Himalayan brown bear: Difference between revisions

Himalayan brown bear
	Himalayan brown bear
Conservation status
	CITES Appendix II (CITES)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Family:	Ursidae
Genus:	Ursus
Species:	U. arctos
Subspecies:	U. a. isabellinus
Trinomial name
	Ursus arctos isabellinus; Horsfield, 1826
	Himalayan brown bear range

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The Himalayan brown bear (Ursus arctos isabellinus), also known as the Himalayan red bear or isabelline bear, is a subspecies of the brown bear occurring in the western Himalayas. It is the largest mammal in the region, males reaching up to 2.2 m (7 ft 3 in) long, while females are a little smaller. It is omnivorous and hibernates in dens during the winter.

Description

Himalayan brown bears exhibit sexual dimorphism. Males range from 1.5 to 2.2 m (4 ft 11 in to 7 ft 3 in) long, while females are 1.37 to 1.83 m (4 ft 6 in to 6 ft 0 in) long. They are usually sandy or reddish-brown in colour.^[2]^[3]

Distribution

The Himalayan brown bear occurs in the western Himalayas from northeastern Pakistan through the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand to the Himalayas in central Nepal.^[4]^[5] At present, it is unknown whether the Himalayan brown bear is connected to brown bear populations in the Karakoram Mountains and on the Tibetan Plateau.^[4]

Phylogenetics and evolution

The Himalayan brown bear consists of a single clade that is the sister group to all other brown bears and the polar bear. The dating of the branching event, estimated at 658,000 years ago, corresponds to the period of a Middle Pleistocene episode of glaciation on the Tibetan plateau, suggesting that during this Nyanyaxungla glaciation, the lineage that gave rise to the Himalayan brown bear became isolated in a distinct refuge, leading to its divergence.^[6]

Phylogenetic analysis has shown that the Gobi bear clusters with the Himalayan brown bear and may represent a relict population of this subspecies.^[6]

Behaviour and ecology

The bears go into hibernation around October and emerge during April and May. Hibernation usually occurs in a den or cave made by the bear.^[7]

Feeding

Himalayan brown bears are omnivores and will eat grasses, roots and other plants as well as insects and small mammals; they also like fruits and berries. They will also prey on large mammals, including sheep and goats. Adults will eat before sunrise and later during the afternoon.^[7]

Threats and conservation

The Himalayan brown bear is poached for fur and claws for ornamental purposes and internal organs for use in medicines. It is killed by shepherds to protect their livestock. In Himachal Pradesh, their home is the Kugti and Tundah wildlife sanctuaries and the tribal Chamba region. The tree bearing the state flower of Himachal, buransh, is the favourite habitat of the Himalayan brown bear. Due to the high value of the buransh tree, it is commercially cut causing further destruction to the brown bear's habitat.^[8]

Association with the Yeti

"Dzu-Teh", a Nepalese term, has also been associated with the legend of the Yeti, or Abominable Snowman, with which it has been sometimes confused or mistaken. During the Daily Mail Abominable Snowman Expedition of 1954, Tom Stobart encountered a "Dzu-Teh". This is recounted by Ralph Izzard, the Daily Mail correspondent on the expedition, in his book The Abominable Snowman Adventure.^[9] A 2017 analysis of DNA extracted from a mummified animal purporting to represent a Yeti was shown to have been a Himalayan brown bear.^[6]

In media

The 2016 film based on Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book portrays Baloo as a Himalayan brown bear.

References

^ "CITES Appendices I, II and III" (PDF). CITES. 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
^ Khan, Niazul (13 November 2020). "Nature travel, wildlife photography and conservation stories from India | Nature inFocus". www.natureinfocus.in. Archived from the original on 22 August 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
^ Rathore, Bipan Chand (2008). "Ecology of Brown Bear (Ursus arctos) with Special Reference to Assessment of Human-Brown Bear Conflicts in Kugti Wildlife Sanctuary, Himachal Pradesh and Mitigation Strategies" (PDF). Saurashtra University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 August 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
^ ^a ^b McLellan, B.N.; Proctor, M.F.; Huber, D.; Michel, S. (2016). "Brown Bear (Ursus arctos) isolated populations (Supplemented material to Ursus arctos Redlisting account)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
^ McLellan, B.N.; Proctor, M.F.; Huber, D. & Michel, S. (2017) [amended version of 2017 assessment]. "Ursus arctos". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T41688A121229971. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T41688A121229971.en.
^ ^a ^b ^c Lan, T.; Gill, S.; Bellemain, E.; Bischof, R.; Zawaz, M.A.; Lindqvist, C. (2017). "Evolutionary history of enigmatic bears in the Tibetan Plateau–Himalaya region and the identity of the yeti". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 284 (1868): 20171804. doi:10.1098/rspb.2017.1804. PMC 5740279. PMID 29187630.
^ ^a ^b Singh, Anadya (1 May 2023). "Rocky Road: Change is in the Air for the Himalayan Brown Bear". roundglass | sustain. Archived from the original on 22 August 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
^ Tehsin, A. (2014). "Missing snowman". The Hindu. Retrieved 2017-11-28.
^ Izzard, R. (1955). The Abominable Snowman Adventure. Hodder and Staoughton.

External links

[1] "CITES Appendices I, II and III" (PDF). CITES. 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2023.

[2] Khan, Niazul (13 November 2020). "Nature travel, wildlife photography and conservation stories from India | Nature inFocus". www.natureinfocus.in. Archived from the original on 22 August 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2023.

[3] Rathore, Bipan Chand (2008). "Ecology of Brown Bear (Ursus arctos) with Special Reference to Assessment of Human-Brown Bear Conflicts in Kugti Wildlife Sanctuary, Himachal Pradesh and Mitigation Strategies" (PDF). Saurashtra University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 August 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2023.

[iucn_suppl-4] McLellan, B.N.; Proctor, M.F.; Huber, D.; Michel, S. (2016). "Brown Bear (Ursus arctos) isolated populations (Supplemented material to Ursus arctos Redlisting account)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016. Retrieved May 16, 2023.

[iucn-5] McLellan, B.N.; Proctor, M.F.; Huber, D. & Michel, S. (2017) [amended version of 2017 assessment]. "Ursus arctos". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T41688A121229971. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T41688A121229971.en.

[lan-6] Lan, T.; Gill, S.; Bellemain, E.; Bischof, R.; Zawaz, M.A.; Lindqvist, C. (2017). "Evolutionary history of enigmatic bears in the Tibetan Plateau–Himalaya region and the identity of the yeti". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 284 (1868): 20171804. doi:10.1098/rspb.2017.1804. PMC 5740279. PMID 29187630.

[:0-7] Singh, Anadya (1 May 2023). "Rocky Road: Change is in the Air for the Himalayan Brown Bear". roundglass | sustain. Archived from the original on 22 August 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2023.

[8] Tehsin, A. (2014). "Missing snowman". The Hindu. Retrieved 2017-11-28.

[9] Izzard, R. (1955). The Abominable Snowman Adventure. Hodder and Staoughton.

[10] Genetic tests demonstrate this population to have mixed brown bear and polar bear ancestry.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|Subspecies of mammal}}
 {{subspeciesbox
-| status = CR
-| status_system = IUCN3.1
-| status_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref>
 | name = Himalayan brown bear
 | image = Medvěd plavý (Ursus arctos isabellinus).jpg
-| image_caption =
+| image_caption = Himalayan brown bear
 | genus = Ursus
 | species = arctos
 | species_link = Brown bear
 | subspecies = isabellinus
+| status = CITES_A2
+| status_system = CITES
+| status_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=CITES Appendices I, II and III |date=2023 |url=https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/app/2023/E-Appendices-2023-05-04.pdf |access-date=16 May 2023 |website=CITES}}</ref>
 | authority = [[Thomas Horsfield|Horsfield]], 1826
 | range_map = Himalayan brown bear area.jpg
@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 }}
-The '''Himalayan brown bear''' (''Ursus arctos isabellinus''), also known as the '''Himalayan red bear''', '''isabelline bear''' or '''Dzu-Teh''', is a [[subspecies]] of the [[brown bear]] and is known from northern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, northern India, west China and [[Nepal]]. It is the largest mammal in the region, males reaching up to {{convert|2.2|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} long, while females are a little smaller. The bears are [[Omnivore|omnivorous]] and [[Hibernation|hibernate]] in dens during the winter. While the brown bear as a species is classified as [[Least Concern]] by the [[IUCN]], this subspecies is highly endangered and populations are dwindling.
+The '''Himalayan brown bear''' ('''''Ursus arctos isabellinus'''''), also known as the '''Himalayan red bear''' or '''isabelline bear''', is a [[subspecies]] of the [[brown bear]] occurring in the [[western Himalayas]]. It is the largest mammal in the region, males reaching up to {{cvt|2.2|m}} long, while females are a little smaller. It is [[Omnivore|omnivorous]] and [[Hibernation|hibernate]]s in dens during the winter.
 ==Description==
+Himalayan brown bears exhibit [[sexual dimorphism]]. Males range from {{cvt|1.5|to|2.2|m|ftin}} long, while females are {{cvt|1.37|to|1.83|m|ftin}} long. They are usually sandy or reddish-brown in colour.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Niazul |date=13 November 2020 |title=Nature travel, wildlife photography and conservation stories from India {{!}} Nature inFocus |url=https://www.natureinfocus.in/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822175421/https://www.natureinfocus.in/animals/the-brown-bears-of-kargil |archive-date=22 August 2023 |access-date=22 August 2023 |website=www.natureinfocus.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rathore |first=Bipan Chand |date=2008 |title=Ecology of Brown Bear (Ursus arctos) with Special Reference to Assessment of Human-Brown Bear Conflicts in Kugti Wildlife Sanctuary, Himachal Pradesh and Mitigation Strategies |url=https://www.arlis.org/docs/vol1/K/944448050.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822180012/https://www.arlis.org/docs/vol1/K/944448050.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2023 |access-date=22 August 2023 |website=Saurashtra University}}</ref>
-Himalayan brown bears exhibit [[sexual dimorphism]]. Males range from {{cvt|1.5|to|2.2|m|ftin}} long, while females are {{cvt|1.37|to|1.83|m|ftin}} long.  They are the largest animals in the [[Himalayas]] and are usually sandy or reddish-brown in colour.
 ==Distribution==
+The Himalayan brown bear occurs in the western Himalayas from northeastern [[Pakistan]] through the [[India]]n states of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]] to the Himalayas in central [[Nepal]].<ref name=iucn_suppl>{{cite journal |title=Brown Bear (''Ursus arctos'') isolated populations (Supplemented material to ''Ursus arctos'' Redlisting account) |author=McLellan, B.N. |author2=Proctor, M.F. |author3=Huber, D. |author4=Michel, S. |date=2016 |journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |volume=2016 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/pdf/121229971/attachment |access-date=May 16, 2023}}</ref><ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=McLellan, B.N. |author2=Proctor, M.F. |author3=Huber, D. |author4=Michel, S. |name-list-style=amp |title=''Ursus arctos'' |page=e.T41688A121229971 |date=2017 |amends=2017 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T41688A121229971.en}}</ref>
-The bears are found in [[Nepal]], Tibet, west [[China]], north [[India]], north [[Pakistan]],  [[Uzbekistan]], [[Tajikistan]], entire [[Kyrgyzstan]] and south-east [[Kazakhstan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336167935_Conservation_Distribution_and_Conservation_Status_of_Tien-Shan_Brown_Bear_in_the_Kyrgyz_Republic|title=Conservation Distribution and Conservation Status of Tien-Shan Brown Bear in the Kyrgyz Republic|last=Anarbaev|display-authors=etal|date=2019|website=www.researchgate.net}}</ref> They are already speculated to have become extinct in Bhutan.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}}  Phylogenetic analysis has shown that the [[Gobi bear]] clusters with the Himalayan brown bear and may represent a relict population of this subspecies.<ref name="lan">{{cite journal | author1= Lan T. | author2=Gill S. | author3=Bellemain E. | author4=Bischof R. | author5=Zawaz M.A. | author6=Lindqvist C. | year = 2017 | title = Evolutionary history of enigmatic bears in the Tibetan Plateau–Himalaya region and the identity of the yeti | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | volume = 284 | issue = 1868| page = 20171804 | doi=10.1098/rspb.2017.1804| pmid = 29187630 | pmc = 5740279 }}</ref>
+At present, it is unknown whether the Himalayan brown bear is connected to brown bear populations in the [[Karakoram]] Mountains and on the [[Tibetan Plateau]].<ref name=iucn_suppl/>
 ==Phylogenetics and evolution==
-The Himalayan brown bear consists of a single clade that is the sister group to all other brown bears (and polar bears).  The dating of the branching event, estimated at 658,000 years ago, corresponds to the period of a [[Middle Pleistocene]] episode of glaciation on the Tibetan plateau, suggesting that during this Nyanyaxungla glaciation the lineage that would give rise to the Himalayan brown bear became isolated in a distinct refuge, leading to its divergence.<ref name="lan" />
+The Himalayan brown bear consists of a single [[clade]] that is the [[sister group]] to all other brown bears and the polar bear. The dating of the branching event, estimated at 658,000 years ago, corresponds to the period of a [[Middle Pleistocene]] episode of glaciation on the Tibetan plateau, suggesting that during this Nyanyaxungla glaciation, the lineage that gave rise to the Himalayan brown bear became isolated in a distinct refuge, leading to its divergence.<ref name="lan" />
+Phylogenetic analysis has shown that the [[Gobi bear]] clusters with the Himalayan brown bear and may represent a relict population of this subspecies.<ref name="lan">{{cite journal |author1=Lan, T. |author2=Gill, S. |author3=Bellemain, E. | author4=Bischof, R. |author5=Zawaz, M.A. |author6=Lindqvist, C. |year=2017 |title=Evolutionary history of enigmatic bears in the Tibetan Plateau–Himalaya region and the identity of the yeti |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=284 |issue=1868|page=20171804 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2017.1804|pmid=29187630 |pmc=5740279}}</ref>
 ==Behaviour and ecology==
-The bears go into [[hibernation]] around October and emerge during April and May. Hibernation usually occurs in a den or cave made by the bear.
+The bears go into [[hibernation]] around October and emerge during April and May. Hibernation usually occurs in a den or cave made by the bear.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Anadya |date=1 May 2023 |title=Rocky Road: Change is in the Air for the Himalayan Brown Bear |url=https://roundglasssustain.com/species/himalayan-brown-bear-denning-changes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822180756/https://roundglasssustain.com/species/himalayan-brown-bear-denning-changes |archive-date=22 August 2023 |access-date=22 August 2023 |website=roundglass {{!}} sustain |language=en}}</ref>
-[[File:Two Cubs playing with Mother Himalayan Brown Bear.JPG|thumb|Himalayan brown bear with cubs on the trek from Gangotri to Gaumukh in Uttarakhand, India.]]
+[[File:Two Cubs playing with Mother Himalayan Brown Bear.JPG|thumb|Himalayan brown bear with cubs on the trek from Gangotri to Gaumukh in Uttarakhand, India]]
 ===Feeding===
-Himalayan brown bears are [[omnivore]]s and will eat grasses, roots and other plants as well as insects and small mammals; they also like fruits and berries. They will also prey on large mammals, including [[sheep]] and [[domestic goat|goats]]. Adults will eat before sunrise and later during the afternoon.
+Himalayan brown bears are [[omnivore]]s and will eat grasses, roots and other plants as well as insects and small mammals; they also like fruits and berries. They will also prey on large mammals, including [[sheep]] and [[domestic goat|goats]]. Adults will eat before sunrise and later during the afternoon.<ref name=":0" />
-==Status and conservation==
-International trade is prohibited by the [[Wildlife Protection Act]] in India.{{Citation needed|date=May 2019}} Snow Leopard Foundation (SLF) in Pakistan conducts research on the current status of Himalayan brown bears in the Pamir Range in Gilgit-Baltistan, a promising habitat for the bears and a wildlife corridor connecting bear populations in Pakistan to central Asia.
-The project also intends to investigate the conflicts humans have with the bears, while promoting tolerance for bears in the region through environmental education. SLF received funding from the Prince Bernhard Nature Fund and Alertis.<ref name="Alertis">{{cite web|url=http://www.bearsinmind.org/Newsitem/alertis-secures-grant|title=Alertis Secures Grant|website=Bears In Mind|access-date=18 July 2013}}</ref> Unlike other brown bear subspecies, which are found in good numbers,<ref name="IUCN">{{cite iucn |author=McLellan, B.N. |author2=Proctor, M.F. |author3=Huber, D. |author4=Michel, S. |name-list-style=amp |title=''Ursus arctos'' |volume=2017 |page= e.T41688A121229971 |date=2017 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T41688A121229971.en}}</ref> the Himalayan brown bear is critically endangered.
-They are poached for their fur and claws for ornamental purposes and internal organs for use in medicines. '''They are killed by shepherds to protect their livestock and their home is destroyed by human encroachment. In Himachal, their home is the Kugti and Tundah wildlife sanctuaries and the tribal Chamba region.''' The tree bearing the state flower of Himachal, buransh, is the favourite habitat of the bear. Due to the high value of the buransh tree, it is commercially cut causing further destruction to the brown bear's home.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/missing-snowman/article6618001.ece|title=Missing snowman|last=Tehsin|first=Arefa|date=2014-11-20|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-11-28|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
+==Threats and conservation==
-The populations in Pakistan are slow reproducing, small, and declining because of habitat loss, fragmentation, poaching, and [[bear-baiting]].<ref name="Alertis" />  In India, brown bears are present in 23 protected areas in the northern states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttaranchal, but only in two of these the bears are regarded as fairly common. There are about 150- 200 bears in total.
+The Himalayan brown bear is poached for fur and claws for ornamental purposes and internal organs for use in medicines. It is killed by shepherds to protect their livestock. In Himachal Pradesh, their home is the Kugti and Tundah wildlife sanctuaries and the tribal Chamba region. The tree bearing the state flower of Himachal, buransh, is the favourite habitat of the Himalayan brown bear. Due to the high value of the buransh tree, it is commercially cut causing further destruction to the brown bear's habitat.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/missing-snowman/article6618001.ece |title=Missing snowman |last=Tehsin|first=A. |date=2014 |work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-11-28}}</ref>
 ==Association with the Yeti==
 [[File:UrsusSkullSmit.jpg|thumb|Skull]]
-"Dzu-Teh," a Nepalese term, has also been associated with the legend of the [[Yeti]], or Abominable Snowman, with which it has been sometimes confused or mistaken. During the [[Daily Mail]] Abominable Snowman Expedition of 1954, Tom Stobart encountered a "Dzu-Teh". This is recounted by Ralph Izzard, the ''Daily Mail'' correspondent on the expedition, in his book ''The Abominable Snowman Adventure''.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Ralph Izzard.|year=1955|title=The Abominable Snowman Adventure|journal=Hodder and Staoughton}}</ref>  A 2017 analysis of DNA extracted from a mummified animal purporting to represent a [[Yeti]] was shown to have been a Himalayan brown bear.<ref name="lan" />
+"Dzu-Teh", a Nepalese term, has also been associated with the legend of the [[Yeti]], or Abominable Snowman, with which it has been sometimes confused or mistaken. During the [[Daily Mail]] Abominable Snowman Expedition of 1954, Tom Stobart encountered a "Dzu-Teh". This is recounted by [[Ralph Izzard]], the ''Daily Mail'' correspondent on the expedition, in his book ''The Abominable Snowman Adventure''.<ref>{{cite book |author=Izzard, R. |year=1955 |title=The Abominable Snowman Adventure |publisher=Hodder and Staoughton}}</ref>  A 2017 analysis of DNA extracted from a mummified animal purporting to represent a Yeti was shown to have been a Himalayan brown bear.<ref name="lan" />
+==In media==
+* The [[The Jungle Book (2016 film)|2016 film]] based on [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s ''[[The Jungle Book]]'' portrays [[Baloo]] as a Himalayan brown bear.
 ==References==
 {{Reflist}}
@@ Line 62: / Line 61: @@
 == External links ==
-* [http://video.pbs.org/video/1791007183/ Video of Himalayan brown bear and a Tibetan fox on the hunt] from PBS Video
+* [https://www.pbs.org/video/nature-the-himalayan-bear-and-the-tibetan-fox/ Video of Himalayan brown bear and a Tibetan fox on the hunt] from PBS Video
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121215051532/http://dinets.travel.ru/russianbears.htm Red Bear]
-* [http://www.tqnyc.org/NYC051343/Nelson%20Chou/yeti.htm The Yeti]
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070310233806/http://www.cabernet.demon.co.uk/JAJ/snowman1954/1954-snowman-team.html Daily Mail Abominable Snowman]
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060929163122/http://www.wildlifesos.com/bearreport/Bear%20species%20found%20in%20India.htm Bear species found in India]
@@ Line 74: / Line 72: @@
 [[Category:Carnivorans of Asia]]
 [[Category:Fauna of the Himalayas]]
-[[Category:Mammals of Pakistan|Bear, Himalayan Brown]]
+[[Category:Mammals of Pakistan]]
-[[Category:Mammals of India|Bear, Himalayan Brown]]
+[[Category:Mammals of India]]
-[[Category:Mammals of Nepal|Bear, Himalayan Brown]]
+[[Category:Mammals of Nepal]]
-[[Category:Mammals of Bhutan|Bear, Himalayan Brown]]
+[[Category:Mammals of Bhutan]]
-[[Category:Fauna of Jammu and Kashmir|Bear, Himalayan Brown]]
+[[Category:Fauna of Jammu and Kashmir]]
 [[Category:Critically endangered biota of Asia]]

Taxon identifiers
Ursus arctos isabellinus	Wikidata: Q944893 Wikispecies: Ursus arctos isabellinus CoL: 5LPWW CMS: ursus-arctos-isabellinus EoL: 1240163 GBIF: 6163847 iNaturalist: 147158 ITIS: 622068 MSW: 14000980 NCBI: 1215600 Species+: 12206
Ursus isabellinus	Wikidata: Q122750382 GBIF: 9544056 ZooBank: 13B252F6-6D23-48F0-A86B-F886A6A5F40E