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The Groans of the Britons (Latin: gemitus Britannorum)^[1] is the final appeal made between 446 and 454^[2] by the Britons to the Roman military for assistance against Pict and Scot raiders. The appeal is first referenced in Gildas' 6th-century De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae;^[3] Gildas' account was later repeated in chapter 13 of Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum.^[4] According to Gildas, the message was addressed to "Agitius", who is generally identified with the general Flavius Aetius.^[4] The collapsing Western Roman Empire had few military resources to spare during its decline, and the record is ambiguous on what the response to the appeal was, if any. According to Gildas and various later medieval sources,^[which?] the failure of the Roman armies to secure Britain led the Britons to invite Anglo-Saxon mercenaries to the island, precipitating the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain.

Message

The message is recorded by Gildas in his De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae,^[3] written in the second quarter of the sixth century and much later repeated by Bede. According to these sources, it was a last-ditch plea to "Agitius" for assistance. Agitius is generally identified as Aetius, magister militum of the Western Roman Empire who spent most of the 440s fighting insurgents in Gaul and Hispania.^[4] The Roman Britons had been beset by raids by the Picts and Scots from northern Britain, who were able to pillage far to the south after the Roman armies had withdrawn from the island in 407.

Gildas refers to Agitius as "Thrice Consul". If Gildas meant Flavius Aetius, and he was quoting the letter, it would imply that the letter was sent during the time period of his third consulship in 446. If, however, he was using "Thrice Consul" as a means of identifying a famous leader, the letter may have been sent during either of his three consulships: 432, 437, or 446.^[5] Leslie Alcock has raised a tentative possibility of the "Agitius" to whom the gemitus is directed actually being Aegidius—though he was never consul.^[6] This identification was supported by Stephen Johnson, but rejected by J. N. L. Myres.^[7] Miller left the possibility open.^[8] The usurper Constantine III had taken the last Roman troops from Britain in 407 and the civilian administration had been expelled by the natives a little later, leaving the inhabitants to fend for themselves during increasingly fraught times. Parts of the plea were recorded:^[9]

Agitio ter consuli, gemitus britannorum. [...] Repellunt barbari ad mare, repellit mare ad barbaros; inter haec duo genera funerum aut iugulamur aut mergimur.

To Agitius [or Aetius], thrice consul: the groans of the Britons. [...] The barbarians drive us to the sea, the sea drives us to the barbarians; between these two means of death, we are either killed or drowned.

—Quoted in Gildas, De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae.

—J. A. Giles's 1848 revision of T. Habington (1638)

The Romans, however, could not assist them, so the Britons were left to their own devices.

Problems of interpretation

A second visit in around 446–7 by Germanus, a former Roman general who had become Bishop of Auxerre, recorded in his Vita by Constantius of Lyon,^[10] could have reflected Aetius' response to the message.^{[citation needed]}

The reference to Aetius' third consulship (446) is useful in dating the increasing strife in Britain during this period. Gildas' mention of the appeal is a minor part of a much larger religious polemic, however, which means that the image described may be more hyperbolic than realistic, especially as his sources were probably derived from oral tradition. The traditional picture of Romano-British society in post-Roman Britain as besieged and chaotic is also being increasingly challenged by archaeological evidence which indicates a definitive series of migrations into England on the part of the Saxons. ^[11]

The viewpoint of Gildas is coloured by his classicising rather than monastic education, based at some remove on the Roman education of a rhetor, a source of his elaborated and difficult Latin.^[12]

Gildas' narrative describes the Britons as being too impious and plagued by infighting to fend off the Saxons. They managed some successes against the invaders when they placed their faith in God's hands, but they were usually left to suffer greatly. Gildas mentions a "proud tyrant" who Bede names as Vortigern as the person who originally invited Germanic mercenaries to defend the borders.

No answer is recorded to the pleas of the British. There was an increasing Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain in the fifth and sixth centuries and increasing Anglo-Saxon culture, including language.

Notes

^ In full Agitio ter consuli gemitus Britannorum
^ In Michael Lapidge and David Dumville, eds. Gildas: New Approaches (Studies in Celtic History 5) 1984, page 20.
^ ^a ^b Winterbottom, Michael; Gildas, Gildas (2002). The Ruin of Britain and Other Works. Phillimore. pp. 23–24. ISBN 9781860772023.
^ ^a ^b ^c Bede (1994). The ecclesiastical history of the English people ; The greater chronicle ; Bede's letter to Egbert. Judith McClure, Roger Collins. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-282912-2. OCLC 29843795.
^ "Flavius Aetius". Encyclopædia Britannica. 7 February 2024.
^ Alcock, Arthur's Britain, 1971:107: "Agitius is most reasonably identified with Aegidius... but Aegidius was never a consul." Alcock 1971 was critically reviewed by K. H. Jackson in Antiquity 47 (1973), noted by Thomas D. O'Sullivan, The De Excidio of Gildas :169 and notes.
^ J. N. L. Myres, The English Settlements, 1989:8
^ Miller, "Bede's use of Gildas," English Historical Review 90 (1975:247)
^ "The Works of Gildas, Surnamed 'Sapiens,' or the Wise", in: John Allen Giles, ed., ''Six Old English Chronicles, of Which Two Are Now First Translated from the Monkish Latin Originals'' (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1848), pt. 1, ¶20. This is a revision of Thomas Habington, trans., ''The Epistle of Gildas the most ancient British Author: who flourished in the yeere of our Lord, 546. And who by his great erudition, sanctitie, and wisdome, acquired the name of Sapiens. Faithfully translated out of the originall Latine'', 8 vols. (London: T. Cotes for William Cooke, 1638).
^ Russo, Daniel G. (1998). Town origins and development in early England, c.400-950 A.D. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 50. ISBN 0-313-30079-8. OCLC 35593429.
^ "Migration, not conquest, drove Anglo-Saxon takeover of England".
^ Michael Lapidge, "Gildas' education and the Latin culture of sub-Roman Britain", in Lapidge and Dumville 1984, page 27.

References

De Excidio Britannae, as translated by John Allen Giles
Bede
Mummy, Kevin, "The Groans of the Britons: Toward the British Civitates Period ca. 406-455 C.E.", Ex Post Facto: Journal of the History Students at San Francisco State University, 2002
Rosenbaum, Sabin, [https://www.academia.edu/3091466/The_Gemitus_Britannorum^{[permanent dead link‍]} "The Gemitus Britannorum, A Restoration and English Translation of De Excidio, Chapters 19-25"

[1] In full Agitio ter consuli gemitus Britannorum

[:2-2] In Michael Lapidge and David Dumville, eds. Gildas: New Approaches (Studies in Celtic History 5) 1984, page 20.

[:0-3] Winterbottom, Michael; Gildas, Gildas (2002). The Ruin of Britain and Other Works. Phillimore. pp. 23–24. ISBN 9781860772023.

[:1-4] Bede (1994). The ecclesiastical history of the English people ; The greater chronicle ; Bede's letter to Egbert. Judith McClure, Roger Collins. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-282912-2. OCLC 29843795.

[5] "Flavius Aetius". Encyclopædia Britannica. 7 February 2024.

[6] Alcock, Arthur's Britain, 1971:107: "Agitius is most reasonably identified with Aegidius... but Aegidius was never a consul." Alcock 1971 was critically reviewed by K. H. Jackson in Antiquity 47 (1973), noted by Thomas D. O'Sullivan, The De Excidio of Gildas :169 and notes.

[7] J. N. L. Myres, The English Settlements, 1989:8

[8] Miller, "Bede's use of Gildas," English Historical Review 90 (1975:247)

[9] "The Works of Gildas, Surnamed 'Sapiens,' or the Wise", in: John Allen Giles, ed., ''Six Old English Chronicles, of Which Two Are Now First Translated from the Monkish Latin Originals'' (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1848), pt. 1, ¶20. This is a revision of Thomas Habington, trans., ''The Epistle of Gildas the most ancient British Author: who flourished in the yeere of our Lord, 546. And who by his great erudition, sanctitie, and wisdome, acquired the name of Sapiens. Faithfully translated out of the originall Latine'', 8 vols. (London: T. Cotes for William Cooke, 1638).

[10] Russo, Daniel G. (1998). Town origins and development in early England, c.400-950 A.D. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 50. ISBN 0-313-30079-8. OCLC 35593429.

[11] "Migration, not conquest, drove Anglo-Saxon takeover of England".

[12] Michael Lapidge, "Gildas' education and the Latin culture of sub-Roman Britain", in Lapidge and Dumville 1984, page 27.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{short description|Briton missive to Rome, 5th century}}
+{{more citations needed|date=February 2022}}
 {{Campaignbox Anglo-Saxon invasions}}
+The '''Groans of the Britons''' ({{langx|la|gemitus Britannorum}})<ref>In full ''Agitio ter consuli gemitus Britannorum''</ref> is the final appeal made between 446 and 454<ref name=":2">In [[Michael Lapidge]] and [[David Dumville]], eds. ''Gildas: New Approaches'' (Studies in Celtic History '''5''') 1984, page 20.</ref> by the [[Romano-British culture|Britons]] to the [[Late Roman army|Roman military]] for assistance against [[Picts|Pict]] and [[Scoti|Scot]] raiders. The appeal is first referenced in [[Gildas]]' 6th-century ''[[De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae]]'';<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Winterbottom |first1=Michael |title=The Ruin of Britain and Other Works |last2=Gildas |first2=Gildas |publisher=Phillimore |year=2002 |isbn=9781860772023 |pages=23–24 |language=en |author-link=Michael Winterbottom (academic) |author-link2=Gildas}}</ref> Gildas' account was later repeated in chapter 13 of [[Bede]]'s ''[[Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum]]''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |author=Bede |author-link=Bede |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29843795 |title=The ecclesiastical history of the English people ; The greater chronicle ; Bede's letter to Egbert |date=1994 |publisher=Oxford University Press |others=Judith McClure, Roger Collins |isbn=0-19-282912-2 |location=Oxford |oclc=29843795}}</ref> According to Gildas, the message was addressed to "Agitius", who is generally identified with the general [[Flavius Aetius]].<ref name=":1" /> The collapsing [[Western Roman Empire]] had few military resources to spare during [[Decline of the Roman Empire|its decline]], and the record is ambiguous on what the response to the appeal was, if any. According to Gildas and various later medieval sources,{{Which|date=April 2020}} the failure of the Roman armies to secure Britain led the Britons to invite [[Anglo-Saxon]] mercenaries to the island, precipitating the [[Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain]].
-{{more citations needed|date=February 2022}}
-The '''Groans of the Britons''' ({{lang-la|gemitus Britannorum}})<ref>In full ''Agitio ter consuli gemitus Britannorum''</ref> is the final appeal made between 446 and 454<ref name=":2" /> by the [[Romano-British culture|Britons]] to the [[Late Roman army|Roman military]] for assistance against [[Picts|Pict]] and [[Scoti|Scot]] raiders. The appeal is first referenced in [[Gildas]]' 6th-century ''[[De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae]]'';<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Winterbottom |first=Michael |title=The Ruin of Britain and Other Works |last2=Gildas |first2=Gildas |publisher=Phillimore |year=2002 |isbn=9781860772023 |pages=23-24 |language=en |author-link=Michael Winterbottom (academic) |author-link2=Gildas}}</ref> Gildas' account was later repeated in chapter 13 of [[Bede]]'s ''[[Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum]]''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Bede |first=the Venerable, Saint |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29843795 |title=The ecclesiastical history of the English people ; The greater chronicle ; Bede's letter to Egbert |date=1994 |publisher=Oxford University Press |others=Judith McClure, Roger Collins |isbn=0-19-282912-2 |location=Oxford |oclc=29843795}}</ref> According to Gildas, the message was addressed to "Agitius", who is generally identified with the general [[Flavius Aetius]].<ref name=":1" /> The collapsing [[Western Roman Empire]] had few military resources to spare during [[Decline of the Roman Empire|its decline]], and the record is ambiguous on what the response to the appeal was, if any. According to Gildas and various later medieval sources,{{Which|date=April 2020}} the failure of the Roman armies to secure Britain led the Britons to invite [[Anglo-Saxon]] mercenaries to the island, precipitating the [[Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain]].
 ==Message==
 The message is recorded by [[Gildas]] in his ''De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae'',<ref name=":0" /> written in the second quarter of the sixth century and much later repeated by [[Bede]]. According to these sources, it was a last-ditch plea to "Agitius" for assistance. Agitius is generally identified as [[Flavius Aetius|Aetius]], {{Lang|la|[[magister militum]]}} of the [[Western Roman Empire]] who spent most of the 440s fighting [[insurgent]]s in [[Gaul]] and [[Hispania]].<ref name=":1" /> The Roman Britons had been beset by raids by the [[Picts]] and [[Scoti|Scots]] from northern Britain, who were able to pillage far to the south after the Roman armies had [[Roman withdrawal from Britain|withdrawn from the island]] in 407.
-The text describes Agitius as being [[Roman consul|consul]] for the third time, dating the message to the period between 446, when he held his third consulate, and 454, when he held his fourth.<ref name=":2">In [[Michael Lapidge]] and [[David Dumville]], eds. ''Gildas: New Approaches'' (Studies in Celtic History '''5''') 1984, page 20.</ref> [[Leslie Alcock]] has raised a tentative possibility of the "Agitius" to whom the ''gemitus'' is directed actually being [[Aegidius]]—though he was never consul.<ref>Alcock, ''Arthur's Britain'', 1971:107: "Agitius is most reasonably identified with Aegidius... but Aegidius was never a consul." Alcock 1971 was critically reviewed by K. H. Jackson in ''Antiquity'' '''47''' (1973), noted by Thomas D. O'Sullivan, ''The De Excidio of Gildas'' :169 and notes.</ref> This identification was supported by Stephen Johnson, but rejected by [[Nowell Myres|J. N. L. Myres]].<ref>J. N. L. Myres, ''The English Settlements'', 1989:8</ref> Miller left the possibility open.<ref>Miller, "Bede's use of Gildas," ''[[English Historical Review]]'' '''90''' (1975:247)</ref> The usurper [[Constantine III (usurper)|Constantine III]] had taken the last Roman troops from Britain in 407 and the civilian administration had been expelled by the natives a little later, leaving the inhabitants to fend for themselves during increasingly fraught times. Parts of the plea were recorded:<ref>"The Works of Gildas, Surnamed 'Sapiens,' or the Wise", in: John Allen Giles, ed., <nowiki>''</nowiki>Six Old English Chronicles, of Which Two Are Now First Translated from the Monkish Latin Originals<nowiki>''</nowiki> (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1848), pt. 1, ¶20. This is a revision of Thomas Habington, trans., <nowiki>''</nowiki>The Epistle of Gildas the most ancient British Author: who flourished in the yeere of our Lord, 546. And who by his great erudition, sanctitie, and wisdome, acquired the name of Sapiens. Faithfully translated out of the originall Latine<nowiki>''</nowiki>, 8 vols. (London: T. Cotes for William Cooke, 1638).</ref>
+Gildas refers to Agitius as "Thrice Consul". If Gildas meant Flavius Aetius, and he was quoting the letter, it would imply that the letter was sent during the time period of his third consulship in 446. If, however, he was using "Thrice Consul" as a means of identifying a famous leader, the letter may have been sent during either of his three consulships: 432, 437, or 446.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2024 |title=Flavius Aetius |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Flavius-Aetius |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>  [[Leslie Alcock]] has raised a tentative possibility of the "Agitius" to whom the ''gemitus'' is directed actually being [[Aegidius]]—though he was never consul.<ref>Alcock, ''Arthur's Britain'', 1971:107: "Agitius is most reasonably identified with Aegidius... but Aegidius was never a consul." Alcock 1971 was critically reviewed by K. H. Jackson in ''Antiquity'' '''47''' (1973), noted by Thomas D. O'Sullivan, ''The De Excidio of Gildas'' :169 and notes.</ref> This identification was supported by Stephen Johnson, but rejected by [[Nowell Myres|J. N. L. Myres]].<ref>J. N. L. Myres, ''The English Settlements'', 1989:8</ref> Miller left the possibility open.<ref>Miller, "Bede's use of Gildas," ''[[English Historical Review]]'' '''90''' (1975:247)</ref> The usurper [[Constantine III (usurper)|Constantine III]] had taken the last Roman troops from Britain in 407 and the civilian administration had been expelled by the natives a little later, leaving the inhabitants to fend for themselves during increasingly fraught times. Parts of the plea were recorded:<ref>"The Works of Gildas, Surnamed 'Sapiens,' or the Wise", in: John Allen Giles, ed., <nowiki>''</nowiki>Six Old English Chronicles, of Which Two Are Now First Translated from the Monkish Latin Originals<nowiki>''</nowiki> (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1848), pt. 1, ¶20. This is a revision of Thomas Habington, trans., <nowiki>''</nowiki>The Epistle of Gildas the most ancient British Author: who flourished in the yeere of our Lord, 546. And who by his great erudition, sanctitie, and wisdome, acquired the name of Sapiens. Faithfully translated out of the originall Latine<nowiki>''</nowiki>, 8 vols. (London: T. Cotes for William Cooke, 1638).</ref>
 {{Verse translation|Agitio ter consuli, gemitus britannorum. [...] Repellunt barbari ad mare, repellit mare ad barbaros; inter haec duo genera funerum aut iugulamur aut mergimur.|To Agitius [or Aetius], thrice consul: the groans of the Britons. [...] The barbarians drive us to the sea, the sea drives us to the barbarians; between these two means of death, we are either killed or drowned.|lang=la|attr1=Quoted in Gildas, ''De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae''.|attr2=J. A. Giles's 1848 revision of T. Habington (1638)}}
@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 ==Problems of interpretation==
 A second visit in around 446–7 by [[Germanus of Auxerre|Germanus]], a former Roman general who had become [[Bishop of Auxerre]], recorded in his ''[[Hagiography|Vita]]'' by [[Constantius of Lyon]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Russo |first=Daniel G. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35593429 |title=Town origins and development in early England, c.400-950 A.D. |date=1998 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=0-313-30079-8 |location=Westport, Conn. |pages=50 |oclc=35593429}}</ref> could have reflected Aetius' response to the message.{{fact|date=January 2018}}
-The reference to Aetius' third [[consul]]ship (446) is useful in dating the increasing strife in Britain during this period. Gildas' mention of the appeal is a minor part of a much larger religious [[polemic]], however, which means that the image described may be more [[hyperbole|hyperbolic]] than realistic, especially as his sources were probably derived from oral tradition. The traditional picture of [[Romano-British]] society in [[post-Roman Britain]] as besieged and chaotic is also being increasingly challenged by [[archaeological]] evidence. Though that revisionist thought is once again being challenged by the evidence, which again indicates a definitive series of migrations into England on the part of the Saxons. </ref>{{https://www.science.org/content/article/migration-not-conquest-drove-anglo-saxon-takeover-england}}</ref>
+The reference to Aetius' third [[consul]]ship (446) is useful in dating the increasing strife in Britain during this period. Gildas' mention of the appeal is a minor part of a much larger religious [[polemic]], however, which means that the image described may be more [[hyperbole|hyperbolic]] than realistic, especially as his sources were probably derived from oral tradition. The traditional picture of [[Romano-British]] society in [[post-Roman Britain]] as besieged and chaotic is also being increasingly challenged by [[archaeological]] evidence which indicates a definitive series of migrations into England on the part of the Saxons. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.science.org/content/article/migration-not-conquest-drove-anglo-saxon-takeover-england | title=Migration, not conquest, drove Anglo-Saxon takeover of England }}</ref>
-The viewpoint of Gildas is coloured by his classicizing rather than monastic education, based at some remove on the Roman education of a ''[[rhetor]]'', a source of his elaborated and difficult Latin.<ref>Michael Lapidge, "Gildas' education and the Latin culture of sub-Roman Britain", in Lapidge and Dumville 1984, page 27.</ref>
-Gildas' narrative describes the Britons as being too impious and plagued by infighting to fend off the Picts and Scots. They managed some successes against the invaders when they placed their faith in God's hands, but they were usually left to suffer greatly. Gildas mentions a "proud tyrant" who [[Bede]] names as [[Vortigern]] as the person who originally invited [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] mercenaries to defend the borders, but the identification of this actual historical person has not yet established, so the actual dating of the start of Saxon ''[[foederati]]'' presence in Britain is still contentious.{{fact|date=January 2018}}  Archaeology increasingly confirms Germanic presence before the Romans withdrew.
+The viewpoint of Gildas is coloured by his classicising rather than monastic education, based at some remove on the Roman education of a ''[[rhetor]]'', a source of his elaborated and difficult Latin.<ref>Michael Lapidge, "Gildas' education and the Latin culture of sub-Roman Britain", in Lapidge and Dumville 1984, page 27.</ref>
-Archaeological evidence supports some Germanic communities being in place in England before the 440s. The rebellion of [[Carausius]] in late 286 or early 287 and his recruitment of Frisian and Frankish ''foederati'' to man the [[Saxon Shore]], for example, fits the myth of Vortigern quite well, including his betrayal and death. If it is true that Saxons were ''foederati'' allied with the Romano-British who stayed when the legions left, then the [[Battle of Badon Hill]] may have actually been fought in the northwest of England between Scots invaders from Ireland and British-Saxon defenders.{{fact|date=January 2018}}
+Gildas' narrative describes the Britons as being too impious and plagued by infighting to fend off the Saxons. They managed some successes against the invaders when they placed their faith in God's hands, but they were usually left to suffer greatly. Gildas mentions a "proud tyrant" who [[Bede]] names as [[Vortigern]] as the person who originally invited [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] mercenaries to defend the borders.
-Gildas' metaphors of collapse also need to be interpreted in the context of the [[Justinianic plague]], which halved the population of Europe around 550 CE, the time he was writing. Metaphors commonly interpreted to mean invading Saxons could actually be referring to plague sweeping across the land.{{fact|date=January 2018}}
-What is clear is that, ultimately, there was an increasing [[Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain]] in the fifth and sixth centuries and increasing Anglo-Saxon culture, including language.
+No answer is recorded to the pleas of the British. There was an increasing [[Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain]] in the fifth and sixth centuries and increasing Anglo-Saxon culture, including language.
 ==See also==
@@ Line 42: / Line 39: @@
 *[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/gildas-full.html ''De Excidio Britannae''], as translated by [[John Allen Giles]]
 *[[Bede]]
-*Mummy, Kevin, [http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~epf/journal_archive/volume_XI,_2002/mummey_k.pdf "The Groans of the Britons: Toward the British ''Civitates'' Period ca. 406-455 C.E."]{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Ex Post Facto: Journal of the History Students at San Francisco State University'', 2002
+*Mummy, Kevin, [https://docslib.org/doc/2622259/the-groans-of-the-britons-ioward-the-british-civirares-period-circa-406-455-c-e "The Groans of the Britons: Toward the British ''Civitates'' Period ca. 406-455 C.E."], ''Ex Post Facto: Journal of the History Students at San Francisco State University'', 2002
+*Rosenbaum, Sabin, [https://www.academia.edu/3091466/The_Gemitus_Britannorum{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} "The Gemitus Britannorum, A Restoration and English Translation of ''De Excidio'', Chapters 19-25"
-*Rosenbaum, Sabin,
-[https://www.academia.edu/3091466/The_Gemitus_Britannorum{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} "The Gemitus Britannorum, A Restoration and English Translation of ''De Excidio'', Chapters 19-25"
 [[Category:1615 books]]
-[[Category:Latin prose texts]]
+[[Category:Prose texts in Latin]]
 [[Category:5th century in England]]
 [[Category:446]]
 [[Category:Conflict in Anglo-Saxon England]]
 [[Category:440s]]
-[[Category:5th-century works]]
+[[Category:5th-century literature]]
 [[Category:440s in the Roman Empire]]
 [[Category:Sub-Roman Britain]]