Monandrous: Difference between revisions
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Monandrous as a substitute for monogamous |
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In botanical terms, '''monandrous''' simply means to have a single [[stamen]]. |
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== In orchids == |
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A distinction between monandrous and other flowers is particularly relevant in the classification of [[orchid]]s. The monandrous orchids form a [[clade]]<ref>{{cite journal | title = What does morphology tell us about orchid relationships?—a cladistic analysis | author = John V. Freudenstein and Finn N. Rasmussen | url = http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/86/2/225 | journal = American Journal of Botany | year = 1999 | volume = 86 | pages = 225–248 | doi = 10.2307/2656939 | jstor = 2656939 | issue = 2 | publisher = Botanical Society of America | pmid = 21680361| doi-access = free }}</ref> consisting of the subfamilies [[Orchidoideae]], [[Vanilloideae]], and [[Epidendroideae]].<ref>{{cite journal | title = A phylogenetic analysis of the Orchidaceae: evidence from rbcL nucleotide sequences | author = Kenneth M. Cameron| journal = American Journal of Botany | year = 1999 | volume = 86 | pages = 208–224 | url = http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/86/2/208 | doi = 10.2307/2656938 | jstor = 2656938 | issue = 2 | publisher = Botanical Society of America | pmid = 21680360|display-authors=etal}}</ref> The other subfamilies, [[Apostasioideae]] and [[Cypripedioideae]], have at least two stamens. |
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== In animals == |
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In animals, a monandrous system occurs when females have one mate at a time. For example, a female [[Speckled Wood (butterfly)|speckled wood]] butterfly will typically only mate once within her short lifetime.<ref name="Lauwers 2006">{{cite journal|last=Lauwers|first=K.|author2=Van Dyck, H.|title=The Cost of Mating with a Non-Virgin Male in a Monandrous Butterfly: Experimental Evidence from the Speckled Wood, Pararge aegeria|journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology|year=2006|volume=60|issue=1|pages=69–76|doi=10.1007/s00265-005-0142-4}}</ref> This is also common in certain bee species, like ''[[Bombus terrestris]]'' and ''[[Bombus pratorum]]'', where a female will only mate with one male during her nuptial flight and use the sperm reserves for the rest of her life.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Baer, B. and P. Schmid-Hempel | year = 2001 | title = Unexpected consequences of polyandry for parasitism and fitness in the bumblebee, ''Bombus terrestris'' | journal = Evolution | volume = 55 | issue = 8 | pages = 1639–1643 | doi=10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[1639:ucopfp]2.0.co;2 | pmid=11580023}}</ref> This is also seen in a few species of stingless bees, like ''[[Plebeia remota]]'', where the males will attempt to mate with the queen as she tries to leave the nest, but only one male will be successful in mating.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Production of workers, queens and males in Plebeia remota colonies (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini), a stingless bee with reproductive diapause|journal = Genetics and Molecular Research|pages = 672–683|volume = 8|issue = 2|doi = 10.4238/vol8-2kerr030|first = D.A.|last = Alves|first2 = V.L.|last2 = Imperatriz-Fonseca|first3 = P.S.|last3 = Santos-Filho|pmid=19554766|year=2009|doi-access = free}}</ref> In ''[[Drosophila subobscura]],'' monandry is practiced. This is a mating behavior that is not normally observed among the ''Drosophila'' genus.<ref>Holman, L.; Freckleton, R. P.; Snook, R. R. (2008). "What use is an infertile sperm? A comparative study of sperm-heteromorphic ''Drosophila''". ''Evolution''. '''62''' (2): 374–85. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00280.x. [[PubMed Identifier|PMID]] 18053077.</ref> |
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== In humans == |
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Within the gay community, monandrous is a useful substitute for monogamous, since the latter generally connotes marriage, which is sometimes unavailable.<ref>https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/monandrous</ref> |
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==See also== |
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*[[Green-veined white]] |
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== References == |
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<references/> |
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[[Category:Plant morphology]] |
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[[Category:Orchid morphology]] |
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{{botany-stub}} |
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Latest revision as of 01:21, 14 February 2023
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