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{{Year dab|1821}}
{{Year dab|1821}}
{{Year nav|1821}}
{{Year nav|1821}}
[[File:Epanastasi.jpg|250px|thumb|right|[[April 6]] (March 25 Greek calendar): Germanos of Patras declares the independence of Greece from the Ottoman Empire to start the [[Greek War of Independence]].]]

{{C19 year in topic}}
{{C19 year in topic}}
[[File:Epanastasi.jpg|thumb|right|March 25([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/April 6 ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]): Start of the [[Greek War of Independence]]]]
{{Year article header|1821}}
{{Year article header|1821}}


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=== January–March ===
=== January–March ===
* [[January 21]] – [[Peter I Island]] in the [[Antarctic]] is first sighted, by [[Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen]].
[[File:BatallaCarabobo01.JPG|thumb|right|June 24: [[Battle of Carabobo]]]]
* [[January 26]] – [[Congress of Laibach]] convenes to deal with outstanding international issues, particularly the outbreak of a revolution in southern Italy.
* January 21 – [[Peter I Island]] in the [[Antarctic]] is first sighted, by [[Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen]].
* January 28 – [[Alexander Island]], the largest in [[Antarctica]], is first discovered by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen.
* [[January 28]] – [[Alexander Island]], the largest in [[Antarctica]], is first discovered by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen.
* February 9 – [[Columbian College]] in the District of Columbia is chartered by President James Monroe (it becomes [[George Washington University]]).
* [[February 9]] – [[Columbian College]] in the District of Columbia is chartered by President James Monroe (it becomes [[George Washington University]]).
* February 10 – In [[Mexico]], the [[Embrace of Acatempan]] takes place between [[Agustín de Iturbide]] and [[Vicente Guerrero]], which seals the peace between the viceroyalty troops and the insurgents.
* [[February 10]] – In [[Mexico]], the [[Embrace of Acatempan]] takes place between [[Agustín de Iturbide]] and [[Vicente Guerrero]], which seals the peace between the viceroyalty troops and the insurgents.
* [[February 28]] – Congress of Laibach formally comes to an end. However the leading participants remain as fresh uprisings break out in Northern Italy and Greece.<ref>Palmer, Alan. ''Alexander I: Tsar of War and Peace''. Faber and Faber, 2011 p.416-17</ref>
* March 4 – [[James Monroe]] begins his second term, as President of the United States
* March 5 – President James Monroe is [[Second inauguration of James Monroe|sworn in]], for his second term.
* [[March 4]] – [[James Monroe]] begins his second term, as President of the United States
* [[March 7]] – The [[Battle of Rieti]] is fought in [[Italy]] between intervening [[Austrian Empire|Austrian]] forces and [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies|Neapolitan]] rebels.<ref>Roberts, Warren. ''Rossini and Post-Napoleonic Europe''. Boydell & Brewer, 2015. p.111</ref>
* [[March 21]] – Austrian forces under [[Johann Maria Philipp Frimont|Johann Frimont]] enter [[Naples]] and restore the authority of [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand I]].


=== April–June ===
=== April–June ===
* March 25 ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/April 6 ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]) – [[Metropolitan bishop]] [[Germanos of Patras]] raises the [[:File:Greek Revolution flag.svg|revolutionary flag of Greece]] at the Monastery of [[Agia Lavra]] (according to oral tradition, not historical record), symbolically marking the beginning of the [[Greek War of Independence]] against the [[Ottoman Empire]]; later celebrated as Greece's traditional [[Celebration of the Greek Revolution|Independence Day]].
* [[March 25]] ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/[[April 6]] ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]) – [[Metropolitan bishop]] [[Germanos of Patras]] raises the [[:File:Greek Revolution flag.svg|revolutionary flag of Greece]] at the Monastery of [[Agia Lavra]] (according to oral tradition), symbolically marking the beginning of the [[Greek War of Independence]] against the [[Ottoman Empire]]; later celebrated as Greece's traditional [[Celebration of the Greek Revolution|Independence Day]].
* April 10 ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/April 22 ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]) – [[Ecumenical Patriarch]] [[Gregory V of Constantinople]] is blamed by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] government for being unable to suppress [[Greek War of Independence|Greek independence]], and is hanged outside the main gate of the Patriarchal Cathedral immediately after the celebration of Pascha.
* [[April 10]] ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/[[April 22]] ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]) – [[Ecumenical Patriarch]] [[Gregory V of Constantinople]] is blamed by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] government for being unable to suppress [[Greek War of Independence|Greek independence]], and is hanged outside the main gate of the Patriarchal Cathedral immediately after the celebration of Pascha.
* May 5
* [[May 5]]
** Emperor [[Napoleon]] dies in exile on [[Saint Helena]] of stomach cancer.
** Emperor [[Napoleon]] dies in exile on [[Saint Helena]] of stomach cancer.
** The first edition of the ''Manchester Guardian'' newspaper (from 1959 simply ''[[The Guardian]]'') is published in England.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/gnm-archive/2002/jun/06/1|title=History of the Guardian|date=December 11, 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=June 19, 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
** The first edition of the ''Manchester Guardian'' newspaper (from 1959 simply ''[[The Guardian]]'') is published in England.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/gnm-archive/2002/jun/06/1|title=History of the Guardian|date=December 11, 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=June 19, 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
* May 8 – Greek War of Independence: At the [[Battle of Gravia Inn]], a 120-man Greek force led by [[Odysseas Androutsos]] repulses an Ottoman army of 8,000.
* [[May 8]] – Greek War of Independence: At the [[Battle of Gravia Inn]], a 120-man Greek force led by [[Odysseas Androutsos]] repulses an Ottoman army of 8,000.
* [[May 12]] – Congress of Laibach finally ends having overseen the successful Austrian intervention in Italy. A planned [[Congress of Verona]] in 1822 is agreed as the next meeting.
* May 26 ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/June 7 ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]) – The [[Peloponnesian Senate]] is established by the [[Greek War of Independence|Greek rebels]].
* June 14 – [[Egyptian conquest of Sudan (1820–1824)]]: King [[Badi VII]] of [[Sennar (sultanate)|Sennar]] surrenders his throne and realm without a fight to Ismail Pasha, general of the [[Ottoman Empire]], ending the existence of the [[Funj Sultanate]] in Sudan.
* [[June 14]] – [[Egyptian conquest of Sudan (1820–1824)]]: King [[Badi VII]] of [[Sennar (sultanate)|Sennar]] surrenders his throne and realm without a fight to Ismail Pasha, general of the [[Ottoman Empire]], ending the existence of the [[Funj Sultanate]] in Sudan.
* June 7 ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/June 19 ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]) – Battle of [[Drăgășani]], Wallachia: The [[Filiki Eteria]] are decisively defeated by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]].
* [[June 7]] ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/[[June 19]] ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]) – [[Battle of Drăgășani]], Wallachia: The [[Filiki Eteria]] are decisively defeated by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]].
* June 24 – [[Battle of Carabobo]]: [[Simón Bolívar]] wins Venezuela's [[History of Venezuela#19th century: independence|independence from Spain]].
[[File:BatallaCarabobo01.JPG|200px|thumb|right|June 24: [[Battle of Carabobo]]]]
* [[June 24]] – [[Battle of Carabobo]]: [[Simón Bolívar]] wins Venezuela's [[History of Venezuela#19th century: independence|independence from Spain]].


=== July–September ===
=== July–September ===
[[File:Coronation of George IV.jpg|200px|thumb|right|July 19: Coronation of [[George IV of the United Kingdom]]]]
{| class="wikitable"
[[File:La Independencia del Perú.jpg|200px|thumb|right|July 28: Proclamation of the [[Independence of Peru]]]]
! Date
[[File:Firma del Acta de Independencia de Centroamérica.jpg|200px|thumb|right|September 15: Declaration of [[Independence of Central America]]]]
! Events
[[File:Entrada del Generalisimo Don Agustin de Iturbide a Mexico.jpg|200px|thumb|right|September 27: Entrance of the [[Army of the Three Guarantees]] to Mexico City]]
! Photos
* [[July 4]] – Return of [[John VI of Portugal|John VI]] from Brazil to Portugal who approves on that day the ''Bases da Constituição''.
|-
* [[July 19]] – [[George IV of the United Kingdom|George IV]] is crowned king of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]. His estranged wife, [[Caroline of Brunswick]], is turned away from the ceremony.
| Wednesday,<br /> '''July 4'''
* [[July 28]] – Argentine general [[José de San Martín]] [[Independence of Peru|declares the independence]] of [[Peru]] from the [[Spanish Empire]].
|
* [[August 10]] – [[Missouri]] is admitted as the 24th U.S. state.
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of Portugal|1816}} Return of [[John VI of Portugal|John VI]] from Brazil who approves on that day the ''Bases da Constituição''
* [[August 7]] ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/[[August 19]] ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]) – [[Navarino massacre]]: Greek rebels massacre 3,000 inhabitants of the city of Navarino.
|[[File:DomJoãoVIemPortugal.jpg|150px]]
* [[August 21]] – [[Jarvis Island]] is discovered in the Pacific by the crew of the ''Eliza Frances''.
|-
* [[August 24]] – The [[Treaty of Córdoba]] is signed in [[Córdoba, Veracruz]], Mexico, ratifying the [[Plan of Iguala]] of February 24 for Mexico's independence from Spain and, although not recognised by the latter, effectively concludes the [[Mexican War of Independence]].
| Sunday,<br /> '''July 10'''
* [[August 30]] – At the [[Congress of Cúcuta]], the [[Republic of Gran Colombia]] (a federation covering much of present-day Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador) is established, with [[Simón Bolívar]] as the founding [[President (government title)|President]], and [[Francisco de Paula Santander]] as vice president.
|
* [[September 4]] – Chilean general [[José Miguel Carrera]] is executed by an Argentinian military tribunal, in the city of [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]].
* {{flagicon|US|1820}} The United States takes possession of its newly bought territory of Florida from Spain.
* [[September 15]] – Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica gain [[Independence of Central America|independence from Spain]] by the [[Act of Independence of Central America]]. On October 29, the newly independent [[First Mexican Empire]] proposes that Guatemala should be annexed with it.
|-
* [[September 4]] ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/[[September 16]] ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]) – [[Ukase of 1821]]: Russia proclaims territorial sovereignty over Northwestern North America, modern-day Alaska.
| Thursday,<br /> '''July 19'''
* [[September 18]] – [[Amherst College]] is founded in [[Massachusetts]].
|
* [[September 27]] – The [[Army of the Three Guarantees]] enters [[Mexico City]], and the following day the [[Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire]] from Spain is proclaimed, following the [[Mexican War of Independence]].
* {{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[George IV of the United Kingdom|George IV]] is crowned king of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]].
|[[File:Coronation of George IV.jpg|150px]]
|-
| Saturday,<br /> '''July 28'''
|
* {{flagicon|Peru}} Argentine general [[José de San Martín]] [[History of Peru|declares the independence]] of Peru from the [[Spanish Empire]].
|[[File:La Independencia del Perú.jpg|150px]]
|-

| Tuesday,<br /> '''August 4'''
|
* {{flagicon|US|1820}} ''[[The Saturday Evening Post]]'' is published for the first time, as a weekly newspaper in the United States.
|-
| Friday,<br /> '''August 10'''
|
* {{flagicon|US|1820}} [[Missouri]] is admitted as the 24th U.S. state (''see'' [[History of Missouri]]).
|-
| Sunday,<br /> '''August 7''' (O. S.)/ '''August 19''' (N. S.)
|
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1453-1844).svg}} [[Navarino massacre]]: Greek rebels massacre 3,000 inhabitants of the city of Navarino.
|-
| Tuesday,<br /> '''August 21'''
|
* {{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[Jarvis Island]] is discovered in the Pacific by the crew of the ''Eliza Frances''.
|-
| Friday,<br /> '''August 24'''
|
* {{flagicon|Mexico|1821}} The [[Treaty of Córdoba]] is signed in [[Córdoba, Veracruz]], Mexico, ratifying the [[Plan of Iguala]] of February 24 for Mexico's independence from Spain and, although not recognised by the latter, effectively concludes the [[Mexican War of Independence]].
|-
| Tuesday,<br /> '''September 4'''
|
* {{flagicon|Argentina|1818}} Chilean general [[José Miguel Carrera]] is executed by an Argentinian military tribunal, in the city of [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]].
|[[File:Fusilamiento de J.M. Carrera y el Coronel Alvarez.jpg|150px]]
|-
| Friday,<br /> '''September 7'''
|
* {{flagicon|Gran Colombia|1820}} The [[Republic of Gran Colombia]] (a federation covering much of present-day Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador) is established, with [[Simón Bolívar]] as the founding [[President (government title)|President]], and [[Francisco de Paula Santander]] as vice president.
|-
| Saturday,<br /> '''September 15'''
|
* {{flagicon|Spain|1785}} Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica gain [[History of Central America#Independence|independence from Spain]] by the [[Act of Independence of Central America]]. On October 29, the newly independent [[First Mexican Empire]] proposes that Guatemala should merge with it.
|[[File:Firma del Acta de Independencia de Centroamérica.jpg|150px]]
|-
| Sunday,<br /> '''September 4''' (O. S.)/ '''September 16''' (N. S.)
|
* {{flagicon|Russian Empire}} [[Ukase of 1821]]: Russia proclaims territorial sovereignty over Northwestern North America, modern-day Alaska.
|
|-
| Tuesday,<br /> '''September 18'''
|
* {{flagicon|US|1820}} [[Amherst College]] is founded in [[Massachusetts]].
|-
| Thursday,<br /> '''September 27'''
|
* {{flagicon|Mexico|1821}} The [[Army of the Three Guarantees]] enters [[Mexico City]], and the following day the [[Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire]] from Spain is proclaimed, following the [[Mexican War of Independence]].
|[[File:Entrada del Generalisimo Don Agustin de Iturbide a Mexico.jpg|150px]]
|-
|}


=== October–December ===
=== October–December ===
[[File:Η πολιορκία της Τριπολιτσάς.jpg|thumb|right|September 23 ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/October 5 ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]): [[Siege of Tripolitsa]]]]
[[File:Η πολιορκία της Τριπολιτσάς.jpg|200px|thumb|right|[[October 5]] (September 23 [[Julian calendar|Greek calendar]]): The [[Siege of Tripolitsa]] by Greek rebels is followed by a massacre.]]
* September 23 ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/October 5 ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]) – The [[Siege of Tripolitsa]] ends when Greek rebels capture the city of [[Tripoli, Greece]]; the massacre of 8,000 civilians follows. (Greek forces under the command of General [[Theodoros Kolokotronis]] have besieged the city for several months during the [[Greek War of Independence]] from Turkey and the Ottoman Empire.)<ref>{{cite book|first=Benjamin|last=Lieberman|year=2013|title=Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|page=9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Tucker, Spencer C.|year=2009|title=A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=1139}}</ref>
* [[September 23]] ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/[[October 5]] ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]) – The [[Siege of Tripolitsa]] ends when Greek rebels capture the city of [[Tripoli, Greece]]; the massacre of 8,000 civilians follows. (Greek forces under the command of General [[Theodoros Kolokotronis]] have besieged the city for several months during the [[Greek War of Independence]] from Turkey and the Ottoman Empire.)<ref>{{Cite book|first=Benjamin|last=Lieberman|year=2013|title=Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|page=9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|editor=Tucker, Spencer C.|year=2009|title=A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=1139}}</ref>
* October 8 ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/October 20 ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]) – Tsar [[Alexander I of Russia]] issues an imperial [[ukase]] guaranteeing freedom of commerce in Russia by merchants from [[Persia]].<ref>"Commerce between Russia and Persia— Proposed Union of the Black Sea with the Atlantic". ''The Oriental Herald'' (November 1826) p. 285.</ref>
* [[October 8]] ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/[[October 20]] ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]) – Tsar [[Alexander I of Russia]] issues an imperial [[ukase]] guaranteeing freedom of commerce in Russia by merchants from [[Persia]].<ref>"Commerce between Russia and Persia— Proposed Union of the Black Sea with the Atlantic". ''The Oriental Herald'' (November 1826) p. 285.</ref>
* November 16 – [[American Old West]]: The [[Santa Fe Trail]] is first used by [[William Becknell]].
* [[November 16]] – [[American Old West]]: The [[Santa Fe Trail]] is first used by [[William Becknell]].
* November 28 – Panama [[Independence Act of Panama|declares independence]] from Spain, joining [[Gran Colombia]].
* [[November 28]] – Panama [[Independence Act of Panama|declares independence]] from Spain, joining [[Gran Colombia]].
* December 1 – [[History of the Dominican Republic]]: On the Caribbean island of [[Hispaniola]], General [[José Núñez de Cáceres]] ends the ''[[España Boba]]'' era of Spanish rule in the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo by establishing the [[Republic of Spanish Haiti]]. It will last for three months before being invaded by Haiti.
* [[December 1]] – [[History of the Dominican Republic]]: On the Caribbean island of [[Hispaniola]], General [[José Núñez de Cáceres]] ends the ''[[España Boba]]'' era of Spanish rule in the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo by establishing the [[Republic of Spanish Haiti]]. It will last for three months before being invaded by Haiti.
* December 6 – The [[South Orkney Islands]] are discovered by seal hunters [[George Powell (sealer)|George Powell]] and [[Nathaniel Palmer]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Headland | first = Robert K. |title= Chronological list of Antarctic expeditions and related historical events |publisher=Cambridge University Press|year= 1989|isbn=978-0-521-30903-5|oclc= 185311468}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title= South Orkney Islands|url= https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/556316/South-Orkney-Islands|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] | edition = Online Academic}}</ref>
* [[December 6]] – The [[South Orkney Islands]] are discovered by seal hunters [[George Powell (sealer)|George Powell]] and [[Nathaniel Palmer]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Headland | first = Robert K. |title= Chronological list of Antarctic expeditions and related historical events |publisher=Cambridge University Press|year= 1989|isbn=978-0-521-30903-5|oclc= 185311468}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title= South Orkney Islands|url= https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/556316/South-Orkney-Islands|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] | edition = Online Academic}}</ref>
* December 15 – The world's first geographical society, the ''[[Société de géographie]]'', is established in Paris.
* [[December 15]] – The world's first geographical society, the ''[[Société de géographie]]'', is established in Paris.
* December 19 – The [[Eyjafjallajökull]] volcano in Iceland begins to erupt.
* [[December 19]] – The [[Eyjafjallajökull]] volcano in Iceland begins to erupt.


=== Date unknown ===
=== Date unknown ===
* The town of [[Al-Ubayyid]], Sudan is established.
* The town of [[Al-Ubayyid]], Sudan is established.
* [[Widener University]] is founded in [[Wilmington, Delaware]], as The Bullock School for Boys.
* High-quality cotton is introduced in Egypt.
* [[Widener University]] is founded in [[Wilmington, Delaware]].


== Births ==
== Births ==
Line 125: Line 71:
=== January–June ===
=== January–June ===
[[File:James Longstreet.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[James Longstreet]]]]
[[File:James Longstreet.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[James Longstreet]]]]
* [[January 1]] – [[Francisco de Paula Milán]] Mexican officier of the [[Mexican Armed Forces|Mexican Army]] (d. 1883)
[[File:John C Breckinridge-04775-restored.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[John C. Breckinridge]]]]
* January 2 – [[Catherine Huggins]], British actor, singer, director and manager (d. 1887)
* [[January 2]] – [[Catherine Huggins]], British actor, singer, director and manager (d. 1887)
* January 8
* [[January 8]]
** [[James Longstreet]], American Confederate general (d. 1904)
** [[James Longstreet]], American Confederate general (d. 1904)
** [[W. H. L. Wallace]], American Civil War general (d. 1862)
** [[W. H. L. Wallace]], American Civil War general (d. 1862)
* [[February 3]] – [[Elizabeth Blackwell]], first American female physician (d. 1910)
* January 16 – [[John C. Breckinridge]], the [[List of Vice Presidents of the United States|14th]] Vice President of the United States (1857-1861) and [[Confederate Secretary of State]] in 1865 (d. 1875)
* February 3 – [[Elizabeth Blackwell]], first American female physician (d. 1910)
* [[February 11]] – [[Auguste Mariette|Auguste Edouard Mariette]], French Egyptologist (d. 1881)
* February 11 – [[Auguste Mariette|Auguste Edouard Mariette]], French Egyptologist (d. 1881)
* [[February 17]] – [[Lola Montez]], Irish-Spanish dancer, royal mistress (d. 1861)
* [[February 19]]
* February 17 – [[Lola Montez]], Irish-Spanish dancer, royal mistress (d. 1861)
* February 19
** [[Francis Preston Blair Jr.]], American politician, American Civil War officer (d. 1875)
** [[Francis Preston Blair Jr.]], American politician, American Civil War officer (d. 1875)
** [[August Schleicher]], German linguist (d. 1868)
** [[August Schleicher]], German linguist (d. 1868)
* February 22 – [[Athalia Schwartz]], Danish writer, journalist and educator (d. 1871)
* [[March 1]] – [[Joseph Hubert Reinkens]], German [[Old Catholic Church|Old Catholic]] bishop (d. 1896)
* March 1 – [[Joseph Hubert Reinkens]], German [[Old Catholic Church|Old Catholic]] bishop (d. 1896)
* [[March 9]] – [[John Watts de Peyster]], American author, philanthropist, and soldier (d. 1907)
* March 9 – [[John Watts de Peyster]], American author, philanthropist, and soldier (d. 1907)
* [[March 12]] – Sir [[John Abbott]], 3rd [[Prime Minister of Canada]] (d. 1893)
* March 12 – Sir [[John Abbott]], 3rd [[Prime Minister of Canada]] (d. 1893)
* [[March 31]] – [[Henry Dunning Macleod]], Scottish economist (d. 1902)
* March 15 – [[William Milligan]], Scottish theologian (d. 1893)
* [[April 1]] – [[Princess Anka Obrenović]], Serbian princess (d. 1868)
* [[April 3]] – [[T. Pelham Dale|Fr. Thomas Pelham Dale]], English mystic (d. 1892)
* March 20 – [[Ned Buntline]] (Edward Zane Carroll Judson Sr.), American publisher, dime novelist and publicist (d. 1886)
* [[April 9]] – [[Charles Baudelaire]], French poet, writer (d. 1867)<ref>Charles Baudelaire, Richard Howard. ''Les Fleurs Du Mal''. David R. Godine Publisher, 1983, p.xxv. {{ISBN|0-87923-462-8}}, {{ISBN|978-0-87923-462-1}}.</ref>
* March 29 – [[Melvin Amos Halsted]], American settlement founder (d. 1915)
* March 31 – [[Henry Dunning Macleod]], Scottish economist (d. 1902)
* [[April 12]] – [[Beauchamp Seymour, 1st Baron Alcester|Beauchamp Seymour]], British admiral (d. 1895)
* [[May 6]]
* April 1 – [[Princess Anka Obrenović]], Serbian princess (d. 1868)
* April 3 – [[T. Pelham Dale|Fr. Thomas Pelham Dale]], English mystic (d. 1892)
* April 9 – [[Charles Baudelaire]], French poet, writer (d. 1867)
* April 12 – [[Beauchamp Seymour, 1st Baron Alcester|Beauchamp Seymour]], British admiral (d. 1895)
* May 6
** [[Edmund Colhoun]], American admiral (d. 1897)
** [[Edmund Colhoun]], American admiral (d. 1897)
** [[Emilie Hammarskjöld]], Swedish-American musician (d. 1854)
** [[Emilie Hammarskjöld]], Swedish-American musician (d. 1854)
* May 8 – [[William Henry Vanderbilt]], American entrepreneur (d. 1885)
* [[May 8]] – [[William Henry Vanderbilt]], American entrepreneur (d. 1885)
* May 16 – [[Pafnuty Chebyshev]], Russian mathematician (d. 1894)
* [[May 16]] – [[Pafnuty Chebyshev]], Russian mathematician (d. 1894)
* May 17 – [[Sebastian Kneipp]], German naturopath (d. 1897)
* [[May 17]] – [[Sebastian Kneipp]], German naturopath (d. 1897)
* May 18 – [[Eduard von Pestel]], Prussian military officer and German general (d. 1908)
* [[May 18]] – [[Eduard von Pestel]], Prussian military officer and German general (d. 1908)
* May 24 – [[Juan Bautista Topete]], Spanish admiral and politician (d. 1885)
* [[May 24]] – [[Juan Bautista Topete]], Spanish admiral and politician (d. 1885)
* June 2 – [[Ion C. Brătianu]], 2-Time Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1891)
* [[June 2]] – [[Ion C. Brătianu]], 2-Time Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1891)
* June 16 – [[Old Tom Morris]], Scottish golfer (d. 1908)
* [[June 16]] – [[Old Tom Morris]], Scottish golfer (d. 1908)
* June 26 – [[Bartolomé Mitre]], Argentine statesman, military figure, and author, 6th President of Argentina (d. 1906)
* [[June 26]] – [[Bartolomé Mitre]], Argentine statesman, military figure, and author, 6th President of Argentina (d. 1906)


=== July–December ===
=== July–December ===
Line 165: Line 106:
[[File:Rudolf Virchow NLM3.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Rudolf Virchow]]]]
[[File:Rudolf Virchow NLM3.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Rudolf Virchow]]]]
[[File:Vasily Perov - Портрет Ф.М.Достоевского - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Fyodor Dostoyevsky]]]]
[[File:Vasily Perov - Портрет Ф.М.Достоевского - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Fyodor Dostoyevsky]]]]
* July 1 – [[Anatole Jean-Baptiste Antoine de Barthélemy]], French archaeologist (d. 1904)
* [[July 1]] – [[Anatole Jean-Baptiste Antoine de Barthélemy]], French archaeologist (d. [[1904]])
* July 2 – [[Charles Tupper|Sir Charles Tupper]], 6th [[Prime Minister of Canada]] (d. 1915)
* [[July 2]] – [[Charles Tupper|Sir Charles Tupper]], 6th [[Prime Minister of Canada]] (d. [[1915]])
* July 6 – [[Edmund Pettus]], American politician (d. 1907)
* [[July 6]] – [[Edmund Pettus]], American politician (d. [[1907]])
* July 9
* [[July 9]]
** [[George Cavendish-Bentinck]], British Conservative politician (d. 1891)
** [[George Cavendish-Bentinck]], British Conservative politician (d. [[1891]])
** [[Adolphus Frederick Alexander Woodford]], British parson (d. 1887)
** [[Adolphus Frederick Alexander Woodford]], British parson (d. [[1887]])
* July 13 – [[Nathan Bedford Forrest]], American Confederate Civil War General, first [[Grand Wizard]] of the [[Ku Klux Klan]] (d. 1877)
* [[July 13]] – [[Nathan Bedford Forrest]], American Confederate Civil War General, first [[Grand Wizard]] of the [[Ku Klux Klan]] (d. [[1877]])
* July 16 – [[Mary Baker Eddy]], American founder of Christian Science (d. 1910)
* [[July 16]] – [[Mary Baker Eddy]], American founder of Christian Science (d. [[1910]])
* July 17 – [[Friedrich Engelhorn]], German industrialist and founder of BASF (d. 1902)
* [[July 17]] – [[Friedrich Engelhorn]], German industrialist and founder of BASF (d. [[1902]])
* [[July 18]]
*July 18 – [[Lucy Smith Millikin]], early [[Latter Day Saint]] and sister of [[Joseph Smith]] (d. 1882)
** [[Lucy Smith Millikin]], early [[Latter Day Saint]] and sister of [[Joseph Smith]] (d. [[1882]])
* July 18 – [[Pauline Viardot]], French mezzo-soprano, composer (d. 1910)
* July 24 – [[William Poole]], infamous member of New York City's [[Bowery Boys (gang)|Bowery Boys]] gang (d. 1855)
** [[Pauline Viardot]], French mezzo-soprano, composer (d. [[1910]])
* [[July 24]] – [[William Poole]], infamous member of New York City's [[Bowery Boys (gang)|Bowery Boys]] gang (d. [[1855]])
* July 27 – [[George H. Cooper]], United States Navy admiral (d. 1891)
* [[July 27]] – [[George H. Cooper]], United States Navy admiral (d. [[1891]])
* August 10 – [[Jay Cooke]], American financier (d. 1905)
* [[August 10]] – [[Jay Cooke]], American financier (d. [[1905]])
* August 16 – [[Arthur Cayley]], English mathematician (d. 1895)
* [[August 16]] – [[Arthur Cayley]], English mathematician (d. [[1895]])
* August 21 – [[Louis Vuitton (designer)|Louis Vuitton]], French fashion designer (d. 1892)
* [[August 21]] – [[Louis Vuitton (designer)|Louis Vuitton]], French fashion designer (d. [[1892]])
* August 31 – [[Hermann von Helmholtz]], German physician and physicist (d. 1894)
* [[August 31]] – [[Hermann von Helmholtz]], German physician and physicist (d. [[1894]])
* September 21 – [[Andrei Alexandrovich Popov]], Russian admiral (d. 1898)
* [[September 21]] – [[Andrei Alexandrovich Popov]], Russian admiral (d. [[1898]])
* September 28 – [[Jonathan Clarkson Gibbs]], African-American minister, politician (d. 1874)
* [[September 28]] – [[Jonathan Clarkson Gibbs]], African-American minister, politician (d. [[1874]])
* October 13 – [[Rudolf Virchow]], German physician, pathologist, biologist, and politician (d. 1902)
* [[October 13]] – [[Rudolf Virchow]], German physician, pathologist, biologist, and politician (d. [[1902]])
* [[October 17]] – [[Alexander Gardner (photographer)|Alexander Gardner]], Scottish photographer (d. [[1882]])
* November 7 – [[Andrea Debono]], Maltese trader and explorer (d. 1871)<ref>{{cite web |title=Prominent Sengleans |url=http://www.islalocalcouncil.com/promseng.htm |website=Senglea Local Council |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216070552/http://www.islalocalcouncil.com/promseng.htm |archive-date=February 16, 2020}}</ref>
* [[November 7]] – [[Andrea Debono]], Maltese trader and explorer (d. [[1871]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prominent Sengleans |url=http://www.islalocalcouncil.com/promseng.htm |website=Senglea Local Council |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216070552/http://www.islalocalcouncil.com/promseng.htm |archive-date=February 16, 2020}}</ref>
* November 11 – [[Fyodor Dostoyevsky]], Russian writer (d. 1881)
* [[November 11]] – [[Fyodor Dostoyevsky]], Russian writer (d. [[1881]])<ref>{{cite web |author=Morson, Gary Saul |date=7 November 2023 |title= Fyodor Dostoyevsky |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://britannica.com/biography/Fyodor-Dostoyevsky |access-date= 12 September 2015 }}</ref>
* November 30 – [[Frederick Temple]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] (d. 1902)
* [[November 24]] – [[Henry Thomas Buckle]], English historian sometimes called "the father of scientific history" (d. [[1862]])
* December 1 – [[John M. B. Clitz]], American admiral (d. 1897)
* December 12 – [[Gustave Flaubert]], French writer (d. 1880)
* [[November 30]] – [[Frederick Temple]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] (d. [[1902]])
* December 22 – [[Junius Brutus Booth, Jr.]], American actor, theatre manager (d. 1883)
* [[December 1]] – [[John M. B. Clitz]], American admiral (d. [[1897]])
* [[December 12]] – [[Gustave Flaubert]], French writer (d. [[1880]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Gustave Flaubert|title=The Letters of Gustave Flaubert: 1830-1857|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1980|page=1}}</ref>
* December 24 – [[Gabriel García Moreno]], former [[President of Ecuador]] (d. 1875)
* December 25 – [[Clara Barton]], first president of American Red Cross (d. 1912)
* [[December 22]] – [[Junius Brutus Booth Jr.]], American actor, theatre manager (d. [[1883]])
* [[December 24]] – [[Gabriel García Moreno]], former [[President of Ecuador]] (d. [[1875]])
* [[December 25]] – [[Clara Barton]], first president of American Red Cross (d. [[1912]])


===Date unknown===
=== Date unknown ===
* [[Giuseppe Bonavia]], Maltese architect (d. 1885)
* [[Giuseppe Bonavia]], Maltese architect (d. 1885)
* [[Mazhar Nanautawi]], Indian freedom struggle activist (d. 1885)
* [[Mazhar Nanautawi]], Indian freedom struggle activist (d. 1885)
Line 202: Line 146:
=== January–June ===
=== January–June ===
[[File:Jacques-Louis David - The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Napoleon Bonaparte]]]]
[[File:Jacques-Louis David - The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Napoleon Bonaparte]]]]
* January 4 – [[Elizabeth Ann Seton]], American saint (b. 1774)
* [[January 4]] – [[Elizabeth Ann Seton]], American saint (b. 1774)
* January 5 – [[Carlo Porta]], Milanese poet (b. 1775)
* [[January 5]] – [[Carlo Porta]], Milanese poet (b. 1775)
* January 19 – [[Alexandru Suţu]], prince of Moldavia (b. 1758)
* [[January 19]] – [[Alexandru Suţu]], prince of Moldavia (b. 1758)
* February 23 – [[John Keats]], British poet (b. 1795)<ref>{{cite web|title=BBC - History - Historic Figures: John Keats (1795-1821)|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/keats_john.shtml|website=bbc.co.uk|access-date=January 3, 2017}}</ref>
* [[February 23]] – [[John Keats]], British poet (b. 1795)<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC – History – Historic Figures: John Keats (1795–1821)|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/keats_john.shtml|website=bbc.co.uk|access-date=January 3, 2017}}</ref>
* February 26 – [[Joseph de Maistre]], French-Savoyard philosopher (b. 1753)
* [[February 26]] – [[Joseph de Maistre]], French-Savoyard philosopher (b. 1753)
* March 4 – [[Princess Elizabeth of Clarence]], daughter of [[William IV of the United Kingdom|William, Duke of Clarence (later King William IV)]] (b. 1820)
* [[March 4]] – [[Princess Elizabeth of Clarence]], daughter of [[William IV of the United Kingdom|William, Duke of Clarence (later King William IV)]] (b. 1820)
* March 13 – [[John Hunter (Royal Navy officer)|John Hunter]], second Governor of New South Wales (b. 1737)
* [[March 13]] – [[John Hunter (Royal Navy officer)|John Hunter]], second Governor of New South Wales (b. 1737)
* April 10 – [[Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople]] (b. 1746)
* [[April 10]] – [[Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople]] (b. 1746)
* April 14 – [[Susan Carnegie]], writer and founder of the first public asylum in Scotland (b. 1743)
* [[April 20]] – [[Franz Karl Achard]], German chemist, physicist and biologist (b. 1753)
* April 20 – [[Franz Karl Achard]], German chemist, physicist and biologist (b. 1753)
* [[April 23]] – [[Pierre de Ruel, marquis de Beurnonville]], French general (b. 1752)
* [[May 2]] – [[Hester Thrale]], Welsh diarist and friend of Dr Johnson (b. 1741)<ref>{{cite book|author1=Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie|author2=Joy Dorothy Harvey|author-link=Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie|author2-link=Joy Harvey|title=The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: L-Z|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LTSYePZvSXYC&pg=PA1026|year=2000|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-92040-7|pages=1026}}</ref>
* April 23 – [[Pierre de Ruel, marquis de Beurnonville]], French general (b. 1752)
* [[May 5]] – [[Napoleon Bonaparte]], French Emperor and general (b. 1769)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Napoleon I {{!}} Biography, Achievements, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Napoleon-I |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=11 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* May 2 – [[Hester Thrale]], Welsh diarist (b. 1741)
* [[May 19]] – [[Camille Jordan (politician)|Camille Jordan]], French politician (b. 1771)
* May 5 – [[Napoleon Bonaparte]], French Emperor and general (b. 1769)<ref>{{cite web |title=Napoleon I {{!}} Biography, Achievements, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Napoleon-I |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=11 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* May 19 – [[Camille Jordan (politician)|Camille Jordan]], French politician (b. 1771)
* [[June 7]] – [[Tudor Vladimirescu]], Wallachian rebel leader (b. c. 1780)
* June 7 – [[Tudor Vladimirescu]], Wallachian rebel leader (b. c. 1780)
* [[June 17]] – [[Martín Miguel de Güemes]], Argentine military leader (b. 1785)
* June 17 – [[Martín Miguel de Güemes]], Argentine military leader (b. 1785)
* [[June 19]] – [[Peter Ochs]], Swiss politician (b. 1752)
* [[June 23]] – [[Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon-Penthièvre, Duchess of Orléans]], heiress, wife of [[Philippe Égalité]] (b. 1753)
* June 19 – [[Peter Ochs]], Swiss politician (b. 1752)
* June 23 – [[Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon-Penthièvre, Duchess of Orléans]], heiress, wife of [[Philippe Égalité]] (b. 1753)
* [[June 30]] – [[José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa]], viceroy of Peru (b. 1743)
* June 30 – [[José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa]], viceroy of Peru (b. 1743)


=== July–December ===
=== July–December ===
[[File:John William Polidori by F.G. Gainsford.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[John William Polidori]]]]
[[File:John William Polidori by F.G. Gainsford.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[John William Polidori]]]]
* July 4 – [[Richard Cosway]], English artist (b. 1742)
* [[July 4]] – [[Richard Cosway]], English artist (b. 1742)
*July 14 - [[Pedro Juan Caballero (politician)|Pedro Juan Caballero]], Paraguayan captain (b. 1786) (suicide)
* [[July 14]] – [[Pedro Juan Caballero (politician)|Pedro Juan Caballero]], Paraguayan captain (b. 1786) (suicide)
*July 17 - [[Fulgencio Yegros]], Paraguayan general and politician (b. 1780)
* [[July 17]] – [[Fulgencio Yegros]], Paraguayan general and politician (b. 1780)
* August – [[Dorothea von Medem]], Latvian diploma, duchess of Courland (b. 1761)
* [[August 7]] – [[Caroline of Brunswick]], Queen of the United Kingdom (b. 1768)
* August 24 – [[John William Polidori]], English physician, writer (b. 1795) (suicide)
* [[August 20]] – [[Dorothea von Medem]], Latvian diploma, duchess of Courland (b. 1761)
* [[August 24]] – [[John William Polidori]], English physician, writer (b. 1795) (suicide)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Viets|first=Henry R.|date=1961|title="By The Visitation Of God": The Death Of John William Polidori, M.D., In 1821|journal=The British Medical Journal|volume=2|issue=5269|pages=1773–1775|doi=10.1136/bmj.2.5269.1773|jstor=20356143|pmid=14037964|pmc=1970869|issn=0007-1447}}</ref>
* September 4 – [[José Miguel Carrera]], Chilean general, founding father (b. 1785)
* September 10 – [[Johann Dominicus Fiorillo]], German painter, art historian (b. 1748)
* [[September 4]] – [[José Miguel Carrera]], Chilean general, founding father (b. 1785)
* September 14 – [[Heinrich Kuhl]], German naturalist, zoologist (b. 1797)
* [[September 10]] – [[Johann Dominicus Fiorillo]], German painter, art historian (b. 1748)
* October 4 – [[Marie-Louise Lachapelle]], French [[obstetrician]] (b. 1769)
* [[September 14]] – [[Heinrich Kuhl]], German naturalist, zoologist (b. 1797)
* October 6 – [[Anders Jahan Retzius]], Swedish chemist, botanist (b. 1742)
* [[October 4]] – [[Marie-Louise Lachapelle]], French [[obstetrician]] (b. 1769)
* October 8 – [[Juan O'Donojú]], viceroy of New Spain (b. 1762)
* [[October 6]] – [[Anders Jahan Retzius]], Swedish chemist, botanist (b. 1742)
* October 11 – [[John Ross Key]], American judge, lawyer, father of songwriter [[Francis Scott Key]] (b. 1754)
* [[October 8]] – [[Juan O'Donojú]], viceroy of New Spain (b. 1762)
* October 21 – [[Dorothea Ackermann]], German actress (b. 1752)
* [[October 11]] – [[John Ross Key]], American judge, lawyer, father of songwriter [[Francis Scott Key]] (b. 1754)
* November 8 – [[Jean Rapp]], French general (b. 1771)
* [[October 21]] – [[Dorothea Ackermann]], German actress (b. 1752)
* December 4 – [[John Henniker-Major, 2nd Baron Henniker]], British politician (b. 1752)
* [[November 8]] – [[Jean Rapp]], French general (b. 1771)
* December 7 – King [[Pōmare II]] of Tahiti (b. 1782)
* [[December 4]] – [[John Henniker-Major, 2nd Baron Henniker]], British politician (b. 1752)
* December 12 – [[Phoebe Hessel]], British female soldier (b. 1713)
* [[December 7]] – King [[Pōmare II]] of Tahiti (b. 1782)
* [[December 12]] – [[Phoebe Hessel]], British female soldier (b. 1713)

== 1821 in Popular Culture ==
* January 3, 1821 is the end date for [[Grand strategy wargame|grand strategy]] video game ''[[Europa Universalis IV]]'' by [[Paradox Development Studio]].
* In episode 13 of [[NCIS: New Orleans (season 2)|season 2]] of ''[[NCIS: New Orleans]]'', the name of a gang is 1821, which is stated to be the year of the Honduran revolution.


== References ==
== References ==

Latest revision as of 21:17, 2 December 2024

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
April 6 (March 25 Greek calendar): Germanos of Patras declares the independence of Greece from the Ottoman Empire to start the Greek War of Independence.
1821 by topic
Humanities
By country
Other topics
Lists of leaders
Birth and death categories
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Works category
1821 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1821
MDCCCXXI
Ab urbe condita2574
Armenian calendar1270
ԹՎ ՌՄՀ
Assyrian calendar6571
Balinese saka calendar1742–1743
Bengali calendar1227–1228
Berber calendar2771
British Regnal year1 Geo. 4 – 2 Geo. 4
Buddhist calendar2365
Burmese calendar1183
Byzantine calendar7329–7330
Chinese calendar庚辰年 (Metal Dragon)
4518 or 4311
    — to —
辛巳年 (Metal Snake)
4519 or 4312
Coptic calendar1537–1538
Discordian calendar2987
Ethiopian calendar1813–1814
Hebrew calendar5581–5582
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1877–1878
 - Shaka Samvat1742–1743
 - Kali Yuga4921–4922
Holocene calendar11821
Igbo calendar821–822
Iranian calendar1199–1200
Islamic calendar1236–1237
Japanese calendarBunsei 4
(文政４年)
Javanese calendar1748–1749
Julian calendarGregorian minus 12 days
Korean calendar4154
Minguo calendar91 before ROC
民前91年
Nanakshahi calendar353
Thai solar calendar2363–2364
Tibetan calendar阳金龙年
(male Iron-Dragon)
1947 or 1566 or 794
    — to —
阴金蛇年
(female Iron-Snake)
1948 or 1567 or 795
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1821.

1821 (MDCCCXXI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1821st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 821st year of the 2nd millennium, the 21st year of the 19th century, and the 2nd year of the 1820s decade. As of the start of 1821, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Events

[edit]

January–March

[edit]

April–June

[edit]
June 24: Battle of Carabobo

July–September

[edit]
July 19: Coronation of George IV of the United Kingdom
July 28: Proclamation of the Independence of Peru
September 15: Declaration of Independence of Central America
September 27: Entrance of the Army of the Three Guarantees to Mexico City

October–December

[edit]
October 5 (September 23 Greek calendar): The Siege of Tripolitsa by Greek rebels is followed by a massacre.

Date unknown

[edit]

Births

[edit]

January–June

[edit]
James Longstreet

July–December

[edit]
Louis Vuitton
Rudolf Virchow
Fyodor Dostoyevsky

Date unknown

[edit]

Deaths

[edit]

January–June

[edit]
Napoleon Bonaparte

July–December

[edit]
John William Polidori

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Palmer, Alan. Alexander I: Tsar of War and Peace. Faber and Faber, 2011 p.416-17
  2. ^ Roberts, Warren. Rossini and Post-Napoleonic Europe. Boydell & Brewer, 2015. p.111
  3. ^ "History of the Guardian". The Guardian. December 11, 2017. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved June 19, 2019.
  4. ^ Lieberman, Benjamin (2013). Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 9.
  5. ^ Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2009). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. ABC-CLIO. p. 1139.
  6. ^ "Commerce between Russia and Persia— Proposed Union of the Black Sea with the Atlantic". The Oriental Herald (November 1826) p. 285.
  7. ^ Headland, Robert K. (1989). Chronological list of Antarctic expeditions and related historical events. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30903-5. OCLC 185311468.
  8. ^ "South Orkney Islands". Encyclopædia Britannica (Online Academic ed.).
  9. ^ Charles Baudelaire, Richard Howard. Les Fleurs Du Mal. David R. Godine Publisher, 1983, p.xxv. ISBN 0-87923-462-8, ISBN 978-0-87923-462-1.
  10. ^ "Prominent Sengleans". Senglea Local Council. Archived from the original on February 16, 2020.
  11. ^ Morson, Gary Saul (November 7, 2023). "Fyodor Dostoyevsky". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved September 12, 2015.
  12. ^ Gustave Flaubert (1980). The Letters of Gustave Flaubert: 1830-1857. Harvard University Press. p. 1.
  13. ^ "BBC – History – Historic Figures: John Keats (1795–1821)". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
  14. ^ Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie; Joy Dorothy Harvey (2000). The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: L-Z. Taylor & Francis. p. 1026. ISBN 978-0-415-92040-7.
  15. ^ "Napoleon I | Biography, Achievements, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
  16. ^ Viets, Henry R. (1961). ""By The Visitation Of God": The Death Of John William Polidori, M.D., In 1821". The British Medical Journal. 2 (5269): 1773–1775. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5269.1773. ISSN 0007-1447. JSTOR 20356143. PMC 1970869. PMID 14037964.
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