey by Bloomberg News, hundreds of Tesla owners reported experiencing dangerous behaviors with Autopilot, including phantom braking, lane departures, and failure to stop for road hazards.^[186] Users also noted issues like sudden software crashes, unexpected shutdowns, collisions with off-ramp barriers, radar failures, abrupt swerving, tailgating, and inconsistent speed changes.^[187]

Charging

Tesla has devised numerous ways to charge the Model S: the 240-volt home wall charger provides 100 kilometers (62 miles) of range per hour of charging, while the mobile connector, intended for use away from home, offers 50 kilometers (31 miles) of range per hour.^[188] Tesla partnered with businesses to install Tesla Wall Connectors to provide a public charging network called Tesla Destination.^[189] The units are provided to the businesses by Tesla for free or at a cheap price.^[190] The business is responsible for the cost of electricity. Some businesses limit them to customers, employees, or residents only.^[191] In late 2012, Tesla began operating a network of 480-volt charging stations, dubbed "Superchargers".^[192]^[193]

Tesla initially planned for the Model S to allow fast battery swapping.^[194]^[195] In 2013, the company demonstrated a battery-swap operation that took about ninety seconds—roughly half the time needed to refill a gas tank.^[196]^[197]^[198] While Tesla initially planned to make battery swapping widely available, they reportedly abandoned the idea due to a perceived lack of customer interest.^[199]^[200] Jeremy Michalek, a mechanical engineering professor, suggested that the high cost, bulkiness, and resource demands of batteries made the creation of extensive networks of swappable packs—requiring storage, charging, and maintenance—economically and environmentally impractical.^[201] Critics have accused Tesla of exploiting California's zero-emission vehicle credit system by introducing the battery-swap program without ever making it accessible to the public.^[202] In 2020, Tesla announced plans to integrate the batteries into the vehicle's body to enhance strength and reduce weight and cost.^[203]

Environmental impact

A 2015 study by the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) concluded that in U.S. regions where the Model S is popular, its 68 percent higher manufacturing emissions are offset within a few years of average driving.^[206] However, the UCS report assumes that electric materials are recycled at rates similar to other cars and excludes the issue of battery disposal due to limited data on recycling practices and future intentions at the time.^[206] Over their lifecycle, electric vehicles—like the Model S—emit about half as much CO₂ as comparable fossil fuel cars.^[207]

All Tesla Model S' initial lithium-ion batteries contained nickel and small amounts of cobalt,^[208] which have a high environmental impact due to resource depletion, ecological toxicity, and extraction processes.^[209] By early 2022, almost half of Tesla's overall sales had shifted to a different battery type (LFP battery), which does not contain cobalt or nickel.^[210]

In 2021, Tesla wrote in its Impact Report that it recycles all returned battery packs and stated that Gigafactory 1 is able to recycle up to 92 percent of the elements from old batteries, moving towards a "closed loop" system where old batteries are turned into new ones. In 2020, the company recycled significant amounts of metals: 1,300 tons of nickel, 400 tons of copper, and 80 tons of cobalt.^[204]^[205] Tesla's report states that most of its batteries are recycled in some form; however, according to Vice, it does not specify that 92 percent of each individual battery is fully recycled. The company has articulated an ultimate goal of achieving "high recovery rates, low costs, and low environmental impact" through its recycling program, though it does not provide details on its current progress toward this.^[205] A 2021 scientific study showed that the Tesla Model S is a profitable commercial battery pack for recycling due to its low disassembly costs and high revenues from cobalt recovery.^[211] The materials scientist Dana Thompson from the University of Leicester cautions that the recycling of batteries may pose significant hazards. According to Thompson, if a Tesla cell is punctured too deeply or at an inappropriate location, it risks short-circuiting, potentially leading to combustion and the release of toxic fumes.^[212]

Production and initial deliveries

The vehicles that form the "S3XY" acronym: the Model S; the Model 3; the Model X; and the Model Y

The Model S is the company's second vehicle and is, as of 2022, its longest-produced model.^[213]^[214] The Model S has been produced at the 5,400,000 square feet (500,000 m²) Fremont, California, facility since June 2012;^[215]^[216] but from August 2013, for European countries, final assembly was carried out at Tesla's facilities in Tilburg, the Netherlands.^[217] The aim of the Tilburg factory was to shorten delivery times for customers in Britain and the EU, improve product quality, and establish the automaker's presence in Europe by producing the Model S and the Model X.^[218] The production of both the Model S and Model X at the Tilburg facility ceased in early 2021. According to the Dutch newspaper NU.nl, the 2021 refresh introduced changes to the production process that made it impossible to complete final assembly at the Tilburg location.^[219] Tesla initially projected it would produce 1,000 units per month, aiming for a total of 5,000 units by the end of 2012. For 2013, Tesla aimed to quadruple that. Tesla built its 1,000th Model S by October 31, 2012,^[220] and delivered 2,650 units by the end of the year.^[221] In the first half of the subsequent year, 10,050 units were delivered to customers.^[222]

The Model S was the first vehicle by Tesla produced at the Fremont facility.^[223] It was followed by the Model X in 2015, the Model 3 in 2017 and the Model Y in 2020.^[224]^[225]^[226] These cars form the "S3XY" acronym.^[227]^[228] In 2015, the Model S was the world's best-selling plug-in electric vehicle,^[229] with Tesla selling 50,366 in that year.^[230] Since its inception, the Model S has been equipped with batteries supplied by the electronics company Panasonic in Japan.^[231]^[232]^[233] Since January 2017, the car's batteries have also been produced at Gigafactory Nevada.^[234] European retail deliveries began between August and September 2013, with Norway,^[235] Switzerland,^[236] the Netherlands,^[236] Belgium, France, and Germany.^[237] The first Australian delivery took place in Sydney on December 9, 2014.^[238]^[239] Deliveries to the mainland Chinese market began on April 22, 2014,^[240] followed by Hong Kong in July 2014.^[241]^[242] Deliveries to the United Kingdom began in June 2014.^[243]

Safety

Testing

In a European New Car Assessment Programme testing conducted in 2022, the Model S received a five-star rating:^[244]

Euro NCAP test results
Tesla Model S (2022)
Test	Points	%
Overall:
Adult occupant:	35.8	94%
Child occupant:	45.0	91%
Pedestrian:	45.9	85%
Safety assist:	15.7	98%

In a National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) testing conducted in 2015, the Model S received a five-star rating.^[245] Tesla subsequently claimed that—based on the details of the test—it actually achieved 5.4 stars, prompting the NHTSA to release a statement reaffirming that it does not award more than five stars, and that Tesla was "misleading the public" by claiming in their marketing that the NHTSA had awarded them a higher rating.^[246]^[247]

NHTSA
Overall
Frontal, driver
Frontal, passenger
Side, driver
Side, passenger
Side pole, driver
Rollover	/ 5.7%^{[note 8]}

Recalls

As of February 2024, the Model S has had seven product recalls. On June 14, 2013, Tesla recalled Model S vehicles manufactured between May 10, 2013, and June 8, 2013, due to improper methods for aligning the left hand seat back striker to the bracket, which could weaken the weld between the bracket and frame. Musk stated that the weld had not detached on any car, there had been no complaints, and no injuries had occurred.^[248] In early January 2014, Tesla issued a recall for Model S vehicles from 2013 due to the risk of overheating with the adapter, cord, or wall outlet during charging. Following the recall, Jerome Guillen, Tesla's vice president of sales, announced that nearly all Model S adapters had already been updated via over-the-air software to address the charging problem. Tesla noted that the recall impacted nearly all Model S vehicles and adapters produced in 2013.^[249] Tesla announced a voluntary recall on November 20, 2015, of all of its 90,000 Model S vehicles, to check for a possible defect in the cars' front seat belt assemblies. The problem was raised by one customer in Europe. Tesla's resulting investigation was unable to identify a root cause for the failure, and the company decided to examine every car. Tesla reported that no accidents or injuries were related to the problem.^[250]

On January 20, 2017, Tesla recalled every Model S manufactured from 2012 because of defective Takata airbags. This recall not only impacted the Model S but also affected approximately 652,000 other vehicles from other automakers across the United States, which, at the time, was the largest automotive recall in the country's history.^[251] On April 20, 2017, Tesla issued a worldwide recall of 53,000 of the 76,000 Model S and Model X vehicles sold in 2016 due to faulty parking brakes. Tesla assured that this issue was unlikely to cause safety problems and had not resulted in any accidents or injuries. Despite this, the company asked customers to have their cars inspected, a process that took about forty-five minutes. Approximately five percent of the vehicles were affected, and Brembo, the supplier of the defective part, would cover the repair costs.^[252]^[253] All 123,000 Model S cars manufactured before April 2016 were recalled on March 30, 2018, due to excessive corrosion of the bolts which secure the power steering, particularly those cars used in cold countries where roads are salted. Tesla's stock dropped nearly four percent in after-hours trading on Thursday following the announcement of the Model S recall.^[254]

In December 2021, 119,009 Model S vehicles produced between 2017 and 2020 were recalled because of the possibility of latch failure allowing front hoods to open unexpectedly. The recall, according to the company, affected around 14 percent of the Model S vehicles.^[255] In February 2024, Tesla recalled over two million Tesla vehicles in the United States due to the compact size of the warning lights on the instrument panel. Documents indicated that the recall was issued to enhance warnings and alerts for drivers. The NHTSA reported that the font size of the brake, park, and antilock brake warning lights was smaller than mandated by federal safety standards. This size made information difficult to read, thereby increasing the risk of a collision.^[256]

Fires

First fire

A fire involving a Tesla Model S occurred on October 1, 2013, after the vehicle struck metal debris on Washington State Route 167 in Kent, Washington.^[257] The driver was alerted by the onboard system and was able to safely exit the highway, stop the car, and leave the vehicle without injury.^[258] Tesla later explained that the fire was triggered by a "direct impact of a large metallic object" to one of the car's 16 battery modules. The vehicle's design, which included firewalls separating the modules, limited the fire to a small section at the front of the car.^[257] The debris that caused the fire was identified as a "curved section" that had fallen off a truck and was recovered near the site of the accident. According to Tesla, the debris pierced a 3-inch (80 mm) hole through the vehicle's 0.25 in (6 mm) armor plate, with an estimated force of 25 short tons (23 t). Built-in vents directed the flames away from the passenger compartment, preventing them from entering the cabin.^[258]

On October 24, 2013, the NHTSA announced that it had not found evidence suggesting the fire resulted from a vehicle safety defect or noncompliance with federal safety standards.^[259] However, in the following month, the NHTSA initiated a preliminary evaluation to assess the potential risks associated with undercarriage strikes on 2013 Tesla Model S vehicles.^[260] On March 28, 2014, the investigation was closed, with the NHTSA stating that "Tesla's revision of vehicle ride height and addition of increased underbody protection should reduce both the frequency of underbody strikes and the resultant fire risk".^[261]^[262]

Subsequent fires

On November 6, 2013, another fire occurred when a Tesla Model S struck a tow hitch on the road, causing damage to the underside of the vehicle.^[263] In response to these incidents, Tesla extended its vehicle warranty to cover fire damage and issued a software update to increase the car's ground clearance at highway speeds.^[260] In early February 2014, another fire incident was reported in Toronto, Canada. The Model S was parked in a garage and was not charging at the time. The cause of the fire remains undetermined.^[264]^[265] Tesla stated, "in this particular case, we don't yet know the precise cause, but have definitively determined that it did not originate in the battery, the charging system, the adapter or the electrical receptacle, as these components were untouched by the fire".^[266]^[267]

On January 1, 2016, a 2014 Model S caught fire in Norway while supercharging unsupervised. The vehicle was totally destroyed but nobody was injured.^[268] An investigation by the Norwegian Accident Investigation Board concluded that the fire started within the car, but the exact cause could not be determined.^[269] In March 2016, Tesla announced that their own investigation found that the fire was caused by a short circuit in the vehicle's distribution box, but the extent of the damage made it impossible to determine the exact cause.^[270]

Reception and legacy

The Model S has been recognized by several critics as an influential electric car.^[271]^[272]^[273] In a 2014 review for the newspaper The Sunday Times, Nick Rufford remarked, "the Model S represents the last throw of the electric dice [...] if this vehicle can't persuade people to ditch petrol and switch to battery power, no car can".^[271] In December 2014, a journalist from The Daily Telegraph called the Model S "a car that changed the world".^[6] The Daily Telegraph, in 2014, also called it "the most important car of the last 20 years".^[274] The BBC-owned magazine Top Gear described it as "one of the most appealing electric vehicles in the world [...] and one that almost single-handedly forced mainstream manufacturers to embrace electricity".^[275] Keith Barry of Consumer Reports mentioned that "the introduction of certain features, such as a yoke-style steering wheel, has distracted from the flagship sedan's underlying brilliance, as has Musk's public image".^{[note 9]}^[276] Consumer Reports additionally pointed out that the success of the Model S prompted other automakers to rethink how they design and market their vehicles.^[276] The magazine Car and Driver noted that the Model S was the "first long-range, widely desired electric vehicle" when it was released, adding that "mainstream automakers [...] [struggled] to catch up".^[145]

The Model S has received mixed reviews. Samuel Gibbs from the newspaper The Guardian referred to it as a "swish saloon car", writing that, unlike many other electric vehicles, it did not resemble "a bug or bubble-car". Gibbs was also impressed by its acceleration, remarking that it has "it has enough power to beat even the Aston Martin Rapide, all without petrol and with no emissions".^[277] Reviewing for The Independent, Lee Williams called the Model S "a beautiful car that symbolizes humanity's march towards automation", but criticized its large size, describing the car as "too damn big".^[278] Road & Track's Chris Perkins argued that Tesla managed to turn the "most important car of the century into a bad joke", describing the Model S Plaid as "perhaps one of the worst [cars in the world]". He called its yoke steering wheel "incredibly stupid", called its damping "irritating", and stated that "it doesn't have the chassis, steering, or brakes to deal with the horsepower".^[7] The newspaper U.S. News & World Report thought that its "basic interior feels out of step with its price, and newer rivals offer more room, style and, in some cases, range".^[279] According to Lee Hutchinson of the news website Ars Technica, the Model S's "almond-shaped headlights and prominent nosecone conjure images of Maserati, while the rear half has a distinct Aston Martin DBS flavor, [and] the taillights and rear evoke the Jaguar XF".^[1] While being in two completely different classes, the Model S has been frequently compared to the first generation of the Nissan Leaf, a hatchback.^[280]^[281]

Ars Technica's Lee Hutchinson called the vehicle's acceleration "instant, ludicrous, [and] neck-snapping", believing that it was "more appropriate for a roller-coaster than a car". He described its styling as "graceful, with a precisely engineered exterior".^[1] In his review for Carwow, Mat Watson described the Model S Plaid as "astonishingly quick" and "extremely quiet", but he criticized its high price and noted that competing models offer greater comfort. Watson ultimately rated it eight out of ten.^[282] Keith Adams of the magazine Car described the Model S as "the king of the hill". He called the thrust "stomach-churning from rest", believing that the driver would "crave to relive the experience—again and again".^[283] Jalopnik's Lawrence Hodge criticized the yoke steering wheel, describing it as "stupid" and suggesting that its introduction was more of a downgrade than an upgrade.^[284]

Awards

The Model S is the recipient of numerous awards, as listed in the table below:^{[note 10]}

Accolades awarded to the Tesla Model S
Organization	Year	Category	Ref.
CNET	2012	Tech Car of the Year	^[285]
Time	2012	Best 25 Inventions	^[286]
Popular Science	2012	Auto Grand Award Winner	^[287]
Automobile	2013	Automobile of the Year	^[288]
Motor Trend	2013	Car of the Year	^[289]^[290]
Natural Resources Canada	2013	EcoENERGY for Vehicles Awards^{[note 11]}	^[291]
World Car of the Year	2013	World Green Car of the Year	^[292]
Yahoo! Autos	2013	Car of the Year	^[293]
American Automobile Association	2014	Green Car Guide	^[294]
American Automobile Association	2015	Green Car Guide	^[295]
Time	2019	10 Best Gadgets of the 2010s	^[296]

References

Notes

^ Excluding side-view mirrors
^ The new motor technology increased the range by ten percent. In an induction motor, alternating current in the stator (the stationary part) creates a rotating magnetic field. This field induces currents in the rotor (the spinning part), producing a magnetic field that causes the rotor to spin in the same direction. In a synchronous reluctance motor, the stator has electromagnets, but the rotor has no windings or magnets. Instead, it is made of magnetic and non-magnetic materials arranged to align with the stator's magnetic field, driving the rotor's movement.^[70]
^ A portmanteau of "front" and "trunk"
^ It is common practice in the American automotive industry to introduce a model year's automobile during the previous calendar year.^[89]
^ Driver-side and passenger-side climate control may vary based on market.
^ A yoke steering wheel is a steering control that is shaped like a joystick or U-shape with two hand grips and a hub.^[172]^[173]
^ For a more detailed overview of the criticism of Autopilot, see Tesla Autopilot § False or misleading advertising.
^ This means it has a 5.7 percent chance of rolling over in a loss-of-control incident.
^ For more information on Musk's controversial statements, see Criticism of Tesla, Inc., Elon Musk § Public perception and § Personal views and Twitter usage.
^ This list includes awards from prominent publishers only; lesser-known organizations may not be included.
^ For vehicles in the full-size category

Citations

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Hutchinson, Lee (October 28, 2013). "Review: Tesla Motors' all-electric Model S is fast—but is it a good car?". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
^ Anthony, Sebastian (January 31, 2017). "Driving the Tesla Model S through the countryside—watch out for autopilot". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on July 28, 2024. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
^ "Tesla Model S practicality, boot size, dimensions & luggage capacity". Auto Express. February 11, 2020. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
^ Kumar, Devanshu & Dwivedi 2024, p. 36.
^ Muralidhar, S. (July 20, 2018). "A brief encounter of the Tesla kind". Business Line. ProQuest 2263342958.
^ ^a ^b "The top 10 cars that changed the world (and one that's about to)". The Daily Telegraph. December 19, 2014. Archived from the original on October 13, 2023. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
^ ^a ^b Perkins, Chris (November 3, 2023). "Tesla Model S has lived long enough to see itself become a villain". Road & Track. Archived from the original on February 29, 2024. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
^ Rudgard, Olivia (October 28, 2019). "Catching up with Tesla: How Elon Musk left rivals in the dust". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on November 17, 2023. Retrieved September 5, 2024.
^ Mara, Janis (January 27, 2007). "New electric cars spark interest all over Bay Area". East Bay Times. Archived from the original on July 28, 2024. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
^ Vance 2016, p. 272.
^ Tennant, Chris; Stilgoe, Jack (2021). "The attachments of 'autonomous' vehicles". Social Studies of Science. 51 (6): 846–870. doi:10.1177/03063127211038752. ISSN 0306-3127. PMC 8586182. PMID 34396851.
^ Fessler 2019, p. 133.
^ Squatriglia, Chuck (July 2, 2010). "Henrik Fisker's 'timeless' automotive designs". WIRED. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
^ Yeomans, Jon (March 26, 2023). "Henrik Fisker: 'I left Aston Martin for my electric SUV dream'". The Times. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
^ Foldy, Ben (August 7, 2020). "Car designer Henrik Fisker lost his first race with Elon Musk. He wants to go again". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on June 12, 2024. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
^ Eisenstein, Paul A. (March 27, 2019). "Fisker wants another shot at Tesla with a new Model Y fighter". CNBC. Archived from the original on July 28, 2024. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
^ Squatriglia, Chuck (April 15, 2008). "Sparks fly as Tesla sues Henrik Fisker over sedan design". WIRED. Archived from the original on August 26, 2024. Retrieved August 26, 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Vance 2016, pp. 273–274.
^ "Detroit Auto Show". The Wall Street Journal. January 17, 2008. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
^ Garrett, Jerry (February 24, 2012). "Fisker Karma steps out with style and batteries". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 28, 2024. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
^ Markoff, John (April 15, 2008). "Maker of electric sports car sues a competitor". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
^ Henry, Jim (November 4, 2008). "Fisker claims victory in Tesla lawsuit". CBS News. Archived from the original on August 29, 2024. Retrieved August 26, 2024.
^ Vance 2016, pp. 275–276.
^ Patton, Phil (August 8, 2008). "Tesla plucks a Mazda designer". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 3, 2023. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
^ "Tesla snares Mazda's lead designer". Bloomberg News. August 4, 2008. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
^ Vance 2016, pp. 278–280.
^ Vance 2016, p. 281.
^ Vance 2016, p. 283.
^ "Tesla unveils electric 'family car of the future'". The Guardian. Associated Press. March 27, 2009. Archived from the original on August 29, 2024. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
^ "Tesla's Model S is here (a prototype, anyway)". Los Angeles Times. March 26, 2009. Archived from the original on July 29, 2024. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
^ Gaylord, Chris (March 26, 2009). "The new Tesla Model S: leaks and details". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on July 29, 2024. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
^ Nauman, Matt (January 29, 2009). "Plans for Tesla auto plant in San Jose appear doomed". The Mercury News. Archived from the original on August 29, 2024. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
^ Vance 2016, p. 285.
^ Langfitt, Frank (March 26, 2010). "The end of the line for GM-Toyota joint venture". NPR. Archived from the original on July 29, 2024. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
^ Avalos, George (November 11, 2009). "NUMMI auto factory closing: End of the line". The Mercury News. Archived from the original on July 29, 2024. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
^ Vance 2016, p. 289.
^ Garthwaite, Josie (May 21, 2010). "What the Toyota-Nummi deal could mean for Tesla's public offering". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 29, 2024. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
^ Vance 2016, pp. 291–293.
^ Vance 2016, p. 297.
^ "Tesla to launch its first mass-market, five-seat Model S electric car". The Denver Post. Associated Press. June 21, 2012. Archived from the original on July 29, 2024. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
^ Eisler 2022, p. 180.
^ Martenson 2023, p. 206.
^ Fitzgerald, Jack (December 4, 2023). "2024 Tesla Model X review, pricing, and specs". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on July 27, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024.
^ Doll, Scooter (October 27, 2020). "Model S vs. Model X: Tesla's expensive EVs compared". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024.
^ Paris, Martine (January 22, 2024). "The EV SUVs consumers want are coming". BBC News. Archived from the original on April 4, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024.
^ Hirsch, Jerry; Mitchell, Russ (September 30, 2015). "Model X: Under the hood of Tesla's SUV strategy". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 29, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024.
^ Bettencourt, Michael (October 24, 2012). "Latest Tesla is exotic, electric and exciting". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on July 30, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024.
^ Solon, Olivia (August 23, 2016). "Improved Tesla Model S among world's fastest-accelerating cars, company says". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 29, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024.
^ ^a ^b "2024 Tesla Model S interior, cargo space & seating". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on July 30, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024.
^ Voelcker, John (April 8, 2015). "Tesla Model S 70D: Improved range, higher price for Tesla's base model". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on July 30, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024.
^ Pollard, Tim (November 7, 2018). "Half a year living with a Tesla Model S: the long-term verdict". Car. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
^ Cunningham, Wayne (June 22, 2012). "Tesla Model S first drive: Quiet satisfaction". CNET. Archived from the original on July 30, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024.
^ Berman, Bradley (September 28, 2012). "One big step for Tesla, one giant leap for EVs". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 5, 2023. Retrieved July 30, 2024.
^ "Drag queens: Aerodynamics compared". Car and Driver. June 6, 2014. Archived from the original on February 25, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024.
^ Weber 2022, p. 78.
^ Baer & Singer 2024, p. 95.
^ Cunningham, Wayne (October 7, 2010). "Tesla Model S: The battery pack". CNET. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
^ Zohuri, Rahmani & Behgounia 2022, p. 536.
^ Warner 2024, p. 352.
^ Fuller & Harb 2018, p. 191.
^ LeVine, Steve (July 21, 2015). "Why did Elon Musk pass up a chance to boast about a scientific coup?". Quartz. Archived from the original on August 16, 2024. Retrieved August 16, 2024.
^ Warner 2015, p. 189.
^ Hayes & Goodarzi 2018, p. 70.
^ Fessler 2019, p. 138.
^ Dyer, Ezra (November 19, 2014). "Tesla Model S 60: 2015 10Best Cars". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on July 31, 2024. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
^ Favaro 2017, p. 113.
^ Ingram, Antony (August 20, 2013). "Tesla crash test: Tesla Model S is the safest car in the history of the NHTSA". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on July 31, 2024. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
^ ^a ^b Reynolds, Kim (March 16, 2015). "2013 Tesla Model S P85+ Review". Motor Trend. Archived from the original on August 3, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
^ VanderWerp, Dave (December 8, 2021). "Tesla Model S Plaid can't go 200 MPH. And you wouldn't want to". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on August 2, 2024. Retrieved August 2, 2024.
^ ^a ^b Lee, Timothy B. (April 24, 2019). "Motor technology from Model 3 helps Tesla boost Model S range 10%". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c Sherman, Don (January 11, 2011). "2012 Tesla Model S electric sedan". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on July 29, 2024. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
^ Markus, Frank (August 11, 2014). "2014 Tesla Model S P85+ vs. 2014 BMW i8 comparison". Motor Trend. Archived from the original on August 3, 2024. Retrieved August 3, 2024.
^ Verpraet, Illya (August 11, 2023). "Tesla Model S Plaid review". Autocar. Archived from the original on June 5, 2024. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
^ Johnston & Sobey 2022, p. 87.
^ "2017 Tesla Model S interior, cargo space & seating". U.S. News and World Report. Archived from the original on August 1, 2024. Retrieved August 1, 2024.
^ "2014 Tesla Model S interior, cargo space & seating". U.S. News and World Report. Archived from the original on August 1, 2024. Retrieved August 1, 2024.
^ Neil, Dan (April 3, 2015). "Tesla Model S: The future is here". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on August 3, 2024. Retrieved August 3, 2024.
^ Brady, Duncan (August 23, 2023). "The inconvenient truth about vegan leather in cars". Motor Trend. Retrieved August 3, 2024.
^ Lorio, Joe (February 1, 2022). "Impossible leather: Automakers promote animal-free interiors". Car and Driver. Retrieved August 3, 2024.
^ "Tesla Model S: The ultimate buyer's guide". Jalopnik. October 21, 2015. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
^ Garthwaite, Josie (May 6, 2011). "Tesla prepares for a gap as Roadster winds down". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 5, 2024.
^ ^a ^b Ziegler, Chris (February 12, 2013). "Going the distance: Driving the Tesla Model S in the real world". The Verge. Archived from the original on August 5, 2024. Retrieved August 5, 2024.
^ Robinson, Aaron (August 8, 2012). "2013 Tesla Model S". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on August 5, 2024. Retrieved August 5, 2024.
^ Markus, Frank (June 22, 2012). "2012 Tesla Model S first drive". Motor Trend. Archived from the original on August 5, 2024. Retrieved August 5, 2024.
^ Csere, Csaba (December 21, 2012). "Tested: 2012 Tesla Model S takes electric cars to a higher level". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on August 5, 2024. Retrieved August 5, 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c Neil, Dan (July 6, 2012). "I am silent, hear me roar". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on August 5, 2024. Retrieved August 5, 2024.
^ Stenquist, Paul (June 26, 2012). "Tesla Model S offers a lesson in electric-vehicle economics". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 5, 2024. Retrieved August 5, 2024.
^ "2012 Tesla Model S: Drive review: The most fully realized EV on the market is a (very quiet) hoot". Autoweek. June 24, 2012. Archived from the original on August 5, 2024. Retrieved August 5, 2024.
^ Antich, Mike (June 15, 2010). "Model-year versus calendar-year". Automotive Fleet. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
^ "2013 Motor Trend Car of the Year contender: Tesla Model S". Motor Trend. November 7, 2012. Archived from the original on August 8, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
^ Buckley, Sean (April 1, 2013). "Tesla Model S axes 40 kWh battery option, surpasses sales goals". Engadget. Archived from the original on August 8, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
^ ^a ^b Lavrinc, Damon (April 1, 2013). "Tesla 'cancels' lowest-spec Model S, expects full profitability in Q1 2013". WIRED. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
^ Ulrich, Lawerence (March 29, 2013). "Top Tech Cars 2013: Tesla Model S". IEEE Spectrum. Archived from the original on August 8, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
^ ^a ^b "2013 Tesla Model S performance". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
^ "2014 Tesla Model S review, pricing, and specs". Car and Driver. December 7, 2023. Archived from the original on August 8, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
^ Sabatini, Jeff (November 6, 2014). "Tested: 2014 Tesla Model S 60". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on August 8, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
^ Edelstein, Stephen (November 14, 2014). "2014 Tesla Model S: Number of variants and options cut". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on August 8, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
^ Reynolds, Kim (November 3, 2014). "2015 Tesla Model S P85D first test". Motor Trend. Archived from the original on March 23, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
^ Undercoffler, David (February 20, 2015). "Review: The sublime Tesla Model S P85D". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
^ Groom, Nichola (October 10, 2014). "Tesla unveils all-wheel drive Model S, 'autopilot' features". Reuters. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
^ Quiroga, Tony (October 10, 2014). "Tesla adds AWD to Model S, creates 691-hp P85D". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on August 8, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
^ Cantle, Chris (October 9, 2014). "Tesla Model S P85D: Dual motors, AWD, 691 hp, 3.2 to 60". Road & Track. Archived from the original on April 13, 2019. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
^ Ewing, Steven; Rogers, Cameron; Shaw, Kristin; Buglewicz, Keith; Simone, Clint; Yekikian, Nick. "Used 2015 Tesla Model S 70D sedan review & ratings". Edmunds. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.
^ Nishimoto, Alex (April 8, 2015). "514-HP, dual-motor Tesla Model S 70D replaces base 60-kWh car". Motor Trend. Archived from the original on August 9, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.
^ Sorokanich, Bob (April 8, 2015). "Tesla Model S 70D is the new, 514-hp AWD base model". Car and Driver. Retrieved August 9, 2024.
^ Vincent, James (April 8, 2015). "Tesla's new entry-level sedan is the faster, all-wheel drive Model S 70D". The Verge. Archived from the original on August 9, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.
^ ^a ^b Tingwall, Eric (November 18, 2015). "Tesla Model S 70 / 70D: 2016 10Best Cars". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on August 9, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.
^ "2015 Tesla Model S review & ratings". Edmunds. Archived from the original on August 8, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
^ Smith, Dave (September 23, 2015). "Watch an 'insane mode' Tesla race a 'ludicrous mode' Tesla". Business Insider. Archived from the original on August 9, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.
^ Feder, Joel (February 11, 2016). "Tesla quietly kills 85-kWh Model S battery pack option". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on August 9, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.
^ "2016 Tesla Model S 90D 4dr sdn AWD features and specs". Car and Driver. Retrieved August 9, 2024.
^ ^a ^b Goodwin, Antuan; Cunningham, Wayne (August 7, 2016). "Sedan shoot-out: Audi S7 vs. Tesla Model S 90D". Robb Report. Archived from the original on August 9, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.
^ "Tesla Model S (2014 onwards) specs & dimensions". Parker's. Archived from the original on August 9, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.
^ "Tesla Model S review: the Model S P90D". Top Gear. BBC. February 5, 2016. Archived from the original on August 29, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.
^ ^a ^b Seabaugh, Christian (October 28, 2015). "2015 Tesla Model S P90D w/Ludicrous upgrade first test". Motor Trend. Archived from the original on August 9, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.
^ Stoklosa, Alexander (July 17, 2015). "Tesla introduces 762-hp Model S, Ludicrous mode, new base model". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on August 9, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.
^ Sherman, Don (January 29, 2016). "2015 Tesla Model S P90D: Quickest sedan ever?". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on August 9, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.
^ Weiner, Eric (April 12, 2016). "Tesla Model S refreshed with new nose, upgraded charger". Motor Trend. Archived from the original on August 9, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.
^ "Tesla Model S gets a 2017 facelift". Yahoo News. Agence France-Presse. April 12, 2016. Archived from the original on August 9, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.
^ ^a ^b Dron, Will (September 9, 2016). "Tesla Model S P90D review (2016 facelift)". The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on August 9, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.
^ LeBeau, Phil (April 12, 2016). "Tesla's Model S getting a facelift". CNBC. Archived from the original on August 9, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.
^ O'Kane, Sean (June 9, 2016). "Tesla just released two cheaper versions of the Model S". The Verge. Archived from the original on August 29, 2024. Retrieved August 13, 2024.
^ "Tesla introduces two cheaper versions of Model S". BBC News. June 9, 2016. Archived from the original on August 29, 2024. Retrieved August 13, 2024.
^ ^a ^b Lieberman, Jonny (November 1, 2016). "Tesla Model S 60/75: 2017 Motor Trend Car of the Year finalist". Motor Trend. Archived from the original on August 13, 2024. Retrieved August 13, 2024.
^ "Compare 2015 Tesla Model S vs. 2016 Tesla Model S vs. 2017 Tesla Model S". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on August 29, 2024. Retrieved August 13, 2024.
^ Hall, Emme (November 7, 2016). "2016 Tesla Model S 60 review: 2016 Tesla Model S, now with fewer miles for less money". CNET. Archived from the original on August 13, 2024. Retrieved August 13, 2024.
^ Smith, Giles (November 8, 2016). "First Drive review: 2016 Tesla Model S 60D". The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on August 13, 2024. Retrieved August 13, 2024.
^ Silvestro, Brian (March 19, 2017). "Tesla discontinues base 60 kWh Model S trim level ahead of Model 3 launch". Road & Track. Archived from the original on August 13, 2024. Retrieved August 13, 2024.
^ Golson, Jordan (March 17, 2017). "Tesla is discontinuing its cheapest car, the 60kWh Model S". The Verge. Archived from the original on August 13, 2024. Retrieved August 13, 2024.
^ Fink, Greg S. (November 4, 2016). "Tesla Model S and Model X P100D replaces P90D". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on August 13, 2024. Retrieved August 13, 2024.
^ Mills, James (August 25, 2016). "Flying start: Tesla says Model S P100D is world's fastest-accelerating car". The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on August 13, 2024. Retrieved August 13, 2024.
^ Brantley, Brian (February 7, 2017). "2017 Tesla Model S P100D first test: A new record—0-60 mph in 2.28 seconds!". Motor Trend. Retrieved August 13, 2024.
^ Sorokanich, Bob (November 17, 2017). "The Tesla Roadster is not the "fastest car in the world"". Road & Track. Archived from the original on August 13, 2024. Retrieved August 13, 2024.
^ Lin, Kelly (January 23, 2017). "Tesla Model S 100D rated to travel 335 miles on a charge". Motor Trend. Archived from the original on August 13, 2024. Retrieved August 13, 2024.
^ Capparella, Joey (November 1, 2018). "2018 Tesla Model S 100D is the longest-range EV we've ever tested". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on August 13, 2024. Retrieved August 13, 2024.
^ Bubbers, Matt (January 11, 2021). "We tested the Tesla Model S against the Porsche Taycan on a cottage road trip". The Globe and Mail. ISSN 0319-0714. ProQuest 2476512369.
^ Lambert, Fred (June 2, 2017). "Tesla will discontinue the 90 kWh battery pack next week". Electrek. Archived from the original on February 7, 2023. Retrieved August 13, 2024.
^ Li, Vivian (September 22, 2017). "Tesla to discontinue their most affordable Model S". GQ. Archived from the original on April 20, 2019. Retrieved August 13, 2024.
^ Capparella, Joey (January 10, 2019). "Tesla is getting rid of the base 75D Model S and Model X". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on August 13, 2024. Retrieved August 13, 2024.
^ ^a ^b Dorian, Drew (May 14, 2019). "2019 Tesla Model S review, pricing, and specs". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on August 13, 2024. Retrieved August 13, 2024.
^ Porter, Jon (July 16, 2019). "Tesla drops Standard Range versions of Model S and X". The Verge. Archived from the original on August 14, 2024. Retrieved August 14, 2024.
^ "New Tesla Model S Long Range 2019 review". Auto Express. August 9, 2019. Archived from the original on August 15, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2024.
^ "Tesla Model S vs Jaguar I-Pace". Auto Express. October 5, 2019. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2024.
^ Kew, Ollie (October 4, 2019). "Tesla Model S Performance review: 0-60 in 2.4s, but what else?". Top Gear. BBC. Archived from the original on August 15, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2024.
^ ^a ^b Dorian, Drew (August 19, 2019). "2020 Tesla Model S review, pricing, and specs". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on August 15, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2024.
^ "Compare 2020 Tesla Model S vs. 2021 Tesla Model S". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2024.
^ "2021 Tesla Model S specifications". Motor Trend. June 20, 2021. Archived from the original on August 15, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2024.
^ Brady, Duncan (June 20, 2020). "2020 Tesla Model S prices, reviews, and photos". Motor Trend. Archived from the original on August 15, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2024.
^ Brady, Duncan (November 20, 2020). "2021 Tesla Model S prices, reviews, and photos". Motor Trend. Retrieved August 15, 2024.
^ ^[146]^[147]^[148]^[149]
^ Brain, Eric (July 22, 2020). "Tesla reportedly working on secret "Palladium" update for Model S and Model X". Hypebeast. Archived from the original on August 15, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2024.
^ O'Kane, Sean (January 27, 2021). "Tesla unveils redesigned Model S with new interior and 520-mile range option". The Verge. Archived from the original on August 15, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2024.
^ Wilkinson, Luke (January 28, 2021). "New Tesla Model S 2021 facelift brings new-look cabin and power boost". Auto Express. Archived from the original on August 15, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2024.
^ "The Tesla Model S Plaid is a 200mph, 1,020bhp electric car". Top Gear. BBC. June 11, 2021. Archived from the original on August 15, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2024.
^ Rawlins, Peter (July 25, 2024). "These are the 12 most aerodynamically efficient EVs on sale today". Top Gear. BBC. Archived from the original on August 15, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2024.
^ "2023 Tesla Model S performance, HP & engine options". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2024.
^ Annamalai, M.C.; Amutha prabha, N. (2023). "A comprehensive review on isolated and non-isolated converter configuration and fast charging technology: For battery and plug in hybrid electric vehicle". Heliyon. 9 (8). Elsevier BV: e18808. Bibcode:2023Heliy...918808A. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18808. ISSN 2405-8440. PMC 10447943. PMID 37636357.
^ Gitlin, Jonathan M. (June 11, 2021). "Tesla takes aim at upstarts with 390-mile range, 200 mph Model S Plaid". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on August 15, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2024.
^ Seabaugh, Christian (June 17, 2021). "2022 Tesla Model S Plaid first test: 0–60 MPH in 1.98 seconds". Motor Trend. Archived from the original on July 16, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2024.
^ Dodds, Io (June 11, 2021). "Tesla launches Model S Plaid that hits 60 mph in two seconds". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on August 15, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2024.
^ Porter, Jon (August 15, 2023). "Tesla reintroduces more affordable "Standard Range" versions of Model S and X". The Verge. Archived from the original on August 29, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2024.
^ Dorian, Drew (March 6, 2023). "2023 Tesla Model S review, pricing, and specs". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on August 16, 2024. Retrieved August 16, 2024.
^ Cunningham, Wayne (June 21, 2012). "Nvidia touts its place in the Tesla Model S". CNET. Archived from the original on August 17, 2024. Retrieved August 17, 2024.
^ Simpson, Campbell (December 19, 2014). "Tesla Motors Model S: Australian review". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 17, 2024.
^ "Model S: A quick guide for owners" (PDF). Tesla, Inc. p. 8. Retrieved August 17, 2024.
^ Lawler, Richard (January 14, 2021). "NHTSA wants Tesla to recall 158,000 Tegra 3-equipped vehicles". Engadget. Archived from the original on August 17, 2024. Retrieved August 17, 2024.
^ Geuss, Megan (May 18, 2014). "Nvidia inside: Hands on with Audi, Lamborghini, and Tesla". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on March 15, 2018. Retrieved August 17, 2024.
^ Hull, Dana (May 14, 2013). "Future Tesla Model S features: 'Sleep' mode and a 'sensor suite' of safety features for the driver". The Mercury News. Archived from the original on August 17, 2024. Retrieved August 17, 2024.
^ Kolodny, Lora (November 10, 2020). "Tesla expands warranty to cover defective main computers in some Model S and X vehicles". CNBC. Archived from the original on August 17, 2024. Retrieved August 17, 2024.
^ Lau, Alan (July 8, 2021). "Tesla Model S Plaid infotainment system review: A laptop on wheels". Motor Trend. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
^ Bergan, Brad (January 27, 2021). "Tesla debuts Model S Plaid interior with new touchscreen and more". Interesting Engineering. Archived from the original on August 17, 2024. Retrieved August 17, 2024.
^ Seabaugh, Christian (June 29, 2021). "The 2022 Tesla Model S Plaid's Steering Yoke: Pros and Cons Review". Motor Trend. Retrieved December 18, 2024.
^ Dron, Will (March 28, 2023). "Genesis boss: Aircraft-style steering yokes might be cool but safety must rule". The Sunday Times. Retrieved December 18, 2024.
^ LeBeau, Phil (October 14, 2015). "Tesla rolls out autopilot technology". CNBC. Archived from the original on September 13, 2024. Retrieved September 11, 2024.
^ "Tesla recalls millions of vehicles". The Australian. December 14, 2023.
^ Sherman, Don (October 14, 2015). "We test Tesla's new Autopilot feature". Car and Driver. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
^ Hawkins, Andrew J. (July 28, 2017). "How Tesla changed the auto industry forever". The Verge. Archived from the original on February 29, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
^ "Tesla self-drive mode filmed 'endangering passengers'". BBC News. October 22, 2015. Archived from the original on August 18, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
^ Lawler, Richard (October 10, 2014). "Riding shotgun in Tesla's fastest car ever". Engadget. Archived from the original on February 23, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
^ White, Joseph B. (October 10, 2014). "Tesla aims to leapfrog rivals". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
^ McElligott, Suzanne; Shrestha, Rusha; McHugh, Brian (March 27, 2023). "What OS does Tesla use?". US News & World Report. Retrieved September 23, 2024.
^ Korosec, Kirsten (May 25, 2021). "Tesla is no longer using radar sensors in Model 3 and Model Y vehicles built in North America". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on August 26, 2024. Retrieved August 26, 2024.
^ Porter, Jon (October 5, 2022). "Tesla ditches ultrasonic sensors from new cars as it bets on camera-only driver assistance". The Verge. Archived from the original on August 29, 2024. Retrieved August 26, 2024.
^ "Tesla Autopilot: Name deceptive, claim groups". BBC Home. May 23, 2018. Archived from the original on August 9, 2023. Retrieved August 26, 2024.
^ Marshall, Aarian (April 26, 2024). "Tesla Autopilot was uniquely risky—and may still be". WIRED. Archived from the original on August 29, 2024. Retrieved August 26, 2024.
^ R, Tom; Halford, Dean; Sam, Cedric; Best, Ryan. "Thousands of Tesla owners share their close calls with Autopilot". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on January 4, 2020. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
^ Claburn, Thomas (November 14, 2018). "Oi, Elon: You Musk sort out your Autopilot! Tesla loyalists tell of code crashes, near-misses". The Register. Archived from the original on August 29, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
^ Beissmann, Tim (June 25, 2012). "Tesla preparing Supercharger to top up EVs with 480km of range per hour". Drive. Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on September 13, 2024. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
^ Lewis, William Irvin (November 24, 2023). "What is Tesla Destination charging? Powering up while standing still". Motor Trend. Archived from the original on August 18, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
^ Qian, Lixian; Zhang, Cheng (2023). "Complementary or congruent? The effect of hosting Tesla charging stations on hotels' revenue". Journal of Travel Research. 62 (3): 663–684. doi:10.1177/00472875221093017. ISSN 0047-2875.
^ Field, Kyle (April 29, 2016). "Tesla makes full-court press with Destination Charging". CleanTechnica. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
^ Motavalli, Jim (December 22, 2012). "Tesla begins East Coast fast-charging corridor". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 24, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
^ Trop, Jaclyn (April 13, 2022). "Tesla extends peak charging hours at California Superchargers amid EV sales boom". Yahoo! Finance. Archived from the original on August 18, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
^ Roberson, William (January 30, 2024). "It works for scooters: Can battery swapping work for electric cars?". Forbes Australia. Archived from the original on August 18, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
^ Cunningham, Wayne (June 21, 2013). "Tesla battery swap a dead end". CNET. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
^ Muller, Joann (June 21, 2013). "Tesla and Nissan: EV battery swap replaces anxiety with peace of mind". Forbes. Archived from the original on August 18, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
^ "Tesla system will swap a Model S battery in 90 seconds". Autoweek. June 20, 2013. Archived from the original on August 18, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
^ Aamoth, Doug (June 21, 2013). "Tesla shows off 90-second battery swap for its electric cars". Time. Archived from the original on August 18, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
^ Sorokanich, Bob (June 10, 2015). "Musk: Tesla "unlikely" to pursue battery swapping stations". Road & Track. Archived from the original on May 1, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
^ Valdes-Dapena, Peter (December 8, 2023). "Tesla failed at battery swapping but Stellantis says it may have the secret". CNN. Archived from the original on September 13, 2024. Retrieved August 26, 2024.
^ Ulrich, Lawerence (May 13, 2021). "How is this a good idea?: EV battery swapping". IEEE Spectrum. Archived from the original on August 26, 2024. Retrieved August 26, 2024.
^ Fleming, Charles (March 10, 2015). "Tesla battery swap at Harris Ranch? Not quite". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 26, 2023. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
^ Etherington, Darrell (September 22, 2020). "Future Teslas will have batteries that double as structure, making them extra stiff while improving efficiency, safety and cost". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on August 3, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
^ ^a ^b Young, Chris (August 10, 2021). "Tesla says it can now recycle 92% of battery cell materials". Interesting Engineering. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c Carleton, Audrey (August 16, 2021). "When Tesla says it recycles 100% of its batteries, what does that mean?". Vice. Archived from the original on August 18, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
^ ^a ^b Nealer, Rachael; Reichmuth, David; Anair, Don (November 2015). "Cleaner cars from cradle to grave: How electric cars beat gasoline cars on lifetime global warming Emissions" (PDF). Union of Concerned Scientists. p. 68. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 16, 2015. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
^ "Outlook for emissions reductions". International Energy Agency. January 18, 2024. Archived from the original on May 12, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
^ "Tesla targets cobalt-free batteries in all models". BloombergNEF. June 19, 2020. Retrieved September 25, 2024.
^ Amarakoon, Shanika; Smith, Jay; Segal, Brian (April 24, 2013). "Application of life cycle assessment to nanoscale technology: Lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles" (PDF). Environmental Protection Agency. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 6, 2017. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
^ McFarland, Matt (June 1, 2022). "The next holy grail for EVs: Batteries free of nickel and cobalt". CNN. Retrieved September 26, 2024.
^ Lander, Laura; Cleaver, Tom; Rajaeifar, Mohammad Ali; Nguyen-Tien, Viet; Elliott, Robert J.R.; Heidrich, Oliver; Kendrick, Emma; Edge, Jacqueline Sophie; Offer, Gregory (2021). "Financial viability of electric vehicle lithium-ion battery recycling". iScience. 24 (7): 102787. Bibcode:2021iSci...24j2787L. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.102787. PMC 8283134. PMID 34308293.
^ Morse, Ian (May 20, 2021). "With millions of electric vehicles set to hit the road, scientists are seeking better battery recycling methods". Science. Archived from the original on July 18, 2024. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
^ Levin, Tim (June 16, 2022). "Here's how much each model will set you back in 2022". Yahoo! Tech. Archived from the original on August 18, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
^ Chima, Chikodi (November 10, 2011). "First look at the new Tesla Model S Beta electric car". Reuters. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
^ Katje, Chris (January 20, 2021). "If you bought Tesla stock instead of a Model S at launch, here's how much you'd have now". Yahoo! Finance. Archived from the original on August 18, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
^ Baker, David R. (June 11, 2016). "Tesla's Bay Area real estate empire keeps growing". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
^ Isidore, Chris (September 10, 2013). "Tesla kicks off European expansion". CNN Money. Archived from the original on September 24, 2018. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
^ McNamara, Phil (September 25, 2015). "Tesla's Dutch factory to double production for Model S and Model X crossover". Car. Retrieved September 16, 2024.
^ Szymkowski, Sean (March 19, 2021). "Tesla to shutter Model S, Model X final assembly plant in the Netherlands, report says". CNET. Archived from the original on August 18, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
^ Kerr, Dara (October 31, 2012). "Tesla celebrates production of 1,000th Model S car". CNET. Archived from the original on August 18, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
^ "Tesla Motors expects first profit in Q1". Reuters. February 20, 2013. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
^ "Tesla surges to more than Fiat value after first-ever profit". Bloomberg News. May 9, 2013. Archived from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
^ Bellan, Rebecca (June 11, 2021). "Elon Musk reveals the Tesla Model S Plaid". Yahoo! Finance. Archived from the original on June 22, 2021. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
^ Baker, David R. (October 1, 2015). "Tesla Model X spreads its wings at Fremont unveiling". SFGate. Archived from the original on August 19, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
^ "Elon Musk hands over first Tesla Model 3 electric cars to buyers". The Guardian. Reuters. July 29, 2017. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
^ Baldwin, Roberto (January 29, 2020). "Tesla beats expectations, declares a profit, and has started Model Y production". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on January 1, 2021. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
^ "Tesla's crossover Model Y to offer 482-km range". Calgary Herald. March 22, 2019. p. E3. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Ford taking name it blocked from Tesla". Detroit Free Press. March 3, 2022. p. A6. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Morona, Joey (April 17, 2016). "It's not too soon for a drive into the future". The Plain Dealer. p. 52. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "The Tesla Model S was the best-selling EV of 2015". Newstex. January 14, 2016. ProQuest 1756680045.
^ Flanagan, Dave (June 26, 2012). "Tesla Model S electric car uses Panasonic lithium-ion batteries". Advanced Science. Archived from the original on August 19, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
^ Rosen, Ben (January 4, 2017). "Gigafactory begins battery production: Start of something big for Tesla?". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved September 15, 2024.
^ "Panasonic delivers over 100 million lithium-ion battery cells for Tesla Model S". Japan Today. June 13, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2024.
^ Randall, Tom (January 4, 2017). "Tesla starts Gigafactory battery cell production". Australian Financial Review. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
^ Murph, Darren (August 7, 2013). "Tesla Model S deliveries begin outside of North America, starting with Norway". Yahoo! News. Engadget. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
^ ^a ^b "Tesla hits another home run". Yahoo! Life. AOL. August 8, 2013. Archived from the original on August 19, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
^ Peixe, Joao (September 4, 2013). "Tesla Motors goes to Europe". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved September 15, 2024.
^ Safi, Michael (December 10, 2014). "Tesla begins selling electric vehicles in Australia and plans charging network". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
^ Thomas, Jason (December 11, 2014). "Tesla's electric cars come to Australia". SBS News. Archived from the original on February 9, 2023. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
^ Makinen, Julie (April 22, 2014). "Tesla delivers its first electric cars in China; delays upset some". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
^ Soo, Zen (August 18, 2015). "Tesla Model S P85D luxury performance sedan launches in Hong Kong as demand for electric cars grows". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on November 26, 2022. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
^ Kang, John (April 2, 2016). "Model 3 will boost Tesla cars go mainstream in 'beacon city for electric vehicles'". Forbes. Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
^ Donnelly, Nigel (June 7, 2014). "Tesla confirms more UK charging points, UK research facility and new models". What Car?. Archived from the original on August 19, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
^ "Official Tesla Model S 2022 safety rating". Euro NCAP. Archived from the original on August 10, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
^ "2015 Tesla Model S 60kwh 5 HB RWD". NHTSA. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
^ Shepardson, David (October 9, 2018). "U.S. agency says Tesla safety claim goes beyond its analysis". Reuters. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
^ Chang, John (November 21, 2013). "Agency pushes back on Tesla 5.4 star safety rating claim". ABC News. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
^ "Tesla's first Model S recall: Seat defect puts new brand to the test". The Christian Science Monitor. June 19, 2013. Archived from the original on August 19, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
^ "Charging adapters in Teslas recalled". Albuquerque Journal. January 15, 2014. p. 9. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Tesla recalling all Model S sedans to check for seat belt defect". NBC News. November 20, 2015. Archived from the original on October 13, 2023. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
^ "Faulty airbags affect 652,000 cars in the U.S." The Toronto Star. January 20, 2017. p. 16. Archived from the original on August 29, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
^ Lee, Timothy B. (June 9, 2016). "Tesla's real problem isn't that its cars are expensive. It's that they're unreliable". Vox. Archived from the original on January 4, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
^ Lee, Timothy B. (April 20, 2017). "Tesla is recalling most of the cars it sold in 2016". Vox. Archived from the original on July 6, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
^ Wattles, Jackie (March 29, 2018). "Tesla is recalling 123,000 Model S vehicles". CNN Money. Archived from the original on January 22, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
^ Rushe, Dominic (December 30, 2021). "Tesla recalls half a million cars in US over rearview camera and trunk defects". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 29, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
^ "Tesla recalls almost all its vehicles sold in the US over warning light problems". The Guardian. Associated Press. February 2, 2024. Retrieved September 16, 2024.
^ ^a ^b Jensen, Christopher (October 2, 2013). "Tesla says car fire started in battery". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2024.
^ ^a ^b Russolillo, Steven (October 4, 2013). "Musk explains why Tesla Model S caught on fire". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on December 11, 2023. Retrieved September 13, 2024.
^ David Shepardson (September 13, 2024). "U.S. will not open investigation into Tesla fire". The Detroit News. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2024.
^ ^a ^b Vlasic, Bill; Trop, Jaclyn (November 19, 2013). "After 3 fires, safety agency opens inquiry into Tesla Model S". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 12, 2024. Retrieved September 13, 2024.
^ Ivory, Danielle (March 28, 2014). "Federal safety agency ends its investigation of Tesla fires". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 13, 2023. Retrieved September 13, 2024.
^ "Safety agency ends Tesla car fire probe after maker adds shield". NBC News. March 28, 2014. Retrieved September 17, 2024.
^ Trop, Jaclyn (November 7, 2013). "Another fire raises questions for Tesla". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 13, 2024. Retrieved September 13, 2024.
^ "No cause determined in Tesla Model S fire in Toronto". SFGate. February 15, 2014. Retrieved September 17, 2024.
^ Lopez, Linette (February 13, 2014). "Another Tesla caught on fire while sitting in a Toronto garage this month". Business Insider. Archived from the original on July 8, 2014. Retrieved September 13, 2024.
^ Ohnsman, Alan (February 14, 2014). "Tesla investigating cause of fire in Toronto with Model S". Bloomberg News. Retrieved February 16, 2014.
^ "Tesla Model S catches fire while sitting in a Toronto garage". Financial Post. February 14, 2014. Retrieved September 16, 2024.
^ George, Patrick (January 1, 2016). "Tesla Model S burns to a crisp during supercharging in Norway". Jalopnik. Archived from the original on April 11, 2024. Retrieved September 13, 2024.
^ "Tesla Motors Inc says supercharger not at fault in Model S fire". Newstex. January 21, 2016. ProQuest 1758697636.
^ Hattrem, Hanne; Larsen-Vonstett, Øystein (March 17, 2016). "Tesla-brannen: Kortslutning i bilen, men vet ikke hvorfor" [Tesla fire: Short circuit in the car but do not know why]. Verdens Gang (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on March 20, 2016. Retrieved March 18, 2016.
^ ^a ^b Rufford, Nick (April 18, 2014). "First drive review: Tesla Model S Performance (2013)". The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on April 12, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
^ Mutchler, Tom (October 14, 2014). "Discussing the influential Tesla Model S, Toyota Camry, and CarPlay". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
^ Berk, Brett (August 6, 2012). "Is the Tesla Model S the Most important car of the 21st century?". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on March 27, 2023. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
^ Knapman, Chris (December 19, 2014). "Tesla Model S: the most important car of the last 20 years". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on December 19, 2014. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
^ "Tesla Model S review". Top Gear. BBC. December 27, 2023. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
^ ^a ^b Barry, Keith (October 19, 2023). "How the Tesla Model S changed the world". Consumer Reports. Archived from the original on July 9, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
^ Gibbs, Samuel (June 7, 2014). "Tesla Model S launch: an electric car to answer even Clarkson's objections". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
^ Williams, Lee (October 26, 2016). "I tested out a Tesla Model S for a week and it was a little bit frightening". The Independent. Archived from the original on August 19, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
^ Kwanten, Alex (February 20, 2024). "2024 Tesla Model S Review, Pricing, & Pictures". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on July 10, 2024. Retrieved August 26, 2024.
^ "2019 Nissan Leaf Plus". The Standard. June 6, 2019. p. A.7.
^ Walton, Mark (October 8, 2021). "Used EV comparison test: Nissan Leaf vs Model S, Zoe, i3 and Twizy". Car. Retrieved September 22, 2024.
^ Watson, Mat (January 14, 2022). "Tesla Model S review". Carwow. Archived from the original on April 19, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
^ Adams, Keith (April 27, 2023). "Tesla Model S review: Still the king of the hill?". Car. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
^ Hodge, Lawrence (April 7, 2023). "The Tesla Model S and Model X are really showing their age". Jalopnik. Archived from the original on August 29, 2024. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
^ Cunningham, Wayne; Goodwin, Antuan; Cooley, Brian (December 20, 2012). "2012 Car Tech Awards: And the winner is..." CNET. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
^ "Best Inventions of the Year 2012". Time. November 1, 2012. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
^ "Grand Award Winner: Tesla Model S". Popular Science. January 1, 2014. Archived from the original on November 19, 2012. Retrieved August 21, 2024.
^ Zenlea, David (January 1, 2013). "2013 Automobile of the Year: Tesla Model S". Motor Trend. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
^ Toor, Amar (November 13, 2012). "Tesla Model S named Motor Trend Car of the Year by unanimous decision". The Verge. Archived from the original on September 23, 2023. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
^ Unger, David J. (November 13, 2012). "Tesla Model S wins Motor Trend's Car of the Year. Are electric cars here to stay?". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
^ "2013 ecoENERGY for Vehicles Awards" (Press release). Natural Resources Canada. February 14, 2013. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved February 22, 2013.
^ Manjoo, Farhad (May 10, 2013). "Tesla is a little bit Apple, a little bit Google, and about to be huge". Slate. Archived from the original on April 12, 2024. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
^ "Yahoo! Autos 2013 Car of the Year: Tesla Model S". Yahoo! Autos. October 31, 2012. Archived from the original on September 13, 2024. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
^ Jones, Courtney (May 31, 2014). "Tesla Model S tops AAA's 2014 Green Car Guide". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on September 13, 2024. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
^ Hirsch, Jerry (April 20, 2015). "Lightning-fast Tesla Model S tops Auto Club's best Green Cars ranking". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 27, 2021. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
^ Austin, Patrick Lucas (December 14, 2019). "The 10 Best Gadgets of the 2010s". Time. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved August 20, 2024.

Bibliography

Baer, Hans A.; Singer, Merrill (2024). Building the Critical Anthropology of Climate Change. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-04-004617-3.
Eisler, Matthew N. (2022). Age of Auto Electric. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-54457-3.
Favaro, Brett (2017). The Carbon Code. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-1-4214-2253-4.
Fessler, David C. (2019). The Energy Disruption Triangle. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-119-34711-8.
Fuller, Thomas F.; Harb, John N. (2018). Electrochemical Engineering. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-119-44658-3.
Hayes, John G.; Goodarzi, G. Abas (2018). Electric Powertrain. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-119-06364-3.
Johnston, Chris; Sobey, Ed (2022). The Arrival of the Electric Car. SAE International. ISBN 978-1-4686-0501-3.
Kumar, Kundan; Devanshu, Ambrish; Dwivedi, Sanjeet K. (2024). Electric Vehicle Propulsion Drives and Charging Systems. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-04-003242-8.
Martenson, Chris (2023). The Crash Course. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-394-16887-3.
Vance, Ashlee (2016). Elon Musk: How the Billionaire CEO of SpaceX and Tesla is Shaping Our Future. Virgin Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7535-5752-5.
Warner, John T. (2015). The Handbook of Lithium-Ion Battery Pack Design. Elsevier Science. ISBN 978-0-12-801668-8.
Warner, John T. (2024). The Handbook of Lithium-Ion Battery Pack Design. Elsevier Science. ISBN 978-0-443-13808-9.
Weber, Julian (2022). Moving Times. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-658-37733-5.
Zohuri, Bahman; Rahmani, Farhang Mossavar; Behgounia, Farahnaz (2022). Knowledge is Power in Four Dimensions: Models to Forecast Future Paradigm. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-323-95113-5.

External links

Official website

[4] Excluding side-view mirrors

[72] The new motor technology increased the range by ten percent. In an induction motor, alternating current in the stator (the stationary part) creates a rotating magnetic field. This field induces currents in the rotor (the spinning part), producing a magnetic field that causes the rotor to spin in the same direction. In a synchronous reluctance motor, the stator has electromagnets, but the rotor has no windings or magnets. Instead, it is made of magnetic and non-magnetic materials arranged to align with the stator's magnetic field, driving the rotor's movement.^[70]

[76] A portmanteau of "front" and "trunk"

[93] It is common practice in the American automotive industry to introduce a model year's automobile during the previous calendar year.^[89]

[174] Driver-side and passenger-side climate control may vary based on market.

[179] A yoke steering wheel is a steering control that is shaped like a joystick or U-shape with two hand grips and a hub.^[172]^[173]

[192] For a more detailed overview of the criticism of Autopilot, see Tesla Autopilot § False or misleading advertising.

[255] This means it has a 5.7 percent chance of rolling over in a loss-of-control incident.

[284] For more information on Musk's controversial statements, see Criticism of Tesla, Inc., Elon Musk § Public perception and § Personal views and Twitter usage.

[294] This list includes awards from prominent publishers only; lesser-known organizations may not be included.

[301] For vehicles in the full-size category

[z982-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Hutchinson, Lee (October 28, 2013). "Review: Tesla Motors' all-electric Model S is fast—but is it a good car?". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved July 27, 2024.

[w233-2] Anthony, Sebastian (January 31, 2017). "Driving the Tesla Model S through the countryside—watch out for autopilot". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on July 28, 2024. Retrieved July 27, 2024.

[c368-3] "Tesla Model S practicality, boot size, dimensions & luggage capacity". Auto Express. February 11, 2020. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved July 27, 2024.

[FOOTNOTEKumarDevanshuDwivedi202436-5] Kumar, Devanshu & Dwivedi 2024, p. 36.

[6] Muralidhar, S. (July 20, 2018). "A brief encounter of the Tesla kind". Business Line. ProQuest 2263342958.

[r288-7] "The top 10 cars that changed the world (and one that's about to)". The Daily Telegraph. December 19, 2014. Archived from the original on October 13, 2023. Retrieved July 27, 2024.

[a940-8] Perkins, Chris (November 3, 2023). "Tesla Model S has lived long enough to see itself become a villain". Road & Track. Archived from the original on February 29, 2024. Retrieved July 27, 2024.

[f115-9] Rudgard, Olivia (October 28, 2019). "Catching up with Tesla: How Elon Musk left rivals in the dust". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on November 17, 2023. Retrieved September 5, 2024.

[s729-10] Mara, Janis (January 27, 2007). "New electric cars spark interest all over Bay Area". East Bay Times. Archived from the original on July 28, 2024. Retrieved July 28, 2024.

[FOOTNOTEVance2016272-11] Vance 2016, p. 272.

[e814-12] Tennant, Chris; Stilgoe, Jack (2021). "The attachments of 'autonomous' vehicles". Social Studies of Science. 51 (6): 846–870. doi:10.1177/03063127211038752. ISSN 0306-3127. PMC 8586182. PMID 34396851.

[FOOTNOTEFessler2019133-13] Fessler 2019, p. 133.

[f180-14] Squatriglia, Chuck (July 2, 2010). "Henrik Fisker's 'timeless' automotive designs". WIRED. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved July 28, 2024.

[m772-15] Yeomans, Jon (March 26, 2023). "Henrik Fisker: 'I left Aston Martin for my electric SUV dream'". The Times. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved July 28, 2024.

[16] Foldy, Ben (August 7, 2020). "Car designer Henrik Fisker lost his first race with Elon Musk. He wants to go again". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on June 12, 2024. Retrieved July 28, 2024.

[b199-17] Eisenstein, Paul A. (March 27, 2019). "Fisker wants another shot at Tesla with a new Model Y fighter". CNBC. Archived from the original on July 28, 2024. Retrieved July 28, 2024.

[d072-18] Squatriglia, Chuck (April 15, 2008). "Sparks fly as Tesla sues Henrik Fisker over sedan design". WIRED. Archived from the original on August 26, 2024. Retrieved August 26, 2024.

[FOOTNOTEVance2016273–274-19] Vance 2016, pp. 273–274.

[20] "Detroit Auto Show". The Wall Street Journal. January 17, 2008. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved July 28, 2024.

[w711-21] Garrett, Jerry (February 24, 2012). "Fisker Karma steps out with style and batteries". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 28, 2024. Retrieved July 28, 2024.

[c928-22] Markoff, John (April 15, 2008). "Maker of electric sports car sues a competitor". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved July 28, 2024.

[23] Henry, Jim (November 4, 2008). "Fisker claims victory in Tesla lawsuit". CBS News. Archived from the original on August 29, 2024. Retrieved August 26, 2024.

[FOOTNOTEVance2016275–276-24] Vance 2016, pp. 275–276.

[o710-25] Patton, Phil (August 8, 2008). "Tesla plucks a Mazda designer". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 3, 2023. Retrieved July 28, 2024.

[s096-26] "Tesla snares Mazda's lead designer". Bloomberg News. August 4, 2008. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved July 28, 2024.

[FOOTNOTEVance2016278–280-27] Vance 2016, pp. 278–280.

[FOOTNOTEVance2016281-28] Vance 2016, p. 281.

[FOOTNOTEVance2016283-29] Vance 2016, p. 283.

[f476-30] "Tesla unveils electric 'family car of the future'". The Guardian. Associated Press. March 27, 2009. Archived from the original on August 29, 2024. Retrieved July 29, 2024.

[z363-31] "Tesla's Model S is here (a prototype, anyway)". Los Angeles Times. March 26, 2009. Archived from the original on July 29, 2024. Retrieved July 29, 2024.

[o795-32] Gaylord, Chris (March 26, 2009). "The new Tesla Model S: leaks and details". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on July 29, 2024. Retrieved July 29, 2024.

[u777-33] Nauman, Matt (January 29, 2009). "Plans for Tesla auto plant in San Jose appear doomed". The Mercury News. Archived from the original on August 29, 2024. Retrieved July 29, 2024.

[FOOTNOTEVance2016285-34] Vance 2016, p. 285.

[m717-35] Langfitt, Frank (March 26, 2010). "The end of the line for GM-Toyota joint venture". NPR. Archived from the original on July 29, 2024. Retrieved July 29, 2024.

[v264-36] Avalos, George (November 11, 2009). "NUMMI auto factory closing: End of the line". The Mercury News. Archived from the original on July 29, 2024. Retrieved July 29, 2024.

[FOOTNOTEVance2016289-37] Vance 2016, p. 289.

[p159-38] Garthwaite, Josie (May 21, 2010). "What the Toyota-Nummi deal could mean for Tesla's public offering". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 29, 2024. Retrieved July 29, 2024.

[FOOTNOTEVance2016291–293-39] Vance 2016, pp. 291–293.

[FOOTNOTEVance2016297-40] Vance 2016, p. 297.

[b266-41] "Tesla to launch its first mass-market, five-seat Model S electric car". The Denver Post. Associated Press. June 21, 2012. Archived from the original on July 29, 2024. Retrieved July 29, 2024.

[FOOTNOTEEisler2022180-42] Eisler 2022, p. 180.

[FOOTNOTEMartenson2023206-43] Martenson 2023, p. 206.

[o548-44] Fitzgerald, Jack (December 4, 2023). "2024 Tesla Model X review, pricing, and specs". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on July 27, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024.

[h223-45] Doll, Scooter (October 27, 2020). "Model S vs. Model X: Tesla's expensive EVs compared". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024.

[z423-46] Paris, Martine (January 22, 2024). "The EV SUVs consumers want are coming". BBC News. Archived from the original on April 4, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024.

[q126-47] Hirsch, Jerry; Mitchell, Russ (September 30, 2015). "Model X: Under the hood of Tesla's SUV strategy". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 29, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024.

[48] Bettencourt, Michael (October 24, 2012). "Latest Tesla is exotic, electric and exciting". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on July 30, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024.

[b738-49] Solon, Olivia (August 23, 2016). "Improved Tesla Model S among world's fastest-accelerating cars, company says". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 29, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024.

[x512-50] "2024 Tesla Model S interior, cargo space & seating". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on July 30, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024.

[r257-51] Voelcker, John (April 8, 2015). "Tesla Model S 70D: Improved range, higher price for Tesla's base model". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on July 30, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024.

[d240-52] Pollard, Tim (November 7, 2018). "Half a year living with a Tesla Model S: the long-term verdict". Car. Retrieved September 7, 2024.

[y733-53] Cunningham, Wayne (June 22, 2012). "Tesla Model S first drive: Quiet satisfaction". CNET. Archived from the original on July 30, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024.

[a168-54] Berman, Bradley (September 28, 2012). "One big step for Tesla, one giant leap for EVs". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 5, 2023. Retrieved July 30, 2024.

[g682-55] "Drag queens: Aerodynamics compared". Car and Driver. June 6, 2014. Archived from the original on February 25, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024.

[FOOTNOTEWeber202278-56] Weber 2022, p. 78.

[FOOTNOTEBaerSinger202495-57] Baer & Singer 2024, p. 95.

[a610-58] Cunningham, Wayne (October 7, 2010). "Tesla Model S: The battery pack". CNET. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved July 31, 2024.

[FOOTNOTEZohuriRahmaniBehgounia2022536-59] Zohuri, Rahmani & Behgounia 2022, p. 536.

[FOOTNOTEWarner2024352-60] Warner 2024, p. 352.

[FOOTNOTEFullerHarb2018191-61] Fuller & Harb 2018, p. 191.

[i631-62] LeVine, Steve (July 21, 2015). "Why did Elon Musk pass up a chance to boast about a scientific coup?". Quartz. Archived from the original on August 16, 2024. Retrieved August 16, 2024.

[FOOTNOTEWarner2015189-63] Warner 2015, p. 189.

[FOOTNOTEHayesGoodarzi201870-64] Hayes & Goodarzi 2018, p. 70.

[FOOTNOTEFessler2019138-65] Fessler 2019, p. 138.

[h990-66] Dyer, Ezra (November 19, 2014). "Tesla Model S 60: 2015 10Best Cars". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on July 31, 2024. Retrieved July 31, 2024.

[FOOTNOTEFavaro2017113-67] Favaro 2017, p. 113.

[q940-68] Ingram, Antony (August 20, 2013). "Tesla crash test: Tesla Model S is the safest car in the history of the NHTSA". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on July 31, 2024. Retrieved July 31, 2024.

[d514-69] Reynolds, Kim (March 16, 2015). "2013 Tesla Model S P85+ Review". Motor Trend. Archived from the original on August 3, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024.

[i409-70] VanderWerp, Dave (December 8, 2021). "Tesla Model S Plaid can't go 200 MPH. And you wouldn't want to". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on August 2, 2024. Retrieved August 2, 2024.

[s685-71] Lee, Timothy B. (April 24, 2019). "Motor technology from Model 3 helps Tesla boost Model S range 10%". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2024.

[z826-73] Sherman, Don (January 11, 2011). "2012 Tesla Model S electric sedan". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on July 29, 2024. Retrieved July 29, 2024.

[w876-74] Markus, Frank (August 11, 2014). "2014 Tesla Model S P85+ vs. 2014 BMW i8 comparison". Motor Trend. Archived from the original on August 3, 2024. Retrieved August 3, 2024.

[s097-75] Verpraet, Illya (August 11, 2023). "Tesla Model S Plaid review". Autocar. Archived from the original on June 5, 2024. Retrieved July 31, 2024.

[FOOTNOTEJohnstonSobey202287-77] Johnston & Sobey 2022, p. 87.

[f379-78] "2017 Tesla Model S interior, cargo space & seating". U.S. News and World Report. Archived from the original on August 1, 2024. Retrieved August 1, 2024.

[k804-79] "2014 Tesla Model S interior, cargo space & seating". U.S. News and World Report. Archived from the original on August 1, 2024. Retrieved August 1, 2024.

[80] Neil, Dan (April 3, 2015). "Tesla Model S: The future is here". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on August 3, 2024. Retrieved August 3, 2024.

[a256-81] Brady, Duncan (August 23, 2023). "The inconvenient truth about vegan leather in cars". Motor Trend. Retrieved August 3, 2024.

[f372-82] Lorio, Joe (February 1, 2022). "Impossible leather: Automakers promote animal-free interiors". Car and Driver. Retrieved August 3, 2024.

[s846-83] "Tesla Model S: The ultimate buyer's guide". Jalopnik. October 21, 2015. Retrieved September 7, 2024.

[f110-84] Garthwaite, Josie (May 6, 2011). "Tesla prepares for a gap as Roadster winds down". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 5, 2024.

[b412-85] Ziegler, Chris (February 12, 2013). "Going the distance: Driving the Tesla Model S in the real world". The Verge. Archived from the original on August 5, 2024. Retrieved August 5, 2024.

[a669-86] Robinson, Aaron (August 8, 2012). "2013 Tesla Model S". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on August 5, 2024. Retrieved August 5, 2024.

[q368-87] Markus, Frank (June 22, 2012). "2012 Tesla Model S first drive". Motor Trend. Archived from the original on August 5, 2024. Retrieved August 5, 2024.

[f072-88] Csere, Csaba (December 21, 2012). "Tested: 2012 Tesla Model S takes electric cars to a higher level". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on August 5, 2024. Retrieved August 5, 2024.

[WSJHMR-89] Neil, Dan (July 6, 2012). "I am silent, hear me roar". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on August 5, 2024. Retrieved August 5, 2024.

[p881-90] Stenquist, Paul (June 26, 2012). "Tesla Model S offers a lesson in electric-vehicle economics". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 5, 2024. Retrieved August 5, 2024.

[y992-91] "2012 Tesla Model S: Drive review: The most fully realized EV on the market is a (very quiet) hoot". Autoweek. June 24, 2012. Archived from the original on August 5, 2024. Retrieved August 5, 2024.

[Model_years-92] Antich, Mike (June 15, 2010). "Model-year versus calendar-year". Automotive Fleet. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2021.

[q772-94] "2013 Motor Trend Car of the Year contender: Tesla Model S". Motor Trend. November 7, 2012. Archived from the original on August 8, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024.

[w726-95] Buckley, Sean (April 1, 2013). "Tesla Model S axes 40 kWh battery option, surpasses sales goals". Engadget. Archived from the original on August 8, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024.

[j698-96] Lavrinc, Damon (April 1, 2013). "Tesla 'cancels' lowest-spec Model S, expects full profitability in Q1 2013". WIRED. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024.

[q785-97] Ulrich, Lawerence (March 29, 2013). "Top Tech Cars 2013: Tesla Model S". IEEE Spectrum. Archived from the original on August 8, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024.

[d759-98] "2013 Tesla Model S performance". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024.

[j029-99] "2014 Tesla Model S review, pricing, and specs". Car and Driver. December 7, 2023. Archived from the original on August 8, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024.

[o949-100] Sabatini, Jeff (November 6, 2014). "Tested: 2014 Tesla Model S 60". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on August 8, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024.

[b048-101] Edelstein, Stephen (November 14, 2014). "2014 Tesla Model S: Number of variants and options cut". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on August 8, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024.

[h151-102] Reynolds, Kim (November 3, 2014). "2015 Tesla Model S P85D first test". Motor Trend. Archived from the original on March 23, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024.

[x783-103] Undercoffler, David (February 20, 2015). "Review: The sublime Tesla Model S P85D". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024.

[o000-104] Groom, Nichola (October 10, 2014). "Tesla unveils all-wheel drive Model S, 'autopilot' features". Reuters. Retrieved August 8, 2024.

[s103-105] Quiroga, Tony (October 10, 2014). "Tesla adds AWD to Model S, creates 691-hp P85D". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on August 8, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024.

[w837-106] Cantle, Chris (October 9, 2014). "Tesla Model S P85D: Dual motors, AWD, 691 hp, 3.2 to 60". Road & Track. Archived from the original on April 13, 2019. Retrieved August 8, 2024.

[m217-107] Ewing, Steven; Rogers, Cameron; Shaw, Kristin; Buglewicz, Keith; Simone, Clint; Yekikian, Nick. "Used 2015 Tesla Model S 70D sedan review & ratings". Edmunds. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.

[e202-108] Nishimoto, Alex (April 8, 2015). "514-HP, dual-motor Tesla Model S 70D replaces base 60-kWh car". Motor Trend. Archived from the original on August 9, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.

[d327-109] Sorokanich, Bob (April 8, 2015). "Tesla Model S 70D is the new, 514-hp AWD base model". Car and Driver. Retrieved August 9, 2024.

[v667-110] Vincent, James (April 8, 2015). "Tesla's new entry-level sedan is the faster, all-wheel drive Model S 70D". The Verge. Archived from the original on August 9, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.

[p962-111] Tingwall, Eric (November 18, 2015). "Tesla Model S 70 / 70D: 2016 10Best Cars". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on August 9, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.

[c788-112] "2015 Tesla Model S review & ratings". Edmunds. Archived from the original on August 8, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024.

[f512-113] Smith, Dave (September 23, 2015). "Watch an 'insane mode' Tesla race a 'ludicrous mode' Tesla". Business Insider. Archived from the original on August 9, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.

[w116-114] Feder, Joel (February 11, 2016). "Tesla quietly kills 85-kWh Model S battery pack option". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on August 9, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.

[y709-115] "2016 Tesla Model S 90D 4dr sdn AWD features and specs". Car and Driver. Retrieved August 9, 2024.

[m168-116] Goodwin, Antuan; Cunningham, Wayne (August 7, 2016). "Sedan shoot-out: Audi S7 vs. Tesla Model S 90D". Robb Report. Archived from the original on August 9, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.

[v510-117] "Tesla Model S (2014 onwards) specs & dimensions". Parker's. Archived from the original on August 9, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.

[a279-118] "Tesla Model S review: the Model S P90D". Top Gear. BBC. February 5, 2016. Archived from the original on August 29, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.

[p679-119] Seabaugh, Christian (October 28, 2015). "2015 Tesla Model S P90D w/Ludicrous upgrade first test". Motor Trend. Archived from the original on August 9, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.

[z433-120] Stoklosa, Alexander (July 17, 2015). "Tesla introduces 762-hp Model S, Ludicrous mode, new base model". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on August 9, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.

[d391-121] Sherman, Don (January 29, 2016). "2015 Tesla Model S P90D: Quickest sedan ever?". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on August 9, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.

[s058-122] Weiner, Eric (April 12, 2016). "Tesla Model S refreshed with new nose, upgraded charger". Motor Trend. Archived from the original on August 9, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.

[e911-123] "Tesla Model S gets a 2017 facelift". Yahoo News. Agence France-Presse. April 12, 2016. Archived from the original on August 9, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.

[e926-124] Dron, Will (September 9, 2016). "Tesla Model S P90D review (2016 facelift)". The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on August 9, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.

[k700-125] LeBeau, Phil (April 12, 2016). "Tesla's Model S getting a facelift". CNBC. Archived from the original on August 9, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.

[m549-126] O'Kane, Sean (June 9, 2016). "Tesla just released two cheaper versions of the Model S". The Verge. Archived from the original on August 29, 2024. Retrieved August 13, 2024.

[j923-127] "Tesla introduces two cheaper versions of Model S". BBC News. June 9, 2016. Archived from the original on August 29, 2024. Retrieved August 13, 2024.

[i285-128] Lieberman, Jonny (November 1, 2016). "Tesla Model S 60/75: 2017 Motor Trend Car of the Year finalist". Motor Trend. Archived from the original on August 13, 2024. Retrieved August 13, 2024.

[v185-129] "Compare 2015 Tesla Model S vs. 2016 Tesla Model S vs. 2017 Tesla Model S". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on August 29, 2024. Retrieved August 13, 2024.

[r943-130] Hall, Emme (November 7, 2016). "2016 Tesla Model S 60 review: 2016 Tesla Model S, now with fewer miles for less money". CNET. Archived from the original on August 13, 2024. Retrieved August 13, 2024.

[z255-131] Smith, Giles (November 8, 2016). "First Drive review: 2016 Tesla Model S 60D". The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on August 13, 2024. Retrieved August 13, 2024.

[d632-132] Silvestro, Brian (March 19, 2017). "Tesla discontinues base 60 kWh Model S trim level ahead of Model 3 launch". Road & Track. Archived from the original on August 13, 2024. Retrieved August 13, 2024.

[b450-133] Golson, Jordan (March 17, 2017). "Tesla is discontinuing its cheapest car, the 60kWh Model S". The Verge. Archived from the original on August 13, 2024. Retrieved August 13, 2024.

[v818-134] Fink, Greg S. (November 4, 2016). "Tesla Model S and Model X P100D replaces P90D". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on August 13, 2024. Retrieved August 13, 2024.

[n265-135] Mills, James (August 25, 2016). "Flying start: Tesla says Model S P100D is world's fastest-accelerating car". The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on August 13, 2024. Retrieved August 13, 2024.

[i003-136] Brantley, Brian (February 7, 2017). "2017 Tesla Model S P100D first test: A new record—0-60 mph in 2.28 seconds!". Motor Trend. Retrieved August 13, 2024.

[v436-137] Sorokanich, Bob (November 17, 2017). "The Tesla Roadster is not the "fastest car in the world"". Road & Track. Archived from the original on August 13, 2024. Retrieved August 13, 2024.

[k683-138] Lin, Kelly (January 23, 2017). "Tesla Model S 100D rated to travel 335 miles on a charge". Motor Trend. Archived from the original on August 13, 2024. Retrieved August 13, 2024.

[o871-139] Capparella, Joey (November 1, 2018). "2018 Tesla Model S 100D is the longest-range EV we've ever tested". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on August 13, 2024. Retrieved August 13, 2024.

[140] Bubbers, Matt (January 11, 2021). "We tested the Tesla Model S against the Porsche Taycan on a cottage road trip". The Globe and Mail. ISSN 0319-0714. ProQuest 2476512369.

[e748-141] Lambert, Fred (June 2, 2017). "Tesla will discontinue the 90 kWh battery pack next week". Electrek. Archived from the original on February 7, 2023. Retrieved August 13, 2024.

[o083-142] Li, Vivian (September 22, 2017). "Tesla to discontinue their most affordable Model S". GQ. Archived from the original on April 20, 2019. Retrieved August 13, 2024.

[i823-143] Capparella, Joey (January 10, 2019). "Tesla is getting rid of the base 75D Model S and Model X". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on August 13, 2024. Retrieved August 13, 2024.

[j356-144] Dorian, Drew (May 14, 2019). "2019 Tesla Model S review, pricing, and specs". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on August 13, 2024. Retrieved August 13, 2024.

[a803-145] Porter, Jon (July 16, 2019). "Tesla drops Standard Range versions of Model S and X". The Verge. Archived from the original on August 14, 2024. Retrieved August 14, 2024.

[o244-146] "New Tesla Model S Long Range 2019 review". Auto Express. August 9, 2019. Archived from the original on August 15, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2024.

[i091-147] "Tesla Model S vs Jaguar I-Pace". Auto Express. October 5, 2019. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2024.

[m936-148] Kew, Ollie (October 4, 2019). "Tesla Model S Performance review: 0-60 in 2.4s, but what else?". Top Gear. BBC. Archived from the original on August 15, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2024.

[l851-149] Dorian, Drew (August 19, 2019). "2020 Tesla Model S review, pricing, and specs". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on August 15, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2024.

[k416-150] "Compare 2020 Tesla Model S vs. 2021 Tesla Model S". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2024.

[b183-151] "2021 Tesla Model S specifications". Motor Trend. June 20, 2021. Archived from the original on August 15, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2024.

[e697-152] Brady, Duncan (June 20, 2020). "2020 Tesla Model S prices, reviews, and photos". Motor Trend. Archived from the original on August 15, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2024.

[c262-153] Brady, Duncan (November 20, 2020). "2021 Tesla Model S prices, reviews, and photos". Motor Trend. Retrieved August 15, 2024.

[154] [146]^[147]^[148]^[149]

[l288-155] Brain, Eric (July 22, 2020). "Tesla reportedly working on secret "Palladium" update for Model S and Model X". Hypebeast. Archived from the original on August 15, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2024.

[j238-156] O'Kane, Sean (January 27, 2021). "Tesla unveils redesigned Model S with new interior and 520-mile range option". The Verge. Archived from the original on August 15, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2024.

[o303-157] Wilkinson, Luke (January 28, 2021). "New Tesla Model S 2021 facelift brings new-look cabin and power boost". Auto Express. Archived from the original on August 15, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2024.

[y032-158] "The Tesla Model S Plaid is a 200mph, 1,020bhp electric car". Top Gear. BBC. June 11, 2021. Archived from the original on August 15, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2024.

[b648-159] Rawlins, Peter (July 25, 2024). "These are the 12 most aerodynamically efficient EVs on sale today". Top Gear. BBC. Archived from the original on August 15, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2024.

[m683-160] "2023 Tesla Model S performance, HP & engine options". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2024.

[s126-161] Annamalai, M.C.; Amutha prabha, N. (2023). "A comprehensive review on isolated and non-isolated converter configuration and fast charging technology: For battery and plug in hybrid electric vehicle". Heliyon. 9 (8). Elsevier BV: e18808. Bibcode:2023Heliy...918808A. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18808. ISSN 2405-8440. PMC 10447943. PMID 37636357.

[z690-162] Gitlin, Jonathan M. (June 11, 2021). "Tesla takes aim at upstarts with 390-mile range, 200 mph Model S Plaid". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on August 15, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2024.

[j762-163] Seabaugh, Christian (June 17, 2021). "2022 Tesla Model S Plaid first test: 0–60 MPH in 1.98 seconds". Motor Trend. Archived from the original on July 16, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2024.

[g015-164] Dodds, Io (June 11, 2021). "Tesla launches Model S Plaid that hits 60 mph in two seconds". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on August 15, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2024.

[d671-165] Porter, Jon (August 15, 2023). "Tesla reintroduces more affordable "Standard Range" versions of Model S and X". The Verge. Archived from the original on August 29, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2024.

[p961-166] Dorian, Drew (March 6, 2023). "2023 Tesla Model S review, pricing, and specs". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on August 16, 2024. Retrieved August 16, 2024.

[o678-167] Cunningham, Wayne (June 21, 2012). "Nvidia touts its place in the Tesla Model S". CNET. Archived from the original on August 17, 2024. Retrieved August 17, 2024.

[d316-168] Simpson, Campbell (December 19, 2014). "Tesla Motors Model S: Australian review". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 17, 2024.

[l534-169] "Model S: A quick guide for owners" (PDF). Tesla, Inc. p. 8. Retrieved August 17, 2024.

[k190-170] Lawler, Richard (January 14, 2021). "NHTSA wants Tesla to recall 158,000 Tegra 3-equipped vehicles". Engadget. Archived from the original on August 17, 2024. Retrieved August 17, 2024.

[y987-171] Geuss, Megan (May 18, 2014). "Nvidia inside: Hands on with Audi, Lamborghini, and Tesla". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on March 15, 2018. Retrieved August 17, 2024.

[r687-172] Hull, Dana (May 14, 2013). "Future Tesla Model S features: 'Sleep' mode and a 'sensor suite' of safety features for the driver". The Mercury News. Archived from the original on August 17, 2024. Retrieved August 17, 2024.

[n036-173] Kolodny, Lora (November 10, 2020). "Tesla expands warranty to cover defective main computers in some Model S and X vehicles". CNBC. Archived from the original on August 17, 2024. Retrieved August 17, 2024.

[q054-175] Lau, Alan (July 8, 2021). "Tesla Model S Plaid infotainment system review: A laptop on wheels". Motor Trend. Retrieved September 10, 2024.

[e444-176] Bergan, Brad (January 27, 2021). "Tesla debuts Model S Plaid interior with new touchscreen and more". Interesting Engineering. Archived from the original on August 17, 2024. Retrieved August 17, 2024.

[h852-177] Seabaugh, Christian (June 29, 2021). "The 2022 Tesla Model S Plaid's Steering Yoke: Pros and Cons Review". Motor Trend. Retrieved December 18, 2024.

[m317-178] Dron, Will (March 28, 2023). "Genesis boss: Aircraft-style steering yokes might be cool but safety must rule". The Sunday Times. Retrieved December 18, 2024.

[p262-180] LeBeau, Phil (October 14, 2015). "Tesla rolls out autopilot technology". CNBC. Archived from the original on September 13, 2024. Retrieved September 11, 2024.

[181] "Tesla recalls millions of vehicles". The Australian. December 14, 2023.

[d320-182] Sherman, Don (October 14, 2015). "We test Tesla's new Autopilot feature". Car and Driver. Retrieved September 10, 2024.

[z225-183] Hawkins, Andrew J. (July 28, 2017). "How Tesla changed the auto industry forever". The Verge. Archived from the original on February 29, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.

[n544-184] "Tesla self-drive mode filmed 'endangering passengers'". BBC News. October 22, 2015. Archived from the original on August 18, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.

[m077-185] Lawler, Richard (October 10, 2014). "Riding shotgun in Tesla's fastest car ever". Engadget. Archived from the original on February 23, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.

[186] White, Joseph B. (October 10, 2014). "Tesla aims to leapfrog rivals". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.

[y590-187] McElligott, Suzanne; Shrestha, Rusha; McHugh, Brian (March 27, 2023). "What OS does Tesla use?". US News & World Report. Retrieved September 23, 2024.

[p420-188] Korosec, Kirsten (May 25, 2021). "Tesla is no longer using radar sensors in Model 3 and Model Y vehicles built in North America". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on August 26, 2024. Retrieved August 26, 2024.

[g460-189] Porter, Jon (October 5, 2022). "Tesla ditches ultrasonic sensors from new cars as it bets on camera-only driver assistance". The Verge. Archived from the original on August 29, 2024. Retrieved August 26, 2024.

[v134-190] "Tesla Autopilot: Name deceptive, claim groups". BBC Home. May 23, 2018. Archived from the original on August 9, 2023. Retrieved August 26, 2024.

[s303-191] Marshall, Aarian (April 26, 2024). "Tesla Autopilot was uniquely risky—and may still be". WIRED. Archived from the original on August 29, 2024. Retrieved August 26, 2024.

[193] R, Tom; Halford, Dean; Sam, Cedric; Best, Ryan. "Thousands of Tesla owners share their close calls with Autopilot". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on January 4, 2020. Retrieved May 2, 2020.

[194] Claburn, Thomas (November 14, 2018). "Oi, Elon: You Musk sort out your Autopilot! Tesla loyalists tell of code crashes, near-misses". The Register. Archived from the original on August 29, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2020.

[e223-195] Beissmann, Tim (June 25, 2012). "Tesla preparing Supercharger to top up EVs with 480km of range per hour". Drive. Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on September 13, 2024. Retrieved September 7, 2024.

[g472-196] Lewis, William Irvin (November 24, 2023). "What is Tesla Destination charging? Powering up while standing still". Motor Trend. Archived from the original on August 18, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.

[s259-197] Qian, Lixian; Zhang, Cheng (2023). "Complementary or congruent? The effect of hosting Tesla charging stations on hotels' revenue". Journal of Travel Research. 62 (3): 663–684. doi:10.1177/00472875221093017. ISSN 0047-2875.

[q452-198] Field, Kyle (April 29, 2016). "Tesla makes full-court press with Destination Charging". CleanTechnica. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.

[v112-199] Motavalli, Jim (December 22, 2012). "Tesla begins East Coast fast-charging corridor". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 24, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.

[f587-200] Trop, Jaclyn (April 13, 2022). "Tesla extends peak charging hours at California Superchargers amid EV sales boom". Yahoo! Finance. Archived from the original on August 18, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.

[u219-201] Roberson, William (January 30, 2024). "It works for scooters: Can battery swapping work for electric cars?". Forbes Australia. Archived from the original on August 18, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.

[c968-202] Cunningham, Wayne (June 21, 2013). "Tesla battery swap a dead end". CNET. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.

[i465-203] Muller, Joann (June 21, 2013). "Tesla and Nissan: EV battery swap replaces anxiety with peace of mind". Forbes. Archived from the original on August 18, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.

[j385-204] "Tesla system will swap a Model S battery in 90 seconds". Autoweek. June 20, 2013. Archived from the original on August 18, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.

[e694-205] Aamoth, Doug (June 21, 2013). "Tesla shows off 90-second battery swap for its electric cars". Time. Archived from the original on August 18, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.

[f277-206] Sorokanich, Bob (June 10, 2015). "Musk: Tesla "unlikely" to pursue battery swapping stations". Road & Track. Archived from the original on May 1, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.

[t702-207] Valdes-Dapena, Peter (December 8, 2023). "Tesla failed at battery swapping but Stellantis says it may have the secret". CNN. Archived from the original on September 13, 2024. Retrieved August 26, 2024.

[e019-208] Ulrich, Lawerence (May 13, 2021). "How is this a good idea?: EV battery swapping". IEEE Spectrum. Archived from the original on August 26, 2024. Retrieved August 26, 2024.

[e801-209] Fleming, Charles (March 10, 2015). "Tesla battery swap at Harris Ranch? Not quite". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 26, 2023. Retrieved August 18, 2024.

[n615-210] Etherington, Darrell (September 22, 2020). "Future Teslas will have batteries that double as structure, making them extra stiff while improving efficiency, safety and cost". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on August 3, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.

[k280-211] Young, Chris (August 10, 2021). "Tesla says it can now recycle 92% of battery cell materials". Interesting Engineering. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.

[t242-212] Carleton, Audrey (August 16, 2021). "When Tesla says it recycles 100% of its batteries, what does that mean?". Vice. Archived from the original on August 18, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.

[UCS2015-213] Nealer, Rachael; Reichmuth, David; Anair, Don (November 2015). "Cleaner cars from cradle to grave: How electric cars beat gasoline cars on lifetime global warming Emissions" (PDF). Union of Concerned Scientists. p. 68. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 16, 2015. Retrieved November 22, 2014.

[g751-214] "Outlook for emissions reductions". International Energy Agency. January 18, 2024. Archived from the original on May 12, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.

[e392-215] "Tesla targets cobalt-free batteries in all models". BloombergNEF. June 19, 2020. Retrieved September 25, 2024.

[216] Amarakoon, Shanika; Smith, Jay; Segal, Brian (April 24, 2013). "Application of life cycle assessment to nanoscale technology: Lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles" (PDF). Environmental Protection Agency. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 6, 2017. Retrieved June 17, 2017.

[t074-217] McFarland, Matt (June 1, 2022). "The next holy grail for EVs: Batteries free of nickel and cobalt". CNN. Retrieved September 26, 2024.

[a360-218] Lander, Laura; Cleaver, Tom; Rajaeifar, Mohammad Ali; Nguyen-Tien, Viet; Elliott, Robert J.R.; Heidrich, Oliver; Kendrick, Emma; Edge, Jacqueline Sophie; Offer, Gregory (2021). "Financial viability of electric vehicle lithium-ion battery recycling". iScience. 24 (7): 102787. Bibcode:2021iSci...24j2787L. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.102787. PMC 8283134. PMID 34308293.

[219] Morse, Ian (May 20, 2021). "With millions of electric vehicles set to hit the road, scientists are seeking better battery recycling methods". Science. Archived from the original on July 18, 2024. Retrieved August 29, 2024.

[w239-220] Levin, Tim (June 16, 2022). "Here's how much each model will set you back in 2022". Yahoo! Tech. Archived from the original on August 18, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.

[y231-221] Chima, Chikodi (November 10, 2011). "First look at the new Tesla Model S Beta electric car". Reuters. Retrieved August 18, 2024.

[q069-222] Katje, Chris (January 20, 2021). "If you bought Tesla stock instead of a Model S at launch, here's how much you'd have now". Yahoo! Finance. Archived from the original on August 18, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.

[223] Baker, David R. (June 11, 2016). "Tesla's Bay Area real estate empire keeps growing". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved August 19, 2024.

[s008-224] Isidore, Chris (September 10, 2013). "Tesla kicks off European expansion". CNN Money. Archived from the original on September 24, 2018. Retrieved August 18, 2024.

[x916-225] McNamara, Phil (September 25, 2015). "Tesla's Dutch factory to double production for Model S and Model X crossover". Car. Retrieved September 16, 2024.

[v234-226] Szymkowski, Sean (March 19, 2021). "Tesla to shutter Model S, Model X final assembly plant in the Netherlands, report says". CNET. Archived from the original on August 18, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.

[g732-227] Kerr, Dara (October 31, 2012). "Tesla celebrates production of 1,000th Model S car". CNET. Archived from the original on August 18, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.

[x159-228] "Tesla Motors expects first profit in Q1". Reuters. February 20, 2013. Retrieved August 19, 2024.

[z999-229] "Tesla surges to more than Fiat value after first-ever profit". Bloomberg News. May 9, 2013. Archived from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved August 18, 2024.

[m578-230] Bellan, Rebecca (June 11, 2021). "Elon Musk reveals the Tesla Model S Plaid". Yahoo! Finance. Archived from the original on June 22, 2021. Retrieved August 19, 2024.

[231] Baker, David R. (October 1, 2015). "Tesla Model X spreads its wings at Fremont unveiling". SFGate. Archived from the original on August 19, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.

[r737-232] "Elon Musk hands over first Tesla Model 3 electric cars to buyers". The Guardian. Reuters. July 29, 2017. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.

[i751-233] Baldwin, Roberto (January 29, 2020). "Tesla beats expectations, declares a profit, and has started Model Y production". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on January 1, 2021. Retrieved August 19, 2024.

[234] "Tesla's crossover Model Y to offer 482-km range". Calgary Herald. March 22, 2019. p. E3. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.

[235] "Ford taking name it blocked from Tesla". Detroit Free Press. March 3, 2022. p. A6. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.

[236] Morona, Joey (April 17, 2016). "It's not too soon for a drive into the future". The Plain Dealer. p. 52. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.

[237] "The Tesla Model S was the best-selling EV of 2015". Newstex. January 14, 2016. ProQuest 1756680045.

[238] Flanagan, Dave (June 26, 2012). "Tesla Model S electric car uses Panasonic lithium-ion batteries". Advanced Science. Archived from the original on August 19, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.

[e007-239] Rosen, Ben (January 4, 2017). "Gigafactory begins battery production: Start of something big for Tesla?". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved September 15, 2024.

[g726-240] "Panasonic delivers over 100 million lithium-ion battery cells for Tesla Model S". Japan Today. June 13, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2024.

[t881-241] Randall, Tom (January 4, 2017). "Tesla starts Gigafactory battery cell production". Australian Financial Review. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.

[g317-242] Murph, Darren (August 7, 2013). "Tesla Model S deliveries begin outside of North America, starting with Norway". Yahoo! News. Engadget. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.

[zm1922-243] "Tesla hits another home run". Yahoo! Life. AOL. August 8, 2013. Archived from the original on August 19, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.

[u403-244] Peixe, Joao (September 4, 2013). "Tesla Motors goes to Europe". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved September 15, 2024.

[f329-245] Safi, Michael (December 10, 2014). "Tesla begins selling electric vehicles in Australia and plans charging network". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.

[a460-246] Thomas, Jason (December 11, 2014). "Tesla's electric cars come to Australia". SBS News. Archived from the original on February 9, 2023. Retrieved August 19, 2024.

[v433-247] Makinen, Julie (April 22, 2014). "Tesla delivers its first electric cars in China; delays upset some". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.

[r467-248] Soo, Zen (August 18, 2015). "Tesla Model S P85D luxury performance sedan launches in Hong Kong as demand for electric cars grows". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on November 26, 2022. Retrieved August 19, 2024.

[m041-249] Kang, John (April 2, 2016). "Model 3 will boost Tesla cars go mainstream in 'beacon city for electric vehicles'". Forbes. Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.

[250] Donnelly, Nigel (June 7, 2014). "Tesla confirms more UK charging points, UK research facility and new models". What Car?. Archived from the original on August 19, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.

[g833-251] "Official Tesla Model S 2022 safety rating". Euro NCAP. Archived from the original on August 10, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.

[h236-252] "2015 Tesla Model S 60kwh 5 HB RWD". NHTSA. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.

[reuters-nhtsa-253] Shepardson, David (October 9, 2018). "U.S. agency says Tesla safety claim goes beyond its analysis". Reuters. Retrieved March 12, 2021.

[254] Chang, John (November 21, 2013). "Agency pushes back on Tesla 5.4 star safety rating claim". ABC News. Retrieved March 12, 2021.

[f929-256] "Tesla's first Model S recall: Seat defect puts new brand to the test". The Christian Science Monitor. June 19, 2013. Archived from the original on August 19, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.

[257] "Charging adapters in Teslas recalled". Albuquerque Journal. January 15, 2014. p. 9. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.

[w071-258] "Tesla recalling all Model S sedans to check for seat belt defect". NBC News. November 20, 2015. Archived from the original on October 13, 2023. Retrieved August 19, 2024.

[259] "Faulty airbags affect 652,000 cars in the U.S." The Toronto Star. January 20, 2017. p. 16. Archived from the original on August 29, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.

[i848-260] Lee, Timothy B. (June 9, 2016). "Tesla's real problem isn't that its cars are expensive. It's that they're unreliable". Vox. Archived from the original on January 4, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.

[c978-261] Lee, Timothy B. (April 20, 2017). "Tesla is recalling most of the cars it sold in 2016". Vox. Archived from the original on July 6, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.

[j873-262] Wattles, Jackie (March 29, 2018). "Tesla is recalling 123,000 Model S vehicles". CNN Money. Archived from the original on January 22, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.

[v858-263] Rushe, Dominic (December 30, 2021). "Tesla recalls half a million cars in US over rearview camera and trunk defects". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 29, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.

[k825-264] "Tesla recalls almost all its vehicles sold in the US over warning light problems". The Guardian. Associated Press. February 2, 2024. Retrieved September 16, 2024.

[ModelSfire01-265] Jensen, Christopher (October 2, 2013). "Tesla says car fire started in battery". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2024.

[ModelSfire03-266] Russolillo, Steven (October 4, 2013). "Musk explains why Tesla Model S caught on fire". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on December 11, 2023. Retrieved September 13, 2024.

[267] David Shepardson (September 13, 2024). "U.S. will not open investigation into Tesla fire". The Detroit News. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2024.

[NYT11192013-268] Vlasic, Bill; Trop, Jaclyn (November 19, 2013). "After 3 fires, safety agency opens inquiry into Tesla Model S". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 12, 2024. Retrieved September 13, 2024.

[269] Ivory, Danielle (March 28, 2014). "Federal safety agency ends its investigation of Tesla fires". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 13, 2023. Retrieved September 13, 2024.

[a653-270] "Safety agency ends Tesla car fire probe after maker adds shield". NBC News. March 28, 2014. Retrieved September 17, 2024.

[NYT112013-271] Trop, Jaclyn (November 7, 2013). "Another fire raises questions for Tesla". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 13, 2024. Retrieved September 13, 2024.

[m468-272] "No cause determined in Tesla Model S fire in Toronto". SFGate. February 15, 2014. Retrieved September 17, 2024.

[273] Lopez, Linette (February 13, 2014). "Another Tesla caught on fire while sitting in a Toronto garage this month". Business Insider. Archived from the original on July 8, 2014. Retrieved September 13, 2024.

[274] Ohnsman, Alan (February 14, 2014). "Tesla investigating cause of fire in Toronto with Model S". Bloomberg News. Retrieved February 16, 2014.

[x495-275] "Tesla Model S catches fire while sitting in a Toronto garage". Financial Post. February 14, 2014. Retrieved September 16, 2024.

[276] George, Patrick (January 1, 2016). "Tesla Model S burns to a crisp during supercharging in Norway". Jalopnik. Archived from the original on April 11, 2024. Retrieved September 13, 2024.

[277] "Tesla Motors Inc says supercharger not at fault in Model S fire". Newstex. January 21, 2016. ProQuest 1758697636.

[vg18March2016-278] Hattrem, Hanne; Larsen-Vonstett, Øystein (March 17, 2016). "Tesla-brannen: Kortslutning i bilen, men vet ikke hvorfor" [Tesla fire: Short circuit in the car but do not know why]. Verdens Gang (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on March 20, 2016. Retrieved March 18, 2016.

[a184-279] Rufford, Nick (April 18, 2014). "First drive review: Tesla Model S Performance (2013)". The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on April 12, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.

[j523-280] Mutchler, Tom (October 14, 2014). "Discussing the influential Tesla Model S, Toyota Camry, and CarPlay". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.

[e450-281] Berk, Brett (August 6, 2012). "Is the Tesla Model S the Most important car of the 21st century?". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on March 27, 2023. Retrieved August 19, 2024.

[v081-282] Knapman, Chris (December 19, 2014). "Tesla Model S: the most important car of the last 20 years". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on December 19, 2014. Retrieved August 20, 2024.

[b126-283] "Tesla Model S review". Top Gear. BBC. December 27, 2023. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.

[z966-285] Barry, Keith (October 19, 2023). "How the Tesla Model S changed the world". Consumer Reports. Archived from the original on July 9, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.

[b525-286] Gibbs, Samuel (June 7, 2014). "Tesla Model S launch: an electric car to answer even Clarkson's objections". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.

[m618-287] Williams, Lee (October 26, 2016). "I tested out a Tesla Model S for a week and it was a little bit frightening". The Independent. Archived from the original on August 19, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.

[e710-288] Kwanten, Alex (February 20, 2024). "2024 Tesla Model S Review, Pricing, & Pictures". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on July 10, 2024. Retrieved August 26, 2024.

[289] "2019 Nissan Leaf Plus". The Standard. June 6, 2019. p. A.7.

[z347-290] Walton, Mark (October 8, 2021). "Used EV comparison test: Nissan Leaf vs Model S, Zoe, i3 and Twizy". Car. Retrieved September 22, 2024.

[m149-291] Watson, Mat (January 14, 2022). "Tesla Model S review". Carwow. Archived from the original on April 19, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.

[n403-292] Adams, Keith (April 27, 2023). "Tesla Model S review: Still the king of the hill?". Car. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 20, 2024.

[j749-293] Hodge, Lawrence (April 7, 2023). "The Tesla Model S and Model X are really showing their age". Jalopnik. Archived from the original on August 29, 2024. Retrieved August 20, 2024.

[b844-295] Cunningham, Wayne; Goodwin, Antuan; Cooley, Brian (December 20, 2012). "2012 Car Tech Awards: And the winner is..." CNET. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 20, 2024.

[i743-296] "Best Inventions of the Year 2012". Time. November 1, 2012. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 20, 2024.

[e381-297] "Grand Award Winner: Tesla Model S". Popular Science. January 1, 2014. Archived from the original on November 19, 2012. Retrieved August 21, 2024.

[o035-298] Zenlea, David (January 1, 2013). "2013 Automobile of the Year: Tesla Model S". Motor Trend. Retrieved August 20, 2024.

[o285-299] Toor, Amar (November 13, 2012). "Tesla Model S named Motor Trend Car of the Year by unanimous decision". The Verge. Archived from the original on September 23, 2023. Retrieved August 20, 2024.

[w896-300] Unger, David J. (November 13, 2012). "Tesla Model S wins Motor Trend's Car of the Year. Are electric cars here to stay?". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved August 20, 2024.

[ECV8V-302] "2013 ecoENERGY for Vehicles Awards" (Press release). Natural Resources Canada. February 14, 2013. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved February 22, 2013.

[g432-303] Manjoo, Farhad (May 10, 2013). "Tesla is a little bit Apple, a little bit Google, and about to be huge". Slate. Archived from the original on April 12, 2024. Retrieved August 20, 2024.

[z450-304] "Yahoo! Autos 2013 Car of the Year: Tesla Model S". Yahoo! Autos. October 31, 2012. Archived from the original on September 13, 2024. Retrieved August 20, 2024.

[l957-305] Jones, Courtney (May 31, 2014). "Tesla Model S tops AAA's 2014 Green Car Guide". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on September 13, 2024. Retrieved August 20, 2024.

[e277-306] Hirsch, Jerry (April 20, 2015). "Lightning-fast Tesla Model S tops Auto Club's best Green Cars ranking". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 27, 2021. Retrieved August 20, 2024.

[j052-307] Austin, Patrick Lucas (December 14, 2019). "The 10 Best Gadgets of the 2010s". Time. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved August 20, 2024.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[note 1]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[note 2]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[note 3]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[note 4]

[90]

[91]

[92]

[93]

[94]

[95]

[96]

[97]