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{{short description|symbolic gate of Joseon, demolished in 1895}}
{{Short description|1537–1895 Korean gate in Seoul}}
{{About||For remnants of Yeongeunmun designated as Historic Site of South Korea|Plinths of Yeongeunmun Gate, Seoul}}
{{About||the remnants of Yeongeunmun designated as a Historic Site of South Korea|Plinths of Yeongeunmun Gate, Seoul}}
{{Infobox building
{{Infobox building
| name = Yeongeunmun
| name = Yeongeunmun
| native_name = 영은문
| native_name = 영은문
| native_name_lang = ko
| native_name_lang = ko
| image = Yeongeunmun_Gate.JPG
| image = Yeongeunmun_Gate.JPG
| image_size = 200px
| image_size = 200px
| image_caption = Picture of Yeongeunmun before demolision
| image_caption = Picture of Yeongeunmun before demolition
| coordinates = {{coord|37.572200|126.960300|display=inline}}
| coordinates = {{coord|37.57220|126.96030|display=inline,title}}
| former_names = Yeongjomun
| former_names = Yeongjomun
| alternate_names = Yeonjumun, Yeoneunmun
| alternate_names = Yeonjumun, Yeoneunmun
| status = demolished
| status = demolished
| building_type = Gate
| building_type = Gate
| location_country = [[Joseon]]
| location_country = Korea
| completion_date = 1537 (renamed in 1539)
| completion_date = 1537 (renamed in 1539)
| demolition_date = 1895
| demolition_date = 1895
| module =
}}
{{Infobox Korean name
{{Infobox Korean name
| child = yes
| hangul = 영은문
| hangul = 영은문
| hanja = {{linktext|迎|恩|門}}
| hanja = {{linktext|迎|恩|門}}
Line 24: Line 25:
| koreanipa =
| koreanipa =
| context = old
| context = old
}}
}}}}
⚫
'''Yeongeunmun''' ({{Korean|영은문|迎恩門}}) or '''Yeongeunmun Gate''' was a [[Joseon]]-era former gate near present day [[Seoul]], South Korea. Since it was a symbol of China's diplomatic influence on the [[Joseon]], the [[Gaehwa Party]] of the Joseon government intentionally demolished it in February 1895, seeking complete political independence of Joseon from China.

⚫
The '''Yeongeunmun''' ({{Korean|영은문|迎恩門}}) or '''Yeongeunmun Gate''' is a historical structure existed in [[Joseon Dynasty]]. Since it was a symbol of [[China]]'s diplomatic influence on the [[Joseon]], the '[[Gaehwa Party]]' of Joseon government intentionally demolished it in February 1895, seeking for complete political independence of Joseon from China.


== History ==
== History ==
{{Further|Sadae|Qing invasion of Joseon}}
{{Further|Sadae|Qing invasion of Joseon}}
⚫
For a long time, the [[Joseon Dynasty]] continued its diplomatic policy with the [[Late Chinese Empire|Late Chinese Empires]] in an arrangement respecting the political influence of China. This was called ''Sadae'' ({{Korean|labels=no|사대|事大}}), which translates literally as "serving" ({{Korean|labels=no|사|事|Sa}}) the "greater" ({{Korean|labels=no|대|大|Dae}}) country (usually translated into suzerainty, flunkeyism or as "serving the Great"). This mode of diplomatic relationship was later enforced by the [[Qing dynasty]], through the [[Qing invasion of Joseon]] in 1636.<ref name="nikheng">{{cite web |url=http://contents.history.go.kr/front/kh/view.do?category=english&levelId=kh_001_0050_0050_0050 |title=History of Korea > V. Joseon Society Focused on the Yangban Class > 5. The Struggle against the Japanese and Manchus |website=contents.history.go.kr |publisher=National Institute of Korean History |access-date=2022-08-01}}</ref>
⚫
[[File:Fengshitu.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Picture describing Qing envoy greeted by the King of Joseon]]
⚫
For a long time, the [[Joseon Dynasty]] continued its diplomatic policy against [[Late Chinese Empire|Late Chinese Empires]] in a way of respecting political influence of [[China]]. It was typically called as ''[[Sadae]]'' ({{Korean|사대|事大}}), which is literally 'serving' ({{ko-hhrm|사|事|Sa}}) the 'greater' ({{ko-hhrm|대|大|Dae}}) country (usually translated into suzerainity, flunkeyism or the term 'serving the Great'). This mode of diplomatic relationship was later forced by [[Qing dynasty]], through [[Qing invasion of Joseon]] in 1636.<ref name="nikheng">{{cite web |url=http://contents.history.go.kr/front/kh/view.do?category=english&levelId=kh_001_0050_0050_0050 |title=History of Korea > V. Joseon Society Focused on the Yangban Class > 5. The Struggle against the Japanese and Manchus |website=contents.history.go.kr |publisher=National Institute of Korean History |access-date=2022-08-01}}</ref>


Located at current northwestern part of [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]], the '''Yeongeunmun''' was one of [[Joseon]]'s materialized symbol of ''[[Sadae]]''. In year 1407, King [[Taejong of Joseon]] built a special [[state guest house]] for Chinese envoys to rest on the route from China to Joseon, near outside of Seoul's [[Donuimun|West gate]]. It was named 'Mohwa Pavilion' ({{ko-hhrm|모화루|慕華樓|Mohwaru}}), literally in meaning of 'Pavilion' ({{ko-hhrm|루|樓|Ru}}) 'admiring' ({{ko-hhrm|모|慕|Mo}}) 'Chinese civilization' ({{ko-hhrm|화|華|Hwa}}).<ref>{{Cite book |title=太宗恭定大王實錄 |trans-title=태종실록 - 태종 7년 8월 22일 '송도의 연빈관을 모방하여 서문 밖에 새로 모화루를 짓다' |url=https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kca_10708022_001 |publisher=National Institute of Korean History |language=Korean |access-date=2022-08-01}}</ref> Its name was later changed to 'Mohwa Guesthouse' ({{ko-hhrm|모화관|慕華館|Mohwagwuan}}) in 1430 by King [[Sejong the Great]] of Joseon, simply changing meaning of 'Pavilion' to 'Guesthouse' ({{ko-hhrm|관|館|Gwan}}).<ref>{{Cite book |title=世宗莊憲大王實錄 - 地理志 |trans-title=세종실록지리지 - 경도 한성부 |url=https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kda_400020 |publisher=National Institute of Korean History |language=Korean |access-date=2022-08-01}}</ref>
Located at the current northwestern part of Seoul, South Korea, the Yeongeunmun was one of Joseon's material symbols of Sadae. In 1407, [[Taejong of Joseon|King Taejong of Joseon]] built a special [[state guest house]] for Chinese envoys to rest en route from China to Joseon, outside of Seoul's [[Donuimun|west gate]]. It was named "Mohwa Pavilion" ({{Korean|labels=no|모화루|慕華樓|Mohwaru}}), literally in meaning of "Pavilion" ({{Korean|labels=no|루|樓|Ru}}) "admiring" ({{Korean|labels=no|모|慕|Mo}}) "Chinese civilization" ({{Korean|labels=no|화|華|Hwa}}).<ref>{{Cite book |title=太宗恭定大王實錄 |trans-title=태종실록 - 태종 7년 8월 22일 '송도의 연빈관을 모방하여 서문 밖에 새로 모화루를 짓다' |url=https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kca_10708022_001 |publisher=National Institute of Korean History |language=Korean |access-date=2022-08-01}}</ref> Its name was later changed to "Mohwa Guesthouse" ({{Korean|labels=no|모화관|慕華館|Mohwagwuan}}) in 1430 by King [[Sejong the Great]] of Joseon, simply changing meaning of "Pavilion" to "Guesthouse" ({{Korean|labels=no|관|館|Gwan}}).<ref>{{Cite book |title=世宗莊憲大王實錄 - 地理志 |trans-title=세종실록지리지 - 경도 한성부 |url=https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kda_400020 |publisher=National Institute of Korean History |language=Korean |access-date=2022-08-01}}</ref>


[[Sejong the Great|King Sejong]] also built a '[[Hongsalmun]]' ({{Korean|홍문|紅門}}) near Mohwa Guesthouse. The Hongsalmun near Mohwagwan had a arrow-shaped decoration on top. It was reconstructed into new gate in 1537, and became an distinguished one after it was officially named as 'Yeongjomun' ({{Korean|영조문|迎詔門}}) by [[Jungjong of Joseon]], literally in meaning of 'Gate' ({{ko-hhrm|문|門|Mun}}) 'welcoming' ({{ko-hhrm|영|迎|Yeong}}) 'messages from China' ({{ko-hhrm|조|詔|Jo}}).<ref>{{Cite book |title=中宗恭僖徽文昭武欽仁誠孝大王實錄 |trans-title=중종실록 - 중종 32년 1월 2일 '삼공이 홍문을 영조문으로 할 것을 건의하다' |url=https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kka_13201002_001 |publisher=National Institute of Korean History |language=Korean |access-date=2022-08-01}}</ref> Yet Chinese diplomats insisted they are not just delivering messages, so the name of gate changed to '''Yeongeunmun''' in 1539, meaning 'Gate welcoming grace from China'. Though its official name was confirmed as Yeongeunmun from that time, it was also called as Yeonjumun or Yeoneunmun. Yeongeunmun had a hip roof and columns over two long plinths.<ref name="cha">{{cite web |url=http://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do?mn=EN_02_02&sCcebKdcd=13&ccebAsno=00330000&sCcebCtcd=11 |title=Historic Site - Plinths of Yeongeunmun Gate, Seoul |website=english.cha.go.kr |publisher=Cultural Heritage Administration |access-date=2022-08-01}}</ref>
King Sejong also built a [[Hongsalmun]] ({{Korean|labels=no|홍살문|紅살門}}) near the Mohwa Guesthouse. This guesthouse had an arrow-shaped decoration on its top. It was then reconstructed into a new gate in 1537, and became notorious{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} after it was officially named as ''Yeongjomun'' ({{Korean|labels=no|영조문|迎詔門}}) by [[Jungjong of Joseon]], literally in meaning of "Gate" ({{Korean|labels=no|문|門|Mun}}) "welcoming" ({{Korean|labels=no|영|迎|Yeong}}) "messages from China" ({{Korean|labels=no|조|詔|Jo}}).<ref>{{Cite book |title=中宗恭僖徽文昭武欽仁誠孝大王實錄 |trans-title=중종실록 - 중종 32년 1월 2일 '삼공이 홍문을 영조문으로 할 것을 건의하다' |url=https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kka_13201002_001 |publisher=National Institute of Korean History |language=Korean |access-date=2022-08-01}}</ref> Yet, Chinese diplomats insisted they were not just delivering messages, so the name of gate was changed to ''Yeongeunmun'' in 1539, meaning "Gate welcoming grace from China". Though its official name was confirmed as Yeongeunmun from that time, it was also called as Yeonjumun or Yeoneunmun. The structure had a hip roof and columns over two long plinths.<ref name="cha">{{cite web |url=http://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do?mn=EN_02_02&sCcebKdcd=13&ccebAsno=00330000&sCcebCtcd=11 |title=Historic Site - Plinths of Yeongeunmun Gate, Seoul |website=english.cha.go.kr |publisher=Cultural Heritage Administration |access-date=2022-08-01}}</ref>


== Demolition ==
== Demolition ==
{{Further|Gabo Reform|Plinths of Yeongeunmun Gate, Seoul}}
{{Further|Gabo Reform|Plinths of Yeongeunmun Gate, Seoul}}
In late 19th century, '[[Gaehwa Party]]' of Joseon tried to modernize its country. One of its political goal was turning Joseon into completely independent state. So in February 1895, during a period called '[[Gabo Reform]]', Gaehwa Party demolished Yeongeunmun to show Joseon's enthusiasm of independence around the world. They thought Mohwa Guesthouse could be reformed into other use, yet Yeongeunmun has to be demolished.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://contents.history.go.kr/front/nh/view.do?levelId=nh_040_0040_0020_0030_0020 |title=신편 한국사 > 근대 > 40권 청일전쟁과 갑오개혁 > Ⅲ. 갑오경장 > 2. 제2차 개혁 > 3) 제2차 개혁의 내용 |website=contents.history.go.kr |publisher=National Institute of Korean History |language=Korean |access-date=2022-08-01}}</ref> Meanwhile, [[Soh Jaipil]], a Korean-American political activist supporting independence of Joseon, planned building a new gate near ruins of demolished Yeongeunmun to symbolize independent status of Joseon. His plan obtained support from [[Gojong of Korea|King Gojong]]. After Joseon was reestablished into [[Korean Empire]] in 1897, there was a new gate built by [[Soh Jaipil]], named as '[[Independence Gate]]', at site of glacing ruins of demolished Yeongeunmun. Also, the Mohwa Guesthouse was reformed into 'Independence Hall' ({{ko-hhrm|독립관|獨立館|Dongnipgwan}}).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fuchs |first1=Eckhardt |last2=Kasahara |first2=Tokushi |last3=Saaler |first3=Sven |title=A New Modern History of East Asia |date=2017 |publisher=V&R unipress GmbH |page=145-147}}</ref> For this long historical background, in 1963, South Korean government designated ruins of demolished Yeongeunmun as [[Historic Sites of South Korea]], and relocated it into other place for preservation.<ref name="cha"/>
In the late 19th century, The [[Gaehwa Party]] of Joseon tried to modernize the country. One of its political goals was to turn Joseon into a completely independent state. So in February 1895, during a period called the [[Gabo Reform]], the Gaehwa Party demolished Yeongeunmun to show Joseon's enthusiasm of independence around the world. They thought the Mohwa Guesthouse could be reformed into another use, yet Yeongeunmun had to be demolished.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://contents.history.go.kr/front/nh/view.do?levelId=nh_040_0040_0020_0030_0020 |title=신편 한국사 > 근대 > 40권 청일전쟁과 갑오개혁 > III. 갑오경장 > 2. 제2차 개혁 > 3) 제2차 개혁의 내용 |website=contents.history.go.kr |publisher=National Institute of Korean History |language=Korean |access-date=2022-08-01}}</ref> Meanwhile, [[Soh Jaipil]], a Korean-American political activist supporting independence of Joseon, planned the building of a new gate near the ruins of a demolished Yeongeunmun to symbolize the independent status of Joseon and his plan eventually obtained support from [[Gojong of Korea|King Gojong]]. After Joseon was reestablished into the [[Korean Empire]] in 1897, there was a new gate built by [[Soh Jaipil]], named as '[[Independence Gate]]', at the site overlooking the ruins of the demolished Yeongeunmun. Also, the Mohwa Guesthouse was reformed into an "Independence Hall" ({{Korean|labels=no|독립관|獨立館|Dongnipgwan}}).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fuchs |first1=Eckhardt |last2=Kasahara |first2=Tokushi |last3=Saaler |first3=Sven |title=A New Modern History of East Asia |date=2017 |publisher=V&R unipress GmbH |pages=145–147 |isbn=9783737007085 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pZlBDwAAQBAJ}}</ref> For this long historical background, in 1963, South Korean government has designated the ruins of the demolished Yeongeunmun as a [[Historic Sites of South Korea|Historic Site of South Korea]], and relocated them to another place for preservation in 1979.<ref name="cha"/>

==Gallery==
{{Commons}}
<gallery>
⚫
File:Fengshitu.jpg|Picture describing Qing envoy greeted by the King of Joseon
File:영은문.png|Picture of Yeongeunmun from other side
</gallery>


== See also ==
== See also ==
{{Wikicommons}}
{{div col}}
{{div col}}
* [[Qing invasion of Joseon]]
* [[Qing invasion of Joseon]]
Line 53: Line 58:
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}


== Notes and References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}



[[Category:Joseon dynasty]]
[[Category:Gates in Korea]]
[[Category:Gates in Korea]]
[[Category:Demolished buildings and structures in South Korea]]
[[Category:Former gates]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures demolished in 1895]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures demolished in 1895]]
[[Category:Demolished buildings and structures in South Korea]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of Joseon]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1537]]

Latest revision as of 19:00, 20 November 2024

For the remnants of Yeongeunmun designated as a Historic Site of South Korea, see Plinths of Yeongeunmun Gate, Seoul.
Yeongeunmun
영은문
Picture of Yeongeunmun before demolition
Map
Former namesYeongjomun
Alternative namesYeonjumun, Yeoneunmun
General information
StatusDemolished
TypeGate
CountryKorea
Coordinates37°34′20″N 126°57′37″E / 37.57220°N 126.96030°E / 37.57220; 126.96030
Completed1537 (renamed in 1539)
Demolished1895
Korean name
Hunminjeongeum
영은문
Hanja
Revised RomanizationYeongeunmun
McCune–ReischauerYŏngŭnmun

Yeongeunmun (Korean: 영은문; Hanja: 迎恩門) or Yeongeunmun Gate was a Joseon-era former gate near present day Seoul, South Korea. Since it was a symbol of China's diplomatic influence on the Joseon, the Gaehwa Party of the Joseon government intentionally demolished it in February 1895, seeking complete political independence of Joseon from China.

History

[edit]
Further information: Sadae and Qing invasion of Joseon

For a long time, the Joseon Dynasty continued its diplomatic policy with the Late Chinese Empires in an arrangement respecting the political influence of China. This was called Sadae (사대; 事大), which translates literally as "serving" (사; 事; Sa) the "greater" (대; 大; Dae) country (usually translated into suzerainty, flunkeyism or as "serving the Great"). This mode of diplomatic relationship was later enforced by the Qing dynasty, through the Qing invasion of Joseon in 1636.[1]

Located at the current northwestern part of Seoul, South Korea, the Yeongeunmun was one of Joseon's material symbols of Sadae. In 1407, King Taejong of Joseon built a special state guest house for Chinese envoys to rest en route from China to Joseon, outside of Seoul's west gate. It was named "Mohwa Pavilion" (모화루; 慕華樓; Mohwaru), literally in meaning of "Pavilion" (루; 樓; Ru) "admiring" (모; 慕; Mo) "Chinese civilization" (화; 華; Hwa).[2] Its name was later changed to "Mohwa Guesthouse" (모화관; 慕華館; Mohwagwuan) in 1430 by King Sejong the Great of Joseon, simply changing meaning of "Pavilion" to "Guesthouse" (관; 館; Gwan).[3]

King Sejong also built a Hongsalmun (홍살문; 紅살門) near the Mohwa Guesthouse. This guesthouse had an arrow-shaped decoration on its top. It was then reconstructed into a new gate in 1537, and became notorious[citation needed] after it was officially named as Yeongjomun (영조문; 迎詔門) by Jungjong of Joseon, literally in meaning of "Gate" (문; 門; Mun) "welcoming" (영; 迎; Yeong) "messages from China" (조; 詔; Jo).[4] Yet, Chinese diplomats insisted they were not just delivering messages, so the name of gate was changed to Yeongeunmun in 1539, meaning "Gate welcoming grace from China". Though its official name was confirmed as Yeongeunmun from that time, it was also called as Yeonjumun or Yeoneunmun. The structure had a hip roof and columns over two long plinths.[5]

Demolition

[edit]
Further information: Gabo Reform and Plinths of Yeongeunmun Gate, Seoul

In the late 19th century, The Gaehwa Party of Joseon tried to modernize the country. One of its political goals was to turn Joseon into a completely independent state. So in February 1895, during a period called the Gabo Reform, the Gaehwa Party demolished Yeongeunmun to show Joseon's enthusiasm of independence around the world. They thought the Mohwa Guesthouse could be reformed into another use, yet Yeongeunmun had to be demolished.[6] Meanwhile, Soh Jaipil, a Korean-American political activist supporting independence of Joseon, planned the building of a new gate near the ruins of a demolished Yeongeunmun to symbolize the independent status of Joseon and his plan eventually obtained support from King Gojong. After Joseon was reestablished into the Korean Empire in 1897, there was a new gate built by Soh Jaipil, named as 'Independence Gate', at the site overlooking the ruins of the demolished Yeongeunmun. Also, the Mohwa Guesthouse was reformed into an "Independence Hall" (독립관; 獨立館; Dongnipgwan).[7] For this long historical background, in 1963, South Korean government has designated the ruins of the demolished Yeongeunmun as a Historic Site of South Korea, and relocated them to another place for preservation in 1979.[5]

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yeongeunmun.
  • Picture describing Qing envoy greeted by the King of Joseon
    Picture describing Qing envoy greeted by the King of Joseon
  • Picture of Yeongeunmun from other side
    Picture of Yeongeunmun from other side

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "History of Korea > V. Joseon Society Focused on the Yangban Class > 5. The Struggle against the Japanese and Manchus". contents.history.go.kr. National Institute of Korean History. Retrieved 2022-08-01.
  2. ^ 太宗恭定大王實錄 [태종실록 - 태종 7년 8월 22일 '송도의 연빈관을 모방하여 서문 밖에 새로 모화루를 짓다'] (in Korean). National Institute of Korean History. Retrieved 2022-08-01.
  3. ^ 世宗莊憲大王實錄 - 地理志 [세종실록지리지 - 경도 한성부] (in Korean). National Institute of Korean History. Retrieved 2022-08-01.
  4. ^ 中宗恭僖徽文昭武欽仁誠孝大王實錄 [중종실록 - 중종 32년 1월 2일 '삼공이 홍문을 영조문으로 할 것을 건의하다'] (in Korean). National Institute of Korean History. Retrieved 2022-08-01.
  5. ^ a b "Historic Site - Plinths of Yeongeunmun Gate, Seoul". english.cha.go.kr. Cultural Heritage Administration. Retrieved 2022-08-01.
  6. ^ "신편 한국사 > 근대 > 40권 청일전쟁과 갑오개혁 > III. 갑오경장 > 2. 제2차 개혁 > 3) 제2차 개혁의 내용". contents.history.go.kr (in Korean). National Institute of Korean History. Retrieved 2022-08-01.
  7. ^ Fuchs, Eckhardt; Kasahara, Tokushi; Saaler, Sven (2017). A New Modern History of East Asia. V&R unipress GmbH. pp. 145–147. ISBN 9783737007085.
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