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{{Short description|Extinct genus of mammals}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Miocene]], {{Fossil range|12|5.3}}
| fossil_range = [[Miocene]], {{Fossil range|12|5.3}}
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| subdivision = *''K. atticus'' <small>(Wagner, 1857)</small>
| subdivision = *''K. atticus'' <small>(Wagner, 1857)</small>
*''K. britti'' <small>([[David Lambert (paleontologist)|Lambert]], 1990) ([[Type species|type]])</small>
*''K. britti'' <small>([[David Lambert (paleontologist)|Lambert]], 1990) ([[Type species|type]])</small>
*''K. robustus'' <small>Wang, Shi, He, Chen, and Yang, 2016</small><ref name=Wang16>{{cite journal | last1 = Wang | first1 = S. | last2 = SHI | first2 = Q. | last3 = HE | first3 = W. | last4 = Chen | first4 = S. | last5 = Yang | first5 = X. | year = 2016 | title = — A new species of the tetralophodont amebelodontine Konobelodon Lambert, 1990 (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the Late Miocene of China | doi = 10.5252/g2016n1a4 | journal = Geodiversitas | volume = 38 | issue = 1| pages = 65–97 | s2cid = 87203029 }}</ref>
*''K. robustus'' <small>Wang, Shi, He, Chen, and Yang, 2016</small><ref name=Wang16>{{cite journal | last1 = Wang | first1 = S. | last2 = SHI | first2 = Q. | last3 = HE | first3 = W. | last4 = Chen | first4 = S. | last5 = Yang | first5 = X. | year = 2016 | title = — A new species of the tetralophodont amebelodontine Konobelodon Lambert, 1990 (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the Late Miocene of China | doi = 10.5252/g2016n1a4 | journal = Geodiversitas | volume = 38 | issue = 1| pages = 65–97 | s2cid = 87203029 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/4535461 }}</ref>
*''K. cyrenaicus'' (Gaziry, 1987)
}}
}}


'''''Konobelodon''''' is a genus of [[Amebelodontidae|amebelodont]] from southern Europe, China, and North America.
'''''Konobelodon''''' is an extinct genus of [[Amebelodontidae|amebelodont]] proboscidean from the [[Miocene]] of Africa, Eurasia and North America.


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
[[File:Amebelodon21.jpg|thumb|left|Restoration of ''K. britti'']]
[[File:Amebelodon21.jpg|thumb|left|Restoration of ''K. britti'']]
''Konobelodon'' was originally coined as a subgenus of ''[[Amebelodon]]'',<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lambert | first1 = W. D. | year = 1990 | title = Rediagnosis of the genus Amebelodon (Mammalia, Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae) with a new subgenus and species, Amebelodon (Konobelodon) britti | journal = Journal of Paleontology | volume = 64 | issue = 6| pages = 1032–1041 | doi = 10.1017/S0022336000019855 }}</ref> and was subsequently elevated to full generic rank in a 2014 re-appraisal of ''"Mastodon" atticus''.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal | last1 = Konidaris | first1 = G. E. | last2 = Roussiakis | first2 = S. J. | last3 = Theodorou | first3 = G. E. | last4 = Koufos | first4 = G. D. | year = 2014 | title = The Eurasian occurrence of the shovel-tusker Konobelodon (Mammalia, Proboscidea) as illuminated by its presence in the late Miocene of Pikermi (Greece) | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 34 | issue = 6 | pages = 1437–53 | doi=10.1080/02724634.2014.873622| s2cid = 84396676 }}</ref> Within Amebelodontinae, ''Konobelodon'' is closely related to ''[[Platybelodon]]'' and ''[[Torynobelodon]]''.<ref name=Wang16/> The genus ''Konobelodon'' likely originated in eastern Eurasia, with ''K. robustus'' being known from the [[Liushu Formation]] in the [[Gansu province|Gansu Province]] of [[China]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=ShiQi |last2=Shi |first2=QinQin |last3=He |first3=Wen |last4=Chen |first4=ShanQin |last5=Yang |first5=XiangWen |year=2016-03-25 |title=A new species of the tetralophodont amebelodontine Konobelodon Lambert, 1990 (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the Late Miocene of China |url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.5252/g2016n1a4 |journal=Geodiversitas |language=en |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=65–97 |doi=10.5252/g2016n1a4 |issn=1280-9659}}</ref> and it diverged via separate migrations westward into Europe and western Asia, represented by ''K. atticus'', and eastward into North America, where the genus arrived c. 7 [[Mega-annum|Ma]] and survived until the very end of the Miocene.<ref name=":1" />
''Konobelodon'' was originally coined as a subgenus of ''[[Amebelodon]]'',<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lambert | first1 = W. D. | year = 1990 | title = Rediagnosis of the genus Amebelodon (Mammalia, Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae) with a new subgenus and species, Amebelodon (Konobelodon) britti | journal = Journal of Paleontology | volume = 64 | issue = 6| pages = 1032–1041 | doi = 10.1017/S0022336000019855 | bibcode = 1990JPal...64.1032L | s2cid = 131312289 }}</ref> and was subsequently elevated to full generic rank in a 2014 re-appraisal of ''"Mastodon" atticus''.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal | last1 = Konidaris | first1 = G. E. | last2 = Roussiakis | first2 = S. J. | last3 = Theodorou | first3 = G. E. | last4 = Koufos | first4 = G. D. | year = 2014 | title = The Eurasian occurrence of the shovel-tusker Konobelodon (Mammalia, Proboscidea) as illuminated by its presence in the late Miocene of Pikermi (Greece) | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 34 | issue = 6 | pages = 1437–53 | doi=10.1080/02724634.2014.873622| bibcode = 2014JVPal..34.1437K | s2cid = 84396676 }}</ref> Within Amebelodontinae, ''Konobelodon'' is closely related to ''[[Platybelodon]]'' and ''[[Torynobelodon]]''.<ref name=Wang16/> The genus ''Konobelodon'' likely originated in eastern Eurasia, with ''K. robustus'' being known from the [[Liushu Formation]] in the [[Gansu province|Gansu Province]] of [[China]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=ShiQi |last2=Shi |first2=QinQin |last3=He |first3=Wen |last4=Chen |first4=ShanQin |last5=Yang |first5=XiangWen |date=2016-03-25 |title=A new species of the tetralophodont amebelodontine Konobelodon Lambert, 1990 (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the Late Miocene of China |url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.5252/g2016n1a4 |journal=Geodiversitas |language=en |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=65–97 |doi=10.5252/g2016n1a4 |s2cid=87203029 |issn=1280-9659}}</ref> Under this hypothesis, it diverged via separate migrations westward into Europe and western Asia, represented by ''K. atticus'', and eastward into North America, where the genus arrived c. 7 [[Mega-annum|Ma]] and survived until the very end of the Miocene.<ref name=":1" /> The species ''Konobelodon cyrenaicus'' is known from the Late Miocene of North Africa, representing the latest surviving amebelodont on the African continent.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanders |first=William J. |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315118918 |title=Evolution and Fossil Record of African Proboscidea |date=2023-07-07 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-315-11891-8 |edition=1 |location=Boca Raton |pages=161–163 |language=en |doi=10.1201/b20016|s2cid=259625811 }}</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
As shovel-tusked amebelodonts, ''Konobelodon'' has two pairs of [[Tusk|tusks]], one growing from the upper and jaw and a second from the lower. ''K. robustus'' is estimated to have had a body mass between 2802 and 7367 [[Kilogram|kg]], making it generally larger than [[Gomphothere|gomphotheres]] on account of its thicker limb bones. Its standing posture, however, was not likely as column-like as that of extant [[Elephant|elephants]] and American [[Gomphothere|brevirostrine]] gomphotheres.<ref name=":2" />
As shovel-tusked amebelodonts, ''Konobelodon'' has two pairs of [[tusk]]s, one growing from the upper jaw and a second from the lower. ''K. robustus'' is estimated to have had a body mass between {{Convert|2802-7367|kg|lb}}, making it generally larger than most [[gomphothere]]s on account of its thicker limb bones. Its standing posture, however, was not likely as column-like as that of extant [[elephant]]s and American [[Gomphothere|brevirostrine]] gomphotheres.<ref name=":2" /> The lower tusks were proportionally large, reaching {{Convert|1.61|m|ft}} in length.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Larramendi |first=Asier |date=2023-12-10 |title=Estimating tusk masses in proboscideans: a comprehensive analysis and predictive model |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2023.2286272 |journal=Historical Biology |language=en |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2023.2286272 |s2cid=266182491 |issn=0891-2963}}</ref>


== Cultural significance ==
== Ecology ==
''Konobelodon'' is suggested to have been a [[Browsing (herbivory)|browser]], based on [[dental microwear]] analysis. The upper tusks were likely used for slicing and scraping, while the lower tusks may have been used for digging.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Semprebon |first1=Gina M. |last2=Pirlo |first2=Jeanette |last3=Dudek |first3=Julia |date=2022-11-30 |title=Dietary Habits and Tusk Usage of Shovel-Tusked Gomphotheres from Florida: Evidence from Stereoscopic Wear of Molars and Upper and Lower Tusks |journal=Biology |language=en |volume=11 |issue=12 |pages=1748 |doi=10.3390/biology11121748 |issn=2079-7737 |pmc=9774678 |pmid=36552258 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Possible influence on Greek myths ===
''Konobelodon'' is among the fossil proboscideans represented in the Miocene-age deposits on the Greek island of [[Samos]], alongside ''[[Deinotherium]]'' and ''[[Choerolophodon]].''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Konidaris |first=George E. |last2=Koufos |first2=George D. |date=2019-03-01 |title=Late Miocene proboscideans from Samos Island (Greece) revisited: new specimens from old collections |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12542-018-0432-6 |journal=PalZ |language=en |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=115–134 |doi=10.1007/s12542-018-0432-6 |issn=1867-6812}}</ref> [[Adrienne Mayor]] and [[Nikos Solounias]] have speculated that these taxa may have influenced local legends of the island's deep history, serving as inspiration for gigantic mythical monsters called [[Neades]], creatures whose voices were believed to cause earthquakes. Mayor and Solounias base their speculation on the fact that the fossils on Samos are found near a major [[Fault (geology)|fault zone]], suggesting that ancient Greeks may have interpreted the presence of their skeletal remains as being associated with past seismic activity in the region.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Solounias |first=Nikos |last2=Ring |first2=Uwe |date=2007 |title=Samos Island, Part II: Ancient history of the Samos fossils and the record of earthquakes |url=http://virtualexplorer.com.au/doi/00179 |journal=Journal of the Virtual Explorer |language=en |volume=27 |doi=10.3809/jvirtex.2007.00179 |issn=1441-8142}}</ref> Ancient sources attest that the bones of these creatures were put on display and that their stories inspired local expressions such as "They shout louder than the Neades!"<ref>[[Claudius Aelianus|Aelian]], [[De Natura Animalium]], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0590%3Abook%3D17%3Achapter%3D28 17.28].</ref>

Mayor and Solounias also suggest that these fossils may have inspired another story of the god [[Dionysus]] waging war with the [[Amazons]] on Samos, drawing similar comparisons between the island's geology and a description by [[Plutarch]] of this mythic fight. In this story, their skeletal remains are interpreted as belonging to the victims of this ancient war, who like the Neades were able to rend the earth when they cried out in death.<ref name=":0" /> They argue that ancient residents of Samos were aware of both the island's fossil record and its geology, and that these stories were early attempts to make sense of the two.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Adrienne. |first=Mayor, |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/910018702 |title=The First Fossil Hunters : Dinosaurs, Mammoths, and Myth in Greek and Roman Times. |date=2011 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-3844-8 |oclc=910018702}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Messinian extinctions]]
[[Category:Messinian extinctions]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1990]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1990]]


{{paleo-proboscidean-stub}}

Latest revision as of 10:31, 21 January 2024

Konobelodon
Temporal range: Miocene, 12–5.3 Ma
Mandible of Konobelodon britti on display at the State Museum of Pennsylvania
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Proboscidea
Family: †Amebelodontidae
Genus: †Konobelodon
Lambert, 1990
Species
  • K. atticus (Wagner, 1857)
  • K. britti (Lambert, 1990) (type)
  • K. robustus Wang, Shi, He, Chen, and Yang, 2016[1]
  • K. cyrenaicus (Gaziry, 1987)

Konobelodon is an extinct genus of amebelodont proboscidean from the Miocene of Africa, Eurasia and North America.

Taxonomy

[edit]
Restoration of K. britti

Konobelodon was originally coined as a subgenus of Amebelodon,[2] and was subsequently elevated to full generic rank in a 2014 re-appraisal of "Mastodon" atticus.[3] Within Amebelodontinae, Konobelodon is closely related to Platybelodon and Torynobelodon.[1] The genus Konobelodon likely originated in eastern Eurasia, with K. robustus being known from the Liushu Formation in the Gansu Province of China.[4] Under this hypothesis, it diverged via separate migrations westward into Europe and western Asia, represented by K. atticus, and eastward into North America, where the genus arrived c. 7 Ma and survived until the very end of the Miocene.[3] The species Konobelodon cyrenaicus is known from the Late Miocene of North Africa, representing the latest surviving amebelodont on the African continent.[5]

Description

[edit]

As shovel-tusked amebelodonts, Konobelodon has two pairs of tusks, one growing from the upper jaw and a second from the lower. K. robustus is estimated to have had a body mass between 2,802–7,367 kilograms (6,177–16,241 lb), making it generally larger than most gomphotheres on account of its thicker limb bones. Its standing posture, however, was not likely as column-like as that of extant elephants and American brevirostrine gomphotheres.[4] The lower tusks were proportionally large, reaching 1.61 metres (5.3 ft) in length.[6]

Ecology

[edit]

Konobelodon is suggested to have been a browser, based on dental microwear analysis. The upper tusks were likely used for slicing and scraping, while the lower tusks may have been used for digging.[7]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Wang, S.; SHI, Q.; HE, W.; Chen, S.; Yang, X. (2016). "— A new species of the tetralophodont amebelodontine Konobelodon Lambert, 1990 (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the Late Miocene of China". Geodiversitas. 38 (1): 65–97. doi:10.5252/g2016n1a4. S2CID 87203029.
  2. ^ Lambert, W. D. (1990). "Rediagnosis of the genus Amebelodon (Mammalia, Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae) with a new subgenus and species, Amebelodon (Konobelodon) britti". Journal of Paleontology. 64 (6): 1032–1041. Bibcode:1990JPal...64.1032L. doi:10.1017/S0022336000019855. S2CID 131312289.
  3. ^ a b Konidaris, G. E.; Roussiakis, S. J.; Theodorou, G. E.; Koufos, G. D. (2014). "The Eurasian occurrence of the shovel-tusker Konobelodon (Mammalia, Proboscidea) as illuminated by its presence in the late Miocene of Pikermi (Greece)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (6): 1437–53. Bibcode:2014JVPal..34.1437K. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.873622. S2CID 84396676.
  4. ^ a b Wang, ShiQi; Shi, QinQin; He, Wen; Chen, ShanQin; Yang, XiangWen (2016-03-25). "A new species of the tetralophodont amebelodontine Konobelodon Lambert, 1990 (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the Late Miocene of China". Geodiversitas. 38 (1): 65–97. doi:10.5252/g2016n1a4. ISSN 1280-9659. S2CID 87203029.
  5. ^ Sanders, William J. (2023-07-07). Evolution and Fossil Record of African Proboscidea (1 ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 161–163. doi:10.1201/b20016. ISBN 978-1-315-11891-8. S2CID 259625811.
  6. ^ Larramendi, Asier (2023-12-10). "Estimating tusk masses in proboscideans: a comprehensive analysis and predictive model". Historical Biology: 1–14. doi:10.1080/08912963.2023.2286272. ISSN 0891-2963. S2CID 266182491.
  7. ^ Semprebon, Gina M.; Pirlo, Jeanette; Dudek, Julia (2022-11-30). "Dietary Habits and Tusk Usage of Shovel-Tusked Gomphotheres from Florida: Evidence from Stereoscopic Wear of Molars and Upper and Lower Tusks". Biology. 11 (12): 1748. doi:10.3390/biology11121748. ISSN 2079-7737. PMC 9774678. PMID 36552258.
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