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Dystheism (from Ancient Greek: δυσ-, romanized: dus-, lit. 'bad' and θεός theos "god") is the belief that a god is not wholly good and can even be considered evil. Definitions of the term somewhat vary, with one author defining it as "where God decides to become malevolent".^[1]

The broad theme of dystheism has existed for millennia, as shown by tricksters found in ethnic religions and by various interpretations of the Supreme Being of monotheistic religions. For example, the Abrahamic creator deity, when evaluated from outside the perspective of the Abrahamic religions, can be seen as angry, vengeful, smiting, and hypocritical. The modern concept dates back many decades, with the Victorian era figure Algernon Charles Swinburne writing in his work Anactoria about the ancient Greek poet Sappho and her lover Anactoria in explicitly dystheistic imagery that includes cannibalism and sadomasochism.^[2]

Background and details

The concept has been used frequently in popular culture and is a part of several religious traditions in the world. Tricksters found in ethnic religions often have a dystheistic nature. One example is Eshu, a trickster in Yoruba religion who deliberately fostered violence between groups of people for his amusement, saying "causing strife is my greatest joy."^{[citation needed]} Another example is Loki in old Norse religion, though Odin has these qualities as well.

Zoroastrianism involves belief in an ongoing struggle between a creator god of goodness, Ahura Mazda, and a destroying god of hatred, Angra Mainyu, neither of which is omnipotent, which is a form of dualistic cosmology. The ancient Greek god Ares, depending on time and region, was associated with all the horrors of war.

Dystheists may themselves be theists or atheists, and in the case of either, concerning the nature of the Abrahamic god, will assert that God is not good, and is possibly, although not necessarily, malevolent, particularly but not exclusively to those who do not wish to follow any of the Abrahamic religions. For example, in his Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God (1741), the revivalist Christian preacher Jonathan Edwards describes a God full of vengeful rage and contempt. However, Edwards' theology presumes a God whose vengeance and contempt are directed toward evil and its manifestation in fallen humanity. To Edwards, a deity that ignores moral corruption or shows indifference to evil would be closer to the deity espoused by dystheism, that is, evil, because justice is an extension of love and moral goodness.

One particular view of dystheism, an atheistic approach, is summarized by the prominent revolutionary philosopher Mikhail Bakunin, who wrote in God and the State that "if God really existed, it would be necessary to abolish him". Bakunin argued that, as a "jealous lover of human liberty, and deeming it the absolute condition of all that we admire and respect in humanity", the "idea of God" constitutes metaphysical oppression of the idea of human choice.^[3] This argument is an inversion of Voltaire's phrase "If God did not exist, it would be necessary for man to invent Him".

Political theorist and activist Thomas Paine similarly wrote in The Age of Reason, "Whenever we read the obscene stories, the voluptuous debaucheries, the cruel and torturous executions, the unrelenting vindictiveness, with which more than half the Bible is filled, it would be more consistent that we called it the word of a demon, than the word of God." He added, "It is a history of wickedness, that has served to corrupt and brutalize mankind; and, for my part, I sincerely detest it, as I detest everything that is cruel."^[4] Unlike Bakunin, however, Paine's condemnation of the purported nature of the divine from his time did not extend to outright atheism and disbelief in all spirituality: Paine stated that he accepted the deistic notion of an almighty mover behind all things.

Usage in popular culture

Dystheism as a concept, although often not labeled as such, has been referred to in many aspects of popular culture. As stated before, related ideas date back many decades, with the Victorian era figure Algernon Charles Swinburne writing in his work Anactoria about the ancient Greek poet Sappho and her lover Anactoria in explicitly dystheistic imagery that includes cannibalism and sadomasochism.^[2]^{[original research?]} More recent examples include the popular Star Trek television series. Fictional character Worf claims that his race, the Klingons, have no gods, because they killed them centuries ago for being "more trouble than they were worth."^[5] Various music bands approached themes related to or directly touching dystheism; for example, thrash metal band Slayer condensed it in the album God Hates Us All, while melodic death metal band At the Gates explored it in various works such as Terminal Spirit Disease, The Nightmare of Being or Slaughter of the Soul.

References

^ Human, Dirk J. (2012). Psalmody and Poetry in Old Testament Ethics. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 25.
^ ^a ^b Algernon Charles Swinburne (Nov 17, 2013). Delphi Complete Works of Algernon Charles Swinburne (Illustrated). Delphi Classics.
^ Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin (Jan 1, 2009). God and the State. Cosimo, Inc. p. 28.
^ Paine, Thomas (1877). The Age of Reason. Citadel Press.
^ Michael Okuda; Denise Okuda; Debbie Mirek (May 17, 2011). The Star Trek Encyclopedia. Simon & Schuster.

[1] Human, Dirk J. (2012). Psalmody and Poetry in Old Testament Ethics. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 25.

[algernon-2] Algernon Charles Swinburne (Nov 17, 2013). Delphi Complete Works of Algernon Charles Swinburne (Illustrated). Delphi Classics.

[3] Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin (Jan 1, 2009). God and the State. Cosimo, Inc. p. 28.

[4] Paine, Thomas (1877). The Age of Reason. Citadel Press.

[5] Michael Okuda; Denise Okuda; Debbie Mirek (May 17, 2011). The Star Trek Encyclopedia. Simon & Schuster.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|The belief that a god, or God is not wholly good and is possibly evil}}
+{{Theodicy}}
-'''Dystheism''' (from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] δυσ- ''dys-'', "bad" and θεός theos, "god") is the belief that a [[deity|god]] is not wholly [[Good and evil|good]] and can even be considered [[Evilness|evil]]. Definitions of the term somewhat vary, with one author defining it as "where God decides to become malevolent".<ref>{{cite book|title=Psalmody and Poetry in Old Testament Ethics|pages=25|first=Dirk J.|last=Human|date=2012|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing USA]]}}</ref> The broad theme of dystheism has existed for millennia, as shown by [[trickster]] gods found in [[Polytheism|polytheistic]] belief systems and by the view of other representations of supreme beings (such as those of the [[Abrahamic religions]], particularly the [[Old Testament]]) through a [[nonreligious]] lens as angry, vengeful, smiting and hypocritical. The modern concept dates back many decades, with the [[Victorian era]] figure [[Algernon Charles Swinburne]] writing in his work ''Anactoria'' about the [[ancient Greek]] [[poet]] [[Sappho]] and her lover [[Anactoria]] in explicitly dystheistic imagery that includes [[cannibalism]] and [[sadomasochism]].<ref name=algernon>{{cite book|title=Delphi Complete Works of Algernon Charles Swinburne (Illustrated)|author=Algernon Charles Swinburne|author-link=Algernon Charles Swinburne|publisher=Delphi Classics|date=Nov 17, 2013}}</ref>
+'''Dystheism''' (from {{langx|grc|δυσ-|dus-|bad}} and {{lang|grc|θεός}} ''theos'' "god") is the belief that a [[deity|god]] is not wholly [[good and evil|good]] and can even be considered [[evil]]. Definitions of the term somewhat vary, with one author defining it as "where God decides to become malevolent".<ref>{{cite book|title=Psalmody and Poetry in Old Testament Ethics|pages=25|first=Dirk J.|last=Human|date=2012|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing USA]]}}</ref>
+The broad theme of dystheism has existed for millennia, as shown by [[trickster]]s found in [[ethnic religion]]s and by various interpretations of the [[God|Supreme Being]] of [[Monotheism|monotheistic]] religions. For example, the [[God in Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic creator deity]], when evaluated from outside the perspective of the Abrahamic religions, can be seen as angry, vengeful, smiting, and hypocritical. The modern concept dates back many decades, with the [[Victorian era]] figure [[Algernon Charles Swinburne]] writing in his work ''Anactoria'' about the [[ancient Greek]] poet [[Sappho]] and her lover [[Anactoria]] in explicitly dystheistic imagery that includes [[Human cannibalism|cannibalism]] and [[sadomasochism]].<ref name=algernon>{{cite book|title=Delphi Complete Works of Algernon Charles Swinburne (Illustrated)|author=Algernon Charles Swinburne|author-link=Algernon Charles Swinburne|publisher=Delphi Classics|date=Nov 17, 2013}}</ref>
 ==Background and details==
+The concept has been used frequently in [[popular culture]] and is a part of several religious traditions in the world. Tricksters found in ethnic religions often have a dystheistic nature. One example is [[Eshu]], a trickster in [[Yoruba religion]] who deliberately fostered violence between groups of people for his amusement, saying "causing strife is my greatest joy."{{cn|date=February 2024}} Another example is [[Loki]] in [[old Norse religion]], though [[Odin]] has these qualities as well.
-The concept has been used frequently in [[popular culture]] and is a part of several religious traditions in the world. [[Trickster]] Gods found in [[Polytheism|polytheistic]] belief systems often have a dystheistic nature. One example is [[Eshu]], a trickster God from [[Yoruba religion|Yoruba mythology]] who deliberately fostered violence between groups of people for his own amusement, saying that "causing strife is my greatest joy." Another example is the Norse [[Loki]], though [[Odin]] has these qualities as well. [[Zoroastrianism]] involves belief in an ongoing struggle between a creator god of goodness ([[Ahura Mazda]]) and a destroying god of hatred ([[Angra Mainyu]]), neither of which is [[omnipotent]], which is a form of [[dualistic cosmology]]. The Greek god [[Ares]], depending on time and region, was associated with all the horrors of war.
+[[Zoroastrianism]] involves belief in an ongoing struggle between a creator god of goodness, [[Ahura Mazda]], and a destroying god of hatred, [[Angra Mainyu]], neither of which is [[omnipotent]], which is a form of [[dualistic cosmology]]. The ancient Greek god [[Ares]], depending on time and region, was associated with all the horrors of war.
-Dystheists may themselves be theists or [[atheists]], and in the case of either, concerning the nature of the [[God in Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic God]], will assert that God is not good, and is possibly, although not necessarily, [[wikt:malevolent|malevolent]], particularly (but not exclusively) to those who do not wish to follow any of the [[Abrahamic religions]]. For example, in his ''[[Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God]]'' (1741), the [[Christian revival|revivalist Christian]] preacher [[Jonathan Edwards (theologian)|Jonathan Edwards]] describes a God full of vengeful rage and contempt. However, Edwards' theology presumes a God whose vengeance and contempt are directed toward evil and its manifestation in [[Fall of man|fallen humanity]]. To Edwards, a deity that ignores moral corruption or shows indifference to evil would be closer to the deity espoused by dystheism, that is, evil, because justice is an extension of love and moral goodness.
+Dystheists may themselves be theists or [[atheists]], and in the case of either, concerning the nature of the Abrahamic god, will assert that God is not good, and is possibly, although not necessarily, [[wikt:malevolent|malevolent]], particularly but not exclusively to those who do not wish to follow any of the [[Abrahamic religions]]. For example, in his ''[[Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God]]'' (1741), the [[Christian revival|revivalist Christian]] preacher [[Jonathan Edwards (theologian)|Jonathan Edwards]] describes a God full of vengeful rage and contempt. However, Edwards' theology presumes a God whose vengeance and contempt are directed toward evil and its manifestation in [[Fall of man|fallen humanity]]. To Edwards, a deity that ignores moral corruption or shows indifference to evil would be closer to the deity espoused by dystheism, that is, evil, because justice is an extension of love and moral goodness.
 One particular view of dystheism, an atheistic approach, is summarized by the prominent [[revolutionary]] [[philosopher]] [[Mikhail Bakunin]], who wrote in ''[[God and the State]]'' that "if God really existed, it would be necessary to abolish him". Bakunin argued that, as a "jealous lover of human liberty, and deeming it the absolute condition of all that we admire and respect in humanity", the "idea of God" constitutes metaphysical [[oppression]] of the idea of human choice.<ref>{{cite book|title=[[God and the State]]|pages=28|author=Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin|author-link=Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin|date=Jan 1, 2009|publisher=Cosimo, Inc.}}</ref> This argument is an inversion of [[Voltaire]]'s phrase "If God did not exist, it would be necessary for man to invent Him".
@@ Line 13: / Line 17: @@
 ==Usage in popular culture==
+Dystheism as a concept, although often not labeled as such, has been referred to in many aspects of [[popular culture]]. As stated before, related ideas date back many decades, with the [[Victorian era]] figure [[Algernon Charles Swinburne]] writing in his work ''Anactoria'' about the [[ancient Greek]] [[poet]] [[Sappho]] and her lover [[Anactoria]] in explicitly dystheistic imagery that includes [[Human cannibalism|cannibalism]] and [[sadomasochism]].<ref name=algernon/>{{original research inline|date=June 2020}} More recent examples include the popular ''[[Star Trek]]'' [[television series]]. Fictional character [[Worf]] claims that his race, the [[Klingons]], have no gods, because they killed them centuries ago for being "more trouble than they were worth."<ref>{{cite book|title=[[The Star Trek Encyclopedia]]|author1=Michael Okuda|author2=Denise Okuda|author3=Debbie Mirek|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|date=May 17, 2011}}</ref> Various music bands approached themes related to or directly touching dystheism; for example, [[thrash metal]] band [[Slayer]] condensed it in the album ''[[God Hates Us All]]'', while [[melodic death metal]] band [[At the Gates]] explored it in various works such as ''[[Terminal Spirit Disease]]'', ''[[The Nightmare of Being]]'' or ''[[Slaughter of the Soul]]''.
-Dystheism as a concept, although often not labeled as such, has been referred to in many aspects of [[popular culture]]. As stated before, related ideas date back many decades, with the [[Victorian era]] figure [[Algernon Charles Swinburne]] writing in his work ''Anactoria'' about the [[ancient Greek]] [[poet]] [[Sappho]] and her lover [[Anactoria]] in explicitly dystheistic imagery that includes [[cannibalism]] and [[sadomasochism]].<ref name=algernon/>{{original research inline|date=June 2020}} More recent examples include the popular ''[[Star Trek]]'' [[television series]]. Fictional character [[Worf]] claims that his race, the [[Klingons]], have no gods, because they killed them centuries ago for being "more trouble than they were worth."<ref>{{cite book|title=[[The Star Trek Encyclopedia]]|author1=Michael Okuda|author2=Denise Okuda|author3=Debbie Mirek|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|date=May 17, 2011}}</ref> Various music bands approached themes related to or directly touching dystheism; for example, [[thrash metal]] band [[Slayer]] condensed it in the album ''[[God Hates Us All]]'', while [[melodic death metal]] band [[At the Gates]] explored it in various works such as ''[[Terminal Spirit Disease]]'', ''[[The Nightmare of Being]]'' or ''[[Slaughter of the Soul]]''.
 ==See also==
-{{Div col|small=no}}
+{{portal inline|Religion}}
+{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
+* [[Argument from morality]]
+* [[Atenism]]
+* [[Comparative religion]]
+* [[Conceptions of God]]
+* [[Creationism]]
 * [[Demiurge]]
+* ''[[Deus absconditus (Christian theology)]]''
-* [[Evil demon]]
-* [[Evil God Challenge]]
+* ''[[Deus otiosus]]''
+* [[Ethical monotheism]]
+* [[Evil God challenge]]
+* [[False god]]
+* [[Gnosticism]]
 * ''[[God and the State]]''
+* [[God in Abrahamic religions]]
+* [[Holocaust theology]]
 * [[Misotheism]]
+* [[Moralistic therapeutic deism]]
+* [[Names of God]]
+* [[Outline of theology]]
 * [[Problem of evil]]
 * [[Problem of Hell]]
+* [[Satanic Verses]]
-{{Div col end}}
+* [[Theistic Satanism]]
+* [[Theodicy]]
-{{portal inline|Religion}}
+* ''[[Urmonotheismus]]'' (primitive monotheism)
+* [[The Bible and violence]]
+* [[Violence in the Quran]]
+{{div col end}}
 ==References==