Independence Hall: Difference between revisions

Independence Hall
Independence Hall
	Independence Hall in Philadelphia, where the Declaration of Independence and U.S. Constitution were both debated and ratified
Location	520 Chestnut Street between 5th and 6th Streets, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Coordinates	39°56′56″N 75°9′0″W / 39.94889°N 75.15000°W
Architect	William Strickland (steeple)
Architectural style(s)	Georgian
Visitors	645,564 (in 2005)
Governing body	National Park Service
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Type	Cultural
Criteria	vi
Designated	1979 (3rd session)
Reference no.	78
Region	Europe and North America
U.S. National Historic Landmark District; Contributing Property
Designated	October 15, 1966
Part of	Independence National Historical Park
Reference no.	66000683
	Location of Independence Hall in Philadelphia Independence Hall (Pennsylvania) Independence Hall (the United States)

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Latest revision as of 06:13, 30 October 2024

Independence Hall is a historic civic building in Philadelphia, where both the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States were debated and adopted by the Founding Fathers of the United States. The structure, which is the centerpiece of Independence National Historical Park, was designated a World Heritage Site in 1979.^[3]

The construction of Independence Hall, initially called the Pennsylvania State House, was completed in 1753. It served as the first capitol of both the colonial-era of the Province of Pennsylvania and, following American independence, the nation's first capital and the capital of Pennsylvania.

Between 1775 and 1781, the Second Continental Congress, which appointed George Washington as commander-in-chief of the Continental Congress in 1775 and unanimously adopted the Declaration of Independence the following year, in 1776, met at Independence Hall. On June 21, 1788, it was the site of the Philadelphia Convention, where the U.S. Constitution, the longest-standing written and codified national constitution in the world, was drafted and ratified.^[4]

In 1915, former-U.S. president William Howard Taft presided over a convention at Independence Hall, which including his formal announcement of the formation of the League to Enforce Peace, which led to the League of Nations in 1920 and the United Nations in 1945.^[5]

Preparation for construction

By the spring of 1729, there were proposals to build a state house in Philadelphia, and 2,000 pounds sterling were committed to the project. A committee including Thomas Lawrence, John Kearsley, and Andrew Hamilton was charged with selecting a site for the building's construction, acquiring plans for it, and contracting a company for its construction. Hamilton and his future son-in-law William Allen, who was later chief justice of the Province of Pennsylvania, were named trustees and were authorized to purchase the land for the proposed state house. By October 1730, they had purchased lots on Chestnut Street for the building.^[6]

By 1732, Hamilton acquired the deed for Lot no. 2 from surveyor David Powell, who was paid for his work on the lot, but tensions began arising among the committee members. Kearsley and Hamilton disagreed on a number of issues concerning the state house. Kearsley, who designed Christ Church and St. Peter's Church in Philadelphia, had plans for the design, but so did Hamilton. The two men also disagreed on the building's site; Kearsley sought to have it constructed on High Street, which is present-day Market Street, and Hamilton favored Chestnut Street. Lawrence said nothing on the matter of its location.^[7]

The disagreements escalated to the point where arbitration was needed. On August 8, 1733, Hamilton brought the matter before the Provincial Assembly. He explained that Kearsley did not approve of his plans for the state house's location and architecture and argued that the assembly had not agreed to these decisions. Three days later, Hamilton showed his plans for the state house to the assembly, which accepted them. On August 14, the assembly sided with Hamilton, granting him full authority over the project, and the current site on the south side of Chestnut Street between Fifth and Sixth Streets was chosen as its location. Ground was broken for construction soon after.^[8]

Structure

Ground floor of Independence Hall
(right-click links below for room images)

1	Assembly Room
2	Supreme Court Room

3	Vestibule
4	Tower Stair Hall

Independence Hall has a red brick facade, designed in Georgian style. It consists of a central building with belltower and steeple, attached to two smaller wings via arcaded hyphens. The highest point to the tip of the steeple spire is 168 feet 7+1⁄4 inches (51.391 m) above the ground.

The State House was built between 1732 and 1753, designed by Edmund Woolley and Andrew Hamilton, and built by Woolley. Its construction was commissioned by the Pennsylvania colonial legislature which paid for construction as funds were available, so it was finished piecemeal.^[9] It was initially inhabited by the colonial government of Pennsylvania as its State House, from 1732 to 1799.^[10]

In 1752, when Isaac Norris was selecting a man to build the first clock for the State House he chose Thomas Stretch, the son of Peter Stretch his old friend and fellow council member, to do the job.^[11]

In 1753, Stretch erected a giant clock at the building's west end that resembled a tall clock (grandfather clock). The 40-foot-tall (12 m) limestone base was capped with a 14-foot (4.3 m) wooden case surrounding the clock's face, which was carved by cabinetmaker Samuel Harding. The clock was removed about 1830.^[12] The clock's dials were mounted at the east and west ends of the main building connected by rods to the clock movement in the middle of the building.^[13] A new clock was designed and installed by Isaiah Lukens in 1828. The Lukens clock ran consecutively for eight days, "with four copper dials on each side that measured eight feet in diameter and clockworks that ensured sufficient power to strike the four-thousand pound bell made by John Wilbank." The Lukens clock remained in Independence Hall until 1877.^[14]

The acquisition of the original clock and bell by the Pennsylvania Colonial Assembly is closely related to the acquisition of the Liberty Bell. By mid-1753, the clock had been installed in the State House attic, but it was six years before Thomas Stretch received any pay for it.^[15]

Demolition and reconstruction

While the shell of the central portion of the building is original, the side wings, steeple and much of the interior were reconstructed much later. In 1781, the Pennsylvania Assembly had the wooden steeple removed from the main building. The steeple had rotted and weakened to a dangerous extent by 1773, but it was not until 1781 that the Assembly had it removed and had the brick tower covered with a hipped roof.^[16] A more elaborate steeple, designed by William Strickland, was added in 1828.

The original wings and hyphens (connecting corridors) were demolished and replaced in 1812. In 1898, these were in turn demolished and replaced with reconstructions of the original wings.

The building was renovated numerous times in the 19th and 20th century. The current interior is a mid-20th-century reconstruction by the National Park Service with the public rooms restored to their 18th-century appearance.

During the summer of 1973, a replica of the Thomas Stretch clock was restored to Independence Hall.^[12]

The second-floor Governor's Council Chamber, furnished with important examples of the era by the National Park Service, includes a musical tall case clock made by Peter Stretch, c. 1740, one of the most prominent clockmakers in early America and father of Thomas Stretch.^[17]

Two smaller buildings adjoin the wings of Independence Hall: Old City Hall to the east, and Congress Hall to the west. These three buildings are together on a city block known as Independence Square, along with Philosophical Hall, the original home of the American Philosophical Society. Since its construction in the mid-20th century, to the north has been Independence Mall, which includes the current home of the Liberty Bell.

Independence Hall in 1799, with the wooden steeple removed
The Governor's Council Chamber
The Supreme Court Room
Tower Stair Hall

Liberty Bell

The lowest chamber of the original wooden steeple was the first home of the Liberty Bell. When that steeple was removed in the 1780s the bell was lowered into the highest chamber of the brick tower, where it remained until the 1850s. The much larger Centennial Bell, created for the United States Centennial Exposition in 1876, hangs in the cupola of the 1828 steeple. The Liberty Bell, with its distinctive crack, was displayed on the ground floor of the hall from the 1850s until 1976, and is now on display across the street in the Liberty Bell Center.

Declaration of Independence and Second Continental Congress

From May 10, 1775,^[19] to 1783, the Pennsylvania State House served as the principal meeting place of the Second Continental Congress, a body of representatives from each of the thirteen British North American colonies.

On June 14, 1775, delegates of the Continental Congress nominated George Washington as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in the Assembly Room of the Pennsylvania State House. The Congress appointed Benjamin Franklin to be the first Postmaster General of what would later become the United States Post Office Department on July 26.

The United States Declaration of Independence was approved there on July 4, 1776, and the Declaration was read aloud to the public in the area now known as Independence Square. This document unified the colonies in North America who declared themselves independent of the Kingdom of Great Britain and explained their justifications for doing so. These historic events are celebrated annually with a national holiday for U.S. Independence Day. There are 56 signatures on the Declaration of Independence, including John Hancock who signed first, writing his name in very large letters.^[20] The prominence of this signature led to the term "John Hancock" or "Hancock" becoming a colloquial term in the United States for one's signature.^[21]

The Congress continued to meet there until December 12, 1776,^[19] when Congress evacuated Philadelphia. During the British occupation of Philadelphia, the Continental Congress met in Baltimore, Maryland (December 20, 1776 to February 27, 1777). The Congress returned to Philadelphia from March 4, 1777, to September 18, 1777.^[19]

In September 1777, the British Army again arrived to occupy Philadelphia, once again forcing the Continental Congress to abandon the State House. It then met in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, for one day (September 27, 1777) and in York, Pennsylvania, for nine months (September 30, 1777 to June 27, 1778), where the Articles of Confederation were approved in November 1777. The Second Continental Congress again returned to Independence Hall, for its final meetings, from July 2, 1778, to March 1, 1781.^[19]

Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation initially met in Independence Hall, from March 1, 1781, to June 21, 1783.^[a] However, as a result of the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, Congress again moved from Philadelphia in June 1783 to Princeton, New Jersey, and eventually to other cities.^[19]

U.S. Constitutional Convention

In September 1786, commissioners from five states met in the Annapolis Convention to discuss adjustments to the Articles of Confederation that would improve commerce. They invited state representatives to convene in Philadelphia to discuss improvements to the federal government. After debate, the Congress of the Confederation endorsed the plan to revise the Articles of Confederation on February 21, 1787. Twelve states, Rhode Island being the exception, accepted this invitation and sent delegates to convene in June 1787 at Independence Hall.

The resolution calling the Convention specified its purpose as proposing amendments to the Articles, but the Convention decided to propose a rewritten Constitution. The Philadelphia Convention voted to keep deliberations secret, and to keep the Hall's windows shut throughout the hot summer. The result was the drafting of a new fundamental government design. On September 17, 1787, the Constitution was completed, and took effect on March 4, 1789, when the new Congress met for the first time in New York's Federal Hall.

Article One, Section Eight, of the United States Constitution granted Congress the authority to create a federal district to serve as the national capital. Following the ratification of the Constitution, the Congress, while meeting in New York, passed the Residence Act of 1790, which established the District of Columbia as the new federal capital. However, a representative from Pennsylvania, Robert Morris, did manage to convince Congress to return to Philadelphia while the new permanent capital was being built. As a result, the Residence Act also declared Philadelphia to be the temporary capital for a period of ten years. The Congress moved back into Philadelphia on December 6, 1790, and met at Congress Hall, adjacent to Independence Hall, until moving to Washington, D.C., in 1800.

Funerary procession of Abraham Lincoln

Following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln's, Lincoln's body and the disinterred coffin of his son Willie, who had predeceased him in 1862, were taken by train from Washington, D.C., to Springfield, Illinois, for burial. It would essentially retrace the 1,654-mile (2,662 km) route Lincoln had traveled as president-elect in 1861 with deletion of Pittsburgh and Cincinnati and the addition of Chicago. The train left Washington, D.C. for Baltimore at 8:00 am on April 21, 1865.^[22]

Lincoln's funeral train, known as the "Lincoln Special", left Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, on Saturday, April 22, 1865, at 11:15 am and arrived at Philadelphia at Broad Street Station that afternoon at 4:30 pm. It was carried by hearse past a crowd of 85,000 people and was held in state in the Assembly Room in the east wing of Independence Hall. While there, it was escorted and guarded by a detail of 27 naval and military officers.^[23] That evening, a private viewing was arranged for honored guests of the mourners. The next day, (Sunday, April 23, 1865) lines began forming at 5:00 am. Over 300,000 mourners viewed the body – some waiting 5 hours just to see him. The Lincoln Special left Philadelphia's Kensington Station for New York City the next morning (Monday, April 24, 1865) at 4:00 am.^[22]^[24]

League to Enforce Peace

The symbolic use of the hall was illustrated on June 17, 1915, where the League to Enforce Peace was formed here with former President William Howard Taft presiding. They proposed an international governing body under which participating nations would commit to "jointly...use...their economic and military forces against any one of their number making war against another" and "to formulate and codify rules of international law".^[25]

Preservation

The original steeple was demolished in 1781 due to structural problems. The wings and hyphens were demolished in 1812 and replaced by larger buildings designed by architect Robert Mills and a new, more elaborate steeple designed by William Strickland, constructed in 1828. The north entrance was also rebuilt during this period.

From 1802 to 1827, artist Charles Willson Peale housed his Philadelphia Museum of natural history specimens (including the skeleton of a mastodon) and portraits of famous Americans, on the second floor of the Old State House and in the Assembly Room.^[26]^[27]

In early 1816, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania sold the State House to the City of Philadelphia, with a contract signed by the governor.^[10] The deed, however, was not transferred until more than two years later. Philadelphia has owned the State House and its associated buildings and grounds since that time.^[10]

In 1898, the Mills wings were removed and replaced with replicas of the originals, but the Strickland steeple was left in place.

In 1948, the building's interior was restored to its original appearance. Independence National Historical Park was established by the 80th U.S. Congress later that year to preserve historical sites associated with the American Revolution. Independence National Historical Park comprises a landscaped area of four city blocks, as well as outlying sites that include Independence Square, Carpenters' Hall (meeting place of the First Continental Congress), the site of Benjamin Franklin's home, the reconstructed Graff House (where Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence), City Tavern (center of Revolutionary War activities), restored period residences, and several early banks. The park also holds the Liberty Bell, Franklin's desk, the Syng inkstand, a portrait gallery, gardens, and libraries. A product of extensive documentary research and archaeology by the federal government, the restoration of Independence Hall and other buildings in the park set standards for other historic preservation and stimulated rejuvenation of old Philadelphia. The site, administered by the National Park Service, is listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO (joining only three other U.S. man-made monuments still in use, the others being the Statue of Liberty, Pueblo de Taos, and the combined site of the University of Virginia and Monticello).

Independence Hall and the Liberty Bell are now protected in a secure zone with entry at security screening buildings.^[28] Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, as part of a national effort to safeguard historical monuments by the United States Department of Homeland Security, pedestrian traffic around Independence Square and part of Independence Mall was restricted by temporary bicycle barriers and park rangers. In 2006, the National Park Service proposed installing a seven-foot security fence around Independence Hall and bisecting Independence Square, a plan that met with opposition from Philadelphia city officials, Pennsylvania Governor Ed Rendell, and Senator Arlen Specter.^[29] As of January 2007, the National Park Service plan was revised to eliminate the fence in favor of movable bollards and chains, and also to remove at least some of the temporary barriers to pedestrians and visitors.^[30]^[31]

Legacy

On July 16, 1987, Congress met at Independence Hall in an unprecedented joint meeting outside of Washington, to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the Connecticut Compromise that determined the structure of Congress during the Constitutional Convention.^[32]

The 1989 film A More Perfect Union, which portrays the events of the 1787 Constitutional Convention, was largely filmed in Independence Hall.

Because of its symbolic history, Independence Hall has been used in more recent times as a venue for speeches and protests^[33] in support of democratic and civil rights movements. On October 26, 1918, Tomáš Masaryk proclaimed the independence of Czechoslovakia on the steps of Independence Hall. National Freedom Day, which commemorates the struggles of African Americans for equality and justice, has been celebrated at Independence Hall since 1942.^[34] On Independence Day, July 4, 1962, President John F. Kennedy gave an address there.^[35]

Annual demonstrations organized by the East Coast Homophile Organizations advocating for gay rights were held in front of Independence Hall each July 4 from 1965 to 1969.^[36]^[37]

Independence Hall has been pictured on the back of the U.S. $100 bill since 1928, and was depicted on the 1975-76 bicentennial Kennedy half dollar. The Assembly Room is pictured on the reverse of the U.S. two-dollar bill, from the original painting by John Trumbull entitled Declaration of Independence.

A 1956 U.S. postal stamp
A 1974 U.S. postal stamp
The reverse side of the 1975-1976 Bicentennial Kennedy half dollar
A U.S. $2 bill

Replicas

Independence Hall served as the model for the Pennsylvania Building at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition, the Pennsylvania Building at the 1907 Jamestown Exposition,^[38] and the Pennsylvania Pavilion at the 1939 New York World's Fair.^[39] Dozens of structures replicating or loosely inspired by Independence Hall's iconic design have been built elsewhere in the United States, including a brick-by-brick replica across from Knott's Berry Farm in Buena Park, California.

Notes

^ During this time period, American diplomats were negotiating the terms of peace with the Great Britain. See: Peace of Paris (1783)#Treaty with the United States of America. Based on preliminary articles made on November 30, 1782, and approved by the Congress of the Confederation on April 15, 1783, the Treaty of Paris was signed on September 3, 1783, and ratified by Congress on January 14, 1784, formally ending the American Revolutionary War between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the thirteen former colonies which on July 4, 1776, had formed the United States of America.

References

^ "Management Documents". National Park Service. Retrieved May 1, 2011.
^ ^a ^b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
^ "Independence Hall". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved December 14, 2020.
^ Goodlatte says U.S. has the oldest working national constitution, Politifact Virginia website, September 22, 2014.
^ New York Times: "League to Enforce Peace is Launched," June 18, 1915, accessed January 2, 2010
^ Browning, Charles H. (1916). "The State House Yard, and Who Owned It First after William Penn". The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 40 (1): 87–89.
^ Browning (1916), p. 89.
^ Riley, Edward M. (1953). "The Independence Hall Group". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 43 (1). American Philosophical Society: 7–42 [11]. doi:10.2307/1005661. JSTOR 1005661.
^ "Independence Hall". Independence Hall Association. Retrieved March 16, 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Independence Hall". World Heritage Committee. Independence Hall's History. Archived from the original on February 5, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2010.
^ Frazier, Arthur H. (1974). "The Stretch Clock and its Bell at the State House". Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 98: 296.
^ ^a ^b Frazier (1974), p. 287.
^ Philadelphia: A 300-Year History. Barra Foundation. 1982. pp. 98. ISBN 0393016102.
^ Fox, Elizabeth (2018). "Like Clockwork: The Mechanical Ingenuity and Craftsmanship of Isaiah Lukens".
^ Frazier (1974), p. 299.
^ National Park Service. "Architectural Change over Time". Independence National Historical Park.
^ Moss, Robert W. (2008). Historical Landmarks of Philadelphia. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 28.
^ ""Congress Voting Independence"". www.nps.gov. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "The Nine Capitals of the United States". United States Senate Historical Office. Retrieved June 9, 2005. Based on Fortenbaugh, Robert (1948). The Nine Capitals of the United States. York, Pennsylvania: Maple Press.
^ https://www.nps.gov/inde/learn/education/classrooms/resources-declarationoverview.htm, Retrieved 2023-01-03.
^ https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/John%20Hancock, Retrieved 2023-01-03.
^ ^a ^b "The Route of Abraham Lincoln's Funeral Train". Abraham Lincoln Research Site. Retrieved December 29, 2012.
^ "Enon M. Harris, Sr". Remember My Journey. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
^ "Abraham Lincoln's Funeral Train". History Channel. Retrieved December 29, 2012.
^ Holt, Hamilton (1917). "The League to Enforce Peace". Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science in the City of New York. 7 (2): 65–69. doi:10.2307/1172226. JSTOR 1172226.
^ "NPS Historical Handbook: Independence". National Park Service. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved July 18, 2012.
^ Etting, Frank M. (1876). An Historical Account of the Old State House of Pennsylvania Now Known as the Hall of Independence. Boston: James R. Osgood and Co. pp. 154–165.
^ Independence National Historical Park (n.d.). Independence National Historical Park (PDF) (Map). c. 1:6,000. Philadelphia: National Park Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 2, 2014.
^ Urbina, Ian (August 9, 2006). "City Takes On U.S. in the Battle of Independence Square". The New York Times.
^ Rincon, Sonia (March 5, 2021). "Independence Hall Won't Get Fence". kyw1060.com.
^ kyw1060.com^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ "Special Joint Meeting". C-SPAN.org. July 16, 1987. Retrieved May 10, 2024.
^ "We the People: Defining Citizenship in the Shadow of Independence Hall". Archived from the original on October 18, 2006.
^ "National Freedom Day". Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia.
^ Kennedy, John F. (July 4, 1962). "Address at Independence Hall". Philadelphia. Archived from the original on May 28, 2009. Retrieved October 26, 2006 – via John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.
^ Skiba, Bob. "Gayborhood". Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia.
^ "Gay Rights Demonstrations, Pennsylvania State Historical Marker". VisitPhilly.com.
^ "Jamestown Exposition Site, Norfolk City, Virginia". National Register Special Feature May 2007. U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved May 1, 2011.
^ "Pennsylvania". 1939 New York World's Fair. Archived from the original on October 30, 2018. Retrieved May 1, 2011.

External links

Library resources about
Independence Hall

Independence National Historical Park. National Park Service official website
Archeology at the site. National Park Service official website
Independence Hall: International Symbol of Freedom, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan. National Park Service official website
Independence Hall. ushistory.org. Independence Hall Association website
Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) No. PA-1430, "Independence Hall Complex", 708 photos, 8 color transparencies, 45 measured drawings, 66 photo caption pages
Independence Hall. World Heritage Sites Archived February 5, 2017, at the Wayback Machine official webpage. World Heritage Committee
Independence Hall (at "Satellite View of Independence National Historical Park") Archived February 5, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. World Heritage Sites official webpage. World Heritage Committee
Video of the Signing Room at Independence Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Interactive Flash Version of John Trumbull's Declaration of Independence

Records
Preceded by Unknown	Tallest building in Pennsylvania 41 metres (135 ft) 1748–1754	Succeeded by Christ Church
Preceded by Unknown	Tallest building in Philadelphia 41 metres (135 ft) 1748–1754	Succeeded by Christ Church

[22] During this time period, American diplomats were negotiating the terms of peace with the Great Britain. See: Peace of Paris (1783)#Treaty with the United States of America. Based on preliminary articles made on November 30, 1782, and approved by the Congress of the Confederation on April 15, 1783, the Treaty of Paris was signed on September 3, 1783, and ratified by Congress on January 14, 1784, formally ending the American Revolutionary War between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the thirteen former colonies which on July 4, 1776, had formed the United States of America.

[1] "Management Documents". National Park Service. Retrieved May 1, 2011.

[nris-2] "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.

[3] "Independence Hall". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved December 14, 2020.

[4] Goodlatte says U.S. has the oldest working national constitution, Politifact Virginia website, September 22, 2014.

[5] New York Times: "League to Enforce Peace is Launched," June 18, 1915, accessed January 2, 2010

[6] Browning, Charles H. (1916). "The State House Yard, and Who Owned It First after William Penn". The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 40 (1): 87–89.

[7] Browning (1916), p. 89.

[8] Riley, Edward M. (1953). "The Independence Hall Group". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 43 (1). American Philosophical Society: 7–42 [11]. doi:10.2307/1005661. JSTOR 1005661.

[9] "Independence Hall". Independence Hall Association. Retrieved March 16, 2010.

[WldHeritageSite-10] "Independence Hall". World Heritage Committee. Independence Hall's History. Archived from the original on February 5, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2010.

[11] Frazier, Arthur H. (1974). "The Stretch Clock and its Bell at the State House". Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 98: 296.

[Frazier_1974_287-12] Frazier (1974), p. 287.

[13] Philadelphia: A 300-Year History. Barra Foundation. 1982. pp. 98. ISBN 0393016102.

[14] Fox, Elizabeth (2018). "Like Clockwork: The Mechanical Ingenuity and Craftsmanship of Isaiah Lukens".

[15] Frazier (1974), p. 299.

[16] National Park Service. "Architectural Change over Time". Independence National Historical Park.

[17] Moss, Robert W. (2008). Historical Landmarks of Philadelphia. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 28.

[18] ""Congress Voting Independence"". www.nps.gov. Retrieved May 29, 2021.

[capital-19] "The Nine Capitals of the United States". United States Senate Historical Office. Retrieved June 9, 2005. Based on Fortenbaugh, Robert (1948). The Nine Capitals of the United States. York, Pennsylvania: Maple Press.

[20] ttps://www.nps.gov/inde/learn/education/classrooms/resources-declarationoverview.htm, Retrieved 2023-01-03.

[21] ttps://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/John%20Hancock, Retrieved 2023-01-03.

[rogerjnorton.com-23] "The Route of Abraham Lincoln's Funeral Train". Abraham Lincoln Research Site. Retrieved December 29, 2012.

[24] "Enon M. Harris, Sr". Remember My Journey. Retrieved May 17, 2021.

[25] "Abraham Lincoln's Funeral Train". History Channel. Retrieved December 29, 2012.

[26] Holt, Hamilton (1917). "The League to Enforce Peace". Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science in the City of New York. 7 (2): 65–69. doi:10.2307/1172226. JSTOR 1172226.

[NPS_Peale_museum-27] "NPS Historical Handbook: Independence". National Park Service. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved July 18, 2012.

[Etting_-_Peale_Museum_to_Restoration-28] Etting, Frank M. (1876). An Historical Account of the Old State House of Pennsylvania Now Known as the Hall of Independence. Boston: James R. Osgood and Co. pp. 154–165.

[29] Independence National Historical Park (n.d.). Independence National Historical Park (PDF) (Map). c. 1:6,000. Philadelphia: National Park Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 2, 2014.

[30] Urbina, Ian (August 9, 2006). "City Takes On U.S. in the Battle of Independence Square". The New York Times.

[31] Rincon, Sonia (March 5, 2021). "Independence Hall Won't Get Fence". kyw1060.com.

[32] yw1060.com^{[permanent dead link‍]}

[C-SPAN_Constitution_Bicentennial-33] "Special Joint Meeting". C-SPAN.org. July 16, 1987. Retrieved May 10, 2024.

[34] "We the People: Defining Citizenship in the Shadow of Independence Hall". Archived from the original on October 18, 2006.

[35] "National Freedom Day". Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia.

[36] Kennedy, John F. (July 4, 1962). "Address at Independence Hall". Philadelphia. Archived from the original on May 28, 2009. Retrieved October 26, 2006 – via John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.

[37] Skiba, Bob. "Gayborhood". Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia.

[38] "Gay Rights Demonstrations, Pennsylvania State Historical Marker". VisitPhilly.com.

[39] "Jamestown Exposition Site, Norfolk City, Virginia". National Register Special Feature May 2007. U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved May 1, 2011.

[40] "Pennsylvania". 1939 New York World's Fair. Archived from the original on October 30, 2018. Retrieved May 1, 2011.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[a]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

v t e Pennsylvania in the American Revolution
1774	Carpenters' Hall First Continental Congress Articles of Association
1775	Independence Hall Second Continental Congress
1776	Pennsylvania Provincial Conference Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence Pennsylvania Constitution Washington Crosses the Delaware
1777	Articles of Confederation Philadelphia campaign Battle of Brandywine Battle of the Clouds Liberty Bell moved to Allentown Battle of Paoli Battle of Germantown Siege of Fort Mifflin Battle of White Marsh Battle of Matson's Ford Valley Forge
1778	Battle of Crooked Billet Battle of Barren Hill British occupation of Philadelphia ends Wyoming Valley battle and massacre
1781	Congress of the Confederation Mutiny of the Pennsylvania Line
1783	1783 Mutiny

v t e World Heritage Sites in the United States
Northeast	Independence Hall Statue of Liberty
Midwest	Cahokia Hopewell
South	Everglades Great Smoky Mountains Mammoth Cave Monticello and the University of Virginia Poverty Point San Antonio Missions
West	Carlsbad Caverns Chaco Culture Grand Canyon National Park Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park Kluane-Wrangell–St. Elias-Glacier Bay-Tatshenshini-Alsek¹ Mesa Verde Olympic National Park Pueblo de Taos Papahānaumokuākea Redwood Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park¹ Yellowstone National Park Yosemite National Park
Multiple locations	The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright
Territories	La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site in Puerto Rico
¹ Shared with Canada

v t e Government of the United States under the Articles of Confederation
Congresses	Second Continental Congress Confederation Congress Delegates Committee of the States
Congressional Officers	President Secretary
Civil Offices/Officers	Postmaster General Superintendent of Finance Agent of the Marine Secretary at War Secretary of Foreign Affairs Court of Appeals
Military	Board of War Continental Army Commander in Chief Continental Navy Continental Marines
Meeting sites	Independence Hall (1779–1783) Nassau Hall (1783) Maryland State House (1783–1784) French Arms Tavern (1784) Federal Hall (1785–1789)
Related	Confederation period Perpetual Union Proclamation of 1783 Ratification Day 1784 Land Ordinance 1785 Land Ordinance Northwest Ordinance Journals of the Continental Congress

v t e City of Philadelphia
Topics	History Timeline Dialect Architecture Bibliography Companies Cuisine Culture Demographics Economy Education Media Music Notable people Riots Sites of interest Historic Landmarks Skyscrapers Transportation
Government	City Hall Mayor City Council District Attorney Airport Fire Department Free Library Police Department School district
Neighborhoods	Center City North Philadelphia Lower North Upper North Olney-Oak Lane Northeast Philadelphia River Wards Northwest Philadelphia South Philadelphia Southwest Philadelphia West Philadelphia
Museums	Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University African American Museum in Philadelphia American Philosophical Society American Swedish Historical Museum Athenaeum of Philadelphia Barnes Foundation Bartram's Garden Belmont Mansion Betsy Ross House Civil War Museum Cliveden Eastern State Penitentiary Ebenezer Maxwell Mansion Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site Elfreth's Alley Fabric Workshop and Museum Fairmount Water Works Fort Mifflin Franklin Institute Germantown White House Glen Foerd on the Delaware Grand Army of the Republic Civil War Museum and Library Grumblethorpe Hill–Physick–Keith House Historic Strawberry Mansion Historical Society of Frankford Historical Society of Pennsylvania Independence National Historical Park Independence Hall Independence Seaport Museum Insectarium Institute of Contemporary Art John Johnson House John Ruan House La Salle University Art Museum Lemon Hill Marian Anderson Residence Museum Masonic Temple, Library, and Museum Museum of the American Revolution Mütter Museum National Constitution Center National Liberty Museum National Museum of American Jewish History Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts Philadelphia History Museum Philadelphia Museum of Art Philadelphia's Magic Gardens Please Touch Museum Powel House RittenhouseTown Rodin Museum Rosenbach Museum and Library Ryerss Museum and Library Science History Institute Shofuso Japanese House and Garden Stenton Thaddeus Kosciuszko National Memorial Penn Museum Wagner Free Institute of Science Woodmere Art Museum Wyck House
Sports	76ers Eagles Flyers Freedoms Phillies Union
Squares	Centre Franklin Logan Rittenhouse Washington
Related	Delaware Valley Carpenters' Hall Independence Hall Congress Hall Liberty Bell Syng inkstand SS United States 2016 Democratic National Convention Philadelphia Mint United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
Category Portal

v t e Museums in Pennsylvania
Art	Allentown Art Museum Andy Warhol Museum Athenaeum of Philadelphia Barnes Foundation Brandywine River Museum Carnegie Museum of Art The Clemente Museum Demuth Museum Deshong Art Museum Erie Art Museum The Frick Pittsburgh Institute of Contemporary Art, Philadelphia La Salle University Art Museum Mattress Factory Michener Art Museum Miller Gallery at Carnegie Mellon Palmer Museum of Art Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts Philadelphia Museum of Art Pittsburgh Glass Center Randyland Reading Public Museum Rodin Museum Susquehanna Art Museum Wayne Art Center Westmoreland Museum of American Art Woodmere Art Museum
History, culture, and religion	African American Museum in Philadelphia American Jewish Museum American Swedish Historical Museum Bicycle Heaven Civil War Museum of Philadelphia Erie Maritime Museum Gettysburg Museum Heinz History Center Independence National Historical Park Independence Hall Independence Seaport Museum Johnstown Flood Museum Masonic Library and Museum of Pennsylvania Meadowcroft Rockshelter Mercer Museum Museum of the American Revolution Museum of Indian Culture National Civil War Museum National Constitution Center Nationality Rooms Philadelphia History Museum Rosenbach Museum and Library State Museum of Pennsylvania U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology Weitzman National Museum of American Jewish History
Science, technology, and industry	Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University America on Wheels Carnegie Museum of Natural History Carnegie Science Center Center for PostNatural History Choo Choo Barn Da Vinci Science Center Delaware County Institute of Science Drake Well Museum Everhart Museum Franklin Institute Miniature Railroad & Village Mütter Museum National Toy Train Museum North Museum of Nature and Science Pennsylvania Anthracite Heritage Museum Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania Railroaders Memorial Museum Reading Railroad Heritage Museum Roadside America Science History Institute Steamtown National Historic Site Wagner Free Institute of Science
Children's	Children's Museum of Pittsburgh Please Touch Museum