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{{Short description| |
{{Short description|Cultural phase described by historians}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}} |
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{{italic title}} |
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[[File:Gosforth hogsback tombs.jpg|thumb|[[Hogback (sculpture)|Hogbacks]] in [[St Mary's Church, Gosforth]], [[Cumbria]]]] |
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'''Anglo-Scandinavian''' is an academic term referring to the [[hybridity|hybridisation]] between [[Norsemen|Norse]] and [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] cultures in Britain during the [[early medieval]] period. It remains a term and concept often used by historians and archaeologists,<ref>Haldenby, D. and [[Julian D. Richards|Richards, J.D.]] (2016). [https://dx.doi.org/10.11141/ia.42.3 The Viking Great Army and its Legacy: plotting settlement shift using metal-detected finds], Internet Archaeology 42. {{Doi|10.11141/ia.42.3}} Retrieved 13 December 2016</ref> and in linguistic spheres.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sandred |first=KI |year=2005 |chapter=Language Contacts Outside Scandinavia III: With England and Scotland |editor1-last=Bandle |editor1-first=O |editor2-last=Braunmüller |editor2-first=K |editor3-last=Jahr |editor3-first=EH |editor4-last=Karker |editor4-first=A |editor5-last=Naumann |editor5-first=HP |editor6-last=Elmevik |editor6-first=L |editor7-last=Widmark |editor7-first=G |title=The Nordic Languages: An International Handbook of the History of the North Germanic Languages |volume=2 |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] |location=Berlin |isbn=3-11-017149-X |pages=2062–2073 }}</ref> |
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Although evidence for interconnection between [[Scandinavia]] and England is present throughout the entire early medieval period, two major concentrations of Scandinavian settlement are evident: the creation of the [[Danelaw]] during the mid-ninth century, and the conquest of [[Sweyn Forkbeard]] and [[Cnut]] in the 1010s. |
Although evidence for interconnection between [[Scandinavia]] and England is present throughout the entire early medieval period, two major concentrations of Scandinavian settlement are evident: the creation of the [[Danelaw]] during the mid-ninth century, and the conquest of [[Sweyn Forkbeard]] and [[Cnut]] in the 1010s. |
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==Archaeology== |
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There are a number of artefact types that appear only within Scandinavian-occupied England, and thus appear to be exclusively 'Anglo-Scandinavian'. Norse bells, like the examples found at Cottam B, are found nowhere in Scandinavia and only within Norse colonies.<ref name="Richards2000">{{cite book |last=Richards |first=Julian D. |editor-last2=Richards |editor-first2=Julian D. |editor-last1=Hadley |editor-first1=Dawn M. |title=Cultures in Contact: Scandinavian Settlement in England in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries |chapter=Identifying Anglo-Scandinavian Settlements |date=2000 |publisher=Brepols |isbn=978-2-503-50978-5}}</ref>{{rp|305}} The [[Hogback (sculpture)|hogback]] form of stone grave markers is unattested in the rest of the Scandinavian world.<ref name="Richards2000" />{{rp|306}} An argument for hybridity has also been constructed from the varying range of burial practices evident within the Danelaw, rather than the more standardised diagnostic patterns of burial we see in Scandinavia: Richards has suggested that 'rather than searching for burial-types that can be matched in Scandinavia we should therefore be looking for the creation of new cultural identities' <ref name="Richards2002">{{cite book |last1=Richards |first1=Julian D. |editor1-last=Lucy |editor1-first=Sam |editor-last2=Reynolds |editor-first2=Andrew |title=Burial in Early Medieval England and Wales |chapter=The Case of the Missing Vikings: Scandinavian Burials in the Danelaw |date=2002 |page=157 |publisher=Society for Medieval Archaeology |isbn=9781902653655}}</ref> |
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* For the early raids and occupations, see [[Viking Age#England|Viking Age: England]], [[Norse activity in the British Isles]] or [[Viking expansion#British Isles|Viking Expansion: British Isles]] |
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* For the later, political interactions between Britain and Scandinavia, see: [[Danelaw]] and [[North Sea Empire]] |
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==Linguistics== |
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Lewis-Simpson has advanced the argument that Danelaw personal names are a direct reflection of this process of hybridity.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lewis-Simpson |first1=Shannon |editor-last1=Hoofnagle |editor-first1=Wendy Marie |editor-last2=Keller |editor-first2=Wolfram R. |title=Other Nations: The Hybridization of Medieval Insular Mythology and Identity |chapter=Assimilation or Hybridization? A Study of Personal Names from the Danelaw |year=2011 |publisher=Universitätsverlag Winter |isbn=9783825358945 |pages=13–43}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
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* [[Scandinavian York]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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==External links== |
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* [https://seaxeducation.com/2022/06/22/the-vikings-and-post-colonialism/ The Vikings and Post Colonialism], blog post |
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[[Category:Anglo-Norse England]] |
[[Category:Anglo-Norse England]] |
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Latest revision as of 19:08, 4 December 2024
Anglo-Scandinavian is an academic term referring to the hybridisation between Norse and Anglo-Saxon cultures in Britain during the early medieval period. It remains a term and concept often used by historians and archaeologists,[1] and in linguistic spheres.[2]
Although evidence for interconnection between Scandinavia and England is present throughout the entire early medieval period, two major concentrations of Scandinavian settlement are evident: the creation of the Danelaw during the mid-ninth century, and the conquest of Sweyn Forkbeard and Cnut in the 1010s.
Archaeology
[edit]There are a number of artefact types that appear only within Scandinavian-occupied England, and thus appear to be exclusively 'Anglo-Scandinavian'. Norse bells, like the examples found at Cottam B, are found nowhere in Scandinavia and only within Norse colonies.[3]: 305 The hogback form of stone grave markers is unattested in the rest of the Scandinavian world.[3]: 306 An argument for hybridity has also been constructed from the varying range of burial practices evident within the Danelaw, rather than the more standardised diagnostic patterns of burial we see in Scandinavia: Richards has suggested that 'rather than searching for burial-types that can be matched in Scandinavia we should therefore be looking for the creation of new cultural identities' [4]
Linguistics
[edit]Lewis-Simpson has advanced the argument that Danelaw personal names are a direct reflection of this process of hybridity.[5]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Haldenby, D. and Richards, J.D. (2016). The Viking Great Army and its Legacy: plotting settlement shift using metal-detected finds, Internet Archaeology 42. doi:10.11141/ia.42.3 Retrieved 13 December 2016
- ^ Sandred, KI (2005). "Language Contacts Outside Scandinavia III: With England and Scotland". In Bandle, O; Braunmüller, K; Jahr, EH; Karker, A; Naumann, HP; Elmevik, L; Widmark, G (eds.). The Nordic Languages: An International Handbook of the History of the North Germanic Languages. Vol. 2. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 2062–2073. ISBN 3-11-017149-X.
- ^ a b Richards, Julian D. (2000). "Identifying Anglo-Scandinavian Settlements". In Hadley, Dawn M.; Richards, Julian D. (eds.). Cultures in Contact: Scandinavian Settlement in England in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries. Brepols. ISBN 978-2-503-50978-5.
- ^ Richards, Julian D. (2002). "The Case of the Missing Vikings: Scandinavian Burials in the Danelaw". In Lucy, Sam; Reynolds, Andrew (eds.). Burial in Early Medieval England and Wales. Society for Medieval Archaeology. p. 157. ISBN 9781902653655.
- ^ Lewis-Simpson, Shannon (2011). "Assimilation or Hybridization? A Study of Personal Names from the Danelaw". In Hoofnagle, Wendy Marie; Keller, Wolfram R. (eds.). Other Nations: The Hybridization of Medieval Insular Mythology and Identity. Universitätsverlag Winter. pp. 13–43. ISBN 9783825358945.
External links
[edit]- The Vikings and Post Colonialism, blog post