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Coordinates: 39°09′54″N 20°59′15″E / 39.16500°N 20.98750°E / 39.16500; 20.98750
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|name = Arta
|name = Arta
|name_local = Άρτα
|name_local = Άρτα
|type = municipality
|image_map = 2011 Dimos Artas.png
|image_map = 2011 Dimos Artas.png
|image_skyline = Arta Bridge Epirus Greece.jpg
|image_skyline = {{multiple image
|border = infobox
|caption_skyline = View of the [[Bridge of Arta]] over the [[Arachthos (river)|Arachthos river]]
|total_width = 300
|perrow = 1/2/2/2
|image1 = Arta Bridge Epirus Greece.jpg
|image2 = Saint Demetrius church in Arta, Greece.jpg
|image3 = Folklore Museum of Arta 2.jpg
|image4 = Napoleon Zervas, Arta, Greece.JPG
|image5 = Arta Castle Greece 16.jpg
|image6 = Clock Tower Arta 2016.jpg
|image7 = Tsolias, Arta, Greece.jpg
}}
|caption_skyline = From top left: The [[Bridge of Arta]] over the [[Arachthos (river)|Arachthos river]], Church of Saint Demetrius, Folklore Museum of Arta, statue of [[Napoleon Zervas]], [[Castle of Arta]], clock tower of the Arta Castle, statue of "[[Tsolias]] of 1917" by [[Lefteris Valakas]]
|periph = [[Epirus (region)|Epirus]]
|periph = [[Epirus (region)|Epirus]]
|periphunit = [[Arta (regional unit)|Arta]]
|periphunit = [[Arta (regional unit)|Arta]]
|pop_municipality = 43166
|pop_municipality = 41600
|area_municipality = 457.2
|area_municipality = 457.2
|pop_municunit = 27330
|pop_municunit = 26999
|area_municunit = 47.973
|area_municunit = 47.973
|pop_community = 24427
|pop_community = 24079
|population_as_of = 2011
|population_as_of = 2021
|demonym = Artean<br>(Greek: Artinos)
|demonym = Artean<br>(Greek: Artinos)
|elevation = 30
|elevation = 30
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|area_code = 26810
|area_code = 26810
|licence = ΑΤ
|licence = ΑΤ
|mayor = Christos Tsirogiannis([[New Democracy]])
|website = [http://www.arta.gr www.arta.gr]
|website = [http://www.arta.gr www.arta.gr]
|city_flag =
|city_flag =
|city_seal =
|city_seal =
|districts =
|districts =
|mayor = Christoforos Siafakas<ref name=mayor>{{Cite web |url=https://ekloges.ypes.gr/current/d/home/en/municipalities/9073/ |title=Municipality of Arta, Municipal elections{{snd}}October 2023 |publisher=[[Ministry of the Interior (Greece)|Ministry of Interior]]}}</ref>
|party =
|party =
|since =
|since = 2023
|elevation_min =
|elevation_max =
}}
}}


'''Arta''' ({{lang-el|Άρτα}}) is a city in northwestern [[Greece]], capital of the [[Arta (regional unit)|regional unit of Arta]], which is part of [[Epirus (region)|Epirus]] region. The city was known in ancient times as [[Ambracia]] ({{lang-grc|Ἀμβρακία}}). Arta is known for the [[Bridge of Arta|medieval bridge]] over the [[Arachthos River]]. Arta is also known for its ancient sites from the era of [[Pyrrhus of Epirus]] and its well-preserved 13th-century castle. Arta's [[Byzantine]] history is reflected in its many [[Byzantine]] churches; perhaps the best known is the [[Panagia Paregoretissa]] (Mother of God the Consoling), built about 1290 by [[despot (court title)|Despot]] [[Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas]].
'''Arta''' ({{langx|el|Άρτα}}) is a city in northwestern [[Greece]] and capital of the [[Arta (regional unit)|regional unit of Arta]], which is part of [[Epirus (region)|Epirus]] region. The city was known in ancient times as [[Ambracia]] ({{langx|grc|Ἀμβρακία}}). Arta is known for the [[Bridge of Arta|medieval bridge]] over the [[Arachthos River]], as well as for its ancient sites from the era of [[Pyrrhus of Epirus]] and its well-preserved 13th-century [[Castle of Arta|castle]]. Arta's [[Byzantine]] history is reflected in its many [[Byzantine]] churches; perhaps the best known is the [[Panagia Paregoretissa]] (Mother of God the Consoling), built about 1290 by [[despot (court title)|Despot]] [[Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas]].


==Etymology==
==Etymology==


The origin of the city's name is quite uncertain. It's either derived from a corruption of the river [[Arachthos]], either from the [[Latin]] word "artus" (narrow) either from the [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] word "balta" (swamp).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Babiniotis|first=George|title=Dictionary of the Modern Greek language|publisher=Lexicology Center|year=2002|location=Athens|edition=2nd }}</ref>
The origin of the city's name is quite uncertain. It is either derived from a corruption of the river [[Arachthos]], or from the [[Latin]] word "artus" (narrow), or from the [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] word "balta" (swamp).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Babiniotis|first=George|title=Dictionary of the Modern Greek language|publisher=Lexicology Center|year=2002|location=Athens|edition=2nd }}</ref>


==History==
==History==
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===Antiquity===
===Antiquity===
{{Main|Ambracia}}
{{Main|Ambracia}}
The first settlement in the area of the modern city dates to the 9th century B.C. Ambracia was founded as a [[Corinth]]ian [[colonies in antiquity|colony]] in the 7th century B.C. In 294 BC, after forty-three years of semi-autonomy under [[Macedon]]ian suzerainty, Ambracia was given to [[Pyrrhus of Epirus|Pyrrhus]], king of the [[Molossians]] and of [[Epirus (ancient state)|Epirus]], who made it his capital, using Ambracia as a base to attack the [[Roman Republic|Romans]]. Pyrrhus managed to achieve great but costly victories against the Romans, hence the phrase "[[Pyrrhic victory]]" which refers in particular to an exchange at the [[Battle of Asculum]]. Nevertheless, Pyrrhus found the time and means to adorn his capital with a palace, temples and theatres. In 146 BC, Ambracia became part of the [[Roman Republic]].
The first settlement in the area of the modern city dates to the 9th century B.C. Ambracia was founded as a [[Corinth]]ian [[colonies in antiquity|colony]] in the 7th century B.C. In 294 BC, after 43 years of semi-autonomy under [[Macedon]]ian suzerainty, Ambracia was given to [[Pyrrhus of Epirus|Pyrrhus]], king of the [[Molossians]] and of [[Epirus (ancient state)|Epirus]], who made it his capital, using Ambracia as a base to attack the [[Roman Republic|Romans]]. Pyrrhus managed to achieve great but costly victories against the Romans, hence the phrase "[[Pyrrhic victory]]" which refers in particular to an exchange at the [[Battle of Asculum]]. Nevertheless, Pyrrhus found the time and means to adorn his capital with a palace, temples and theatres. In 146 BC, Ambracia became part of the [[Roman Republic]].


===Middle Ages===
===Middle Ages===
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In 1318, the last male-line descendant of Michael I, [[Thomas I Komnenos Doukas]], was assassinated by his nephew, the [[Count of Cephalonia]] [[Nicholas Orsini]], and Epirus passed to the Italian [[Orsini family]]. Nicholas was in turn murdered in 1323 by his brother [[John II Orsini]]. In 1331 Arta, as well as [[Leucas]] and other areas, were occupied by [[Walter VI of Brienne]], and John Orsini was forced to accept Angevin suzerainty.{{sfn|Soustal|Koder|1981|page=113}} John's death in 1335 left Epirus in the weak hands of the young [[Nikephoros II Orsini]] and his mother [[Anna Palaiologina (daughter of Andronikos Angelos Palaiologos)|Anna Palaiologina]], and the Byzantine emperor [[Andronikos III Palaiologos]] availed himself of the opportunity to occupy and annex Epirus.{{sfn|Fine|1994|pp=253–254}}
In 1318, the last male-line descendant of Michael I, [[Thomas I Komnenos Doukas]], was assassinated by his nephew, the [[Count of Cephalonia]] [[Nicholas Orsini]], and Epirus passed to the Italian [[Orsini family]]. Nicholas was in turn murdered in 1323 by his brother [[John II Orsini]]. In 1331 Arta, as well as [[Leucas]] and other areas, were occupied by [[Walter VI of Brienne]], and John Orsini was forced to accept Angevin suzerainty.{{sfn|Soustal|Koder|1981|page=113}} John's death in 1335 left Epirus in the weak hands of the young [[Nikephoros II Orsini]] and his mother [[Anna Palaiologina (daughter of Andronikos Angelos Palaiologos)|Anna Palaiologina]], and the Byzantine emperor [[Andronikos III Palaiologos]] availed himself of the opportunity to occupy and annex Epirus.{{sfn|Fine|1994|pp=253–254}}


Byzantine rule was unpopular,{{sfn|Nicol|2010|pp=108ff}} and in 1339 a revolt broke out, with Arta joining it, under a certain Nicholas Basilitzes. Andronikos III and his commander-in-chief, [[John Kantakouzenos]], campaigned in person in Epirus and captured the rebel fortresses one by one, either by siege or through negotiations. By the end of 1340, Byzantine rule was restored, and [[John Angelos (sebastokrator)|John Angelos]] took his seat as imperial governor in Arta.{{sfn|Fine|1994|pp=254–255}}{{sfn|Nicol|2010|pp=114–121, 124}}
Byzantine rule was unpopular,{{sfn|Nicol|1984|pp=108ff}} and in 1339 a revolt broke out, with Arta joining it, under a certain Nicholas Basilitzes. Andronikos III and his commander-in-chief, [[John Kantakouzenos]], campaigned in person in Epirus and captured the rebel fortresses one by one, either by siege or through negotiations. By the end of 1340, Byzantine rule was restored, and [[John Angelos (sebastokrator)|John Angelos]] took his seat as imperial governor in Arta.{{sfn|Fine|1994|pp=254–255}}{{sfn|Nicol|1984|pp=114–121, 124}}


[[File:The Greek defensive barrack of Arta, 1881.jpg|thumb|The Greek defensive barrack, 1881]]
[[File:The Greek defensive barrack of Arta, 1881.jpg|thumb|The Greek defensive barrack, 1881]]
[[File:Clock Tower Arta Greece 5.jpg|thumb|Old photo of Arta with the clocktower, 1910]]
[[File:Clock Tower Arta Greece 5.jpg|thumb|Old photo of Arta with the clocktower, 1910]]


Aided by the [[Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347]] and an outbreak of the [[Black Death]] that devastated the region, Arta with the rest of Epirus fell under the rule of the [[Medieval Serbia|Serbian]] king [[Stefan Dushan]] in autumn 1347. Dushan's half-brother [[Simeon Uroš]], who married John II Orsini's daughter [[Thomais Orsini]], was appointed governor of Epirus.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=320}} The city remained part of the new [[Serbian Empire]] until Dushan's death in 1355. Nikephoros II Orsini recovered Epirus in 1356/7, but his death in the [[Battle of Achelous (1359)|Battle of Achelous]] against the [[Albanians|Albanian]] tribes that had invaded the region, meant that Arta returned to the (rather nominal) rule of Simeon Uroš, who preferred to reside in [[Thessaly]] rather than Epirus.{{sfn|Soustal|Koder|1981|pp=70, 113–114}}{{sfn|Fine|1994|pp=347–350}}{{sfn|Nicol|2010|pp=123–138}} This left Epirus open to increasing Albanian migration, who soon captured most of Epirus, except for [[Ioannina]].{{sfn|Fine|1994|pp=350–351}} In 1367 or shortly after, Arta too was captured, and became the centre of the "[[Despotate of Arta]]", until 1374 under [[Peter Losha]] and then [[John Bua Spata]].{{sfn|Soustal|Koder|1981|page=114}} The Albanian rulers managed to withstand attacks by the Angevins (sometime between 1374 and 1384), as well as by the [[Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller]] [[Juan Fernández de Heredia]] in 1378, but in 1384 the city was plundered by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turks]].{{sfn|Soustal|Koder|1981|page=114}}
Aided by the [[Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347]] and an outbreak of the [[Black Death]] that devastated the region, Arta with the rest of Epirus fell under the rule of the [[Medieval Serbia|Serbian]] king [[Stefan Dushan|Stefan Dušan]] in autumn 1347. Dushan's half-brother [[Simeon Uroš]], who married John II Orsini's daughter [[Thomais Orsini]], was appointed governor of Epirus.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=320}} The city remained part of the new [[Serbian Empire]] until Dushan's death in 1355. Nikephoros II Orsini recovered Epirus in 1356/7, but his death in the [[Battle of Achelous (1359)|Battle of Achelous]] against the [[Albanians|Albanian]] tribes that had invaded the region, meant that Arta returned to the (rather nominal) rule of Simeon Uroš, who preferred to reside in [[Thessaly]] rather than Epirus.{{sfn|Soustal|Koder|1981|pp=70, 113–114}}{{sfn|Fine|1994|pp=347–350}}{{sfn|Nicol|1984|pp=123–138}} This left Epirus open to increasing Albanian migration, who soon captured most of Epirus, except for [[Ioannina]].{{sfn|Fine|1994|pp=350–351}} In 1367 or shortly after, Arta too was captured, and became the centre of the "[[Despotate of Arta]]", until 1374 under [[Peter Losha|Pjetër Losha]] and then [[John Bua Spata|Gjin Bua Shpata]].{{sfn|Soustal|Koder|1981|page=114}} The Albanian rulers managed to withstand attacks by the Angevins (sometime between 1374 and 1384), as well as by the [[Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller]] [[Juan Fernández de Heredia]] in 1378, but in 1384 the city was plundered by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turks]].{{sfn|Soustal|Koder|1981|page=114}}


From 1401/02, [[Carlo I Tocco]], the ambitious Count of Cephalonia, began launching attacks on Arta, taking advantage of the Albanians' infighting. Despite the Albanians' calling on Ottoman aid, in 1416 Tocco captured Arta after a long siege. Having taken control of Ioannina in 1411, Tocco thus reunited the core of the old Epirote realm, and received recognition from both the Ottomans and the Byzantine emperor.{{sfn|Soustal|Koder|1981|pp=72–73, 114}} After Carlo I's death in 1429, he was succeeded by his nephew [[Carlo II Tocco]]. In 1449, the city fell to the Ottomans.{{sfn|Soustal|Koder|1981|page=114}}
From 1401/02, [[Carlo I Tocco]], the ambitious Count of Cephalonia, began launching attacks on Arta, taking advantage of the Albanians' infighting. Despite the Albanians' calling on Ottoman aid, in 1416 Tocco captured Arta after a long siege. Having taken control of Ioannina in 1411, Tocco thus reunited the core of the old Epirote realm, and received recognition from both the Ottomans and the Byzantine emperor.{{sfn|Soustal|Koder|1981|pp=72–73, 114}} After Carlo I's death in 1429, he was succeeded by his nephew [[Carlo II Tocco]]. In 1449, the city fell to the Ottomans.{{sfn|Soustal|Koder|1981|page=114}}
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===Ottoman period===
===Ottoman period===
{{Further|Ottoman Greece}}
{{Further|Ottoman Greece}}
⚫
Under Ottoman rule, the town was called in Turkish ''Narda''. It was occupied by [[Republic of Venice|Venetians]] in 1717 and the [[Republican French rule in the Ionian Islands|French]] in 1797, but the Ottomans retook it in 1799. Several battles took place near the city during the [[Greek War of Independence]].


⚫
In 1776, the town was composed of approximately 8,000 to 10,000 [[Greeks]], 200 [[Turkish people|Turks]] and 200 [[Jews]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Simopoulos |first=Kyriakos |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OfYTAQAAMAAJ |title=Xenoi taxidiōtes stēn Hellada: 1700-1800 |date=1973 |publisher=Simopoulos |pages=443 |language=el |quote=O Foucherot σημειώνει ότι ο πληθυσμός της Αρτας ανέρχεται σε 8–10.000 Έλληνες , 200 Τούρκους και άλλους τόσους Εβραίους. Τα προϊόντα της περιοχής: στάρια, κρασιά, εκλεκτά καπνά και ξυλεία ναυπηγική.}}</ref> At the time, Arta specialized in producing wheat, wine, tobacco and shipbuilding timber.<ref name=":0" />
⚫
Under Ottoman rule, the town was called in Turkish ''Narda''. It was occupied by [[Republic of Venice|Venetians]] in 1717 and the French in 1797, but the Ottomans retook it in 1799. Several battles took place near the city during the [[Greek War of Independence]].

⚫
In 1776, the town was composed of approximately 8,000 to 10,000 [[Greeks]], 200 [[Turkish people|Turks]] and 200 [[Jews]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Simopoulos |first=Kyriakos |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OfYTAQAAMAAJ |title=Xenoi taxidiōtes stēn Hellada: 1700-1800 |date=1973 |publisher=Simopoulos |pages=443 |language=el |quote=O Foucherot σημειώνει ότι ο πληθυσμός της Αρτας ανέρχεται σε 8–10.000 Έλληνες , 200 Τούρκους και άλλους τόσους Εβραίους. Τα προϊόντα της περιοχής: στάρια, κρασιά, εκλεκτά καπνά και ξυλεία ναυπηγική.}}</ref> At the time, Arta specialized in producing products such as wheat, wine, tobacco and shipbuilding timber.<ref name=":0" />


===Modern era===
===Modern era===
The city was finally annexed to the [[Greek Kingdom]] in 1881 with the [[Convention of Constantinople (1881)|Convention of Constantinople]].
The city was finally annexed to the [[Greek Kingdom]] in 1881 with the [[Convention of Constantinople (1881)|Convention of Constantinople]].


In March 1944, most of the Jewish community (384 members at the time) was arrested by the Nazis and deported to the [[extermination camp]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://kis.gr/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=371&Itemid=103 | title=ARTA }}</ref>
In March 1944, most of the [[History of the Jews in Arta|Jewish community]] (384 members at the time) was arrested by the Nazis and deported to the [[extermination camp]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://kis.gr/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=371&Itemid=103 | title=ARTA }}</ref>


==Climate==
==Climate==
Arta has a hot-summer [[Mediterranean climate]] (''Csa'') with hot, dry summers and cool, rainy winters. Like much of [[Western Greece]], it receives plenty of precipitation, making it one of the wettest cities in [[Greece]].{{Weather box

⚫
| width = auto
{{Weather box
⚫
| location = Arta (1976–2010)
⚫
|width=auto
| metric first = yes
⚫
|location=Arta (1976-1997)
|metric first=yes
| single line = yes
|collapsed=y
|single line=yes
|Jan high C=13.3
| Jan high C = 13.3
|Feb high C=14.0
| Feb high C = 14.0
|Mar high C=16.7
| Mar high C = 16.7
|Apr high C=20.1
| Apr high C = 20.1
|May high C=25.0
| May high C = 25.0
|Jun high C=29.1
| Jun high C = 29.1
|Jul high C=31.8
| Jul high C = 31.8
|Aug high C=32.0
| Aug high C = 32.0
|Sep high C=29.0
| Sep high C = 29.0
|Oct high C=24.1
| Oct high C = 24.1
|Nov high C=19.0
| Nov high C = 19.0
|Dec high C=14.9
| Dec high C = 14.9
|year high C=
| year high C =
|Jan mean C=8.7
| Jan mean C = 8.7
|Feb mean C=9.4
| Feb mean C = 9.4
|Mar mean C=11.9
| Mar mean C = 11.9
|Apr mean C=15.2
| Apr mean C = 15.2
|May mean C=19.9
| May mean C = 19.9
|Jun mean C=24.0
| Jun mean C = 24.0
|Jul mean C=26.5
| Jul mean C = 26.5
|Aug mean C=26.5
| Aug mean C = 26.5
|Sep mean C=23.1
| Sep mean C = 23.1
|Oct mean C=18.3
| Oct mean C = 18.3
|Nov mean C=13.5
| Nov mean C = 13.5
|Dec mean C=9.9
| Dec mean C = 9.9
|year mean C=
| year mean C =
|Jan low C=4.7
| Jan low C = 4.7
|Feb low C=5.2
| Feb low C = 5.2
|Mar low C=7.0
| Mar low C = 7.0
|Apr low C=9.9
| Apr low C = 9.9
|May low C=13.9
| May low C = 13.9
|Jun low C=17.3
| Jun low C = 17.3
|Jul low C=19.5
| Jul low C = 19.5
|Aug low C=19.9
| Aug low C = 19.9
|Sep low C=17.1
| Sep low C = 17.1
|Oct low C=13.4
| Oct low C = 13.4
|Nov low C=9.4
| Nov low C = 9.4
|Dec low C=6.0
| Dec low C = 6.0
|year low C=
| year low C =
|rain colour = green
| rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm=131.8
| Jan rain mm = 129.6
|Feb rain mm=135.0
| Feb rain mm = 125.4
|Mar rain mm=93.8
| Mar rain mm = 91.6
|Apr rain mm=81.5
| Apr rain mm = 81.3
|May rain mm=58.5
| May rain mm = 44.8
|Jun rain mm=21.8
| Jun rain mm = 19.8
|Jul rain mm=12.6
| Jul rain mm = 13.4
|Aug rain mm=17.2
| Aug rain mm = 14.7
|Sep rain mm=43.5
| Sep rain mm = 61.5
|Oct rain mm=115.4
| Oct rain mm = 128.3
|Nov rain mm=186.0
| Nov rain mm = 199.8
|Dec rain mm=187.5
| Dec rain mm = 189.7
|year rain mm=
| year rain mm =
|Jan rain days=12.1
| Jan rain days = 12.1
|Feb rain days=11.1
| Feb rain days = 11.1
|Mar rain days=10.6
| Mar rain days = 10.6
|Apr rain days=9.6
| Apr rain days = 9.6
|May rain days=7.4
| May rain days = 7.4
|Jun rain days=4.2
| Jun rain days = 4.2
|Jul rain days=2.5
| Jul rain days = 2.5
|Aug rain days=2.5
| Aug rain days = 2.5
|Sep rain days=4.9
| Sep rain days = 4.9
|Oct rain days=8.1
| Oct rain days = 8.1
|Nov rain days=11.9
| Nov rain days = 11.9
|Dec rain days=13.0
| Dec rain days = 13.0
|year rain days=
| year rain days =
|Jan humidity=71.7
| Jan humidity = 71.7
|Feb humidity=70.6
| Feb humidity = 70.6
|Mar humidity=68.9
| Mar humidity = 68.9
|Apr humidity=68.8
| Apr humidity = 68.8
|May humidity=66.0
| May humidity = 66.0
|Jun humidity=61.4
| Jun humidity = 61.4
|Jul humidity=59.2
| Jul humidity = 59.2
|Aug humidity=59.4
| Aug humidity = 59.4
|Sep humidity=63.6
| Sep humidity = 63.6
|Oct humidity=67.7
| Oct humidity = 67.7
|Nov humidity=74.1
| Nov humidity = 74.1
|Dec humidity=73.2
| Dec humidity = 73.2
|year humidity=
| year humidity =
|source 1 = Hellenic National Meteorological Service <ref>{{cite web
| source 1 = Hellenic National Meteorological Service <ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.hnms.gr/hnms/greek/climatology/climatology_region_diagrams_html?dr_city=Arta
| url=http://www.hnms.gr/hnms/greek/climatology/climatology_region_diagrams_html?dr_city=Arta
| title=Mean Arta Climatic Averages
| title=Mean Arta Climatic Averages
Line 175: Line 184:
| url-status=dead
| url-status=dead
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
| date=April 2015
| date = April 2015
| source =
}}
}}


==Landmarks==
==Landmarks==
[[File:Ναός Απόλλωνα Πυθίου Σωτήρα, Άρτα 1.JPG|thumb|Ruins of the ancient temple of Apollo Pýthios Sotír]]
[[File:Ναός Απόλλωνα Πυθίου Σωτήρα, Άρτα 1.JPG|thumb|Ruins of the ancient temple of Apollo Pythios Soter]]
[[File:Small theatre of Ambracia 1.jpg|thumb|Small ancient theatre]]
[[File:Small theatre of Ambracia 1.jpg|thumb|Small ancient theatre]]


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===Byzantine and later===
===Byzantine and later===
[[File:Arta Castle Greece 16.jpg|thumb|200px|View of the Byzantine castle]]
[[File:Arta Castle Greece 16.jpg|thumb|200px|View of the Byzantine [[Castle of Arta|castle]]]]
[[File:Arta-clock tower.JPG|thumb|200px|Clocktower in front of the castle]]
[[File:Arta-clock tower.JPG|thumb|200px|Clocktower in front of the castle]]
[[File:Kilkis square, Arta, Greece.jpg|thumb|200px|Kilkis Square]]
[[File:Kilkis square, Arta, Greece.jpg|thumb|200px|Kilkis Square]]
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[[File:Lake Arta Greece 5.JPG|thumb|200px|Artificial lake of Arta]]
[[File:Lake Arta Greece 5.JPG|thumb|200px|Artificial lake of Arta]]


The town's fortifications were built by [[Michael I Komnenos Doukas]] in the early 13th century, but their present form is largely post-Byzantine. Secular architecture from the Byzantine period, including the palace of the Despots of Epirus, has vanished completely, but the city preserves numerous churches.<ref name="ODB"/>
The town's fortifications, including the [[Castle of Arta]], were built by [[Michael I Komnenos Doukas]] in the early 13th century, but their present form is largely post-Byzantine. Secular architecture from the Byzantine period, including the palace of the Despots of Epirus, has vanished completely, but the city preserves numerous churches.<ref name="ODB"/>


The most important Byzantine church is the [[cathedral]] [[Church of the Paregoretissa]], built ca. 1290 by [[Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas]] and his wife [[Anna Palaiologina Kantakouzene]]. Other important churches of the late Byzantine period are the [[Church of the Kato Panagia]], built by Nikephoros I's father [[Michael II Komnenos Doukas]], and the Monastery of Saint Theodora, housing the tomb of the city's patron, [[Theodora of Arta]].<ref name="ODB"/> Several other churches dating to the 9th and 10th centuries also survive in and around the city: [[Saint Basil of the Bridge]], [[Saint Demetrios of Katsoures]] in [[Plisioi]], the [[Panagia Blacherna monastery]], the [[Panagia Vryoni]] in [[Neochoraki, Arta|Neochoraki]], the [[Red Church (Vourgareli)|Red Church]] in [[Vourgareli]], the Panagia of Koronisia in [[Koronisia]] and the Church of the Pantanassa in [[Filippiada]].
The most important Byzantine church is the [[cathedral]] [[Church of the Paregoretissa]], built ca. 1290 by [[Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas]] and his wife [[Anna Palaiologina Kantakouzene]]. Other important churches of the late Byzantine period are the [[Church of the Kato Panagia]], built by Nikephoros I's father [[Michael II Komnenos Doukas]], and the Monastery of Saint Theodora, housing the tomb of the city's patron, [[Theodora of Arta]].<ref name="ODB"/> Several other churches dating to the 9th and 10th centuries also survive in and around the city: [[Saint Basil of the Bridge]], [[Saint Demetrios of Katsoures]] in [[Plisioi]], the [[Panagia Blacherna monastery]], the [[Panagia Vryoni]] in [[Neochoraki, Arta|Neochoraki]], the [[Red Church (Vourgareli)|Red Church]] in [[Vourgareli]], the Panagia of Koronisia in [[Koronisia]] and the Church of the Pantanassa in [[Filippiada]].
Line 253: Line 263:
|-
|-
| 2011 || 27,330 || 43,166
| 2011 || 27,330 || 43,166
|-
| 2021 || 26,999 || 41,600
|}
|}


Line 272: Line 284:
*[[Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas]], (c. 1240 &ndash; c. 1297) ruler of [[Despotate of Epirus|Epirus]] from 1267/8 to c. 1297.
*[[Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas]], (c. 1240 &ndash; c. 1297) ruler of [[Despotate of Epirus|Epirus]] from 1267/8 to c. 1297.
* [[Thomas I Komnenos Doukas]],(c. 1285&ndash;1318) ruler of [[Despotate of Epirus|Epirus]] from c. 1297 until his death in 1318.
* [[Thomas I Komnenos Doukas]],(c. 1285&ndash;1318) ruler of [[Despotate of Epirus|Epirus]] from c. 1297 until his death in 1318.
*[[Yaqub Spata|Jakob Bua Shpata]] Albanian ruler of Arta from 1414-1416.


=== Modern ===
=== Modern ===
[[File:Skoufas.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Nikolaos Skoufas]]]]
[[File:Nikolaos Skoufas.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Nikolaos Skoufas]]]]
*[[Maximus the Greek]] (1475–1556), monk, publicist, writer, scholar, humanist and translator
*[[Maximus the Greek]] (1475–1556), monk, publicist, writer, scholar, humanist and translator
*[[Nikolaos Skoufas]] (1779–1818), founder of the [[Filiki Eteria]], from [[Kompoti]]
*[[Nikolaos Skoufas]] (1779–1818), founder of the [[Filiki Eteria]], from [[Kompoti]]
*[[Georgios Karaiskakis]] (1780–1827), hero of the [[Greek War of Independence]]
*[[Theodoros Tzinis]] (1798–1869), fighter of the [[Greek War of Independence]], from [[Kompoti]]
*[[Theodoros Tzinis]] (1798–1869), fighter of the [[Greek War of Independence]], from [[Kompoti]]
*[[Azmi Ömer Akalın]], [[Wāli]] of [[Bursa]].<ref name="Özdalga2005">{{cite book|last=Özdalga|first=Elisabeth|title=Late Ottoman society: the intellectual legacy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sRtTyyGIgXsC&pg=PA332|access-date=19 November 2010|year=2005|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-34164-6|page=332}}</ref>
*[[Azmi Ömer Akalın]], [[Wāli]] of [[Bursa]].<ref name="Özdalga2005">{{cite book|last=Özdalga|first=Elisabeth|title=Late Ottoman society: the intellectual legacy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sRtTyyGIgXsC&pg=PA332|access-date=19 November 2010|year=2005|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-34164-6|page=332}}</ref>
Line 307: Line 317:
*https://web.archive.org/web/20070516144231/http://www.anagenisi-artas.gr/volley/
*https://web.archive.org/web/20070516144231/http://www.anagenisi-artas.gr/volley/
*http://www.filia.gr/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515162846/http://www.filia.gr/ |date=2008-05-15 }}
*http://www.filia.gr/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515162846/http://www.filia.gr/ |date=2008-05-15 }}

==See also==
*[[Despotate of Arta]]
*[[Bridge of Arta]]
*[[Arachthos River]]
*[[Despotate of Epirus]]


==References==
==References==
Line 319: Line 323:
==Sources==
==Sources==
{{Refbegin|2}}
{{Refbegin|2}}
* {{The Late Medieval Balkans}}
* {{Cite book|last=Fine|first=John Van Antwerp Jr.|author-link=John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.|title=The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest|year=1994|orig-year=1987|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=0472082604|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC}}
* {{The Despotate of Epiros, 1267–1479}}
* {{cite book|last=Nicol|first=Donald MacGillivray|author-link=Donald Nicol|title=The Despotate of Epiros 1267–1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-521-13089-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XIj0FfKto9AC}}
* {{Tabula Imperii Byzantini | volume = 3}}
* {{Tabula Imperii Byzantini | volume = 3}}
* {{Cite book|last=Zečević|first=Nada|title=The Tocco of the Greek Realm: Nobility, Power and Migration in Latin Greece (14th-15th centuries)|year=2014|location=Belgrade|publisher=Makart|isbn=9788691944100|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcqfAQAACAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Zečević|first=Nada|title=The Tocco of the Greek Realm: Nobility, Power and Migration in Latin Greece (14th-15th centuries)|year=2014|location=Belgrade|publisher=Makart|isbn=9788691944100|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcqfAQAACAAJ}}
Line 326: Line 330:


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.nomarxia-artas.gr Arta Prefecture]
*[http://www.nomarxia-artas.gr Arta Prefecture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221134920/http://www.nomarxia-artas.gr/ |date=2009-02-21 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060115070859/http://www.gtp.gr/LocPage.asp?id=2082 Municipality of Arta on GTP Travel Pages] (in English and Greek)
*[https://www.discoverarta.gr/ Discover Arta] (in English and Greek)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060213105525/http://www.gtp.gr/LocPage.asp?id=2083 Arta (community) on GTP Travel Pages] (in English and Greek)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110101160239/http://www.artasmuseum.gr/ Archaeological Museum of Arta] {{in lang|el}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110101160239/http://www.artasmuseum.gr/ Archaeological Museum of Arta] {{in lang|el}}



{{Kallikratis-Epirus}}
{{Kallikratis-Epirus}}

Latest revision as of 16:11, 24 November 2024

Arta
Άρτα
Municipality
From top left: The Bridge of Arta over the Arachthos river, Church of Saint Demetrius, Folklore Museum of Arta, statue of Napoleon Zervas, Castle of Arta, clock tower of the Arta Castle, statue of "Tsolias of 1917" by Lefteris Valakas
Arta is located in Greece
Arta
Arta
Location within the region
Coordinates: 39°09′54″N 20°59′15″E / 39.16500°N 20.98750°E / 39.16500; 20.98750
CountryGreece
Administrative regionEpirus
Regional unitArta
Government
 • MayorChristoforos Siafakas[1] (since 2023)
Area
 • Municipality
457.2 km2 (176.5 sq mi)
 • Municipal unit47.973 km2 (18.522 sq mi)
Elevation
30 m (100 ft)
Population
 (2021)[2]
 • Municipality
41,600
 • Density91/km2 (240/sq mi)
 • Municipal unit
26,999
 • Municipal unit density560/km2 (1,500/sq mi)
 • Community
24,079
Demonym(s)Artean
(Greek: Artinos)
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal code
471 00
Area code(s)26810
Vehicle registrationΑΤ
Websitewww.arta.gr

Arta (Greek: Άρτα) is a city in northwestern Greece and capital of the regional unit of Arta, which is part of Epirus region. The city was known in ancient times as Ambracia (Ancient Greek: Ἀμβρακία). Arta is known for the medieval bridge over the Arachthos River, as well as for its ancient sites from the era of Pyrrhus of Epirus and its well-preserved 13th-century castle. Arta's Byzantine history is reflected in its many Byzantine churches; perhaps the best known is the Panagia Paregoretissa (Mother of God the Consoling), built about 1290 by Despot Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas.

Etymology

[edit]

The origin of the city's name is quite uncertain. It is either derived from a corruption of the river Arachthos, or from the Latin word "artus" (narrow), or from the Slavic word "balta" (swamp).[3]

History

[edit]

Antiquity

[edit]
Main article: Ambracia

The first settlement in the area of the modern city dates to the 9th century B.C. Ambracia was founded as a Corinthian colony in the 7th century B.C. In 294 BC, after 43 years of semi-autonomy under Macedonian suzerainty, Ambracia was given to Pyrrhus, king of the Molossians and of Epirus, who made it his capital, using Ambracia as a base to attack the Romans. Pyrrhus managed to achieve great but costly victories against the Romans, hence the phrase "Pyrrhic victory" which refers in particular to an exchange at the Battle of Asculum. Nevertheless, Pyrrhus found the time and means to adorn his capital with a palace, temples and theatres. In 146 BC, Ambracia became part of the Roman Republic.

Middle Ages

[edit]
Further information: Byzantine Greece

Despite the existence of several churches from the 9th and 10th centuries, Arta is first attested only in 1082, when the Normans under Bohemond laid siege to the city.[4] The origin and etymology of the name is uncertain and debated.[5] In the Komnenian period, the city flourished as a commercial centre, with links to Venice, and rose to become a bishopric by 1157.[4][6] The Jewish traveller Benjamin of Tudela visited the area in 1165.[4]

Byzantine church of St Theodora of Arta (11th century)
The Despotate of Epirus (green) in 1204

By the end of the 12th century, Arta probably formed a distinct fiscal district (episkepsis) within the wider theme of Nicopolis.[6] After the fall of Constantinople to the Fourth Crusade, it is recorded as the pertinentia de Arta in the Partitio Romaniae treaty of 1204, and assigned to Venice.[4]

The 13th-century Church of the Parigoritissa, formerly site of the Archaeological Collection of Arta.

The Venetians did not take control, however, for in 1205 Michael I Komnenos Doukas came to the city, succeeded its previous Byzantine governor, and quickly established a new principality, which is known by historians as the Despotate of Epirus.[4] Arta remained the capital of the new principality for most of its history,[4] and flourished as a result. The city experienced considerable building activity, with the renovation of older churches and the construction of new ones, most notably the Church of the Parigoritissa and the Church of the Kato Panagia.[6] Sometime after 1227 it received fortifications,[6] and was the site of regional Church councils in 1213, 1219, and 1225.[4] The 15th-century Chronicle of the Tocco describes it as "the center of a fertile agricultural region with many water buffaloes, cows, and horses". The city had trade links to Venice—a Venetian consul is attested in 1284 and 1314/19[4]—and Ragusa, exporting dried meat, lard, ham, furs, and indigo. Archaeological finds also attest to a local ceramic industry.[6]

After the Battle of Pelagonia in 1259, the city was occupied by the troops of the rival Greek successor state, the Empire of Nicaea, (which restored the Byzantine Empire in 1261) but was soon recovered for Epirus by John I Doukas.[4] Another attack by the Byzantine emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos in 1292, by land and sea, was unsuccessful.[4] In 1303, the city was besieged for a month by the Angevins under Charles II of Naples.[4] In 1313, much of the city was destroyed in a great fire.[4] In the next year, Byzantine troops under the pinkernes John attacked Epirus, including Arta.[4]

In 1318, the last male-line descendant of Michael I, Thomas I Komnenos Doukas, was assassinated by his nephew, the Count of Cephalonia Nicholas Orsini, and Epirus passed to the Italian Orsini family. Nicholas was in turn murdered in 1323 by his brother John II Orsini. In 1331 Arta, as well as Leucas and other areas, were occupied by Walter VI of Brienne, and John Orsini was forced to accept Angevin suzerainty.[4] John's death in 1335 left Epirus in the weak hands of the young Nikephoros II Orsini and his mother Anna Palaiologina, and the Byzantine emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos availed himself of the opportunity to occupy and annex Epirus.[7]

Byzantine rule was unpopular,[8] and in 1339 a revolt broke out, with Arta joining it, under a certain Nicholas Basilitzes. Andronikos III and his commander-in-chief, John Kantakouzenos, campaigned in person in Epirus and captured the rebel fortresses one by one, either by siege or through negotiations. By the end of 1340, Byzantine rule was restored, and John Angelos took his seat as imperial governor in Arta.[9][10]

The Greek defensive barrack, 1881
Old photo of Arta with the clocktower, 1910

Aided by the Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 and an outbreak of the Black Death that devastated the region, Arta with the rest of Epirus fell under the rule of the Serbian king Stefan Dušan in autumn 1347. Dushan's half-brother Simeon Uroš, who married John II Orsini's daughter Thomais Orsini, was appointed governor of Epirus.[11] The city remained part of the new Serbian Empire until Dushan's death in 1355. Nikephoros II Orsini recovered Epirus in 1356/7, but his death in the Battle of Achelous against the Albanian tribes that had invaded the region, meant that Arta returned to the (rather nominal) rule of Simeon Uroš, who preferred to reside in Thessaly rather than Epirus.[12][13][14] This left Epirus open to increasing Albanian migration, who soon captured most of Epirus, except for Ioannina.[15] In 1367 or shortly after, Arta too was captured, and became the centre of the "Despotate of Arta", until 1374 under Pjetër Losha and then Gjin Bua Shpata.[5] The Albanian rulers managed to withstand attacks by the Angevins (sometime between 1374 and 1384), as well as by the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller Juan Fernández de Heredia in 1378, but in 1384 the city was plundered by the Ottoman Turks.[5]

From 1401/02, Carlo I Tocco, the ambitious Count of Cephalonia, began launching attacks on Arta, taking advantage of the Albanians' infighting. Despite the Albanians' calling on Ottoman aid, in 1416 Tocco captured Arta after a long siege. Having taken control of Ioannina in 1411, Tocco thus reunited the core of the old Epirote realm, and received recognition from both the Ottomans and the Byzantine emperor.[16] After Carlo I's death in 1429, he was succeeded by his nephew Carlo II Tocco. In 1449, the city fell to the Ottomans.[5]

Ottoman period

[edit]
Further information: Ottoman Greece

Under Ottoman rule, the town was called in Turkish Narda. It was occupied by Venetians in 1717 and the French in 1797, but the Ottomans retook it in 1799. Several battles took place near the city during the Greek War of Independence.

In 1776, the town was composed of approximately 8,000 to 10,000 Greeks, 200 Turks and 200 Jews.[17] At the time, Arta specialized in producing wheat, wine, tobacco and shipbuilding timber.[17]

Modern era

[edit]

The city was finally annexed to the Greek Kingdom in 1881 with the Convention of Constantinople.

In March 1944, most of the Jewish community (384 members at the time) was arrested by the Nazis and deported to the extermination camps.[18]

Climate

[edit]

Arta has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) with hot, dry summers and cool, rainy winters. Like much of Western Greece, it receives plenty of precipitation, making it one of the wettest cities in Greece.

Climate data for Arta (1976–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 13.3
(55.9) 		14.0
(57.2) 		16.7
(62.1) 		20.1
(68.2) 		25.0
(77.0) 		29.1
(84.4) 		31.8
(89.2) 		32.0
(89.6) 		29.0
(84.2) 		24.1
(75.4) 		19.0
(66.2) 		14.9
(58.8) 		22.4
(72.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 8.7
(47.7) 		9.4
(48.9) 		11.9
(53.4) 		15.2
(59.4) 		19.9
(67.8) 		24.0
(75.2) 		26.5
(79.7) 		26.5
(79.7) 		23.1
(73.6) 		18.3
(64.9) 		13.5
(56.3) 		9.9
(49.8) 		17.2
(63.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 4.7
(40.5) 		5.2
(41.4) 		7.0
(44.6) 		9.9
(49.8) 		13.9
(57.0) 		17.3
(63.1) 		19.5
(67.1) 		19.9
(67.8) 		17.1
(62.8) 		13.4
(56.1) 		9.4
(48.9) 		6.0
(42.8) 		11.9
(53.5)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 129.6
(5.10) 		125.4
(4.94) 		91.6
(3.61) 		81.3
(3.20) 		44.8
(1.76) 		19.8
(0.78) 		13.4
(0.53) 		14.7
(0.58) 		61.5
(2.42) 		128.3
(5.05) 		199.8
(7.87) 		189.7
(7.47) 		1,099.9
(43.31)
Average rainy days 12.1 11.1 10.6 9.6 7.4 4.2 2.5 2.5 4.9 8.1 11.9 13.0 97.9
Average relative humidity (%) 71.7 70.6 68.9 68.8 66.0 61.4 59.2 59.4 63.6 67.7 74.1 73.2 67.1
Source: Hellenic National Meteorological Service [19]

Landmarks

[edit]
Ruins of the ancient temple of Apollo Pythios Soter
Small ancient theatre

Classical

[edit]

The modern city is on the site of ancient Ambracia. Remains of the classic era include the ancient walls, the ruins of an ancient temple of Apollo, a small theatre, and remnants of the southwest cemetery.

Byzantine and later

[edit]
View of the Byzantine castle
Clocktower in front of the castle
Kilkis Square
Saint Demetrius of Thessaloniki church
Artificial lake of Arta

The town's fortifications, including the Castle of Arta, were built by Michael I Komnenos Doukas in the early 13th century, but their present form is largely post-Byzantine. Secular architecture from the Byzantine period, including the palace of the Despots of Epirus, has vanished completely, but the city preserves numerous churches.[6]

The most important Byzantine church is the cathedral Church of the Paregoretissa, built ca. 1290 by Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas and his wife Anna Palaiologina Kantakouzene. Other important churches of the late Byzantine period are the Church of the Kato Panagia, built by Nikephoros I's father Michael II Komnenos Doukas, and the Monastery of Saint Theodora, housing the tomb of the city's patron, Theodora of Arta.[6] Several other churches dating to the 9th and 10th centuries also survive in and around the city: Saint Basil of the Bridge, Saint Demetrios of Katsoures in Plisioi, the Panagia Blacherna monastery, the Panagia Vryoni in Neochoraki, the Red Church in Vourgareli, the Panagia of Koronisia in Koronisia and the Church of the Pantanassa in Filippiada.

Museums

[edit]

Education

[edit]
A building of the University of Ioannina department in Arta

Arta has several university departments belongs to the university of Ioannina.

Transportation

[edit]

Arta is located NNW of Antirrio, Messolongi and Agrinio, NE of Preveza, SSE of Ioannina and nearly SW of Trikala.

Regular bus lines connect Arta with all bigger Greek cities. (bus to Athens departs several times a day and trip takes about 5 hours)

The city is linked with the GR-5 (Antirrio - Ioannina) and the GR-30 which links with Peta and Trikala. The Arachthos River flows to the west with its reservoir lying directly to the north.

Municipality

[edit]
Arta municipality
Skoufa Street
Central street market

The present municipality Arta was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 5 former municipalities, that became municipal units (constituent communities in brackets):[20]

  • Amvrakikos (Aneza, Vigla, Gavria, Kalogeriko, Koronisia, Polydroso, Rachi, Strongyli, Psathotopi)
  • Arta (Arta, Keramates, Kostakioi, Limini)
  • Filothei (Agios Spyridon, Kalamia, Kalovatos, Kirkizates, Rokka, Chalkiades)
  • Vlacherna (Vlacherna, Grammenitsa, Grimpovo, Korfovouni)
  • Xirovouni (Ammotopos, Dafnoti, Kampi, Pantanassa, Pistiana, Rodavgi, Skoupa, Faneromeni)

The municipality has an area of 457.248 km2, the municipal unit 47.493 km2.[21]

Quarters of Arta

[edit]
  • Agia Triada
  • Agioi Anargyroi
  • Agios Georgios Glykorrizou
  • Eleousa
  • Glykorrizo
  • Kato Panagia Artas
  • Marathovouni

Historical population

[edit]
Year Municipal unit Municipality
1981 20,004 -
1991 23,710 -
2001 23,863 -
2011 27,330 43,166
2021 26,999 41,600

Notable people

[edit]

Ancient

[edit]

Byzantine

[edit]

Modern

[edit]
Nikolaos Skoufas

Professional sports

[edit]

Handball

Basketball

Football

Volleyball

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Municipality of Arta, Municipal elections – October 2023". Ministry of Interior.
  2. ^ "Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό" [Results of the 2021 Population - Housing Census, Permanent population by settlement] (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 29 March 2024.
  3. ^ Babiniotis, George (2002). Dictionary of the Modern Greek language (2nd ed.). Athens: Lexicology Center.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Soustal & Koder 1981, p. 113.
  5. ^ a b c d Soustal & Koder 1981, p. 114.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Gregory, Timothy E.; Ševčenko, Nancy Patterson (1991). "Arta". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 191–192. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
  7. ^ Fine 1994, pp. 253–254.
  8. ^ Nicol 1984, pp. 108ff.
  9. ^ Fine 1994, pp. 254–255.
  10. ^ Nicol 1984, pp. 114–121, 124.
  11. ^ Fine 1994, p. 320.
  12. ^ Soustal & Koder 1981, pp. 70, 113–114.
  13. ^ Fine 1994, pp. 347–350.
  14. ^ Nicol 1984, pp. 123–138.
  15. ^ Fine 1994, pp. 350–351.
  16. ^ Soustal & Koder 1981, pp. 72–73, 114.
  17. ^ a b Simopoulos, Kyriakos (1973). Xenoi taxidiōtes stēn Hellada: 1700-1800 (in Greek). Simopoulos. p. 443. O Foucherot σημειώνει ότι ο πληθυσμός της Αρτας ανέρχεται σε 8–10.000 Έλληνες , 200 Τούρκους και άλλους τόσους Εβραίους. Τα προϊόντα της περιοχής: στάρια, κρασιά, εκλεκτά καπνά και ξυλεία ναυπηγική.
  18. ^ "ARTA".
  19. ^ "Mean Arta Climatic Averages". Hellenic National Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
  20. ^ "ΦΕΚ B 1292/2010, Kallikratis reform municipalities" (in Greek). Government Gazette.
  21. ^ "Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)" (PDF) (in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-21.
  22. ^ Özdalga, Elisabeth (2005). Late Ottoman society: the intellectual legacy. Psychology Press. p. 332. ISBN 978-0-415-34164-6. Retrieved 19 November 2010.

Sources

[edit]
[edit]


Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Arta,_Greece&oldid=1259331973"