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Ōwairaka / Mount Albert: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 36°53′26″S 174°43′12″E / 36.8905665997°S 174.720112686°E / -36.8905665997; 174.720112686
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{{short description|Mountain in Auckland, New Zealand}}
{{short description|Scoria cone in Auckland, New Zealand}}
{{About|the mountain|the suburb|Mount Albert, New Zealand|the electorate|Mount Albert (New Zealand electorate)}}
{{About|the mountain|the suburbs|Mount Albert, New Zealand|and|Ōwairaka|the electorate|Mount Albert (New Zealand electorate)}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=July 2022}}
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{{Infobox mountain
<noinclude>{{User:RMCD bot/subject notice|1=Ōwairaka / Mount Albert|2=Talk:Mount Albert (New Zealand)#Requested move 20 July 2022}}
⚫
| name = Ōwairaka / Mount Albert
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</noinclude>{{Infobox mountain
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| other_name = Te Ahi-kā-a-Rakataura
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| name = Mount Albert
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| other_name = Ōwairaka / Te Ahi-kā-a-Rakataura
| photo = MtAlbert.1.jpg
| photo = MtAlbert.1.jpg
| photo_caption = Ōwairaka / Mount Albert, in the Owairaka and Mt Albert suburbs.
| photo_caption = Ōwairaka / Mount Albert, in the suburbs of Ōwairaka and Mt Albert.
| elevation_m = 135
| elevation_m = 135
| elevation_ref =
| elevation_ref =
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| location = [[North Island]], New Zealand
| location = [[North Island]], New Zealand
| range = [[Auckland volcanic field]]
| range = [[Auckland volcanic field]]
| coordinates = {{coord|-36.8841|174.7156|region:NZ-AUK|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates = {{coord|-36.8905665997|174.720112686|region:NZ-AUK|display=inline,title}}
| topo =
| topo =
| type =
| type =
| age =
| age =
| volcanic_arc/belt = [[Auckland volcanic field]]
| volcanic_field = [[Auckland volcanic field]]
| last_eruption = 120,000 years ago
| last_eruption = 120,000 years ago
| first_ascent =
| first_ascent =
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}}
}}


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'''Ōwairaka / Mount Albert''', also known as '''Te Ahi-kā-a-Rakataura''', is a volcanic peak and [[Tūpuna Maunga o Tāmaki Makaurau|Tūpuna Maunga]] (ancestral mountain) which dominates the landscape of the [[Ōwairaka]] and [[Mount Albert, New Zealand|Mount Albert]] suburbs of [[Auckland]].
'''Mount Albert''', also known as '''Ōwairaka / Mount Albert''' or '''Ōwairaka''', or '''Te Ahi-kā-a-Rakataura''' ,<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name="linz">
{{LINZ|id=54557
|name=Ōwairaka
|access-date=21 July 2022}}
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</ref> is a volcanic peak and [[Tūpuna Maunga]] (ancestral mountain) which dominates the landscape of the [[Owairaka]] and [[Mount Albert, New Zealand|Mount Albert]] suburbs of [[Auckland]].


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
The main [[Māori language|Māori]] name of the peak is ''Ōwairaka'', which means 'Place of Wairaka'. Wairaka was the daughter of Toroa, the commander of one of the [[Māori migration canoes|great voyaging canoes]], ''[[Mātaatua]]''.<ref name="Place Names" /> Wairaka is renowned for naming [[Whakatāne]], a town in the Eastern [[Bay of Plenty]] where she saved the [[waka (canoe)|''waka'']] from drifting out to sea. She is depicted in the [[Statue of Wairaka]] located at Whakatāne Heads. Wairaka subsequently moved to [[Auckland|Tāmaki Makaura]]<nowiki/>u to avoid an arranged marriage and set up her own ''[[pā]]'' (fortified settlement) at Ōwairaka.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dunsford |first1=Deborah |title=Wairaka, heroine of her time |url=http://www.mtalbertinc.co.nz/through-historians-eyes/ |website=Mt Albert Inc |publisher=Mt Albert Historical Society |access-date=14 November 2019}}</ref>
The main [[Māori language|Māori]] name of the peak is ''Ōwairaka'', which means 'Place of Wairaka'. Wairaka was the daughter of Toroa, the commander of one of the [[Māori migration canoes|great voyaging canoes]], ''[[Mātaatua]]''.<ref name="Place Names" /> Wairaka is renowned for naming [[Whakatāne]], a town in the Eastern [[Bay of Plenty]] where she saved the [[waka (canoe)|''waka'']] from drifting out to sea. She is depicted in the [[Statue of Wairaka]] located at Whakatāne Heads. Wairaka subsequently moved to [[Auckland|Tāmaki Makaurau]] to avoid an arranged marriage and set up her own [[pā]] at Ōwairaka.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dunsford |first1=Deborah |title=Wairaka, heroine of her time |url=http://www.mtalbertinc.co.nz/through-historians-eyes/ |website=Mt Albert Inc |publisher=Mt Albert Historical Society |access-date=14 November 2019}}</ref>


The other Māori name, {{lang|MI|Te Ahi-kā-a-Rakataura}}, refers to its occupation by the [[Tainui (canoe)|Tainui]] explorer Rakataura, also known as [[Hape (tohunga)|Hape]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Walking About: Pīta Turei, Te Wai o Rakataura|url=https://ourauckland.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/articles/events/2020/01/walking-about-pīta-turei-te-wai-o-rakataura/ |website=Our Auckland |publisher=Auckland Council |access-date=10 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="linz"/>
The other Māori name, {{lang|MI|Te Ahi-kā-a-Rakataura}}, means 'the long burning fires of Rakataura', referring to its continuous occupation by the [[Tainui (canoe)|Tainui]] explorer [[Rakatāura]] (also known as Hape).<ref name=":3" /><ref name="linz">{{LINZ|id=54557|name=Ōwairaka|access-date=21 July 2022}}</ref>


One of the earliest names [[Tāmaki Māori]] gave to the volcano was ''Te Puke o Ruarangi'' (The Hill of Ruarangi). A traditional story involves Ruarangi, a chief of the supernatural [[Patupaiarehe]] people, escaping a siege on Ōwairaka / Mount Albert through lava tunnels and emerging at [[Western Springs Reserve|Western Springs Te Wai Ōrea]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dunsford |first=Deborah |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117189974 |title=Mt Albert Then and Now: a History of Mt Albert, Morningside, Kingsland, St Lukes, Sandringham and Owairaka |date=2016-01-01 |publisher=Mount Albert Historical Society |isbn=978-0-473-36016-0 |pages=13-14 |language=English}}</ref><ref>Te Wai Ōrea Western Springs Lakeside park entrance sign.</ref>
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The English name was bestowed some time after the foundation of [[Auckland]]. It was named after [[Queen Victoria]]'s consort, [[Albert, Prince Consort|Prince Albert]], following a petition in 1866 to the [[Superintendent (New Zealand)|Superintendent]] of [[Auckland Province]], [[Frederick Whitaker]].<ref name="Place Names">{{cite book |last = Reed |first = A. W. |author-link = Alexander Wyclif Reed |title = Place Names of New Zealand |year = 2010 |publisher = Raupo |location = Rosedale, North Shore |isbn = 9780143204107 |editor = Peter Dowling |page = 255}}</ref>

⚫
The mountain was given the English name, Mount Albert, after [[Queen Victoria]]'s consort, [[Albert, Prince Consort|Prince Albert]], following a petition in 1866 to the [[Superintendent (New Zealand)|Superintendent]] of [[Auckland Province]].<ref name="Place Names">{{cite book |last = Reed |first = A. W. |author-link = Alexander Wyclif Reed |title = Place Names of New Zealand |year = 2010 |publisher = Raupo |location = Rosedale, North Shore |isbn = 9780143204107 |editor = Peter Dowling |page = 255}}</ref>

None of the three names are official. In 2014, the [[Tūpuna Maunga o Tāmaki Makaurau|Tāmaki Collective]] agreed that both Ōwairaka and Te Ahi-kā-a-Rakataura reflected the historical association of local Māori with this site.<ref name="linz"/> Of the three, Ōwairaka is the most commonly used name.<ref name="ThenandNow">{{cite book |year=2016 |title=Mt Albert Then and Now |first=Deborah |last=Dunsford |publisher=Mount Albert Historical Society Inc. |location=Auckland, New Zealand |isbn=978-0-473-36016-0 |page=14}}</ref>

[[Auckland Council]] and the Tūpuna Maunga Authority refer to the site as ''Ōwairaka / Te Ahi-kā-a-Rakataura / Mount Albert''.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> It is commonly known by the dual name ''Ōwairaka / Mount Albert''.<ref name="Trees" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />

In January 2020, historian Pita Tūrei disputed the historical accuracy of ''Ōwairaka'' being named after Wairaka, claiming that the name is instead a shortening of {{lang|mi|Te Wai o Rakataura}}, a name for the wetlands of the [[Oakley Creek]].<ref>{{cite news |date=12 January 2020 |title=Game of Thrones on Owairaka |website=Waatea News |url=https://waateanews.com/2020/01/12/game-of-thrones-on-owairaka/ |access-date=23 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Black |first=Taroi |date=16 January 2020 |title=Wairaka ingoa not erased from Auckland's history |website=Te Ao News |url=https://www.teaonews.co.nz/2020/01/16/wairaka-ingoa-not-erased-from-aucklands-history/ |access-date=23 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="TeAurangaReport">{{cite report |url=https://infocouncil.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/Open/2018/09/AE_20180926_AGN_8223_AT_files/AE_20180926_AGN_8223_AT_Attachment_62334_1.PDF |title=Te Auaunga – Oakley Creek He Rautaki Whakaora mō ngā Wai o Te Auaunga Vision and Restoration Strategy for the Lower Catchment, Long Term Strategy to 2040 and Implementation Plan 2018-2020 |author=Parks Services, [[Auckland Council]] |publisher=[[Albert-Eden Local Board]] |access-date=23 July 2023 |year=2018}}</ref>


==Geography and history==
==Geography and history==
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The volcano erupted around 120,000 years ago. The peak was formerly 148 metres (486&nbsp;ft) high and the site of one of many important Māori ''pā'' in the region, with prominent excavated terracing and [[Trench warfare|trenches]] for occupation and defence.
The volcano erupted around 120,000 years ago. The peak was formerly 148 metres (486&nbsp;ft) high and the site of one of many important Māori ''pā'' in the region, with prominent excavated terracing and [[Trench warfare|trenches]] for occupation and defence.


[[Ngāti Awa]] chief Titahi and a section of his ''[[iwi]]'' (tribe) are credited for the earthworks, although the work probably took several generations, using hand tools. Ōwairaka was a 'sister mountain' to [[Maungakiekie / One Tree Hill|Maungakiekie]] that Titahi similarly excavated. Ōwairaka was later a ''pā'' of the [[Te Waiohua|Waiohua]] confederation of [[Tāmaki Māori|Tāmaki]], visited seasonally by paramount chief [[Kiwi Tāmaki]] when it was the season for birds to be preserved.<ref name="Ballara">{{cite book |title=Taua: 'musket wars', 'land wars' or tikanga?: warfare in Maori society in the early nineteenth century |last1=Ballara |first1=Angela |author-link1=Angela Ballara |year=2003 |publisher=Penguin |location=Auckland |ISBN=9780143018896 |chapter=Tāmaki-makau-rau (Auckland isthmus) |pages=206–234}}</ref> The pā had a population of up to about one and a half thousand during the 16th and 17th centuries. After [[Te Taoū]] [[Ngāti Whātua]] defeated Waiohua in the great battle of Paruroa, Ōwairaka was captured and occupied by members of Te Taoū, Ngā Oho and Te Uringutu. Through strategic marriages, the victors joined bloodlines with Tāmaki, meaning [[Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei]] shares descent with groups who occupied Tāmaki Makaurau for centuries.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Council |first=Auckland |title=Ōwairaka / Te Ahi-kā-a-Rakataura / Mt Albert Path – historic walks in Auckland |url=http://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/parks-recreation/get-outdoors/aklpaths/Pages/path-detail.aspx?ItemId=395 |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=Auckland Council |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Volcanic Auckland |url=https://www.nzgeo.com/stories/volcanic-auckland/ |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=New Zealand Geographic |language=en-NZ}}</ref>
[[Ngāti Awa]] chief Titahi and a section of his ''[[iwi]]'' (tribe) are credited for the earthworks, although the work probably took several generations, using hand tools. Ōwairaka was a 'sister mountain' to [[Maungakiekie]] that Titahi similarly excavated. Ōwairaka was later a ''[[pā]]'' of the [[Te Waiohua|Waiohua]] confederation of [[Tāmaki Māori|Tāmaki]], visited seasonally by paramount chief [[Kiwi Tāmaki]] when it was the season for birds to be preserved.<ref name="Ballara">{{cite book |title=Taua: 'musket wars', 'land wars' or tikanga?: warfare in Maori society in the early nineteenth century |last1=Ballara |first1=Angela |author-link1=Angela Ballara |year=2003 |publisher=Penguin |location=Auckland |ISBN=9780143018896 |chapter=Tāmaki-makau-rau (Auckland isthmus) |pages=206–234}}</ref> The pā had a population of up to about one and a half thousand during the 16th and 17th centuries. After [[Te Taoū]] [[Ngāti Whātua]] defeated Waiohua in the great battle of Paruroa, Ōwairaka was captured and occupied by members of Te Taoū, Ngā Oho and Te Uringutu. Through strategic marriages, the victors joined bloodlines with Tāmaki, meaning [[Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei]] shares descent with groups who occupied Tāmaki Makaurau for centuries.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Council |first=Auckland |title=Ōwairaka / Te Ahi-kā-a-Rakataura / Mt Albert Path – historic walks in Auckland |url=http://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/parks-recreation/get-outdoors/aklpaths/Pages/path-detail.aspx?ItemId=395 |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=Auckland Council |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Volcanic Auckland |url=https://www.nzgeo.com/stories/volcanic-auckland/ |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=New Zealand Geographic |language=en-NZ}}</ref>


After the land was acquired by the Crown in 1841 and subdivided into small farms, extensive quarrying reduced the height of the [[scoria]] cone by about {{convert|15|m}}, significantly altered its shape and reduced the land mass to less than half. Quarrying stopped in 1928 due to pressure to retain Māori trenches which had influenced those built in World War 1. The volcano originally had two craters. One was levelled to make a playing field in the 1900s. The other was formed into the [[Watercare Services|Auckland Regional Council]] water reservoir in 1945. The [[basalt]] quarry pit was levelled off in 1961 for an archery field and the insides of the cone was smoothed off, removing more archeological traces. Comparatively few remnants of Māori earthworks remain, but the site remains significant to both Māori and archaeologically.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Auckland Council |title=Ōwairaka - Mt Albert heritage walks, brochure |url=https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/arts-culture-heritage/heritage-walks-places/Pages/owairaka-mt-albert-walks.aspx |journal=Auckland Council}}</ref>
After the land was acquired by the Crown in 1841 and subdivided into small farms, extensive quarrying reduced the height of the [[scoria]] cone by about {{convert|15|m}}, significantly altered its shape and reduced the land mass to less than half. Quarrying stopped in 1928 due to pressure to retain Māori trenches which had influenced those built in World War 1. The volcano originally had two craters. One was levelled to make a playing field in the 1900s. The other was formed into the [[Watercare Services|Auckland Regional Council]] water reservoir in 1945. The [[basalt]] quarry pit was levelled off in 1961 for an archery field and the insides of the cone was smoothed off, removing more archeological traces. Comparatively few remnants of Māori earthworks remain, but the site remains significant to both Māori and archaeologically.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Auckland Council |title=Ōwairaka - Mt Albert heritage walks, brochure |url=https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/arts-culture-heritage/heritage-walks-places/Pages/owairaka-mt-albert-walks.aspx |journal=Auckland Council}}</ref>
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==Treaty settlement==
==Treaty settlement==
[[File:Ōwairaka_Te_Ahi-kā-a-Rakataura_Mount_Albert_Sign.JPG|thumb|right|The Ōwairaka / Mount Albert main entrance sign.]]
[[File:Ōwairaka_Te_Ahi-kā-a-Rakataura_Mount_Albert_Sign.JPG|thumb|right|The Ōwairaka / Mount Albert main entrance sign.]]
In the 2014 [[Treaty of Waitangi]] settlement between the [[Monarchy of New Zealand|Crown]] and the ''Ngā Mana Whenua o Tāmaki Makaurau'' collective of 13 Auckland [[iwi]] and [[hapu]] (also known as the Tāmaki Collective), ownership of the 14 Tūpuna Maunga of ''Tāmaki Makaurau'' / Auckland was vested to the collective. The legislation specified that the land be held in trust "for the common benefit of Ngā Mana Whenua o Tāmaki Makaurau and the other people of Auckland".<ref>{{cite web|title=Ngā Mana Whenua o Tāmaki Makaurau Collective Redress Act 2014|url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2014/0052/latest/whole.html|website=New Zealand Legislation|accessdate=25 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Council |first=Auckland |title=Tūpuna Maunga significance and history |url=http://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/about-auckland-council/how-auckland-council-works/kaupapa-maori/comanagement-authorities-boards/tupuna-maunga-tamaki-makaurau-authority/Pages/tupuna-maunga-significance-history.aspx |access-date=2022-05-01 |website=Auckland Council |language=en}}</ref>
In the 2014 [[Treaty of Waitangi]] settlement between the [[Monarchy of New Zealand|Crown]] and the ''Ngā Mana Whenua o Tāmaki Makaurau'' collective of 13 Auckland [[iwi]] and [[hapū]] (also known as the Tāmaki Collective), ownership of the 14 Tūpuna Maunga of ''Tāmaki Makaurau'' / Auckland was vested to the collective. The legislation specified that the land be held in trust "for the common benefit of Ngā Mana Whenua o Tāmaki Makaurau and the other people of Auckland".<ref>{{cite web|title=Ngā Mana Whenua o Tāmaki Makaurau Collective Redress Act 2014|url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2014/0052/latest/whole.html|website=New Zealand Legislation|accessdate=25 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Council |first=Auckland |title=Tūpuna Maunga significance and history |url=http://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/about-auckland-council/how-auckland-council-works/kaupapa-maori/comanagement-authorities-boards/tupuna-maunga-tamaki-makaurau-authority/Pages/tupuna-maunga-significance-history.aspx |access-date=2022-05-01 |website=Auckland Council |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Ben |date=2019-11-13 |title=Who really owns Ōwairaka? |url=https://thespinoff.co.nz/auckland/13-11-2019/who-really-owns-owairaka |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=The Spinoff}}</ref>


Legislation also specified that the 14 Tūpuna Maunga of Auckland, including Mount Albert, are reserves and subject to the Reserves Act 1977.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ngā Mana Whenua o Tāmaki Makaurau Collective Redress Act 2014 No 52 (as at 01 August 2020), Public Act 41 Maunga must remain as reserves vested in trustee – New Zealand Legislation|url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2014/0052/latest/DLM5322527.html?search=sw_096be8ed819ec4e5_%22reserves+act%22_25_se&p=1&sr=18|access-date=2020-11-25|website=www.legislation.govt.nz}}</ref> Mount Albert is classified as a 'recreation reserve'.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ngā Mana Whenua o Tāmaki Makaurau Collective Redress Act 2014 No 52 (as at 01 August 2020), Public Act 22 Mount Albert – New Zealand Legislation|url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2014/0052/latest/DLM5322503.html?search=sw_096be8ed819ec4e5_%22reserves+act%22_25_se&p=1&sr=7|access-date=2020-11-25|website=www.legislation.govt.nz}}</ref>
Legislation also specified that the 14 Tūpuna Maunga of Auckland, including Ōwairaka / Mount Albert, are reserves and subject to the Reserves Act 1977.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ngā Mana Whenua o Tāmaki Makaurau Collective Redress Act 2014 No 52 (as at 01 August 2020), Public Act 41 Maunga must remain as reserves vested in trustee – New Zealand Legislation|url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2014/0052/latest/DLM5322527.html?search=sw_096be8ed819ec4e5_%22reserves+act%22_25_se&p=1&sr=18|access-date=2020-11-25|website=www.legislation.govt.nz}}</ref> Ōwairaka / Mount Albert is classified as a 'recreation reserve'.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ngā Mana Whenua o Tāmaki Makaurau Collective Redress Act 2014 No 52 (as at 01 August 2020), Public Act 22 Mount Albert – New Zealand Legislation|url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2014/0052/latest/DLM5322503.html?search=sw_096be8ed819ec4e5_%22reserves+act%22_25_se&p=1&sr=7|access-date=2020-11-25|website=www.legislation.govt.nz}}</ref>


Tūpuna Maunga o Tāmaki Makaurau Authority or Tūpuna Maunga Authority (TMA) is the co-governance organisation established to administer the 14 Tūpuna Maunga. Auckland Council manages the Tūpuna Maunga under the direction of the TMA.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tūpuna Maunga o Tāmaki Makaurau Authority|url=https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/about-auckland-council/how-auckland-council-works/kaupapa-maori/comanagement-authorities-boards/tupuna-maunga-tamaki-makaurau-authority/Pages/default.aspx|website=Auckland Council|accessdate=4 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ngā Kōrero |url=https://www.maunga.nz/about-us/ |access-date=2022-05-01 |website=www.maunga.nz |language=en-GB}}</ref>
Tūpuna Maunga o Tāmaki Makaurau Authority or Tūpuna Maunga Authority (TMA) is the co-governance organisation established to administer the 14 Tūpuna Maunga. Auckland Council manages the Tūpuna Maunga under the direction of the TMA.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tūpuna Maunga o Tāmaki Makaurau Authority|url=https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/about-auckland-council/how-auckland-council-works/kaupapa-maori/comanagement-authorities-boards/tupuna-maunga-tamaki-makaurau-authority/Pages/default.aspx|website=Auckland Council|accessdate=4 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ngā Kōrero |url=https://www.maunga.nz/about-us/ |access-date=2022-05-01 |website=www.maunga.nz |language=en-GB}}</ref>
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==Vehicle access==
==Vehicle access==
[[File:Ōwairaka_Te_Ahi-kā-a-Rakataura_Mount_Albert_Entrance.JPG|thumb|right|The main entrance to Ōwairaka / Mount Albert, showing the two gates that stop most vehicles from accessing the road.]]
[[File:Ōwairaka_Te_Ahi-kā-a-Rakataura_Mount_Albert_Entrance.JPG|thumb|right|The main entrance to Ōwairaka / Mount Albert, showing the two gates that stop most vehicles from accessing the road.]]
Due to the spiritual and cultural significance of the {{lang|mi| maunga}} to Māori, and for pedestrian safety, the summit road was permanently closed to most vehicles in March 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=Changes to vehicle access on Tūpuna Maunga|url=https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/about-auckland-council/how-auckland-council-works/kaupapa-maori/comanagement-authorities-boards/tupuna-maunga-tamaki-makaurau-authority/Pages/changes-vehicle-access-tupuna-maunga.aspx|website=Auckland Council|access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
Due to the spiritual and cultural significance of the {{lang|mi| maunga}} to Māori, and for pedestrian safety, the summit road was permanently closed to most vehicles in March 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=Changes to vehicle access on Tūpuna Maunga|url=https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/about-auckland-council/how-auckland-council-works/kaupapa-maori/comanagement-authorities-boards/tupuna-maunga-tamaki-makaurau-authority/Pages/changes-vehicle-access-tupuna-maunga.aspx|website=Auckland Council|access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Owairaka the sixth and final maunga closed to cars |url=https://tewahanui.nz/auckland-issues/owairaka-the-sixth-and-final-maunga-closed-to-cars |access-date=2022-08-06 |website=tewahanui.nz}}</ref>


==Native vegetation restoration==
==Native vegetation restoration==
[[File:Mount_Albert_Ōwairaka_Native_Trees.jpeg|thumb|right|Mature [[puriri|pūriri]] and [[Metrosideros excelsa|pōhutukawa]] trees growing on Ōwairaka / Mount Albert. More than half the current tree canopy are natives.<ref name="Trees"/>]]As part of a large works plan to restore the {{lang|mi| maunga}}, including native vegetation and native wildlife habitats, the TMA plans to remove 345 exotic trees and plant 13,000 new native trees and plants. Many of the exotic trees are classified as pest or weed species under the Auckland Regional Pest Management Strategy. The work also aims to preserve and enhance [[sightline]]s between Auckland's ''maunga''. The work had [[resource consent]], the support of ecologists, arborists, [[Auckland Council]], the Tree Council, [[Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society of New Zealand|Forest and Bird]] and the Tāmaki Collective.<ref name="Trees">{{cite web|title=Ōwairaka / Mount Albert trees|url=https://www.waateanews.com/waateanews/x_news/MjMxMjI/Paakiwaha/Ōwairaka-/-Mount-Albert-Trees|website=waateanews.com|access-date=4 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104064332/https://waateanews.com/waateanews/x_news/MjMxMjI/Paakiwaha/%C5%8Cwairaka-/-Mount-Albert-Trees|archive-date=4 January 2020}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Ōwairaka / Te Ahi-kā-a-Rakataura |url=https://www.maunga.nz/maunga/owairaka-te-ahi-ka-a-rakataura/ |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=www.maunga.nz |language=en-GB}}</ref>
[[File:Mount_Albert_Ōwairaka_Native_Trees.jpeg|thumb|right|Mature [[pūriri]] and [[Metrosideros excelsa|pōhutukawa]] trees growing on Ōwairaka / Mount Albert. More than half the current tree canopy are natives.<ref name="Trees"/>]]As part of a large works plan to restore the {{lang|mi| maunga}}, including native vegetation and native wildlife habitats, the TMA plans to remove 345 exotic trees and plant 13,000 new native trees and plants. Many of the exotic trees are classified as pest or weed species under the Auckland Regional Pest Management Strategy. The work also aims to preserve and enhance [[sightline]]s between Auckland's ''maunga''. The work had [[resource consent]], the support of ecologists, arborists, [[Auckland Council]], the Tree Council, [[Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society of New Zealand|Forest and Bird]] and the Tāmaki Collective.<ref name="Trees">{{cite web|title=Ōwairaka / Mount Albert trees|url=https://www.waateanews.com/waateanews/x_news/MjMxMjI/Paakiwaha/Ōwairaka-/-Mount-Albert-Trees|website=waateanews.com|access-date=4 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104064332/https://waateanews.com/waateanews/x_news/MjMxMjI/Paakiwaha/%C5%8Cwairaka-/-Mount-Albert-Trees|archive-date=4 January 2020}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Ōwairaka / Te Ahi-kā-a-Rakataura |url=https://www.maunga.nz/maunga/owairaka-te-ahi-ka-a-rakataura/ |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=www.maunga.nz |language=en-GB}}</ref>


In November 2019 a group of protesters blocked the removal of exotic trees, voicing concerns for exotic and native fauna and flora.<ref>{{cite web|title=Meet the activists trying to stop native trees being planted on Mt Albert|url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2019/11/meet-the-activists-trying-to-stop-native-trees-being-planted-on-mt-albert.amp.html|website=Newshub|access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref>
In November 2019 a group of protesters blocked the removal of exotic trees, voicing concerns for exotic and native fauna and flora.<ref>{{cite web|title=Meet the activists trying to stop native trees being planted on Mt Albert|url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2019/11/meet-the-activists-trying-to-stop-native-trees-being-planted-on-mt-albert.amp.html|website=Newshub|access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref>
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In May 2020, in response to the impasse caused by the protest and offensive graffiti at the site, representatives of Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei publicly requested the TMA, Auckland Council and protestors work together to find a compromise to continue the native tree regeneration.<ref>{{cite web|title= owairakamt-albert-tree-impasse-time-to-move-forward-agree-protesters-and-ngati-whatua |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/owairakamt-albert-tree-impasse-time-to-move-forward-agree-protesters-and-ngati-whatua/NBCADRVEJPW6ZZSPDWKR62HXSU/|website=nzherald|access-date=4 May 2020}}</ref>
In May 2020, in response to the impasse caused by the protest and offensive graffiti at the site, representatives of Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei publicly requested the TMA, Auckland Council and protestors work together to find a compromise to continue the native tree regeneration.<ref>{{cite web|title= owairakamt-albert-tree-impasse-time-to-move-forward-agree-protesters-and-ngati-whatua |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/owairakamt-albert-tree-impasse-time-to-move-forward-agree-protesters-and-ngati-whatua/NBCADRVEJPW6ZZSPDWKR62HXSU/|website=nzherald|access-date=4 May 2020}}</ref>


In June 2020 a Māori woman claimed to have been racially abused in the car park at Mount Albert, and said the "[protest] group's presence had heightened tensions on Mt Albert". The TMA said other local Māori, including children, felt uncomfortable visiting and security was lifted.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-11 |title=Māori woman allegedly racially abused at Ōwairaka while out on a walk |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/te-manu-korihi/418744/maori-woman-allegedly-racially-abused-at-owairaka-while-out-on-a-walk |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=RNZ |language=en-nz}}</ref>
In June 2020 a Māori woman claimed to have been racially abused in the car park at Mount Albert, and said the "[protest] group's presence had heightened tensions on Mt Albert". The TMA said other local Māori, including children, felt uncomfortable visiting and security was lifted.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-11 |title=Māori woman allegedly racially abused at Ōwairaka while out on a walk |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/te-manu-korihi/418744/maori-woman-allegedly-racially-abused-at-owairaka-while-out-on-a-walk |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=[[RNZ]] |language=en-nz}}</ref>


In November 2020, a bird scientist expressed concern over the removal of the trees during native bird nesting season, requesting any work be delayed until February.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mt Albert Tree Felling would be cruel of nesting birds experts say|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/117549183/mt-albert-tree-removal-felling-would-be-cruel-on-nesting-birds-experts-say|website=Stuff|access-date=20 November 2019}}</ref>
In November 2020, a bird scientist expressed concern over the removal of the trees during native bird nesting season, requesting any work be delayed until February.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mt Albert Tree Felling would be cruel of nesting birds experts say|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/117549183/mt-albert-tree-removal-felling-would-be-cruel-on-nesting-birds-experts-say|website=Stuff|access-date=20 November 2019}}</ref>


In December 2020, the [[High Court of New Zealand|High Court]] found the TMA and Auckland Council had both acted lawfully, allowing the native restoration plans to proceed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ōwairaka/Mt Albert tree war heads to High Court as Auckland citizens take on Tūpuna Maunga Authority|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/owairakamt-albert-tree-war-heads-to-high-court-as-auckland-citizens-take-on-tupuna-maunga-authority/UJJABZUFJO4RUXAIHJ2UJOKP7I/|website=nzherald.co.nz|access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tūpuna Maunga Authority wins court battle in Ōwairaka/Mt Albert tree war|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/tupuna-maunga-authority-wins-court-battle-in-owairakamt-albert-tree-war/6WCF3XRODUK56TSC2GRRNZMTCA/|website=nzherald.co.nz|access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref> In March 2022, the [[Court of Appeal of New Zealand|Court of Appeal]] found that the TMA plan breached the Reserves Act and did not appropriately consult with the public. Consequently, the Resource Consent was 'set aside'. In June, the [[Supreme Court of New Zealand|Supreme Court]] refused to hear an application by the TMA to appeal the decision. The TMA noted "the Court of Appeal did not decide against tree removal, rather the legal process to be followed."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/127949768/wairakamt-albert-tree-removal-court-of-appeal-rules-in-favour-of-protesters|title=Ōwairaka/Mt Albert tree removal: Court of Appeal rules in favour of protesters|publisher=Stuff|date=3 March 2022|first=Adam|last=Jacobson}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ōwairaka/Mt Albert tree fight goes full circle |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/kahu/owairakamt-albert-tree-fight-goes-full-circle/AO5ZGUBL75PNJP5NOCIKG3HMOY/ |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=NZ Herald |language=en-NZ}}</ref>
In December 2020, the [[High Court of New Zealand|High Court]] found the TMA and Auckland Council had both acted lawfully, allowing the native restoration plans to proceed.<ref name=":4">{{cite web|title=Ōwairaka/Mt Albert tree war heads to High Court as Auckland citizens take on Tūpuna Maunga Authority|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/owairakamt-albert-tree-war-heads-to-high-court-as-auckland-citizens-take-on-tupuna-maunga-authority/UJJABZUFJO4RUXAIHJ2UJOKP7I/|website=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tūpuna Maunga Authority wins court battle in Ōwairaka/Mt Albert tree war|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/tupuna-maunga-authority-wins-court-battle-in-owairakamt-albert-tree-war/6WCF3XRODUK56TSC2GRRNZMTCA/|website=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref> In March 2022, the [[Court of Appeal of New Zealand|Court of Appeal]] found that the TMA plan breached the Reserves Act and did not appropriately consult with the public. Consequently, the Resource Consent was 'set aside'. In June, the [[Supreme Court of New Zealand|Supreme Court]] refused to hear an application by the TMA to appeal the decision. The TMA noted "the Court of Appeal did not decide against tree removal, rather the legal process to be followed."<ref name=":5">{{cite news|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/127949768/wairakamt-albert-tree-removal-court-of-appeal-rules-in-favour-of-protesters|title=Ōwairaka/Mt Albert tree removal: Court of Appeal rules in favour of protesters|publisher=Stuff|date=3 March 2022|first=Adam|last=Jacobson}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ōwairaka/Mt Albert tree fight goes full circle |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/kahu/owairakamt-albert-tree-fight-goes-full-circle/AO5ZGUBL75PNJP5NOCIKG3HMOY/ |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=NZ Herald |language=en-NZ}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Commons category|Mount Albert (New Zealand)}}
{{Commons category|Ōwairaka / Mount Albert}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
*''Volcanoes of Auckland: A Field Guide''. Hayward, B.W.; Auckland University Press, 2019, 335 pp. {{ISBN|0-582-71784-1}}.
*''Volcanoes of Auckland: A Field Guide''. Hayward, B.W.; Auckland University Press, 2019, 335 pp. {{ISBN|0-582-71784-1}}.
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{{Auckland volcanic field}}
{{Auckland volcanic field}}


[[Category:Auckland volcanic field|Albert]]
[[Category:Auckland volcanic field]]
[[Category:Parks in Auckland]]
[[Category:Parks in Auckland]]
[[Category:Mountains of the Auckland Region|Albert]]
[[Category:Mountains of the Auckland Region]]
[[Category:Urban forests in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Urban forests in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Albert-Eden Local Board Area]]

Latest revision as of 02:47, 23 November 2024

This article is about the mountain. For the suburbs, see Mount Albert, New Zealand and Ōwairaka. For the electorate, see Mount Albert (New Zealand electorate).

Ōwairaka / Mount Albert
Te Ahi-kā-a-Rakataura
Ōwairaka / Mount Albert, in the suburbs of Ōwairaka and Mt Albert.
Highest point
Elevation135 m (443 ft)
Coordinates36°53′26″S 174°43′12″E / 36.8905665997°S 174.720112686°E / -36.8905665997; 174.720112686
Geography
Map
LocationNorth Island, New Zealand
Parent rangeAuckland volcanic field
Geology
Volcanic fieldAuckland volcanic field
Last eruption120,000 years ago

Ōwairaka / Mount Albert, also known as Te Ahi-kā-a-Rakataura, is a volcanic peak and Tūpuna Maunga (ancestral mountain) which dominates the landscape of the Ōwairaka and Mount Albert suburbs of Auckland.

Etymology

[edit]

The main Māori name of the peak is Ōwairaka, which means 'Place of Wairaka'. Wairaka was the daughter of Toroa, the commander of one of the great voyaging canoes, Mātaatua.[1] Wairaka is renowned for naming Whakatāne, a town in the Eastern Bay of Plenty where she saved the waka from drifting out to sea. She is depicted in the Statue of Wairaka located at Whakatāne Heads. Wairaka subsequently moved to Tāmaki Makaurau to avoid an arranged marriage and set up her own pā at Ōwairaka.[2]

The other Māori name, Te Ahi-kā-a-Rakataura, means 'the long burning fires of Rakataura', referring to its continuous occupation by the Tainui explorer Rakatāura (also known as Hape).[3][4]

One of the earliest names Tāmaki Māori gave to the volcano was Te Puke o Ruarangi (The Hill of Ruarangi). A traditional story involves Ruarangi, a chief of the supernatural Patupaiarehe people, escaping a siege on Ōwairaka / Mount Albert through lava tunnels and emerging at Western Springs Te Wai Ōrea.[5][6]

The mountain was given the English name, Mount Albert, after Queen Victoria's consort, Prince Albert, following a petition in 1866 to the Superintendent of Auckland Province.[1]

None of the three names are official. In 2014, the Tāmaki Collective agreed that both Ōwairaka and Te Ahi-kā-a-Rakataura reflected the historical association of local Māori with this site.[4] Of the three, Ōwairaka is the most commonly used name.[7]

Auckland Council and the Tūpuna Maunga Authority refer to the site as Ōwairaka / Te Ahi-kā-a-Rakataura / Mount Albert.[8][3] It is commonly known by the dual name Ōwairaka / Mount Albert.[9][10][11]

In January 2020, historian Pita Tūrei disputed the historical accuracy of Ōwairaka being named after Wairaka, claiming that the name is instead a shortening of Te Wai o Rakataura, a name for the wetlands of the Oakley Creek.[12][13][14]

Geography and history

[edit]
Ōwairaka / Mount Albert watercolour painted by John Guise Mitford in 1845. The ridged terraces were excavated by Māori for occupation and defence. Most were later destroyed by quarrying.
View of volcanic scoria cone Ōwairaka / Mount Albert, in a postcard from around 1910.

The peak, in parkland at the southern end of the suburb, is 135 metres (443 ft) in height, and is one of about 53 extinct cones across the city of Auckland, all of which are part of the Auckland volcanic field.

The volcano erupted around 120,000 years ago. The peak was formerly 148 metres (486 ft) high and the site of one of many important Māori pā in the region, with prominent excavated terracing and trenches for occupation and defence.

Ngāti Awa chief Titahi and a section of his iwi (tribe) are credited for the earthworks, although the work probably took several generations, using hand tools. Ōwairaka was a 'sister mountain' to Maungakiekie that Titahi similarly excavated. Ōwairaka was later a pā of the Waiohua confederation of Tāmaki, visited seasonally by paramount chief Kiwi Tāmaki when it was the season for birds to be preserved.[15] The pā had a population of up to about one and a half thousand during the 16th and 17th centuries. After Te Taoū Ngāti Whātua defeated Waiohua in the great battle of Paruroa, Ōwairaka was captured and occupied by members of Te Taoū, Ngā Oho and Te Uringutu. Through strategic marriages, the victors joined bloodlines with Tāmaki, meaning Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei shares descent with groups who occupied Tāmaki Makaurau for centuries.[16][17][18]

After the land was acquired by the Crown in 1841 and subdivided into small farms, extensive quarrying reduced the height of the scoria cone by about 15 metres (49 ft), significantly altered its shape and reduced the land mass to less than half. Quarrying stopped in 1928 due to pressure to retain Māori trenches which had influenced those built in World War 1. The volcano originally had two craters. One was levelled to make a playing field in the 1900s. The other was formed into the Auckland Regional Council water reservoir in 1945. The basalt quarry pit was levelled off in 1961 for an archery field and the insides of the cone was smoothed off, removing more archeological traces. Comparatively few remnants of Māori earthworks remain, but the site remains significant to both Māori and archaeologically.[16][17]

Current uses of the maunga (mountain) include recreational walking, playing fields, an archery club and the water reservoir under the paddock on the mountain's southern side.[16]

Treaty settlement

[edit]
The Ōwairaka / Mount Albert main entrance sign.

In the 2014 Treaty of Waitangi settlement between the Crown and the Ngā Mana Whenua o Tāmaki Makaurau collective of 13 Auckland iwi and hapū (also known as the Tāmaki Collective), ownership of the 14 Tūpuna Maunga of Tāmaki Makaurau / Auckland was vested to the collective. The legislation specified that the land be held in trust "for the common benefit of Ngā Mana Whenua o Tāmaki Makaurau and the other people of Auckland".[19][8][20]

Legislation also specified that the 14 Tūpuna Maunga of Auckland, including Ōwairaka / Mount Albert, are reserves and subject to the Reserves Act 1977.[21] Ōwairaka / Mount Albert is classified as a 'recreation reserve'.[22]

Tūpuna Maunga o Tāmaki Makaurau Authority or Tūpuna Maunga Authority (TMA) is the co-governance organisation established to administer the 14 Tūpuna Maunga. Auckland Council manages the Tūpuna Maunga under the direction of the TMA.[23][24]

Vehicle access

[edit]
The main entrance to Ōwairaka / Mount Albert, showing the two gates that stop most vehicles from accessing the road.

Due to the spiritual and cultural significance of the maunga to Māori, and for pedestrian safety, the summit road was permanently closed to most vehicles in March 2019.[25][26]

Native vegetation restoration

[edit]
Mature pūriri and pōhutukawa trees growing on Ōwairaka / Mount Albert. More than half the current tree canopy are natives.[9]

As part of a large works plan to restore the maunga, including native vegetation and native wildlife habitats, the TMA plans to remove 345 exotic trees and plant 13,000 new native trees and plants. Many of the exotic trees are classified as pest or weed species under the Auckland Regional Pest Management Strategy. The work also aims to preserve and enhance sightlines between Auckland's maunga. The work had resource consent, the support of ecologists, arborists, Auckland Council, the Tree Council, Forest and Bird and the Tāmaki Collective.[9][3]

In November 2019 a group of protesters blocked the removal of exotic trees, voicing concerns for exotic and native fauna and flora.[27]

In January 2020, Pouroto Ngaropo, described as the 'chair of Ngāti Awa ki Te Awa o Te Atua', claimed ancestral links to Ōwairaka and spoke in opposition to the TMA plan from a te ao Māori perspective. The mandated representative of the Ngāti Awa iwi, Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Awa, said Tāmaki Collective iwi had the right to cull the trees.[28][29]

In May 2020, in response to the impasse caused by the protest and offensive graffiti at the site, representatives of Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei publicly requested the TMA, Auckland Council and protestors work together to find a compromise to continue the native tree regeneration.[30]

In June 2020 a Māori woman claimed to have been racially abused in the car park at Mount Albert, and said the "[protest] group's presence had heightened tensions on Mt Albert". The TMA said other local Māori, including children, felt uncomfortable visiting and security was lifted.[31]

In November 2020, a bird scientist expressed concern over the removal of the trees during native bird nesting season, requesting any work be delayed until February.[32]

In December 2020, the High Court found the TMA and Auckland Council had both acted lawfully, allowing the native restoration plans to proceed.[10][33] In March 2022, the Court of Appeal found that the TMA plan breached the Reserves Act and did not appropriately consult with the public. Consequently, the Resource Consent was 'set aside'. In June, the Supreme Court refused to hear an application by the TMA to appeal the decision. The TMA noted "the Court of Appeal did not decide against tree removal, rather the legal process to be followed."[11][34]

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ōwairaka / Mount Albert.
  1. ^ a b Reed, A. W. (2010). Peter Dowling (ed.). Place Names of New Zealand. Rosedale, North Shore: Raupo. p. 255. ISBN 9780143204107.
  2. ^ Dunsford, Deborah. "Wairaka, heroine of her time". Mt Albert Inc. Mt Albert Historical Society. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  3. ^ a b c "Ōwairaka / Te Ahi-kā-a-Rakataura". www.maunga.nz. Retrieved 2022-04-03.
  4. ^ a b "Place name detail: Ōwairaka". New Zealand Gazetteer. New Zealand Geographic Board. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
  5. ^ Dunsford, Deborah (2016-01-01). Mt Albert Then and Now: a History of Mt Albert, Morningside, Kingsland, St Lukes, Sandringham and Owairaka. Mount Albert Historical Society. pp. 13–14. ISBN 978-0-473-36016-0.
  6. ^ Te Wai Ōrea Western Springs Lakeside park entrance sign.
  7. ^ Dunsford, Deborah (2016). Mt Albert Then and Now. Auckland, New Zealand: Mount Albert Historical Society Inc. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-473-36016-0.
  8. ^ a b Council, Auckland. "Tūpuna Maunga significance and history". Auckland Council. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
  9. ^ a b c "Ōwairaka / Mount Albert trees". waateanews.com. Archived from the original on 4 January 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  10. ^ a b "Ōwairaka/Mt Albert tree war heads to High Court as Auckland citizens take on Tūpuna Maunga Authority". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
  11. ^ a b Jacobson, Adam (3 March 2022). "Ōwairaka/Mt Albert tree removal: Court of Appeal rules in favour of protesters". Stuff.
  12. ^ "Game of Thrones on Owairaka". Waatea News. 12 January 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  13. ^ Black, Taroi (16 January 2020). "Wairaka ingoa not erased from Auckland's history". Te Ao News. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  14. ^ Parks Services, Auckland Council (2018). Te Auaunga – Oakley Creek He Rautaki Whakaora mō ngā Wai o Te Auaunga Vision and Restoration Strategy for the Lower Catchment, Long Term Strategy to 2040 and Implementation Plan 2018-2020 (PDF) (Report). Albert-Eden Local Board. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  15. ^ Ballara, Angela (2003). "Tāmaki-makau-rau (Auckland isthmus)". Taua: 'musket wars', 'land wars' or tikanga?: warfare in Maori society in the early nineteenth century. Auckland: Penguin. pp. 206–234. ISBN 9780143018896.
  16. ^ a b c Council, Auckland. "Ōwairaka / Te Ahi-kā-a-Rakataura / Mt Albert Path – historic walks in Auckland". Auckland Council. Retrieved 2022-04-02.
  17. ^ a b Auckland Council. "Ōwairaka - Mt Albert heritage walks, brochure". Auckland Council.
  18. ^ "Volcanic Auckland". New Zealand Geographic. Retrieved 2022-04-03.
  19. ^ "Ngā Mana Whenua o Tāmaki Makaurau Collective Redress Act 2014". New Zealand Legislation. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
  20. ^ Thomas, Ben (2019-11-13). "Who really owns Ōwairaka?". The Spinoff. Retrieved 2022-11-27.
  21. ^ "Ngā Mana Whenua o Tāmaki Makaurau Collective Redress Act 2014 No 52 (as at 01 August 2020), Public Act 41 Maunga must remain as reserves vested in trustee – New Zealand Legislation". www.legislation.govt.nz. Retrieved 2020-11-25.
  22. ^ "Ngā Mana Whenua o Tāmaki Makaurau Collective Redress Act 2014 No 52 (as at 01 August 2020), Public Act 22 Mount Albert – New Zealand Legislation". www.legislation.govt.nz. Retrieved 2020-11-25.
  23. ^ "Tūpuna Maunga o Tāmaki Makaurau Authority". Auckland Council. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  24. ^ "Ngā Kōrero". www.maunga.nz. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
  25. ^ "Changes to vehicle access on Tūpuna Maunga". Auckland Council. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  26. ^ "Owairaka the sixth and final maunga closed to cars". tewahanui.nz. Retrieved 2022-08-06.
  27. ^ "Meet the activists trying to stop native trees being planted on Mt Albert". Newshub. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  28. ^ "Māori world view important in Ōwairaka tree debate". nzherald. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  29. ^ "Ngati Awa backs Tamaki iwi right to make Owairaka tree cull call". Waatea News: Māori Radio Station. 2020-01-09. Retrieved 2022-04-01.
  30. ^ "owairakamt-albert-tree-impasse-time-to-move-forward-agree-protesters-and-ngati-whatua". nzherald. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
  31. ^ "Māori woman allegedly racially abused at Ōwairaka while out on a walk". RNZ. 2020-06-11. Retrieved 2022-04-02.
  32. ^ "Mt Albert Tree Felling would be cruel of nesting birds experts say". Stuff. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
  33. ^ "Tūpuna Maunga Authority wins court battle in Ōwairaka/Mt Albert tree war". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
  34. ^ "Ōwairaka/Mt Albert tree fight goes full circle". NZ Herald. Retrieved 2022-07-12.
  • Volcanoes of Auckland: A Field Guide. Hayward, B.W.; Auckland University Press, 2019, 335 pp. ISBN 0-582-71784-1.
[edit]
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