Long-finned pilot whale: Difference between revisions

Long-finned pilot whale
	Size compared to an average human
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
	CITES Appendix II (CITES)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Artiodactyla
Infraorder:	Cetacea
Family:	Delphinidae
Genus:	Globicephala
Species:	G. melas
Binomial name
	Globicephala melas; (Traill, 1809)
Subspecies
	Globicephala melas melas; Globicephala melas edwardii
	Range of the long-finned pilot whale
Synonyms
	Globicephala melaena; Globicephalus melas; Globicephalus melaenus; Globicephala intermedius (Harlan, 1827);

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The long-finned pilot whale, or pothead whale (Globicephala melas) is a large species of oceanic dolphin. It shares the genus Globicephala with the short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus). Long-finned pilot whales are known as such because of their unusually long pectoral fins.

Taxonomy and naming

Etymology

Pilot whales get their name from the original belief that there was a "pilot" or lead individual in their groups.^[5]^[6] The name for the genus, "Globicephala" is derived from a combination of Latin globus ("globe") and Greek kephale ("head").^[5]^[6] The specific name "melas" is Greek for "black". This species has also earned the nickname of "pothead whale" in some places because the shape of its head reminded early whalers of black cooking pots.^[7]

Taxonomy

This species was first classified in 1809 by Thomas Stewart Traill and given the name "Delphinus melas".^[8] However, this scientific name was changed later to "Globicephala melaena". Then in 1986, the specific name for this species was reverted to its original form as "melas".^[9]

Anatomy and morphology

Size

There is sexual dimorphism in the species. Females grow to a maximum length of up to 6 m (20 ft), and a maximum weight of up to 2,500 kg (5,500 lb). Males are significantly larger at up to 7.6 m (25 ft) in length, and weigh up to 4,500 kg (9,900 lb).^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13] This makes the long-finned pilot whale the second largest member of the dolphin family, behind the Orca (Orcinus orca).

Appearance

Despite its common name, the long-finned pilot whale is actually a large species of dolphin. The same is true of orcas and several other small whales. It has a bulbous forehead and is black or dark grey in colour with light-grey or white markings on the throat and belly regions.^[14] This light grey patch found on the throat of pilot whales forms the shape of an anchor. Some individuals have other distinct markings such as a light coloured area behind dorsal fin, known as a saddle patch, as well as an upwards sweeping stripe just behind the eye. The dorsal fin is thick and falcate in nature, and is located about a third of the way down the length of the animal. The common name of this species is a reference to the pilot whale's long, sickle-shaped pectoral flippers that are 18 to 27 percent of its total body length.^[15] Being a toothed whale, pilot whales have a single blowhole.^[16]

It can be challenging to tell male and female apart in the wild for many cetacean species. Long-finned pilot whales are no exception, though it was thought in the past that males had hooked dorsal fins while females did not. Recent research on fin shape has shown that this is not a predictable way to distinguish between the sexes.^[17] However, males are bigger in size, and relative fin dimensions as well as other characteristics may still be discovered to allow for distinguishing the sex of at least certain age classes for free-ranging pilot whales.

The ranges of long-finned and short-finned pilot whales overlap in some areas of the world.^[18] As the difference between them is mainly distinguished by the length of the pectoral flippers and tooth counts, it is hard to tell the two species apart in these areas.^[7]^[19]

Physiology

The long-finned pilot whale has more neocortical neurons than any mammal studied to date, in fact having almost twice as many as humans.^[20]

Behavior and life history

Social behavior

Long-finned pilot whales are very social in nature. They are usually seen in groups, which range in size from a couple of individuals to aggregations of over a thousand.^[21] However, 20 to 150 individuals are more commonly observed.^[21]^[22] Studies have shown that this species often forms small long-term social units made up of around 8-12 individuals.^[23]^[24] Genetic investigations of the pilot whales driven ashore in the Faroese hunts have shown a relatedness amongst whales, suggesting a matrilineal structure within social units.^[25]^[26] This means that calves - females and perhaps the males as well - remain with their mothers for life.

These groups have been observed socializing with common bottlenose dolphins, Atlantic white-sided dolphins and Risso's dolphins.^[27]^[28] Pilot whales mainly feed on cephalopods, though in certain regions fish may be more prominent in their diet.^[29]^[30] Northwestern Atlantic whales are thought to dine predominately on short-finned squid.^[31]

Long-finned pilot whales can often be seen lobtailing and spyhopping. Occasionally they may also breach. This species is notorious for mass strandings. During a specific time of year, approximately December to March, these whales beach themselves in high numbers along the coast of New Zealand. The reasons for stranding are not fully understood, but because pilot whales have strong social bonds, it is hypothesized that when one animal strands, the rest of the group may have the tendency to follow.

These whales have also been observed babysitting calves that are not their own, with one study showing that many of those doing the babysitting are males.^[32]

Long finned pilot whale calls

Songs of long-finned pilot whales. The cracking noise is caused by echolocation.

Problems playing this file? See media help.

Communication

Long-finned pilot whales make many different kinds of sounds. In addition to squeaks, whistles, buzzes, and other calls likely used for communicative functions, they also produce rapid clicks that function as a type of bio sonar known as echolocation. This allows the whales to "see" in the murky, dark environments that they live in by listening to the nature of the echoes that return.

The whistles and pulsed calls that pilot whales make seem not to fall into distinct types, but rather can be arranged on a continuum.^[33] These calls are produced in a wide frequency range, which has been observed from less than 1 kHz to about 20 kHz.^[34]

Recent studies have found that a large portion of their vocal repertoire is made up of calls produced in repeated sequences.^[35] These repetitions are more commonly heard when whales are socializing than any other behavioral state (e.g. foraging, traveling, and resting).^[36]

Decision-making

During the deeper collective dives of groups of long-finned pilot whales, females on the right and left flanks (periphery) are found to lead most often. ^[37] This may function in a similar fashion to what is observed in cattle drives, where flanking riders are important for maintaining cohesion of the herd of cattle. The study also found that both mature males and juveniles can lead these dives, but that they do so far less often.

Diet

Long-finned pilot whales are apex predators, preying on various species of squid, octopus, crustaceans and fish. Examples of fish species recorded as prey include Lanternfish, Atlantic herring, Silver hake, Atlantic mackerel and Spiny dogfish.^[38]^[39]^[40]^[41]

Reproduction

Females reach sexual maturity at about 8 years of age, while males reach sexual maturity at around 12 years of age.^[15] It seems that mating can take place at any time during the year, but it peaks in late spring/early summer for both northern and southern hemisphere populations.^[15] Mating is thought to occur when different groups meet up, and breeding within units is a rare occurrence.^[26]^[42]

Gestation lasts approximately 12 to 16 months and calving occurs once every 3 to 6 years. Calves are generally 1.6–2.0 m (5 ft 3 in – 6 ft 7 in) at birth, and weigh about 75 kg (165 lb).^[43] Most calves are born in the summer, though some calving occurs throughout the year. There is evidence that some males may stay with their mothers after they reach sexual maturity.^[44]

Parasites

Among other parasites, long-finned pilot whales harbour Crassicauda carbonelli, a species of nematodes which is found exclusively in the penis.^[45]

Distribution and abundance

Abundance

Though long-finned pilot whales appear to be abundant, there have been no recent reliable estimates for the worldwide population and very little long-term baseline data collected for monitoring population trends. However, based on their apparent abundance and what information is available, they are currently listed by the IUCN as "Least Concern." Conservative estimates for the population found off Newfoundland estimated around 13,000 individuals.^[46] Another study estimated a total of 780,000 animals in the North Atlantic, though this study includes both short and long-finned pilot whales as they are hard to distinguish at sea.^[47]

Current distribution

Long-finned pilot whales are found in the North Atlantic (subspecies Globicephala melas melas), as well as the Southern Hemisphere (subspecies Globicephala melas edwardii). Those in the north are wide-ranging and have been observed off the coast of the eastern U.S. and Canada, across the Atlantic in places such as the Azores and the Faroe Islands, as well as down the western coast of Europe all the way to the Strait of Gibraltar and North Africa.^[48]^[49]^[50]^[51] In the southern ocean, long-finned pilot whales are thought to range from 19 to 60° S, but are commonly seen in the Antarctic Convergence Zone and other areas, showing that they go as far as 68° S.^[52] This species has been observed near sea ice in the Antarctic.

Historical distribution

Though there are only two recognized living subspecies, there was once a third that was found in the western North Pacific around Japan.^[53] These are thought to have died off sometime between the 8th and 12th century. This unnamed form was documented in historical literature and confirmed by the discovery of fossils in several locations of Japan, such as on Rebun Island and in Chiba Prefecture. Their biological niche after the extinction has likely been refilled by short-finned pilot whales, who are currently present in parts of this region.^[54]

Antagonistic interactions with other species

Pilot whales have been occasionally observed harassing, mobbing or chasing other species of cetaceans.

Orcas

Chases of orcas have been documented in several parts of the world, including Iceland and the Strait of Gibraltar.^[55] It is thought that this might be due to either competition for prey or an anti-predation strategy by the long-finned pilot whales. Recently, an adult female Icelandic orca was observed with a newborn pilot whale travelling alongside her in a mother-calf position, leading to speculation that the relationship between both species might be far more complex than previously suggested.^[56] This same orca was seen a year later interacting with a larger group of pilot whales. Whether this newborn calf was adopted or abducted is unknown.

Based on experimentation involving familiar sounds of Orcas that consume fish and unfamiliar vocalizations of mammal-hunting Killer Whales, one study suggests that long-finned pilot whales can distinguish between familiar and unaccustomed types of Orca, noting behavioral differences like the ceasing of feeding when mammal-hunting Orcas' sounds were played. The study suggests that antagonistic interactions against fish-eating Killer Whales could either be an anti-predatory behavior or an attempt to maintain territory, while actions done in response to mammal-hunting Killer Whales could be a response to a more dangerous threat. ^[57]

Strandings

Mass strandings

Long-finned pilot whales are the most common species involved in mass strandings. The largest event consisted of 1,000 whales on the Chatham Islands in 1918.^[58] Though mass strandings of this species are most common in New Zealand, pilot whales have beached themselves in many other countries in places such as northern Europe, the Atlantic coast of North America, South America, and southern parts of Africa.

Over 600 pilot whales were involved in a stranding at Farewell Spit, New Zealand on February 9, 2017. This was the second largest mass stranding event to be documented.

Research from strandings

Scientists have learned a number of important things from mass strandings of long-finned pilot whales around the world. Studies suggest that they do not always beach together in family units, as multiple matrilines can be found in a single stranding event.^[59]

Conservation

Current conservation status

The North Sea and Baltic Sea populations of the long-finned pilot whale are listed on Appendix II^[60] of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), since they have an unfavourable conservation status or would benefit significantly from international co-operation organised by tailored agreements.

The long-finned pilot whale is also covered by the Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic, North East Atlantic, Irish and North Seas (ASCOBANS),^[61] the Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans in the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantic Area (ACCOBAMS),^[62] the Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region (Pacific Cetaceans MoU)^[63] and the Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Conservation of the Manatee and Small Cetaceans of Western Africa and Macaronesia (Western African Aquatic Mammals MoU).^[64]

Whaling

Whaling of this species in the Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic has been practiced since the time of the first Norse settlements there. The hunts, called grindadráp in Faroese, are mainly executed during the summer. They are generally regarded as non-commercial - though people may sell their share after the catch has been divided - and organized on a community level. The hunters first surround the pilot whales with a wide semicircle of many boats. The boats then drive the pilot whales into a bay or to the bottom of a fjord. It is regulated by Faroese authorities but not by the International Whaling Commission, which does not regulate the hunts of small cetaceans.^[65]^[66] As of the end of November 2008 the chief medical officers of the Faroe Islands have recommended that pilot whales no longer be considered fit for human consumption because of the level of mercury in the whales.^[67]^[68]

Though the Faroe Islands are home to the only remaining large scale long-finned pilot whale hunts in the world, this species has also been hunted historically elsewhere. An industrial drive fishery was started in the Trinity Bay area of Newfoundland, Canada in 1947 by a Norwegian whaling captain. The catches increased every year until in 1956, there were approximately 10,000 pilot whales successfully captured and killed. This species was also historically hunted along the New England coastline.

Aside from the Faroe Islands, a few pilot whales are taken opportunistically in Greenland each year.

Pilot whale hunt in Vágur, Suðuroy in August 2012
Beach of Hvalba during a Grindadráp, Faroe Islands, the sea has turned red with blood
In accordance with the regulations, men and women gather on the shore to kill the beached whales, here in the town Vágur on Suðuroy

Tourism

Long-finned pilot whales are economically important in the whale-watching industry of some areas of the world, especially in eastern Canada. Even though there are a number of other species of whales found in the Gulf of the St. Lawrence and around Newfoundland, pilots are one of the more common ones sighted inshore during the summer season. The tour vessels used in these regions are normally old converted fishing vessels or zodiacs. In these places, pilot whales provide valuable income for people living in rural fishing communities.

The effects of whale-watching on long-finned pilot whales have not been well studied.

Museum specimens

The articulated skeleton of a long-finned pilot whale, killed in the Firth of Forth in 1867, was put on display at Leeds City Museum, UK in 2019.^[69]

References

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^ Reeves, R.R., B.S. Stewart, P.J. Clapham and Powell, J.A. (2002). National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World. Alfred A. Knopf: New York.
^ L. Taylor, B.; Baird, R.; Barlow, J.; M. Dawson, S.; Ford, J.; G. Mead, J.; Notarbartolo di Sciara, G.; Wade, P.; L. Pitman, R. (2011). "Globicephala macrorhynchus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T9249A12972356.en.
^ Amano M. (2012). "みちのくの海のイルカたち(特集みちのくの海と水族館の海棲哺乳類)" (PDF). Isana. 56: 60–65. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
^ Selbmann A.; Basran C.J.; Bertulli C.G.; Hudson T.; Mrusczok M.; Rasmussen M.H.; Rempel J.N.; Scott J.; Svavarsson J.; Weensveen, P.J; Whittaker M. (2022). "Occurrence of long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas) and killer whales (Orcinus orca) in Icelandic coastal waters and their interspecific interactions". Acta Ethologica. 25 (3): 141–154. Bibcode:2003CaJZ...81.1327O. doi:10.1139/z03-127. PMC 9170559. PMID 35694552. S2CID 56260446.
^ Mrusczok M.; Zwamborn E.; von Schmalensee M.; Rodriguez Ramallo S.; Stefansson R. A. (2023). "First account of apparent alloparental care of a long-finned pilot whale calf (Globicephala melas) by a female killer whale (Orcinus orca)". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 101 (4): 288–293. Bibcode:2023CaJZ..101..288M. doi:10.1139/cjz-2022-0161. S2CID 257010608.
^ Cure, Charlotte (2019). "Evidence for discrimination between feeding sounds of familiar fish and unfamiliar mammal-eating killer whale ecotypes by long-finned pilot whales". Anim Cogn (22): 863-882. doi:10.1007/s10071-019-01282-1.
^ "Chatham Islands marine mammals".
^ Oremus, Marc; Gales, Rosemary; Kettles, Helen; Baker, C. Scott (2013). "Genetic Evidence of Multiple Matrilines and Spatial Disruption of Kinship Bonds in Mass Strandings of Long-finned Pilot Whales, Globicephala melas". Journal of Heredity. 104 (3): 301–311. doi:10.1093/jhered/est007. PMID 23493607.
^ "Appendix II" of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). As amended by the Conference of the Parties in 1985, 1988, 1991, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2005 and 2008. Effective: 5 March 2009.
^ Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic, North East Atlantic, Irish and North Seas. Ascobans.org. Retrieved on 2014-01-04.
^ Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans in the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantic Area. Accobams.org. Retrieved on 2014-01-04.
^ Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region. Pacificcetaceans.org. Retrieved on 2014-01-04.
^ Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Conservation of the Manatee and Small Cetaceans of Western Africa and Macaronesia, Convention on Migratory Species page on the Long-finned pilot whale. UNEP/Convention on Migratory Species
^ "Small Cetaceans". International Whaling Commission. 5 May 2004. Retrieved 21 July 2009.
^ "Catch limits". International Whaling Commission. 1 September 2009. Retrieved 21 July 2009.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ MacKenzie, Debora (28 November 2008). "Faroe islanders told to stop eating 'toxic' whales". New Scientist. Retrieved 21 July 2009.
^ "Whales and Whaling in the Faroe Islands". whaling.fo. Whales and Whaling in the Faroe Islands. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
^ "Long finned pilot whale skeleton". Leeds City Council. 18 October 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2020.

External links

ARKive Photos, video
Short Seasonal Absence of Long-Finned Pilot Whale in the Strait of Gibraltar

[MSW3-1] Mead, J. G.; Brownell, R. L. Jr. (2005). "Order Cetacea". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 723–743. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

[iucn_status_18_November_2021-2] Minton, G.; Reeves, R.; Braulik, G. (2018). "Globicephala melas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T9250A50356171. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T9250A50356171.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.

[3] "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 14 January 2022.

[msw3-4] Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). "Globicephala melas". Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

[Perrin-5] Olson, P.A. (2008). "Pilot whale Globicephala melas and G. muerorhynchus". pp. 847–52 in Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Perrin, W. F., Wursig, B., and Thewissen, J. G. M. (eds.). Academic Press; 2nd edition. ISBN 0-12-551340-2

[Ridgeway_1998-6] Ridgway, S. H. (1998). Handbook of Marine Mammals: The second book of dolphins and the porpoises. Volume 6, Elsevier. pp. 245–69. ISBN 0-12-588506-7

[Harper_Collins_Publishers-7] Cawardine, M.; Hoyt, E.; Fordyce, R.E.; Gill, P. (1998). Whales and Dolphins, the Ultimate Guide to Marine Mammals. London: Harper Collins Publishers.

[8] Traill, T. S. (1809). "Description of a new species of whale, Delphinus melas". In a letter from Thomas Stewart Traill, M.D. to Mr. Nicholson". Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, and the Arts. 22: 81–83.

[9] Starting, Jones Jr; Carter D.C.; Genoways H.H.; Hoffman R.S.; Rice D.W. Jones (1986). "Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico". Occ Papers Mus Texas Tech Univ. 107: 5.

[10] Encyclopedia of the World's Biomes. Elsevier. 26 June 2020. p. 485. ISBN 978-0-12-816097-8.

[11] Stuart, Chris (1 July 2017). Stuarts' Field Guide to the Larger Mammals of Africa. Penguin Random House South Africa. ISBN 978-1-77584-276-7.

[12] "Globicephala melas — Long-finned Pilot Whale". Species Profile and Threats Database. Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, Australian Government.

[13] Szabo, Vicki E. (31 January 2008). Monstrous Fishes and the Mead-Dark Sea: Whaling in the Medieval North Atlantic. BRILL. pp. 168, 169. ISBN 978-90-474-3241-8.

[14] Macdonald, D.W. (2001). The New Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[Jefferson,_T.A._2015-15] Jefferson, T.A., Webber. M.A., and Pitman, R.L. (2015). Marine Mammals of the World: A Comprehensive Guide to Their Identification (2nd edition). Academic Press: San Diego.

[16] Hooker, Sascha K. (2009). Perrin, William F.; Wursig, Bernd; Thewissen, J.G.M, eds. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals (2nd ed.). 30 Corporate Drive, Burlington Ma. 01803: Academic Press. p. 1173. ISBN 978-0-12-373553-9.

[17] Augusto, Joana F.; Frasier, Timothy R.; Whitehead, Hal (2013). "Using photography to determine sex in pilot whales (Globicephala melas) is not possible: Males and females have similar dorsal fins". Marine Mammal Science. 29 (1): 213–220. Bibcode:2013MMamS..29..213A. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2011.00546.x.

[18] Nores C, Pérez C (1988). "Overlapping range between Globicephala macrorhynchus and Globicephala melaena in the northeastern Atlantic". Mammalia. 52 (1): 51–55. doi:10.1515/mamm.1988.52.1.51. S2CID 85144528.

[19] ICES (2010). Report of the Working Group on Marine Mammal Ecology (WGMME). 12–15 April 2010, Horta, The Azores. ICES CM 2010/ACOM: 24. 212 pp.

[20] Mortensen, H.S.; et al. (2014). "Quantitative relationships in delphinid neocortex". Frontiers in Neuroanatomy. 8: 132. doi:10.3389/fnana.2014.00132. PMC 4244864. PMID 25505387.

[Bloch,_D._1993-21] Bloch, D., Desportes, G., Mouritsen, R., Skaaning, S. and Stefansson, E. (1993). An introduction to studies of the ecology and status of the long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas) off the Faroe Islands, 1986-1988. Report of the International Whaling Commission. Special Issue 14: 1-32.

[22] Sergeant, D. E. (1962). "On the External Characters of the Blackfish or Pilot Whales (Genus Globicephala)". Journal of Mammalogy. 43 (3): 395–413. doi:10.2307/1376948. JSTOR 1376948.

[23] Ottensmeyer A.; Whitehead H. (2003). "Behavioural evidence for social units in long-finned pilot whales". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 81 (8): 1327–1338. Bibcode:2003CaJZ...81.1327O. doi:10.1139/z03-127. S2CID 56260446.

[24] Jankowski, M. (2005). Long-finned pilot whale movement and social structure: residency, population mixing and identification of social units. M.Sc. thesis, Biology, Dalhousie University.

[25] Amos B.; Schlotterer C.; Tautz D. (1993). "Social structure of pilot whales revealed by analytical DNA profiling". Science. 260 (5108): 670–672. Bibcode:1993Sci...260..670A. doi:10.1126/science.8480176. PMID 8480176.

[Amos,_B._1993-26] Amos, B., Bloch, D., Desportes, G., Majerus, T.M.O., Bancroft, D.R., Barrett, J.A. and Dover, G.A. (1993). A review of molecular evidence relating to social organization and breeding system in the long-finned pilot whale. Report of the International Whaling Commission. Special Issue 14: 209-217.

[27] Baraff, Lisa S.; Asmutis-Silvia, Regina A. (1998). "Long-Term Association of an Individual Long-Finned Pilot Whale and Atlantic White-Sided Dolphins". Marine Mammal Science. 14 (1): 155–161. Bibcode:1998MMamS..14..155B. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1998.tb00700.x.

[28] Shane, SH (1995). "Relationship between pilot whales and Risso's dolphins at Santa Catalina Island, California, USA". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 123: 5–11. Bibcode:1995MEPS..123....5S. doi:10.3354/meps123005.

[29] Abend, A. (1997). "Differences in stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen between long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas) and their primary prey in the western north Atlantic". ICES Journal of Marine Science. 54 (3): 500–503. Bibcode:1997ICJMS..54..500A. doi:10.1006/jmsc.1996.0192.

[30] Monteiro, Sílvia; Ferreira, Marisa; Vingada, José V.; López, Alfredo; Brownlow, Andrew; Méndez-Fernandez, Paula (2015). "Application of stable isotopes to assess the feeding ecology of long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas) in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 465: 56–63. Bibcode:2015JEMBE.465...56M. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2015.01.007.

[31] Mercer, M. C. (1975). "Modified Leslie–De Lury Population Models of the Long-Finned Pilot Whale (Globicephala melaena) and Annual Production of the Short-Finned Squid (Illex illecebrosus) Based upon their Interaction at Newfoundland". Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. 32 (7): 1145–1154. doi:10.1139/f75-135.

[32] Augusto, Joana F.; Frasier, Timothy R.; Whitehead, Hal (2017). "Characterizing alloparental care in the pilot whale (Globicephala melas) population that summers off Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, Canada". Marine Mammal Science. 33 (2): 440–456. Bibcode:2017MMamS..33..440A. doi:10.1111/mms.12377.

[33] Taruski, A.G. (1979). The whistle repertoire of the north Atlantic pilot whale (Globicephala melaena) and its relationship to behavior and environment. In: Behavior of Marine Animals, Vol. 3: Cetaceans. Edited by: Winn, H.E. and Olla, B.C., Plenum Press: New York, 345-368.

[34] Nemiroff, L. (2009). Structural variation and communicative functions of long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas) pulsed calls and complex whistles. M.Sc. Thesis. Dalhousie University.

[35] Zwamborn, E. (2016). Repeated call sequences in long-finned pilot whales: social setting, modification, and behavioral context. M.Sc. Thesis. Dalhousie University.

[36] Zwamborn, Elizabeth M. J.; Whitehead, Hal (2017). "Repeated call sequences and behavioural context in long-finned pilot whales off Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, Canada". Bioacoustics. 26 (2): 169–183. Bibcode:2017Bioac..26..169Z. doi:10.1080/09524622.2016.1233457. S2CID 89545880.

[37] Zwamborn, E. Z.; Walmsley, S.; Whitehead, H. (2023). "Flanking female guides: collective decision making in long-finned pilot whales". Animal Behaviour. 205: 149–159. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2023.09.007.

[38] Monteiro, Sílvia; Ferreira, Marisa; Vingada, José V.; López, Alfredo; Brownlow, Andrew; Méndez-Fernandez, Paula (1 April 2015). "Application of stable isotopes to assess the feeding ecology of long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas) in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 465: 56–63. Bibcode:2015JEMBE.465...56M. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2015.01.007. ISSN 0022-0981.

[39] Becker, Yamila A.; Fioramonti, Nicolás E.; Dellabianca, Natalia A.; Riccialdelli, Luciana (1 August 2021). "Feeding ecology of the long finned pilot whale, Globicephala melas edwardii, in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean, determined by stable isotopes analysis". Polar Biology. 44 (8): 1655–1667. Bibcode:2021PoBio..44.1655B. doi:10.1007/s00300-021-02908-2. ISSN 1432-2056.

[40] Preston, Julianne. "Globicephala melas (long-finned pilot whale)". Animal Diversity Web.

[41] Gannon, DP; Read, AJ; Craddock, JE; Fristrup, KM; Nicolas, Jr. (20 March 1997). "Feeding ecology of long-finned pilot whales Globicephala melas in the western North Atlantic" (PDF). Marine Ecology Progress Series. 148 (1–10): 1. Bibcode:1997MEPS..148....1G. doi:10.3354/meps148001.

[42] Amos B.; Barrett J.; Dover G.A. (1991). "Breeding behaviour of pilot whales revealed by DNA fingerprinting". Heredity. 67: 49–55. doi:10.1038/hdy.1991.64. PMID 1917551.

[43] NOAA. 2014. Long-finned Pilot Whale (Globicephala melas). http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/mammals/cetaceans/pilotwhale_longfinned.htm

[44] Fullard K.J.; Early G.; Heide-Jorgensen M.P.; Bloch D.; Rosing-Asvid A.; Amos W. (2000). "Population structure of long-finned pilot whales in the North Atlantic: A correlation with sea surface temperature?". Molecular Ecology. 9 (7): 949–958. Bibcode:2000MolEc...9..949F. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.00957.x. PMID 10886657. S2CID 25525790.

[RagaBalbuena2016-45] Raga, J. A.; Balbuena, J. A. (1990). "A new species of the genus Crassicauda Leiper et Atkinson, 1914 (Nematoda: Spiruroidea) from the penis of Globicephala melas (Traill, 1809) (Cetacea: Globicephalidae) in the western mediterranean sea" (PDF). Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée. 65 (5–6): 255–261. doi:10.1051/parasite/1990655255. ISSN 0003-4150. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 July 2018.

[46] Hay, K. (1982). Aerial line-transect estimates of abundance of humpback, fin, and long- finned pilot whales in the Newfoundland-Labrador area. Report of the International Whaling Commission, 32: 475-486.

[47] Buckland, S.T., Bloch, D., Cattanach, K.L., Gunnlaugsson, Th., Hoydal, K., Lens, S. and Sigurjónsson, J. (1993). Distribution and abundance of long-finned pilot whales in the North Atlantic, estimated from NASS-87 and NASS-89 data. Report of the International Whaling Commission. Special Issue 14: 33-49.

[48] Reeves, R.R., Smith, B.D., Crespo, R.A. and di Sciara, N. (2003). Dolphins, Whales and Porpoises: 2002–2010 Conservation Action Plan for the World's Cetaceans. Cetacean Specialist Group. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.

[49] Payne, P.M., Selzer, L.A. and Knowlton, A.T. (1984). Distribution and density of cetaceans, marine turtles, and seabirds in the shelf waters of the northeastern United States, June 1980-December 1983, from shipboard observations. Final Report, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Center, Woods Hole, MA, Contract No. NA-81-FA-C-00023. 246pp.

[50] Mercer, M. C. (1975). "Modified Leslie–De Lury Population Models of the Long-Finned Pilot Whale (Globicephala melaena) and Annual Production of the Short-Finned Squid (Illex illecebrosus) Based upon their Interaction at Newfoundland". Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. 32 (7): 1145–1154. doi:10.1139/f75-135.

[51] Bloch, D., Desportes, G., Mouritsen, R., Skaaning, S. and Stefansson, E. (1993c). An introduction to studies of the ecology and status of the long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas) off the Faroe Islands, 1986-1988. Report of the International Whaling Commission. Special Issue 14: 1-32.

[52] Reeves, R.R., B.S. Stewart, P.J. Clapham and Powell, J.A. (2002). National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World. Alfred A. Knopf: New York.

[53] L. Taylor, B.; Baird, R.; Barlow, J.; M. Dawson, S.; Ford, J.; G. Mead, J.; Notarbartolo di Sciara, G.; Wade, P.; L. Pitman, R. (2011). "Globicephala macrorhynchus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T9249A12972356.en.

[54] Amano M. (2012). "みちのくの海のイルカたち(特集みちのくの海と水族館の海棲哺乳類)" (PDF). Isana. 56: 60–65. Retrieved 9 March 2017.

[55] Selbmann A.; Basran C.J.; Bertulli C.G.; Hudson T.; Mrusczok M.; Rasmussen M.H.; Rempel J.N.; Scott J.; Svavarsson J.; Weensveen, P.J; Whittaker M. (2022). "Occurrence of long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas) and killer whales (Orcinus orca) in Icelandic coastal waters and their interspecific interactions". Acta Ethologica. 25 (3): 141–154. Bibcode:2003CaJZ...81.1327O. doi:10.1139/z03-127. PMC 9170559. PMID 35694552. S2CID 56260446.

[56] Mrusczok M.; Zwamborn E.; von Schmalensee M.; Rodriguez Ramallo S.; Stefansson R. A. (2023). "First account of apparent alloparental care of a long-finned pilot whale calf (Globicephala melas) by a female killer whale (Orcinus orca)". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 101 (4): 288–293. Bibcode:2023CaJZ..101..288M. doi:10.1139/cjz-2022-0161. S2CID 257010608.

[57] Cure, Charlotte (2019). "Evidence for discrimination between feeding sounds of familiar fish and unfamiliar mammal-eating killer whale ecotypes by long-finned pilot whales". Anim Cogn (22): 863-882. doi:10.1007/s10071-019-01282-1.

[58] "Chatham Islands marine mammals".

[59] Oremus, Marc; Gales, Rosemary; Kettles, Helen; Baker, C. Scott (2013). "Genetic Evidence of Multiple Matrilines and Spatial Disruption of Kinship Bonds in Mass Strandings of Long-finned Pilot Whales, Globicephala melas". Journal of Heredity. 104 (3): 301–311. doi:10.1093/jhered/est007. PMID 23493607.

[Appendices-60] "Appendix II" of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). As amended by the Conference of the Parties in 1985, 1988, 1991, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2005 and 2008. Effective: 5 March 2009.

[61] Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic, North East Atlantic, Irish and North Seas. Ascobans.org. Retrieved on 2014-01-04.

[62] Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans in the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantic Area. Accobams.org. Retrieved on 2014-01-04.

[63] Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region. Pacificcetaceans.org. Retrieved on 2014-01-04.

[64] Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Conservation of the Manatee and Small Cetaceans of Western Africa and Macaronesia, Convention on Migratory Species page on the Long-finned pilot whale. UNEP/Convention on Migratory Species

[65] "Small Cetaceans". International Whaling Commission. 5 May 2004. Retrieved 21 July 2009.

[66] "Catch limits". International Whaling Commission. 1 September 2009. Retrieved 21 July 2009.^{[permanent dead link‍]}

[toxic-whale-67] MacKenzie, Debora (28 November 2008). "Faroe islanders told to stop eating 'toxic' whales". New Scientist. Retrieved 21 July 2009.

[68] "Whales and Whaling in the Faroe Islands". whaling.fo. Whales and Whaling in the Faroe Islands. Retrieved 23 September 2015.

[69] "Long finned pilot whale skeleton". Leeds City Council. 18 October 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2020.

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@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 {{Speciesbox
 | name = Long-finned pilot whale<ref name=MSW3>{{MSW3 Cetacea|id=14300052}}</ref>
-| image = Pilot whale spyhop.jpg
+| image = Pilot Whale - Flickr - gailhampshire.jpg
 | image2 = Long-finned pilot whale size.svg
 | image2_caption = Size compared to an average human
@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 * ''Globicephalus melas''
 * ''Globicephalus melaenus''
+* ''Globicephala intermedius'' <small>(Harlan, 1827)</small><ref name=msw3>{{MSW3|id =14300052|heading=Globicephala melas}}</ref>
 }}
-The '''long-finned pilot whale''' ('''''Globicephala''' '''melas''''') is a large [[species]] of [[oceanic dolphin]]. It shares the [[genus]] ''[[Pilot whale|Globicephala]]'' with the [[short-finned pilot whale]] (''Globicephala macrorhynchus''). Long-finned pilot whales are known as such because of their unusually long pectoral fins.
+The '''long-finned pilot whale''', or '''pothead whale '''('''''Globicephala''' '''melas''''') is a large [[species]] of [[oceanic dolphin]]. It shares the [[genus]] ''[[Pilot whale|Globicephala]]'' with the [[short-finned pilot whale]] (''Globicephala macrorhynchus''). Long-finned pilot whales are known as such because of their unusually long [[pectoral fin]]s.
 ==Taxonomy and naming==
@@ Line 33: / Line 34: @@
 ===Taxonomy===
-This species was first classified in 1809 by [[Thomas Stewart Traill]] and given the name "''Delphinus melas''".<ref>{{cite journal |author= Traill, T. S. |year= 1809 |title= Description of a new species of whale, ''Delphinus melas''". In a letter from Thomas Stewart Traill, M.D. to Mr. Nicholson |journal= Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, and the Arts |volume= 1809 |pages= 81–83 }}</ref> However, this scientific name was changed later to "''Globicephala melaena''". Then in 1986, the [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]] for this species was reverted to its original form as "''melas''".<ref>{{cite journal |author= Starting, Jones Jr |author2= Carter D.C. |author3= Genoways H.H. |author4= Hoffman R.S. |author5= Rice D.W. Jones |year= 1986 |title= Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico |journal= Occ Papers Mus Texas Tech Univ |volume= 107 |page=5 }}</ref>
+This species was first classified in 1809 by [[Thomas Stewart Traill]] and given the name "''Delphinus melas''".<ref>{{cite journal |author= Traill, T. S. |year= 1809 |title= Description of a new species of whale, ''Delphinus melas''". In a letter from Thomas Stewart Traill, M.D. to Mr. Nicholson |journal= Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, and the Arts |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/829112#page/101/mode/1up |volume= 22 |pages= 81–83 }}</ref> However, this scientific name was changed later to "''Globicephala melaena''". Then in 1986, the [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]] for this species was reverted to its original form as "''melas''".<ref>{{cite journal |author= Starting, Jones Jr |author2= Carter D.C. |author3= Genoways H.H. |author4= Hoffman R.S. |author5= Rice D.W. Jones |year= 1986 |title= Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico |journal= Occ Papers Mus Texas Tech Univ |volume= 107 |page=5 }}</ref>
 ==Anatomy and morphology==
 ===Size===
+There is [[sexual dimorphism]] in the species. Females grow to a maximum length of up to {{cvt|6|m|ft}}, and a maximum weight of up to {{Cvt|2500|kg|lb}}. Males are significantly larger at up to {{cvt|7.6|m|ft}} in length, and weigh up to {{cvt|4500|kg|lb}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of the World's Biomes |date=26 June 2020 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-816097-8 |pages=485 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oXbLDwAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Stuart |first1=Chris |title=Stuarts' Field Guide to the Larger Mammals of Africa |date=1 July 2017 |publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa |isbn=978-1-77584-276-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2w1bDwAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Globicephala melas — Long-finned Pilot Whale |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=59282 |website=Species Profile and Threats Database |publisher=Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, Australian Government}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Szabo |first1=Vicki E. |title=Monstrous Fishes and the Mead-Dark Sea: Whaling in the Medieval North Atlantic |date=31 January 2008 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-474-3241-8 |pages=168, 169 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DTiwCQAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> This makes the long-finned pilot whale the second largest member of the dolphin family, behind the [[Orca]] (''Orcinus orca'').
-The sexes are [[sexual dimorphism|dimorphic]], with females reaching lengths of up to {{convert|5.7|meters}} and {{cvt|1,300|kg}}, while males are significantly larger at up to {{convert|6.7|meters}} and {{cvt|2,300|kg|lb|-1}}.<ref name="Jefferson, T.A. 2015">Jefferson, T.A., Webber. M.A., and Pitman, R.L. (2015). ''Marine Mammals of the World: A Comprehensive Guide to Their Identification'' (2nd edition). Academic Press: San Diego.</ref> This makes the long-finned pilot whale the second largest member of the dolphin family, behind the [[killer whale]] (''Orcinus orca'').
 ===Appearance===
 [[File:Walmuseum Húsavík - Skelett Grindwal.jpg |thumb|left|Skeleton of a long-finned pilot whale.]]
 [[File:Long finned pilot whale skeleton.jpg |thumb|left]]
-Despite its common name, the long-finned pilot whale is actually a large species of dolphin. The same is true of [[orca]]s and several other small whales. It has a bulbous forehead and is black or dark grey in colour with light-grey or white markings on the throat and belly regions.<ref>{{cite book |last=Macdonald |first=D.W. |year=2001 |title=The New Encyclopedia of Mammals |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford}}</ref> This light grey patch found on the throat of pilot whales forms the shape of an anchor. Some individuals have other distinct markings such as a light coloured area behind dorsal fin, known as a saddle patch, as well as an upwards sweeping stripe just behind the eye. The dorsal fin is thick and falcate in nature, and is located about a third of the way down the length of the animal. The common name of this species is a reference to the pilot whale's long, sickle-shaped pectoral flippers that are 18 to 27 percent of its total body length.<ref name="Jefferson, T.A. 2015"/>
+Despite its common name, the long-finned pilot whale is actually a large species of dolphin. The same is true of [[orca]]s and several other small whales. It has a bulbous forehead and is black or dark grey in colour with light-grey or white markings on the throat and belly regions.<ref>{{cite book |last=Macdonald |first=D.W. |year=2001 |title=The New Encyclopedia of Mammals |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford}}</ref> This light grey patch found on the throat of pilot whales forms the shape of an anchor. Some individuals have other distinct markings such as a light coloured area behind dorsal fin, known as a saddle patch, as well as an upwards sweeping stripe just behind the eye. The dorsal fin is thick and falcate in nature, and is located about a third of the way down the length of the animal. The common name of this species is a reference to the pilot whale's long, sickle-shaped pectoral flippers that are 18 to 27 percent of its total body length.<ref name="Jefferson, T.A. 2015">Jefferson, T.A., Webber. M.A., and Pitman, R.L. (2015). ''Marine Mammals of the World: A Comprehensive Guide to Their Identification'' (2nd edition). Academic Press: San Diego.</ref>
 Being a toothed whale, pilot whales have a single [[blowhole (anatomy)|blowhole]].<ref>Hooker, Sascha K. (2009). Perrin, William F.; Wursig, Bernd; Thewissen, J.G.M, eds. ''Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals'' (2nd ed.). 30 Corporate Drive, Burlington Ma. 01803: Academic Press. p. 1173. {{ISBN|978-0-12-373553-9}}.</ref>
-It can be challenging to tell male and female apart in the wild for many cetacean species. Long-finned pilot whales are no exception, though it was thought in the past that males had hooked dorsal fins while females did not. Recent research on fin shape has shown that this is not a predictable way to distinguish between the sexes.<ref>Augusto, Joana F., Frasier, Timothy R., and Whitehead, Hal. (2013). "Using photography to determine sex in pilot whales (''Globicephala melas'') is not possible: Males and females have similar dorsal fins". ''Marine Mammal Science'', 29:213-220.</ref> However, males are bigger in size, and relative fin dimensions as well as other characteristics may still be discovered to allow for distinguishing the sex of at least certain age classes for free-ranging pilot whales.
+It can be challenging to tell male and female apart in the wild for many cetacean species. Long-finned pilot whales are no exception, though it was thought in the past that males had hooked dorsal fins while females did not. Recent research on fin shape has shown that this is not a predictable way to distinguish between the sexes.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1111/j.1748-7692.2011.00546.x | title=Using photography to determine sex in pilot whales (''Globicephala melas'') is not possible: Males and females have similar dorsal fins | year=2013 | last1=Augusto | first1=Joana F. | last2=Frasier | first2=Timothy R. | last3=Whitehead | first3=Hal | journal=Marine Mammal Science | volume=29 | issue=1 | pages=213–220 | bibcode=2013MMamS..29..213A }}</ref> However, males are bigger in size, and relative fin dimensions as well as other characteristics may still be discovered to allow for distinguishing the sex of at least certain age classes for free-ranging pilot whales.
 The ranges of long-finned and short-finned pilot whales overlap in some areas of the world.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Nores C, Pérez C |year= 1988 |title= Overlapping range between ''Globicephala macrorhynchus'' and ''Globicephala melaena'' in the northeastern Atlantic |journal= Mammalia |volume= 52 |issue=1 |pages= 51–55 |doi= 10.1515/mamm.1988.52.1.51 |s2cid= 85144528 }}</ref> As the difference between them is mainly distinguished by the length of the pectoral flippers and tooth counts, it is hard to tell the two species apart in these areas.<ref name="Harper Collins Publishers"/><ref>ICES (2010). ''Report of the Working Group on Marine Mammal Ecology (WGMME)''. 12–15 April 2010, Horta, The Azores. ICES CM 2010/ACOM: 24. 212 pp.</ref>
@@ Line 59: / Line 60: @@
 ===Social behavior===
-Long-finned pilot whales are very social in nature. They are usually seen in groups, which range in size from a couple of individuals to aggregations of over a thousand.<ref name="Bloch, D. 1993">Bloch, D., Desportes, G., Mouritsen, R., Skaaning, S. and Stefansson, E. (1993). An introduction to studies of the ecology and status of the long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas) off the Faroe Islands, 1986-1988. Report of the International Whaling Commission. Special Issue 14: 1-32.</ref> However, 20 to 150 individuals are more commonly observed.<ref name="Bloch, D. 1993"/><ref>Sergeant, D.E. (1962). On the external characteristics of the blackfish or pilot whales (genus Globicephala). Journal of Mammalogy, 43(3): 395-413.</ref> Studies have shown that this species often forms small long-term social units made up of around 8-12 individuals.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Ottensmeyer A. |author2=Whitehead H. | year = 2003 | title = Behavioural evidence for social units in long-finned pilot whales | url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/eeb7741451cc330f52cd4e1aaa2cee7ec0ab5db0| journal = Canadian Journal of Zoology | volume = 81 | issue = 8| pages = 1327–1338 | doi=10.1139/z03-127|s2cid=56260446 }}</ref><ref>Jankowski, M. (2005). Long-finned pilot whale movement and social structure: residency, population mixing and identification of social units. M.Sc. thesis, Biology, Dalhousie University.</ref> [[Genetics|Genetic]] investigations of the pilot whales driven ashore in the Faroese hunts have shown a relatedness amongst whales, suggesting a matrilineal structure within social units.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Amos B. |author2=Schlotterer C. |author3=Tautz D. | year = 1993 | title = Social structure of pilot whales revealed by analytical DNA profiling | journal = Science | volume = 260 | issue = 5108| pages = 670–672 | doi=10.1126/science.8480176 | pmid=8480176|bibcode=1993Sci...260..670A }}</ref><ref name="Amos, B. 1993">Amos, B., Bloch, D., Desportes, G., Majerus, T.M.O., Bancroft, D.R., Barrett, J.A. and Dover, G.A. (1993). A review of molecular evidence relating to social organization and breeding system in the long-finned pilot whale. Report of the International Whaling Commission. Special Issue 14: 209-217.</ref> This means that calves - females and perhaps the males as well - remain with their mothers for life.
+Long-finned pilot whales are very social in nature. They are usually seen in groups, which range in size from a couple of individuals to aggregations of over a thousand.<ref name="Bloch, D. 1993">Bloch, D., Desportes, G., Mouritsen, R., Skaaning, S. and Stefansson, E. (1993). An introduction to studies of the ecology and status of the long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas) off the Faroe Islands, 1986-1988. Report of the International Whaling Commission. Special Issue 14: 1-32.</ref> However, 20 to 150 individuals are more commonly observed.<ref name="Bloch, D. 1993"/><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.2307/1376948 | jstor=1376948 | title=On the External Characters of the Blackfish or Pilot Whales (Genus Globicephala) | last1=Sergeant | first1=D. E. | journal=Journal of Mammalogy | year=1962 | volume=43 | issue=3 | pages=395–413 }}</ref> Studies have shown that this species often forms small long-term social units made up of around 8-12 individuals.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Ottensmeyer A. |author2=Whitehead H. | year = 2003 | title = Behavioural evidence for social units in long-finned pilot whales | journal = Canadian Journal of Zoology | volume = 81 | issue = 8| pages = 1327–1338 | doi=10.1139/z03-127|bibcode=2003CaJZ...81.1327O |s2cid=56260446 }}</ref><ref>Jankowski, M. (2005). Long-finned pilot whale movement and social structure: residency, population mixing and identification of social units. M.Sc. thesis, Biology, Dalhousie University.</ref> [[Genetics|Genetic]] investigations of the pilot whales driven ashore in the Faroese hunts have shown a relatedness amongst whales, suggesting a matrilineal structure within social units.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Amos B. |author2=Schlotterer C. |author3=Tautz D. | year = 1993 | title = Social structure of pilot whales revealed by analytical DNA profiling | journal = Science | volume = 260 | issue = 5108| pages = 670–672 | doi=10.1126/science.8480176 | pmid=8480176|bibcode=1993Sci...260..670A }}</ref><ref name="Amos, B. 1993">Amos, B., Bloch, D., Desportes, G., Majerus, T.M.O., Bancroft, D.R., Barrett, J.A. and Dover, G.A. (1993). A review of molecular evidence relating to social organization and breeding system in the long-finned pilot whale. Report of the International Whaling Commission. Special Issue 14: 209-217.</ref> This means that calves - females and perhaps the males as well - remain with their mothers for life.
-These groups have been observed socializing with [[common bottlenose dolphin]]s, [[Atlantic white-sided dolphin]]s and [[Risso's dolphin]]s.<ref>Baraff, L.S. and Asmutis-Silvia, R.A. 1998. Long-term association of an individual long-finned pilot whale and Atlantic white-sided dolphins. Marine Mammal Science, 14:155-161</ref><ref>Shane, S.H. 1995. Relationship between pilot whales and Rissos' dolphins at Santa Catalina Island, California, USA. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 123:5-11</ref> Pilot whales mainly feed on cephalopods, though in certain regions fish may be more prominent in their diet.<ref>Abend, Alan G., and Tim D. Smith. "Differences in stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen between long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas) and their primary prey in the western north Atlantic." ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil 54.3 (1997): 500-503</ref><ref>Monteiro, Sílvia, et al. "Application of stable isotopes to assess the feeding ecology of long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas) in the northeast Atlantic Ocean." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 465 (2015): 56-63.</ref> Northwestern Atlantic whales are thought to dine predominately on short-finned squid.<ref>Mercer, M. C. "Modified Leslie-DeLury population models of the long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melaena) and annual production of the short-finned squid (Illex illecebrosus) based upon their interaction at Newfoundland." Journal of the Fisheries Board of Canada 32.7 (1975): 1145-1154.</ref>
+These groups have been observed socializing with [[common bottlenose dolphin]]s, [[Atlantic white-sided dolphin]]s and [[Risso's dolphin]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1111/j.1748-7692.1998.tb00700.x | title=Long-Term Association of an Individual Long-Finned Pilot Whale and Atlantic White-Sided Dolphins | year=1998 | last1=Baraff | first1=Lisa S. | last2=Asmutis-Silvia | first2=Regina A. | journal=Marine Mammal Science | volume=14 | issue=1 | pages=155–161 | bibcode=1998MMamS..14..155B }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.3354/meps123005 | title=Relationship between pilot whales and Risso's dolphins at Santa Catalina Island, California, USA | year=1995 | last1=Shane | first1=SH | journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series | volume=123 | pages=5–11 | doi-access=free | bibcode=1995MEPS..123....5S }}</ref> Pilot whales mainly feed on cephalopods, though in certain regions fish may be more prominent in their diet.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1006/jmsc.1996.0192 | title=Differences in stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen between long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas) and their primary prey in the western north Atlantic | year=1997 | last1=Abend | first1=A. | journal=ICES Journal of Marine Science | volume=54 | issue=3 | pages=500–503 | doi-access=free | bibcode=1997ICJMS..54..500A }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.jembe.2015.01.007 | title=Application of stable isotopes to assess the feeding ecology of long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas) in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean | year=2015 | last1=Monteiro | first1=Sílvia | last2=Ferreira | first2=Marisa | last3=Vingada | first3=José V. | last4=López | first4=Alfredo | last5=Brownlow | first5=Andrew | last6=Méndez-Fernandez | first6=Paula | journal=Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology | volume=465 | pages=56–63 | bibcode=2015JEMBE.465...56M }}</ref> Northwestern Atlantic whales are thought to dine predominately on short-finned squid.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1139/f75-135 | title=Modified Leslie–De ''Lury'' Population Models of the Long-Finned Pilot Whale (Globicephala melaena) and Annual Production of the Short-Finned Squid (Illex illecebrosus) Based upon their Interaction at Newfoundland | year=1975 | last1=Mercer | first1=M. C. | journal=Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada | volume=32 | issue=7 | pages=1145–1154 }}</ref>
 Long-finned pilot whales can often be seen [[lobtail]]ing and [[spyhopping]]. Occasionally they may also [[Whale surfacing behaviour#Breaching, lunging, and porpoising|breach]]. This species is notorious for mass strandings. During a specific time of year, approximately December to March, these whales beach themselves in high numbers along the coast of New Zealand. The reasons for stranding are not fully understood, but because pilot whales have strong social bonds, it is hypothesized that when one animal strands, the rest of the group may have the tendency to follow.
-These whales have also been observed babysitting calves that are not their own, with one study showing that many of those doing the babysitting are males.<ref>Augusto, J.F., Frasier, T. and Whitehead, H. 2016. Characterizing alloparental care in the pilot whale (Globicephala melas) population that summers off Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, Canada. Marine Mammal Science, DOI:10.1111/mms.12377</ref>
+These whales have also been observed babysitting calves that are not their own, with one study showing that many of those doing the babysitting are males.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1111/mms.12377 | title=Characterizing alloparental care in the pilot whale (Globicephala melas) population that summers off Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, Canada | year=2017 | last1=Augusto | first1=Joana F. | last2=Frasier | first2=Timothy R. | last3=Whitehead | first3=Hal | journal=Marine Mammal Science | volume=33 | issue=2 | pages=440–456 | bibcode=2017MMamS..33..440A }}</ref>
 {{Listen
@@ Line 79: / Line 80: @@
 The whistles and pulsed calls that pilot whales make seem not to fall into distinct types, but rather can be arranged on a [[continuum (measurement)|continuum]].<ref>Taruski, A.G. (1979). The whistle repertoire of the north Atlantic pilot whale (''Globicephala melaena'') and its relationship to behavior and environment. In: Behavior of Marine Animals, Vol. 3: Cetaceans. Edited by: Winn, H.E. and Olla, B.C., Plenum Press: New York, 345-368.</ref> These calls are produced in a wide [[frequency]] range, which has been observed from less than 1&nbsp;kHz to about 20&nbsp;kHz.<ref>Nemiroff, L. (2009). Structural variation and communicative functions of long-finned pilot whale (''Globicephala melas'') pulsed calls and complex whistles. M.Sc. Thesis. Dalhousie University.</ref>
-Recent studies have found that a large portion of their vocal repertoire is made up of calls produced in repeated sequences.<ref>Zwamborn, E. (2016). Repeated call sequences in long-finned pilot whales: social setting, modification, and behavioral context. M.Sc. Thesis. Dalhousie University.</ref> These repetitions are more commonly heard when whales are socializing than any other behavioral state (e.g. foraging, traveling, and resting).<ref>Zwamborn, E.M.J. and Whitehead, H. (2016). Repeated call sequences and behavioral context in long-finned pilot whales off Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, Canada. Bioacoustics, DOI: 10.1080/09524622.2016.1233457</ref>
+Recent studies have found that a large portion of their vocal repertoire is made up of calls produced in repeated sequences.<ref>Zwamborn, E. (2016). Repeated call sequences in long-finned pilot whales: social setting, modification, and behavioral context. M.Sc. Thesis. Dalhousie University.</ref> These repetitions are more commonly heard when whales are socializing than any other behavioral state (e.g. foraging, traveling, and resting).<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1080/09524622.2016.1233457 | title=Repeated call sequences and behavioural context in long-finned pilot whales off Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, Canada | year=2017 | last1=Zwamborn | first1=Elizabeth M. J. | last2=Whitehead | first2=Hal | journal=Bioacoustics | volume=26 | issue=2 | pages=169–183 | bibcode=2017Bioac..26..169Z | s2cid=89545880 }}</ref>
+===Decision-making===
+During the deeper collective dives of groups of long-finned pilot whales, females on the right and left flanks (periphery) are found to lead most often. <ref>{{cite journal |title=Flanking female guides: collective decision making in long-finned pilot whales | year=2023 |last1=Zwamborn |first1= E. Z. |last2=Walmsley |first2= S.|last3=Whitehead |first3= H.|journal=Animal Behaviour  |volume=205 |pages=149–159  | doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2023.09.007 |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2023.09.007}}</ref> This may function in a similar fashion to what is observed in cattle drives, where flanking riders are important for maintaining cohesion of the herd of cattle. The study also found that both mature males and juveniles can lead these dives, but that they do so far less often.
+===Diet===
+Long-finned pilot whales are [[apex predator]]s, preying on various species of [[squid]], [[octopus]], [[crustaceans]] and [[fish]]. Examples of [[fish]] [[species]] recorded as prey include [[Lanternfish]], [[Atlantic herring]], [[Silver hake]], [[Atlantic mackerel]] and [[Spiny dogfish]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Monteiro |first1=Sílvia |last2=Ferreira |first2=Marisa |last3=Vingada |first3=José V. |last4=López |first4=Alfredo |last5=Brownlow |first5=Andrew |last6=Méndez-Fernandez |first6=Paula |title=Application of stable isotopes to assess the feeding ecology of long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas) in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean |journal=Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology |date=1 April 2015 |volume=465 |pages=56–63 |doi=10.1016/j.jembe.2015.01.007 |bibcode=2015JEMBE.465...56M |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022098115000088 |issn=0022-0981}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Becker |first1=Yamila A. |last2=Fioramonti |first2=Nicolás E. |last3=Dellabianca |first3=Natalia A. |last4=Riccialdelli |first4=Luciana |title=Feeding ecology of the long finned pilot whale, Globicephala melas edwardii, in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean, determined by stable isotopes analysis |journal=Polar Biology |date=1 August 2021 |volume=44 |issue=8 |pages=1655–1667 |doi=10.1007/s00300-021-02908-2 |bibcode=2021PoBio..44.1655B |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00300-021-02908-2 |language=en |issn=1432-2056}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Preston |first1=Julianne |title=Globicephala melas (long-finned pilot whale) |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Globicephala_melas/ |website=Animal Diversity Web |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Feeding ecology of long-finned pilot whales Globicephala melas in the western North Atlantic |journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series |date=March 20, 1997 |volume=148 |issue=1–10 |bibcode=1997MEPS..148....1G |url=https://oceanrep.geomar.de/51214/1/3119.pdf |last1=Gannon |first1=DP |last2=Read |first2=AJ |last3=Craddock |first3=JE |last4=Fristrup |first4=KM |last5=Nicolas |first5=Jr. |page=1 |doi=10.3354/meps148001 }}</ref>
 ===Reproduction===
@@ Line 85: / Line 92: @@
 It seems that mating can take place at any time during the year, but it peaks in late spring/early summer for both northern and southern hemisphere populations.<ref name="Jefferson, T.A. 2015" /> Mating is thought to occur when different groups meet up, and breeding within units is a rare occurrence.<ref name="Amos, B. 1993"/><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Amos B. |author2=Barrett J. |author3=Dover G.A. | year = 1991 | title =Breeding behaviour of pilot whales revealed by DNA fingerprinting | journal = Heredity | volume = 67 | pages = 49–55 | doi=10.1038/hdy.1991.64 | pmid=1917551| doi-access =free }}</ref>
-Gestation lasts approximately 12 to 16 months and calving occurs once every 3 to 6 years. Calves are generally {{Convert|1.6-2.0|m|abbr=on}} at birth, and weigh about {{convert|75|kg|abbr=on}}.<ref>NOAA. 2014. Long-finned Pilot Whale (Globicephala melas). http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/mammals/cetaceans/pilotwhale_longfinned.htm</ref> Most calves are born in the summer, though some calving occurs throughout the year. There is evidence that some males may stay with their mothers after they reach sexual maturity.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Fullard K.J. |author2=Early G. |author3=Heide-Jorgensen M.P. |author4=Bloch D. |author5=Rosing-Asvid A. |author6=Amos W. | year = 2000 | title = Population structure of long-finned pilot whales in the North Atlantic: A correlation with sea surface temperature? | journal = Molecular Ecology | volume = 9 | issue = 7| pages = 949–958 | doi=10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.00957.x|pmid=10886657 |s2cid=25525790 }}</ref>
+Gestation lasts approximately 12 to 16 months and calving occurs once every 3 to 6 years. Calves are generally {{Convert|1.6-2.0|m|abbr=on}} at birth, and weigh about {{convert|75|kg|abbr=on}}.<ref>NOAA. 2014. Long-finned Pilot Whale (Globicephala melas). http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/mammals/cetaceans/pilotwhale_longfinned.htm</ref> Most calves are born in the summer, though some calving occurs throughout the year. There is evidence that some males may stay with their mothers after they reach sexual maturity.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Fullard K.J. |author2=Early G. |author3=Heide-Jorgensen M.P. |author4=Bloch D. |author5=Rosing-Asvid A. |author6=Amos W. | year = 2000 | title = Population structure of long-finned pilot whales in the North Atlantic: A correlation with sea surface temperature? | journal = Molecular Ecology | volume = 9 | issue = 7| pages = 949–958 | doi=10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.00957.x|pmid=10886657 |bibcode=2000MolEc...9..949F |s2cid=25525790 }}</ref>
 ===Parasites===
-Among other parasites, long-finned pilot whales harbour ''[[Crassicauda carbonelli]]'', a species of [[nematode]]s which is found exclusively in the penis.<ref name="RagaBalbuena2016">{{cite journal|last1=Raga|first1=J. A.|last2=Balbuena|first2=J. A.|title=A new species of the genus ''Crassicauda'' Leiper et Atkinson, 1914 (Nematoda: Spiruroidea) from the penis of ''Globicephala melas'' (Traill, 1809) (Cetacea: Globicephalidae) in the western mediterranean sea|journal=Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée|volume=65|issue=5–6|year=1990|pages=255–261|issn=0003-4150|doi=10.1051/parasite/1990655255|url=http://www.parasite-journal.org/articles/parasite/pdf/1990/05/parasite1990655-6p255.pdf|doi-access=free}} {{open access}}</ref>
+Among other parasites, long-finned pilot whales harbour ''[[Crassicauda carbonelli]]'', a species of [[nematode]]s which is found exclusively in the penis.<ref name="RagaBalbuena2016">{{cite journal|last1=Raga|first1=J. A.|last2=Balbuena|first2=J. A.|title=A new species of the genus ''Crassicauda'' Leiper et Atkinson, 1914 (Nematoda: Spiruroidea) from the penis of ''Globicephala melas'' (Traill, 1809) (Cetacea: Globicephalidae) in the western mediterranean sea|journal=Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée|volume=65|issue=5–6|year=1990|pages=255–261|issn=0003-4150|doi=10.1051/parasite/1990655255|url=http://www.parasite-journal.org/articles/parasite/pdf/1990/05/parasite1990655-6p255.pdf|doi-access=free|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720114723/https://www.parasite-journal.org/articles/parasite/pdf/1990/05/parasite1990655-6p255.pdf|archive-date=2018-07-20}} {{open access}}</ref>
 ==Distribution and abundance==
@@ Line 97: / Line 104: @@
 ===Current distribution===
 Long-finned pilot whales are found in the North Atlantic (subspecies ''Globicephala melas melas''), as well as the Southern Hemisphere (subspecies ''Globicephala melas edwardii''). Those in the north are wide-ranging and have been observed off the coast of the eastern U.S. and Canada, across the Atlantic in places such as the Azores and the Faroe Islands, as well as down the western coast of Europe all the way to the Strait of Gibraltar and North Africa.<ref>Reeves, R.R., Smith, B.D., Crespo, R.A. and di Sciara, N. (2003). Dolphins, Whales and Porpoises: 2002–2010 Conservation Action Plan for the World's Cetaceans. Cetacean Specialist Group. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.</ref><ref>
-Payne, P.M., Selzer, L.A. and Knowlton, A.T. (1984). Distribution and density of cetaceans, marine turtles, and seabirds in the shelf waters of the northeastern United States, June 1980-December 1983, from shipboard observations. Final Report, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Center, Woods Hole, MA, Contract No. NA-81-FA-C-00023. 246pp.</ref><ref>Mercer, M.C. (1975). Modified Leslie-DeLury population models of the long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melaena) and annual production of the short-finned squid (Illex illecebrosus) based upon their interaction at Newfoundland. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, vol 32 (7): 1145-1155.</ref><ref>
+Payne, P.M., Selzer, L.A. and Knowlton, A.T. (1984). Distribution and density of cetaceans, marine turtles, and seabirds in the shelf waters of the northeastern United States, June 1980-December 1983, from shipboard observations. Final Report, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Center, Woods Hole, MA, Contract No. NA-81-FA-C-00023. 246pp.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1139/f75-135 | title=Modified Leslie–De ''Lury'' Population Models of the Long-Finned Pilot Whale (Globicephala melaena) and Annual Production of the Short-Finned Squid (Illex illecebrosus) Based upon their Interaction at Newfoundland | year=1975 | last1=Mercer | first1=M. C. | journal=Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada | volume=32 | issue=7 | pages=1145–1154 }}</ref><ref>
 Bloch, D., Desportes, G., Mouritsen, R., Skaaning, S. and Stefansson, E. (1993c). An introduction to studies of the ecology and status of the long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas) off the Faroe Islands, 1986-1988. Report of the International Whaling Commission. Special Issue 14: 1-32.</ref> In the southern ocean, long-finned pilot whales are thought to range from 19 to 60° S, but are commonly seen in the [[Antarctic Convergence Zone]] and other areas, showing that they go as far as 68° S.<ref>Reeves, R.R., B.S. Stewart, P.J. Clapham and Powell, J.A. (2002). National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World. Alfred A. Knopf: New York.</ref> This species has been observed near sea ice in the Antarctic.
 ===Historical distribution===
-Though there are only two recognized living subspecies, there was once a third that was found in the western North Pacific around Japan.<ref>{{cite iucn|last1=L. Taylor|first1=B.|last2=Baird|first2=R.|last3=Barlow|first3=J.|last4=M. Dawson|first4=S.|last5=Ford|first5=J.|last6=G. Mead|first6=J.|last7=Notarbartolo di Sciara|first7=G.|last8=Wade|first8=P. |last9=L. Pitman|first9=R.|year=2011|title=Globicephala macrorhynchus|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T9249A12972356.en}}</ref> These are thought to have died off sometime between the 8th and 12th century. This unnamed form was documented in historical literature and confirmed by the discovery of fossils in several locations of [[Japan]], such as on [[Rebun Island]] and in [[Chiba Prefecture]]. Their biological niche after the extinction has likely been refilled by [[short-finned pilot whale]]s, who are currently present in parts of this region.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Amano M. |year=2012 |title=みちのくの海のイルカたち(特集 みちのくの海と水族館の海棲哺乳類)  |url=http://isanakai.web.fc2.com/journal/ |journal= Isana 56|pages=60–65 |format=PDF |access-date= 2017-03-09 }}</ref>
+Though there are only two recognized living subspecies, there was once a third that was found in the western North Pacific around Japan.<ref>{{cite iucn|last1=L. Taylor|first1=B.|last2=Baird|first2=R.|last3=Barlow|first3=J.|last4=M. Dawson|first4=S.|last5=Ford|first5=J.|last6=G. Mead|first6=J.|last7=Notarbartolo di Sciara|first7=G.|last8=Wade|first8=P. |last9=L. Pitman|first9=R.|year=2011|title=Globicephala macrorhynchus|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T9249A12972356.en}}</ref> These are thought to have died off sometime between the 8th and 12th century. This unnamed form was documented in historical literature and confirmed by the discovery of fossils in several locations of [[Japan]], such as on [[Rebun Island]] and in [[Chiba Prefecture]]. Their biological niche after the extinction has likely been refilled by [[short-finned pilot whale]]s, who are currently present in parts of this region.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Amano M. |year=2012 |title=みちのくの海のイルカたち(特集 みちのくの海と水族館の海棲哺乳類)  |url=http://isanakai.web.fc2.com/journal/ |journal= Isana |volume=56|pages=60–65 |format=PDF |access-date= 2017-03-09 }}</ref>
+== Antagonistic interactions with other species==
+Pilot whales have been occasionally observed harassing, mobbing or chasing other species of cetaceans.
+===Orcas===
+Chases of orcas have been documented in several parts of the world, including Iceland and the Strait of Gibraltar.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Selbmann A. |author2=Basran C.J. |author3=Bertulli C.G. |author4=Hudson T. |author5=Mrusczok M.|author6=Rasmussen M.H.|author7=Rempel J.N.|author8=Scott J. |author9=Svavarsson J. |author10=Weensveen, P.J |author11= Whittaker M. | year = 2022 | title = Occurrence of long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas) and killer whales (Orcinus orca) in Icelandic coastal waters and their interspecific interactions | journal = Acta Ethologica | volume = 25 | issue = 3 | pages = 141–154| doi=10.1139/z03-127|pmid=35694552 |pmc=9170559 |bibcode=2003CaJZ...81.1327O |s2cid=56260446 }}</ref> It is thought that this might be due to either competition for prey or an anti-predation strategy by the long-finned pilot whales. Recently, an adult female Icelandic orca was observed with a newborn pilot whale travelling alongside her in a mother-calf position, leading to speculation that the relationship between both species might be far more complex than previously suggested.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Mrusczok M. |author2=Zwamborn E. |author3=von Schmalensee M.|author4= Rodriguez Ramallo S. |author5=Stefansson R. A. | year = 2023 | title = First account of apparent alloparental care of a long-finned pilot whale calf (Globicephala melas) by a female killer whale (Orcinus orca) | journal = Canadian Journal of Zoology |volume=101 |issue=4 |pages=288–293 | doi=10.1139/cjz-2022-0161 |s2cid=257010608 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2023CaJZ..101..288M }}</ref> This same orca was seen a year later interacting with a larger group of pilot whales. Whether this newborn calf was adopted or abducted is unknown.
+Based on experimentation involving familiar sounds of Orcas that consume fish and unfamiliar vocalizations of mammal-hunting Killer Whales, one study suggests that long-finned pilot whales can distinguish between familiar and unaccustomed types of Orca, noting behavioral differences like the ceasing of feeding when mammal-hunting Orcas' sounds were played. The study suggests that antagonistic interactions against fish-eating Killer Whales could either be an anti-predatory behavior or an attempt to maintain territory, while actions done in response to mammal-hunting Killer Whales could be a response to a more dangerous threat. <ref>{{cite journal |last= Cure |first= Charlotte |year= 2019 |title= Evidence for discrimination between feeding sounds of familiar fish and unfamiliar mammal-eating killer whale ecotypes by long-finned pilot whales |journal= Anim Cogn |issue= 22 |page= 863-882 |doi= 10.1007/s10071-019-01282-1}}</ref>
 ==Strandings==
@@ Line 111: / Line 128: @@
 ===Research from strandings===
-Scientists have learned a number of important things from mass strandings of long-finned pilot whales around the world. Studies suggest that they do not always beach together in family units - as multiple matrilines can be found in a single stranding event.<ref>Oremus, M., Gales, R., Kettles, H., & Baker, C. S. (2013). Genetic evidence of multiple matrilines and spatial disruption of kinship bonds in mass strandings of long-finned pilot whales, Globicephala melas. Journal of Heredity, 104(3), 301-311.</ref>
+Scientists have learned a number of important things from mass strandings of long-finned pilot whales around the world. Studies suggest that they do not always beach together in family units, as multiple matrilines can be found in a single stranding event.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1093/jhered/est007 | title=Genetic Evidence of Multiple Matrilines and Spatial Disruption of Kinship Bonds in Mass Strandings of Long-finned Pilot Whales, Globicephala melas | year=2013 | last1=Oremus | first1=Marc | last2=Gales | first2=Rosemary | last3=Kettles | first3=Helen | last4=Baker | first4=C. Scott | journal=Journal of Heredity | volume=104 | issue=3 | pages=301–311 | pmid=23493607 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
 ==Conservation==
@@ Line 124: / Line 141: @@
 [[File:Killed pilot wales in hvalba, faroe islands.JPG|thumb|Killed pilot whales in [[Hvalba]]]]
-[[Whaling]] of this species in the [[Faroe Islands]] in the North Atlantic has been practiced since the time of the first [[Norsemen|Norse]] settlements on the islands. The hunts, called ''grindadráp'' in [[Faroese language|Faroese]], are mainly executed during the summer. They are non-commercial - though people may sell their share after the catch has been divided - and organized on a community level. The hunters first surround the pilot whales with a wide semicircle of many boats. The boats then drive the pilot whales into a [[bay]] or to the bottom of a [[fjord]]. It is regulated by Faroese authorities but not by the [[International Whaling Commission]], which does not regulate the hunts of small cetaceans.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iwc.int/conservation/smallcetacean.htm |title=Small Cetaceans |publisher=[[International Whaling Commission]] |date=5 May 2004 |access-date=21 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://iwc.int/conservation/catches.htm |title=Catch limits |publisher=[[International Whaling Commission]] |date=1 September 2009 |access-date=21 July 2009}}</ref> As of the end of November 2008 the chief medical officers of the Faroe Islands have recommended that pilot whales no longer be considered fit for human consumption because of the level of mercury in the whales.<ref name="toxic-whale">{{cite news |first=Debora |last=MacKenzie |date=28 November 2008 |title=Faroe islanders told to stop eating 'toxic' whales |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn16159-faroe-islanders-told-to-stop-eating-toxic-whales.html |work=[[New Scientist]] |access-date=21 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whaling.fo|title=Whales and Whaling in the Faroe Islands|website=whaling.fo|publisher=Whales and Whaling in the Faroe Islands|access-date=23 September 2015}}</ref>
+[[Whaling]] of this species in the [[Faroe Islands]] in the North Atlantic has been practiced since the time of the first [[Norsemen|Norse]] settlements there. The hunts, called ''grindadráp'' in [[Faroese language|Faroese]], are mainly executed during the summer. They are generally regarded as non-commercial - though people may sell their share after the catch has been divided - and organized on a community level. The hunters first surround the pilot whales with a wide semicircle of many boats. The boats then drive the pilot whales into a [[bay]] or to the bottom of a [[fjord]]. It is regulated by Faroese authorities but not by the [[International Whaling Commission]], which does not regulate the hunts of small cetaceans.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iwc.int/conservation/smallcetacean.htm |title=Small Cetaceans |publisher=[[International Whaling Commission]] |date=5 May 2004 |access-date=21 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://iwc.int/conservation/catches.htm |title=Catch limits |publisher=[[International Whaling Commission]] |date=1 September 2009 |access-date=21 July 2009 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> As of the end of November 2008 the chief medical officers of the Faroe Islands have recommended that pilot whales no longer be considered fit for human consumption because of the level of mercury in the whales.<ref name="toxic-whale">{{cite news |first=Debora |last=MacKenzie |date=28 November 2008 |title=Faroe islanders told to stop eating 'toxic' whales |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn16159-faroe-islanders-told-to-stop-eating-toxic-whales.html |work=[[New Scientist]] |access-date=21 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whaling.fo|title=Whales and Whaling in the Faroe Islands|website=whaling.fo|publisher=Whales and Whaling in the Faroe Islands|access-date=23 September 2015}}</ref>
 Though the Faroe Islands are home to the only remaining large scale long-finned pilot whale hunts in the world, this species has also been hunted historically elsewhere. An industrial drive fishery was started in the Trinity Bay area of Newfoundland, Canada in 1947 by a Norwegian whaling captain. The catches increased every year until in 1956, there were approximately 10,000 pilot whales successfully captured and killed. This species was also historically hunted along the New England coastline.
@@ Line 144: / Line 161: @@
 == Museum specimens ==
-The articulated skeleton of a Long-finned Pilot Whale, killed in the [[Firth of Forth]] in 1867, was put on display at [[Leeds City Museum]], UK in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Long finned pilot whale skeleton|url=https://museumsandgalleries.leeds.gov.uk/collections/a-long-finned-pilot-whale-skeleton/|access-date=11 December 2020|website=Leeds City Council|date=18 October 2019}}</ref>
+The articulated skeleton of a long-finned pilot whale, killed in the [[Firth of Forth]] in 1867, was put on display at [[Leeds City Museum]], UK in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Long finned pilot whale skeleton|url=https://museumsandgalleries.leeds.gov.uk/collections/a-long-finned-pilot-whale-skeleton/|access-date=11 December 2020|website=Leeds City Council|date=18 October 2019}}</ref>
 ==See also==
@@ Line 163: / Line 180: @@
 {{Authority control}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:whale, pilot, long-finned}}
 [[Category:Globicephala|long-finned pilot whale]]
 [[Category:Cetaceans of the Pacific Ocean]]
@@ Line 170: / Line 186: @@
 [[Category:Mammals described in 1809|long-finned pilot whale]]
 [[Category:Taxa named by Thomas Stewart Traill|long-finned pilot whale]]
+[[Category:Apex predators]]