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{{Short description|First queen consort of Afghanistan (1899–1968)}}
{{Short description|First queen consort of Afghanistan (1899–1968)}}
{{Infobox royalty|consort=yes
{{Infobox royalty
| consort = yes
| name = Soraya Tarzi
| name = Soraya Tarzi
| image = Queen Soraya of Afghanistan.jpg
| image = Queen Soraya of Afghanistan.jpg
| caption = Formal photograph of Soraya during her tenure as Princess consort of Afghanistan
| caption = Formal photograph of Soraya during her tenure as princess consort of Afghanistan
| full name =
| full name =
| succession = [[Queens of Afghanistan#Consorts of Kingdom of Afghanistan (1926–1973)|Queen consort of Afghanistan]]
| succession = [[Queens of Afghanistan#Consorts of Kingdom of Afghanistan (1926–1973)|Queen consort of Afghanistan]]
| reign = 9 June 1926 – 14 January 1929
| reign = 9 June 1926 – 14 January 1929
| succession1 = [[Queens of Afghanistan#Consorts of Emirate of Afghanistan (1823–1926)|Princess consort of Afghanistan]]
| succession1 = [[Queens of Afghanistan#Consorts of Emirate of Afghanistan (1823–1926)|Princess consort of Afghanistan]]
| reign1 = 28 February 1919 – 9 June 1926
| reign1 = 28 February 1919 – 9 June 1926
| spouse = [[Amanullah Khan]]
| spouse = [[Amanullah Khan]]
| issue = {{List collapsed|title=See|1=Princess Ameenah Shah<br> Princess Abedah Bibi<br> Princess Meliha<br> Crown Prince Rahmatullah of Afghanistan<br> Prince Saifullah<br> Prince Hymayatullah<br> Princess Adeela<br> Prince Ehsanullah<br> [[Princess India of Afghanistan|Princess India]]<br> Princess Nagia}}
| issue = {{Collapsible list|title=See|1=Princess Ameenah Shah<br> Princess Abedah Bibi<br> Princess Meliha<br> Crown Prince Rahmatullah of Afghanistan<br> Prince Saifullah<br> Prince Hymayatullah<br> Princess Adeela<br> Prince Ehsanullah<br> [[Princess India of Afghanistan|Princess India]]<br> Princess Nagia}}
| house = [[Mohammadzai|Mohammadzai-Tarzi]]
| house = [[Mohammadzai|Mohammadzai-Tarzi]]
| father = ''Sardar'' [[Mahmud Tarzi|Mahmud ''Beg'' Tarzi]]
| father = ''Sardar'' [[Mahmud Tarzi|Mahmud ''Beg'' Tarzi]]
| mother = [[Asma Rasmiya Khanum]]
| mother = [[Asma Rasmiya Khanum]]
| birth_name = Suraiya Shahzada Tarzi
| birth_name = Suraiya Shahzada Tarzi
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1899|11|24|df=y}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1899|11|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Damascus]], [[Ottoman Syria]], [[Ottoman Empire]]
| birth_place = [[Damascus]], [[Ottoman Syria]], [[Ottoman Empire]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1968|4|20|1899|11|24|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1968|4|20|1899|11|24|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Rome]], Italy
| death_place = [[Rome]], Italy
| burial_place = [[Jalalabad]], [[Afghanistan]]
| burial_place = [[Jalalabad]], [[Afghanistan]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
}}
}}
'''Soraya Tarzi''' ([[Pashto language|Pashto]]/[[Dari (Persian dialect)|Dari]]: ملکه ثريا; November 24, 1899 – April 20, 1968) was the first [[queen consort]] of [[Kingdom of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] as the wife of [[List of monarchs of Afghanistan|King]] [[Amanullah Khan]]. She played a major part in the modernization reforms of Amanullah Khan, particularly in regard to the emancipation of women.
'''Soraya Tarzi''' ([[Pashto language|Pashto]]/[[Dari (Persian dialect)|Dari]]: ثريا طرزی; November 24, 1899 – April 20, 1968) was the first [[List of Afghan royal consorts|Queen of Afghanistan]] as the wife of [[List of monarchs of Afghanistan|King]] [[Amanullah Khan]]. She played a major part in the modernization reforms of Amanullah Khan, particularly regarding the emancipation of women.


Born in [[Syria]], she was educated by her father, who was the Afghan leader and intellectual ''[[Sardar]]'' [[Mahmud Tarzi|Mahmud ''Beg'' Tarzi]].<ref name="Runion139">{{cite book|last=Runion|first=Meredith|title=The History of Afghanistan|url=https://archive.org/details/historyafghanist00runi_653|url-access=limited|date=October 30, 2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|location=139|isbn=9780313337987|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyafghanist00runi_653/page/n175 155]}}</ref> She belonged to the [[Mohammadzai]] [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] tribe, a sub-tribe of the [[Barakzai dynasty]]. As Queen of Afghanistan, she was not only filling a position – but became one of the most influential women in the world at the time.<ref name="Ahmed-Ghosh"/> Owing to the reforms King Amanullah Khan instituted, the country's religious sects grew violent. In 1929, the King abdicated in order to prevent a civil war and went into exile.<ref name="Halidziai"/> Their first stop was India, then part of the British Empire.
She was born in Syria⠀and educated by her father, an Afghan leader and intellectual ''[[Sardar]]'' [[Mahmud Tarzi|Mahmud ''Beg'' Tarzi]].<ref name="Runion139">{{cite book |last=Runion |first=Meredith |url=https://archive.org/details/historyafghanist00runi_653 |title=The History of Afghanistan |date=October 30, 2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=9780313337987 |location= |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyafghanist00runi_653/page/n175 155] |url-access=limited}}</ref> She belonged to the [[Mohammadzai]] [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] tribe, a sub-tribe of the [[Barakzai dynasty]]. As Queen of Afghanistan, she was not only filling a position – but became one of the most influential women in the world at the time.<ref name="Ahmed-Ghosh"/> Owing to the reforms King Amanullah instituted, the country's religious sects grew violent. In 1929, the King abdicated to prevent a civil war and went into exile.<ref name="Halidziai"/> Their first stop was India, then part of the British Empire.


==Early life and family background==
==Early life and family background==


Suraiya Shahzada Tarzi was born on 24 November 1899, in [[Damascus]], [[Syria Vilayet|Syria]], then part of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. She was the daughter of the Afghan political figure ''Sardar'' [[Mahmud Tarzi|Mahmud ''Beg'' Tarzi]], and granddaughter of ''Sardar'' [[Ghulam Muhammad Tarzi]].{{cn|date=August 2020}}
Suraiya Shahzada Tarzi was born on 24 November 1899, in [[Damascus]], [[Syria Vilayet|Syria]], then part of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. She was the daughter of the Afghan political figure ''Sardar'' [[Mahmud Tarzi|Mahmud ''Beg'' Tarzi]], and granddaughter of ''Sardar'' [[Ghulam Muhammad Tarzi]].{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
She studied in Syria, learning Western and modern values<ref name="Halidziai">{{cite web|last=Halidziai|first=K|title=The Queen Soraya of Afghanistan|url=http://www.afghanistan-photos.com/crbst_32.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712030851/http://www.afghanistan-photos.com/crbst_32.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-07-12|work=AFGHANISTAN OLD PHOTOS}}</ref> there, which would influence her future actions and beliefs. Her mother was [[Asma Rasmya]] [[Khan (title)|Khanum]], second wife of her father, and daughter of ''[[Sheikh]]'' Muhammad Saleh al-Fattal ''[[Effendi]]'', of [[Aleppo]], ''[[Muezzin]]'' of the [[Great Mosque of Aleppo|Umayyad Mosque]].{{cn|date=August 2020}}
She studied in Syria, learning Western and modern values,<ref name="Halidziai">{{cite web|last=Halidziai|first=K|title=The Queen Soraya of Afghanistan|url=http://www.afghanistan-photos.com/crbst_32.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712030851/http://www.afghanistan-photos.com/crbst_32.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-07-12|work=AFGHANISTAN OLD PHOTOS}}</ref> which would influence her future actions and beliefs. Her mother was the [[Syrians|Syrian]] feminist [[Asma Rasmya]] [[Khan (title)|Khanum]], her father's second wife, and daughter of ''[[Sheikh]]'' Muhammad Saleh al-Fattal ''[[Effendi]]'', of [[Aleppo]], ''[[Muezzin]]'' of the [[Great Mosque of Aleppo|Umayyad Mosque]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moubayed |first=Sami |date=2021-08-27 |title=The Eva Perón of Afghanistan |url=https://newlinesmag.com/essays/the-eva-peron-of-afghanistan/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=New Lines Magazine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Goudsouzian |first=Tanya |date=1 October 2014 |title=Afghan first lady in shadow of 1920s queen? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2014/10/1/afghan-first-lady-in-shadow-of-1920s-queen |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>


Upon her family's return to Afghanistan, Soraya Tarzi would meet and marry then prince Amanullah.<ref name="Halidziai"/>
When Amanullah's father ([[Habibullah Khan]]) became the [[King of Afghanistan]] in October 1901, one of his most important contributions to his nation was the return of Afghan exiles, specifically the Tarzi family and others, who advocated for the modernization of Afghanistan.<ref>[http://www.iiav.nl/ezines/web/JournalofInternationalWomensStudies/2003/Vol4Nr3May/Afghanistan.pdf A History of Women in Afghanistan: Lessons Learnt for the Future] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518125237/http://www.iiav.nl/ezines/web/JournalofInternationalWomensStudies/2003/Vol4Nr3May/Afghanistan.pdf |date=May 18, 2011 }}</ref> Upon her family's return to Afghanistan, Soraya Tarzi would meet and marry King Amanullah Khan.<ref name="Halidziai"/>


After the Tarzis returned to Afghanistan, they were received at Court as wished by the Amir Habibullah Khan. This is where Soraya Tarzi met Prince Amanullah, son of the Amir Habibullah Khan. They struck an affinity. The prince, who was a sympathiser of Mahmud Tarzi's liberal ideas, married Soraya Tarzi on 30 August 1913 at Qawm-i-Bagh Palace in Kabul.<ref name="Halidziai"/><ref name="Ahmed-Ghosh">{{cite journal|last=Ahmed-Ghosh|first=Huma|title=A History of Women in Afghanistan: Lessons Learnt for the Future or Yesterdays and Tomorrow: Women in Afghanistan|journal=Journal of International Women's Studies|date=May 2003|volume=4|issue=3|pages=14|url=http://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol4/iss3/1/f|accessdate=30 June 2016}}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Soraya Tarzi became the future King [[Amanullah Khan]]'s only wife, which broke centuries of tradition: Amanullah was to dissolve the royal harem when he succeeded to the throne and free the enslaved women of the harem.<ref>Emadi, Hafizullah, Repression, resistance, and women in Afghanistan, Praeger, Westport, Conn., 2002</ref> It was when she married into the royal family that she grew to be one of the region's most important figures.<ref name="Runion139"/>
After the Tarzis returned to Afghanistan, they were received at Court as wished by the Amir Habibullah Khan. This is where Soraya Tarzi met Habibullah's son Prince Amanullah. They struck an affinity. The prince, who was a sympathiser of Mahmud Tarzi's liberal ideas, married Soraya Tarzi on 30 August 1913 at Qawm-i-Bagh Palace in Kabul.<ref name="Halidziai"/><ref name="Ahmed-Ghosh">{{cite Q|Q129656217|url-status=live}}</ref> Soraya Tarzi became the future King Amanullah's only wife, which broke centuries of tradition: Amanullah was to dissolve the royal harem when he succeeded to the throne and free the enslaved women of the harem.<ref name="ReferenceA">Emadi, Hafizullah, Repression, resistance, and women in Afghanistan, Praeger, Westport, Conn., 2002</ref> It was when she married into the royal family that she grew to be one of the region's most important figures.<ref name="Runion139"/>


==Queen of Afghanistan==
==Queen of Afghanistan==


When the prince became Amir in 1919 and subsequently [[Monarch|King]] in 1926, the Queen had an important role in the evolution of the country. Queen Soraya was the first [[Muslim]] consort who appeared in public together with her husband, something which was unheard of at the time.<ref name="Runion139"/> She participated with him in the hunting parties,<ref name="wadsam">{{cite web|title=When Afghanistan was in Vogue|url=http://wadsam.com/?s=When+Afghanistan+was+in+vogue/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822150136/http://wadsam.com/?s=When+Afghanistan+was+in+vogue%2F|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-08-22|publisher=Wadsam -Afghan Business News Portal}}</ref> riding on horseback, and in some [[Cabinet (government)|Cabinet]] meetings.
When the prince became Amir in 1919 and subsequently [[Monarch|King]] in 1926, the Queen had an important role in the evolution of the country. Queen Soraya was the first [[Muslim]] consort who appeared in public together with her husband, something which was unheard of at the time.<ref name="Runion139"/> She participated with him in the hunting parties,<ref name="wadsam">{{cite web|title=When Afghanistan was in Vogue|url=http://wadsam.com/?s=When+Afghanistan+was+in+vogue/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822150136/http://wadsam.com/?s=When+Afghanistan+was+in+vogue%2F|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-08-22|publisher=Wadsam -Afghan Business News Portal}}</ref> riding on horseback, and in some [[Cabinet (government)|Cabinet]] meetings.


===Women's rights===
===Women's rights===
{{Main|Women's rights in Afghanistan}}
{{Main|Women's rights in Afghanistan}}
[[File:Soraya Tarzi.jpg|thumb|150px|Queen Soraya in [[Berlin]] in 1928.]]
[[File:Soraya Tarzi.jpg|thumb|150px|Queen Soraya in [[Berlin]] in 1928]]
[[File:Ataturk Amanulla.jpg|thumb|Soraya Tarzi and Amanullah with Kemal Ataturk.]]
[[File:Ataturk Amanulla.jpg|thumb|Soraya Tarzi and Amanullah with Kemal Atatürk]]


⚫
The emancipation of women was a part of Amanullah's reform policy, and the women of the royal family, particularly his wife and sisters, acted as the role models of this change. Many women from Amanullah's family publicly participated in organizations and went on to become government officials later in life.<ref name="Ahmed-Ghosh"/>
Amanullah drew up the first constitution, establishing the basis for the formal structure of the government and setting up the role of the monarch within the constitutional framework. Amanullah was influenced and encouraged by [[Mahmud Tarzi]] in his endeavors.<ref>Ahmed-Ghosh, Huma. "A History of Women in Afghanistan: Lessons Learnt for the Future or Yesterdays and Tomorrow: Women in Afghanistan." ''Journal of International Women's Studies''. Bridge Water State University, May 2003. Web. 4 Feb. 2017.</ref> Tarzi was specifically instrumental in designing and implementing changes pertaining to women through his personal example of monogamy.<ref name="Ahmed-Ghosh"/><ref name="wadsam"/><ref name="Ismene">{{cite web|last=Ismene |title=Burqa Babes: Soraya Tarzi |url=http://handfulofdust.net/?p=352 |work=A Handful of Dust – On Afghanistan, Counterinsurgency, and Whatever Else We Might Fancy |publisher=A Handful of Dust – On Afghanistan, Counterinsurgency, and Whatever Else We Might Fancy |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817024013/http://handfulofdust.net/?p=352 |archivedate=August 17, 2012 }}</ref> His daughter, Queen Soraya Tarzi, would be the face of this change. Another daughter of Tarzi's married Amanullah's brother. Thus, it is not surprising that Tarzi's sophisticated and liberal intellectual ideology blossomed and concretely embedded itself in Amanullah's reign.<ref name="Ahmed-Ghosh"/>


⚫
In 1921 she founded and contributed to <ref name="afghandata.org">''[http://www.afghandata.org:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/22431/acku_serial_ds350_a37_a34_v2018_n32_33_w.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y Afghanistan Quarterly Journal. Establishment 1946. Academic Publication of the Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan. Serial No: 32 & 33]''</ref> the first magazine for women, ''[[Irshad-e Naswan|Ishadul Naswan]]'' (Guidance for Women)<ref name="Ahmed-Ghosh"/> which was edited by her mother,<ref name="afghandata.org"/> as well as the first women's organisation, [[Anjuman-i Himayat-i-Niswan]],<ref>Julie Billaud: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=SiH3BgAAQBAJ&dq=queen+afghanistan+veil&pg=PA31 Kabul Carnival: Gender Politics in Postwar Afghanistan]''</ref> which promoted women's welfare and had an office to which women could report mistreatment by their husbands, brothers, and fathers.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> She founded a theatre in Paghman which, although segregated for women, still gave women an opportunity to find their own social scene and break the harem seclusion.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
⚫
King [[Amanullah Khan]] publicly campaigned against the [[Hijab|veil]], against [[Polygyny in Islam|polygamy]], and encouraged [[education of girls]] not just in [[Kabul]] but also in the countryside.<ref name="Ahmed-Ghosh"/> The emancipation of women was a part of Amanullahs reform policy, and the women of the royal family, particularly his wife and sisters, acted as the role models of this change. Many women from Amanullah's family publicly participated in organizations and went on to become government officials later in life.<ref name="Ahmed-Ghosh"/> Soraya was instrumental in enforcing change for women and publicly exhorted them to be active participants in nation building.


King [[Amanullah Khan]] said, "I am your King, but the Minister of Education is my wife — your Queen".<ref name="Runion139"/> Queen Soraya encouraged women to get education and opened the first primary school for girls in Kabul, the Masturat School (later the Ismat Malalai School),<ref>[http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpAuxPages)/3050BE40DA5B871CC125704400534A7A/$file/OPGP4.pdf Unrisd]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-11 |title=La reine Soraya d'Afghanistan : une femme à l'avant-garde {{!}} Arab News FR |url=https://www.arabnews.fr/node/14126/international |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=www.arabnews.fr |language=fr}}</ref> in 1921, as well as the first hospital for women, the Masturat Hospital, in 1924.<ref name="afghandata.org"/> In 1926 on the anniversary of independence from the British, Soraya gave a public speech:<ref name="Ismene"/>
⚫
In 1921 she founded and contributed to <ref>''[http://www.afghandata.org:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/22431/acku_serial_ds350_a37_a34_v2018_n32_33_w.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y Afghanistan Quarterly Journal. Establishment 1946. Academic Publication of the Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan. Serial No: 32 & 33]''</ref> the first magazine for women, ''[[Irshad-e Naswan| Ishadul Naswan]]'' (Guidance for Women) <ref name="Ahmed-Ghosh"/> which as edited by her mother, <ref>''[http://www.afghandata.org:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/22431/acku_serial_ds350_a37_a34_v2018_n32_33_w.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y Afghanistan Quarterly Journal. Establishment 1946. Academic Publication of the Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan. Serial No: 32 & 33]''</ref> as well as the first women's organisation, [[Anjuman-i Himayat-i-Niswan]],<ref>Julie Billaud: ''[https://books.google.se/books?id=SiH3BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA31&dq=queen+afghanistan+veil&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjprbLo1MTtAhW6CRAIHZEPBmMQ6AEwAnoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=queen%20afghanistan%20veil&f=false Kabul Carnival: Gender Politics in Postwar Afghanistan]''</ref> which promoted women’s welfare and had an office to which women could report mistreatment by their husbands, brothers, and fathers.<ref>Emadi, Hafizullah, Repression, resistance, and women in Afghanistan, Praeger, Westport, Conn., 2002</ref> She founded a theatre in Paghman which, although segregated for women, still gave women an opportunity to find their own social scene and break the harem seclusion. <ref>Emadi, Hafizullah, Repression, resistance, and women in Afghanistan, Praeger, Westport, Conn., 2002</ref>

King [[Amanullah Khan]] said, "I am your King, but the Minister of Education is my wife — your Queen".<ref name="Runion139"/>
Queen Soraya encouraged women to get an education and opened the first primary school for girls in Kabul, the Masturat School (later the Ismat Malalai School),<ref> [http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpAuxPages)/3050BE40DA5B871CC125704400534A7A/$file/OPGP4.pdf Unrisd]</ref> in 1921, as well as the first hospital for women, the Masturat Hospital, in 1924. <ref>''[http://www.afghandata.org:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/22431/acku_serial_ds350_a37_a34_v2018_n32_33_w.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y Afghanistan Quarterly Journal. Establishment 1946. Academic Publication of the Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan. Serial No: 32 & 33]''</ref>
In 1926, at the seventh anniversary of Independence from the British, Soraya gave a public speech:<ref name="Ismene"/>
<blockquote>
<blockquote>
''It (Independence) belongs to all of us and that is why we celebrate it. Do you think, however, that our nation from the outset needs only men to serve it? Women should also take their part as women did in the early years of our nation and Islam. From their examples we must learn that we must all contribute toward the development of our nation and that this cannot be done without being equipped with knowledge. So we should all attempt to acquire as much knowledge as possible, in order that we may render our services to society in the manner of the women of early Islam.''
''It (Independence) belongs to all of us and that is why we celebrate it. Do you think, however, that our nation from the outset needs only men to serve it? Women should also take their part as women did in the early years of our nation and Islam. From their examples we must learn that we must all contribute toward the development of our nation and that this cannot be done without being equipped with knowledge. So we should all attempt to acquire as much knowledge as possible, in order that we may render our services to society in the manner of the women of early Islam.''
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
She sent 15 young women to [[Turkey]] for higher education in 1928.<ref name="Ahmed-Ghosh"/><ref name="Ismene"/> These fifteen were all graduates of the Masturat middle school she had founded, mainly daughters of the royal family and government officials.<ref>Emadi, Hafizullah, Repression, resistance, and women in Afghanistan, Praeger, Westport, Conn., 2002</ref>
She sent 15 young women to [[Turkey]] for higher education in 1928.<ref name="Ahmed-Ghosh"/><ref name="Ismene"/> These fifteen were all graduates of the Masturat middle school she had founded, mainly daughters of the royal family and government officials.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>


The Swedish memoir writer [[Rora Asim Khan]], who lived in Afghanistan with her Afghan husband in 1926-1927, describe in her memoirs how she was invited to the Queen at [[Paghman]] and [[Darul Aman Palace|Darullaman]] to describe Western life style and fashion to the Queen and the king's mother; she noted that the Queen had many questions, since she was soon due to visit Europe.<ref name=ffh>Rora Asim Khan (Aurora Nilsson): Anders Forsberg and Peter Hjukström: ''Flykten från harem'', Nykopia, Stockholm 1998. {{ISBN|91-86936-01-8}}.</ref>
The Swedish memoir writer [[Rora Asim Khan]], who lived in Afghanistan with her Afghan husband in 1926–1927, describe in her memoirs how she was invited to the Queen at [[Paghman]] and [[Darul Aman Palace|Darullaman]] to describe Western life style and fashion to the Queen and the king's mother; she noted that the Queen had many questions, since she was soon due to visit Europe.<ref name=ffh>Rora Asim Khan (Aurora Nilsson): Anders Forsberg and Peter Hjukström: ''Flykten från harem'', Nykopia, Stockholm 1998. {{ISBN|91-86936-01-8}}.</ref>


In 1927-1928, Soraya and her husband visited Europe.<ref name="Ahmed-Ghosh"/> On this trip they were honoured and feted, and greeted by crowds.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pathé|first=British|title=England: Arrival Of King Amanullah Khan And Queen Soraya Tarzi Of Afghanistan|url=https://www.britishpathe.com/video/VLVAA37N1G5FK8BCH4Y2LBQ6S4JH1-GR-12573|access-date=2021-06-27|website=www.britishpathe.com|language=en-GB}}</ref> In 1928, the King and Queen received honorary degrees from [[Oxford University]], being seen as both promoters of enlightened Western values, and ruling an important buffer state, between the British Indian empire, and Soviet ambitions.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-10|title=Queen Soraya of Afghanistan: A woman ahead of her time|url=https://arab.news/5hdva|access-date=2021-07-03|website=Arab News|language=en}}</ref> The Queen spoke to a large group of students and leaders.
In 1927–1928, Soraya and her husband visited Europe.<ref name="Ahmed-Ghosh"/><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pathé|first=British|title=England: Arrival Of King Amanullah Khan And Queen Soraya Tarzi Of Afghanistan|url=https://www.britishpathe.com/video/VLVAA37N1G5FK8BCH4Y2LBQ6S4JH1-GR-12573|access-date=2021-06-27|website=www.britishpathe.com|language=en-GB}}</ref> In 1928, the King and Queen received honorary degrees from [[Oxford University]], being seen as both promoters of enlightened Western values, and ruling an important buffer state, between the British Indian empire, and Soviet ambitions.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Goyall |first1=Jonathan |last2=Salahuddin |first2=Sayad |date=2020-09-10 |title=Queen Soraya of Afghanistan: A woman ahead of her time |url=https://arab.news/5hdva |access-date=2021-07-03 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> The Queen spoke to a large group of students and leaders.


The unveiling of women was a controversial part of the reform policy. Women of the royal family already wore Western fashion before the accession of Amanullah, but they did so only within the enclosed royal palace complex and always covered themselves in a veil when leaving the royal area. Throughout her husband's reign, Queen Soraya wore wide-brimmed hats with a diaphanous veil attached to them.<ref name="Ahmed-Ghosh"/> On August 29, 1928 Amanullah held a [[Loya Jirgah]], a Grand Assembly of Tribal Elders, to endorse his development programs, and to which the 1,100 delegates were required to wear European clothes provided for them by the state. Amanullah argued for women’s rights to education and equality. Amanullah said that "Islam did not require women to cover their bodies or wear any special kind of veil", and asked his wife to discard her veil. At the conclusion of the speech, Queen Soraya tore off her veil (hejab) in public<ref name="Halidziai"/><ref name="Ahmed-Ghosh"/><ref name="Ismene"/> and the wives of other officials present at the meeting followed this example.<ref>Emadi, Hafizullah, Repression, resistance, and women in Afghanistan, Praeger, Westport, Conn., 2002</ref> After that, Soraya appeared in public without a veil and the women of the royal family and the wives of government employees followed her example. In Kabul, this policy was also endorsed by reserving certain streets for men and women dressed in modern Western clothing. Conservatives objected to the unveiling of women, but did not say so openly at the meeting, instead beginning to mobilize public opinion after their return from the meeting.<ref>Emadi, Hafizullah, Repression, resistance, and women in Afghanistan, Praeger, Westport, Conn., 2002</ref>
The unveiling of women was a controversial part of the reform policy. Women of the royal family already wore Western fashion before the accession of Amanullah, but they did so only within the enclosed royal palace complex and always covered themselves in a veil when leaving the royal area. On August 29, 1928, Amanullah held a [[Loya Jirgah]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Streissguth |first=Tom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uBmcEAAAQBAJ&dq=Soraya+Tarzi&pg=PA71 |title=Afghanistan |date=15 December 2022 |publisher=ABDO |isbn=978-1-0982-7454-2 |pages=71 |language=en}}</ref> a Grand Assembly of Tribal Elders, to endorse his development programs, and to which the 1,100 delegates were required to wear European clothes provided for them by the state. Amanullah argued for women's rights to education and equality and removed her veil during a speech she gave at the meeting.<ref name=":0" /> In Kabul, this policy was also endorsed by reserving certain streets for men and women dressed in modern Western clothing. Conservatives objected to the unveiling of women, but did not say so openly at the meeting, instead beginning to mobilize public opinion after their return from the meeting.<ref name="ReferenceA" />


The British did not have a good relationship with Soraya's family as a whole, for the chief representative of [[Kingdom of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] that they had to deal with was her father, [[Mahmud Tarzi]].<ref name="Ahmed-Ghosh" /><ref name="wadsam" />
This was an era when other Muslim nations, like Turkey, Iran and Egypt were also on the path to [[Westernization]]. Hence, in Afghanistan, the elite was impressed by such changes and emulated their development models, but the time may have been premature.<ref name="Ahmed-Ghosh" /> Not only did conservative [[Muslims]] disagree with the changes, some alleged that the opposition was stoked by the British agents distributing international publications showing Soraya without a veil, dining with foreign men, and having her hand kissed by the leader of [[French Third Republic|France]], [[Weimar Republic|Germany]], etc. among tribal regions of Afghanistan.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-10|title=Queen Soraya of Afghanistan: A woman ahead of her time|url=https://arab.news/5hdva|access-date=2021-06-27|website=Arab News|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ahmed-Ghosh" /> The British did not have a good relationship with Soraya's family as a whole, for the chief representative of [[Kingdom of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] that they had to deal with was her father, [[Mahmud Tarzi]].<ref name="Ahmed-Ghosh" /><ref name="wadsam" /> Conservative Afghans and regional leaders took the images and details from the royal family's trip to be a flagrant betrayal of Afghan culture, religion, and "honour" of women.


==Final years==
==Final years==


[[File:Mausoleum of Amanullah Khan-cropped.jpg|thumb|Queen Soraya and her husband King Amanullah are buried at this mausoleum in [[Jalalabad]], [[Afghanistan]].]]
[[File:Mausoleum of Amanullah Khan-cropped.jpg|thumb|Queen Soraya and her husband King Amanullah are buried at this mausoleum in [[Jalalabad]], [[Afghanistan]]]]


In 1929, the King abdicated in order to prevent a civil war and went into exile.<ref name="Halidziai"/> Queen Soraya lived in exile in [[Rome]], [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]], with her family, having been invited by Italy.<ref name="Halidziai"/> She died on 20 April 1968 in Rome.<ref name="Halidziai"/><ref name="wadsam"/>
In 1929, the King abdicated in order to prevent a civil war and went into exile.<ref name="Halidziai"/> Queen Soraya lived in exile in [[Rome]], [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]], with her family, having been invited by Italy.<ref name="Halidziai"/> She died on 20 April 1968 in Rome.<ref name="Halidziai"/><ref name="wadsam"/>


The funeral was escorted by the Italian military team to the Rome airport, before being taken to Afghanistan where a solemn [[state funeral]] was held. She is buried in Bagh-e Amir Shaheed,<ref>{{cite news|last=Shalizi|first=Hamid|title=Afghan king's shrine neglected as city modernizes|date=9 February 2009|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghan-king-idUSTRE5183N520090209|publisher=Reuter|accessdate=1 July 2016}}</ref> the family mausoleum in a large marble plaza, covered by a dome roof held up by blue columns in the heart of [[Jalalabad]], next to her husband the King, who had died eight years earlier.<ref name="Halidziai"/>
The funeral was escorted by the Italian military team to the Rome airport, before being taken to Afghanistan where a solemn [[state funeral]] was held. She is buried in Bagh-e Amir Shaheed,<ref>{{cite news|last=Shalizi|first=Hamid|title=Afghan king's shrine neglected as city modernizes|date=9 February 2009|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghan-king-idUSTRE5183N520090209|publisher=Reuter|accessdate=1 July 2016}}</ref> the family mausoleum in a large marble plaza, covered by a dome roof held up by blue columns in the heart of [[Jalalabad]], next to her husband the King, who had died eight years earlier.<ref name="Halidziai"/>


Her youngest daughter, [[Princess India of Afghanistan]], has visited Afghanistan in the 2000s, setting up various charity projects.<ref name="Halidziai"/><ref name="Garzilli">{{cite journal|last=Garzilli|first=Enrica|author2=Asiatica Association |title=Afghanistan, Issues at stake and Viable Solutions: An Interview with H.R.H. Princess India of Afghanistan|journal=Journal of South Asia Women Studies|date=December 3, 2010|volume=12|issue=1|url=http://asiatica.org/jsaws/12-1/afghanistan-issues-stake-and-viable-solutions-interview-hrh-princess-india-afghanistan/|accessdate=1 July 2016}}</ref> Princess India is also an honorary cultural ambassador of Afghanistan to Europe.<ref name="Garzilli"/> In September 2011, Princess India of Afghanistan was honored by the Afghan-American Women Association for her work in women's rights.<ref name="Afghan-American Women Association">{{cite web | url=http://a-awa.org/pdf/A_AWAs_Newsletter_Summer_2012.pdf | title=Afghan-American Women Association honor Princess India D'Afghanistan | publisher=Afghan-American Women Association | date=September 2011 | accessdate=22 November 2013}}</ref>
Her youngest daughter, [[Princess India of Afghanistan]], visited Afghanistan in the 2000s, setting up various charity projects.<ref name="Halidziai"/><ref name="Garzilli">{{cite journal|last=Garzilli|first=Enrica|author2=Asiatica Association |title=Afghanistan, Issues at stake and Viable Solutions: An Interview with H.R.H. Princess India of Afghanistan|journal=Journal of South Asia Women Studies|date=December 3, 2010|volume=12|issue=1|url=http://asiatica.org/jsaws/12-1/afghanistan-issues-stake-and-viable-solutions-interview-hrh-princess-india-afghanistan/|accessdate=1 July 2016}}</ref> Princess India was also an honorary cultural ambassador of Afghanistan to Europe.<ref name="Garzilli"/> In September 2011, Princess India of Afghanistan was honored by the Afghan-American Women Association for her work in women's rights.<ref name="Afghan-American Women Association">{{cite web | url=http://a-awa.org/pdf/A_AWAs_Newsletter_Summer_2012.pdf | title=Afghan-American Women Association honor Princess India D'Afghanistan | publisher=Afghan-American Women Association | date=September 2011 | accessdate=22 November 2013}}</ref>


== Honours ==
== Honours ==
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; Foreign honours
; Foreign honours
*[[Time (magazine)|Time Magazine]]'s woman of the Year, 1927.<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Queen Soraya Tarzi: 100 Women of the Year|url=https://time.com/5792702/queen-soraya-tarzi-100-women-of-the-year/|access-date=2021-06-28|magazine=Time|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Time (magazine)|Time Magazine]]'s woman of the Year, 1927.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=5 March 2020 |title=Queen Soraya Tarzi: 100 Women of the Year |url=https://time.com/5792702/queen-soraya-tarzi-100-women-of-the-year/ |access-date=2021-06-28 |magazine=Time |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Order of the Virtues (Egypt)|Decoration of al-Kemal in brilliants]] ([[Kingdom of Egypt]], 26 December 1927).
* [[Order of the Virtues (Egypt)|Decoration of al-Kemal in brilliants]] ([[Kingdom of Egypt]], 26 December 1927).
* Honorary Dame Grand Cross of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (United Kingdom, 13 March 1928).
* Honorary Dame Grand Cross of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (United Kingdom, 13 March 1928).
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|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Soraya Tarzi{{cn|date=August 2020}}'''
|1= 1. '''Soraya Tarzi{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}'''
|2= 2. [[Mahmud Tarzi|''Sardar'' Mahmud ''Beg'' Tarzi]]
|2= 2. [[Mahmud Tarzi|''Sardar'' Mahmud ''Beg'' Tarzi]]
|3= 3. Asma Rasmiya [[Khan (title)|Khanum]]
|3= 3. Asma Rasmiya [[Khan (title)|Khanum]]
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==References==
==References==
<ref name="Ismene">{{cite web|last=Ismene |title=Burqa Babes: Soraya Tarzi |url=http://handfulofdust.net/?p=352 |work=A Handful of Dust – On Afghanistan, Counterinsurgency, and Whatever Else We Might Fancy |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817024013/http://handfulofdust.net/?p=352 |archivedate=August 17, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-10|title=Queen Soraya of Afghanistan: A woman ahead of her time|url=https://arab.news/5hdva|access-date=2021-06-27|website=Arab News|language=en}}</ref><ref>[http://www.iiav.nl/ezines/web/JournalofInternationalWomensStudies/2003/Vol4Nr3May/Afghanistan.pdf A History of Women in Afghanistan: Lessons Learnt for the Future] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518125237/http://www.iiav.nl/ezines/web/JournalofInternationalWomensStudies/2003/Vol4Nr3May/Afghanistan.pdf |date=May 18, 2011 }}</ref>
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==

{{wikiquote}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|Soraya Tarzi}}
{{Commons category|Soraya Tarzi}}
*[http://www.bridgew.us/SoAS/jiws/May03/Afghanistan.pdf A History of Women in Afghanistan: Lessons Learnt for the Future or Yesterdays and Tomorrow: Women in Afghanistan By Dr. Huma Ahmed-Ghosh]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120808202805/http://www.afghanistan-photos.com/crbst_32.html Old pictures of the Queen Soraya of Afghanistan]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120808202805/http://www.afghanistan-photos.com/crbst_32.html Old pictures of the Queen Soraya of Afghanistan]


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{{s-aft|after=[[Mah Parwar Begum]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mah Parwar Begum]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{s-end}}

{{Feminism}}
{{Royal consorts of Afghanistan}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Tarzi, Queen Soraya}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tarzi, Soraya}}
[[Category:Afghan royal consorts]]
[[Category:Afghan royal consorts]]
[[Category:Afghan feminists]]
[[Category:Afghan feminists]]
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[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:1968 deaths]]
[[Category:1968 deaths]]
[[Category:Afghan secularists]]
[[Category:Afghan critics of religions]]
[[Category:Afghan exiles]]
[[Category:Afghan exiles]]
[[Category:Pashtun women]]
[[Category:Pashtun women]]
[[Category:People from Damascus]]
[[Category:People from Damascus]]
[[Category:20th-century Afghan politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Afghan politicians]]
[[Category:Afghan people of Syrian descent]]
[[Category:Honorary Dames Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Honorary Dames Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Afghan expatriates in Italy]]
[[Category:Afghan expatriates in Italy]]
[[Category:Afghan expatriates in the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Afghan expatriates]]
[[Category:Expatriates in the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Hijab]]

Latest revision as of 00:15, 17 December 2024

Soraya Tarzi
Formal photograph of Soraya during her tenure as princess consort of Afghanistan
Queen consort of Afghanistan
Tenure9 June 1926 – 14 January 1929
Princess consort of Afghanistan
Tenure28 February 1919 – 9 June 1926
BornSuraiya Shahzada Tarzi
(1899-11-24)24 November 1899
Damascus, Ottoman Syria, Ottoman Empire
Died20 April 1968(1968-04-20) (aged 68)
Rome, Italy
Burial
Jalalabad, Afghanistan
SpouseAmanullah Khan
Issue
See
  • Princess Ameenah Shah
    Princess Abedah Bibi
    Princess Meliha
    Crown Prince Rahmatullah of Afghanistan
    Prince Saifullah
    Prince Hymayatullah
    Princess Adeela
    Prince Ehsanullah
    Princess India
    Princess Nagia
HouseMohammadzai-Tarzi
FatherSardar Mahmud Beg Tarzi
MotherAsma Rasmiya Khanum
ReligionIslam

Soraya Tarzi (Pashto/Dari: ثريا طرزی; November 24, 1899 – April 20, 1968) was the first Queen of Afghanistan as the wife of King Amanullah Khan. She played a major part in the modernization reforms of Amanullah Khan, particularly regarding the emancipation of women.

She was born in Syria⠀and educated by her father, an Afghan leader and intellectual Sardar Mahmud Beg Tarzi.[1] She belonged to the Mohammadzai Pashtun tribe, a sub-tribe of the Barakzai dynasty. As Queen of Afghanistan, she was not only filling a position – but became one of the most influential women in the world at the time.[2] Owing to the reforms King Amanullah instituted, the country's religious sects grew violent. In 1929, the King abdicated to prevent a civil war and went into exile.[3] Their first stop was India, then part of the British Empire.

Early life and family background

[edit]

Suraiya Shahzada Tarzi was born on 24 November 1899, in Damascus, Syria, then part of the Ottoman Empire. She was the daughter of the Afghan political figure Sardar Mahmud Beg Tarzi, and granddaughter of Sardar Ghulam Muhammad Tarzi.[citation needed] She studied in Syria, learning Western and modern values,[3] which would influence her future actions and beliefs. Her mother was the Syrian feminist Asma Rasmya Khanum, her father's second wife, and daughter of Sheikh Muhammad Saleh al-Fattal Effendi, of Aleppo, Muezzin of the Umayyad Mosque.[4][5]

Upon her family's return to Afghanistan, Soraya Tarzi would meet and marry then prince Amanullah.[3]

After the Tarzis returned to Afghanistan, they were received at Court as wished by the Amir Habibullah Khan. This is where Soraya Tarzi met Habibullah's son Prince Amanullah. They struck an affinity. The prince, who was a sympathiser of Mahmud Tarzi's liberal ideas, married Soraya Tarzi on 30 August 1913 at Qawm-i-Bagh Palace in Kabul.[3][2] Soraya Tarzi became the future King Amanullah's only wife, which broke centuries of tradition: Amanullah was to dissolve the royal harem when he succeeded to the throne and free the enslaved women of the harem.[6] It was when she married into the royal family that she grew to be one of the region's most important figures.[1]

Queen of Afghanistan

[edit]

When the prince became Amir in 1919 and subsequently King in 1926, the Queen had an important role in the evolution of the country. Queen Soraya was the first Muslim consort who appeared in public together with her husband, something which was unheard of at the time.[1] She participated with him in the hunting parties,[7] riding on horseback, and in some Cabinet meetings.

Women's rights

[edit]
Main article: Women's rights in Afghanistan
Queen Soraya in Berlin in 1928
Soraya Tarzi and Amanullah with Kemal Atatürk

The emancipation of women was a part of Amanullah's reform policy, and the women of the royal family, particularly his wife and sisters, acted as the role models of this change. Many women from Amanullah's family publicly participated in organizations and went on to become government officials later in life.[2]

In 1921 she founded and contributed to [8] the first magazine for women, Ishadul Naswan (Guidance for Women)[2] which was edited by her mother,[8] as well as the first women's organisation, Anjuman-i Himayat-i-Niswan,[9] which promoted women's welfare and had an office to which women could report mistreatment by their husbands, brothers, and fathers.[6] She founded a theatre in Paghman which, although segregated for women, still gave women an opportunity to find their own social scene and break the harem seclusion.[6]

King Amanullah Khan said, "I am your King, but the Minister of Education is my wife — your Queen".[1] Queen Soraya encouraged women to get education and opened the first primary school for girls in Kabul, the Masturat School (later the Ismat Malalai School),[10][11] in 1921, as well as the first hospital for women, the Masturat Hospital, in 1924.[8] In 1926 on the anniversary of independence from the British, Soraya gave a public speech:[12]

It (Independence) belongs to all of us and that is why we celebrate it. Do you think, however, that our nation from the outset needs only men to serve it? Women should also take their part as women did in the early years of our nation and Islam. From their examples we must learn that we must all contribute toward the development of our nation and that this cannot be done without being equipped with knowledge. So we should all attempt to acquire as much knowledge as possible, in order that we may render our services to society in the manner of the women of early Islam.

She sent 15 young women to Turkey for higher education in 1928.[2][12] These fifteen were all graduates of the Masturat middle school she had founded, mainly daughters of the royal family and government officials.[6]

The Swedish memoir writer Rora Asim Khan, who lived in Afghanistan with her Afghan husband in 1926–1927, describe in her memoirs how she was invited to the Queen at Paghman and Darullaman to describe Western life style and fashion to the Queen and the king's mother; she noted that the Queen had many questions, since she was soon due to visit Europe.[13]

In 1927–1928, Soraya and her husband visited Europe.[2][14] In 1928, the King and Queen received honorary degrees from Oxford University, being seen as both promoters of enlightened Western values, and ruling an important buffer state, between the British Indian empire, and Soviet ambitions.[15] The Queen spoke to a large group of students and leaders.

The unveiling of women was a controversial part of the reform policy. Women of the royal family already wore Western fashion before the accession of Amanullah, but they did so only within the enclosed royal palace complex and always covered themselves in a veil when leaving the royal area. On August 29, 1928, Amanullah held a Loya Jirgah,[16] a Grand Assembly of Tribal Elders, to endorse his development programs, and to which the 1,100 delegates were required to wear European clothes provided for them by the state. Amanullah argued for women's rights to education and equality and removed her veil during a speech she gave at the meeting.[16] In Kabul, this policy was also endorsed by reserving certain streets for men and women dressed in modern Western clothing. Conservatives objected to the unveiling of women, but did not say so openly at the meeting, instead beginning to mobilize public opinion after their return from the meeting.[6]

The British did not have a good relationship with Soraya's family as a whole, for the chief representative of Afghanistan that they had to deal with was her father, Mahmud Tarzi.[2][7]

Final years

[edit]
Queen Soraya and her husband King Amanullah are buried at this mausoleum in Jalalabad, Afghanistan

In 1929, the King abdicated in order to prevent a civil war and went into exile.[3] Queen Soraya lived in exile in Rome, Italy, with her family, having been invited by Italy.[3] She died on 20 April 1968 in Rome.[3][7]

The funeral was escorted by the Italian military team to the Rome airport, before being taken to Afghanistan where a solemn state funeral was held. She is buried in Bagh-e Amir Shaheed,[17] the family mausoleum in a large marble plaza, covered by a dome roof held up by blue columns in the heart of Jalalabad, next to her husband the King, who had died eight years earlier.[3]

Her youngest daughter, Princess India of Afghanistan, visited Afghanistan in the 2000s, setting up various charity projects.[3][18] Princess India was also an honorary cultural ambassador of Afghanistan to Europe.[18] In September 2011, Princess India of Afghanistan was honored by the Afghan-American Women Association for her work in women's rights.[19]

Honours

[edit]
National honour
Foreign honours

Ancestry

[edit]

References

[edit]

[12][21][22]

  1. ^ a b c d Runion, Meredith (October 30, 2007). The History of Afghanistan. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 155. ISBN 9780313337987.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Huma Ahmed-Ghosh (May 2003). "A History of Women in Afghanistan: Lessons Learnt for the Future or Yesterdays and Tomorrow: Women in Afghanistan". Journal of International Women's Studies. 4 (3): 1–14. ISSN 1539-8706. Wikidata Q129656217. Archived from the original on 23 August 2024.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Halidziai, K. "The Queen Soraya of Afghanistan". AFGHANISTAN OLD PHOTOS. Archived from the original on 2007-07-12.
  4. ^ Moubayed, Sami (2021-08-27). "The Eva Perón of Afghanistan". New Lines Magazine. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  5. ^ Goudsouzian, Tanya (1 October 2014). "Afghan first lady in shadow of 1920s queen?". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  6. ^ a b c d e Emadi, Hafizullah, Repression, resistance, and women in Afghanistan, Praeger, Westport, Conn., 2002
  7. ^ a b c "When Afghanistan was in Vogue". Wadsam -Afghan Business News Portal. Archived from the original on 2016-08-22.
  8. ^ a b c Afghanistan Quarterly Journal. Establishment 1946. Academic Publication of the Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan. Serial No: 32 & 33
  9. ^ Julie Billaud: Kabul Carnival: Gender Politics in Postwar Afghanistan
  10. ^ Unrisd
  11. ^ "La reine Soraya d'Afghanistan : une femme à l'avant-garde | Arab News FR". www.arabnews.fr (in French). 2020-09-11. Retrieved 2024-08-29.
  12. ^ a b c Ismene. "Burqa Babes: Soraya Tarzi". A Handful of Dust – On Afghanistan, Counterinsurgency, and Whatever Else We Might Fancy. Archived from the original on August 17, 2012.
  13. ^ Rora Asim Khan (Aurora Nilsson): Anders Forsberg and Peter Hjukström: Flykten från harem, Nykopia, Stockholm 1998. ISBN 91-86936-01-8.
  14. ^ Pathé, British. "England: Arrival Of King Amanullah Khan And Queen Soraya Tarzi Of Afghanistan". www.britishpathe.com. Retrieved 2021-06-27.
  15. ^ Goyall, Jonathan; Salahuddin, Sayad (2020-09-10). "Queen Soraya of Afghanistan: A woman ahead of her time". Arab News. Retrieved 2021-07-03.
  16. ^ a b Streissguth, Tom (15 December 2022). Afghanistan. ABDO. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-0982-7454-2.
  17. ^ Shalizi, Hamid (9 February 2009). "Afghan king's shrine neglected as city modernizes". Reuter. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
  18. ^ a b Garzilli, Enrica; Asiatica Association (December 3, 2010). "Afghanistan, Issues at stake and Viable Solutions: An Interview with H.R.H. Princess India of Afghanistan". Journal of South Asia Women Studies. 12 (1). Retrieved 1 July 2016.
  19. ^ "Afghan-American Women Association honor Princess India D'Afghanistan" (PDF). Afghan-American Women Association. September 2011. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  20. ^ "Queen Soraya Tarzi: 100 Women of the Year". Time. 5 March 2020. Retrieved 2021-06-28.
  21. ^ "Queen Soraya of Afghanistan: A woman ahead of her time". Arab News. 2020-09-10. Retrieved 2021-06-27.
  22. ^ A History of Women in Afghanistan: Lessons Learnt for the Future Archived May 18, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
[edit]
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Royal titles
Preceded by
—
 Queen consort of Afghanistan
1926–1929 		Succeeded by
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