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{{Love sidebar|types}}
{{Love sidebar|types}}


'''Platonic love''' (often lowercased as '''platonic love''')<ref>{{cite book |title=The Chicago Manual of Style |title-link=The Chicago Manual of Style |edition=16th [electronic] |chapter=8.60: When not to capitalize |date=2010 |publisher=Chicago University Press}}</ref> is a type of [[love]] in which [[Human sexuality|sexual desire]] or [[Romance (love)|romantic features]] are nonexistent or has been suppressed or sublimated, but it means more than simple [[friendship]]. <ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|platonic love}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://psychcentral.com/relationships/platonic-relationship|title=This Is Platonic Love|publisher=[[Psych Central]]|first=Hope|last=Gillette|date=April 12, 2022}}</ref>
'''Platonic love'''<ref>{{cite book |title=The Chicago Manual of Style |title-link=The Chicago Manual of Style |edition=16th [electronic] |chapter=8.60: When not to capitalize |date=2010 |publisher=Chicago University Press}}</ref> is a type of [[love]] in which [[sexual desire]] or [[Romance (love)|romantic features]] are nonexistent or have been suppressed, [[Sublimation (psychology)|sublimated]], or purgated, but it means more than simple [[friendship]].<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|platonic love}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://psychcentral.com/relationships/platonic-relationship|title=This Is Platonic Love|publisher=[[Psych Central]]|first=Hope|last=Gillette|date=April 12, 2022}}</ref>


The term is derived from the name of [[Greek philosopher]] [[Plato]], though the philosopher never used the term himself. Platonic love, as devised by Plato, concerns rising through levels of closeness to wisdom and true beauty, from carnal attraction to individual bodies to attraction to souls, and eventually, union with the truth.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mish|first=F|url=https://archive.org/details/merriamwebstersc01merr|title=Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary: Tenth Edition|publisher=Merriam-Webster, Incorporated|year=1993|isbn=978-08-7779-709-8|location=Springfield, MA|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{clarify|date=May 2020}}
The term is derived from the name of [[Greek philosopher]] [[Plato]], though the philosopher never used the term himself. Platonic love, as devised by Plato, concerns rising through levels of closeness to wisdom and true beauty, from carnal attraction to individual bodies to attraction to souls, and eventually, union with the truth.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mish|first=F|url=https://archive.org/details/merriamwebstersc01merr|title=Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary: Tenth Edition|publisher=Merriam-Webster, Incorporated|year=1993|isbn=978-08-7779-709-8|location=Springfield, MA|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{clarify|date=May 2020}}


Platonic love is contrasted with [[Romance (love)|romantic love]].
Platonic love is contrasted with [[romantic love]].


== Classical philosophical interpretation ==
== Classical philosophical interpretation ==


Platonic love is examined in Plato's dialogue, the ''[[Symposium (Plato)|Symposium]]'', which has as its topic the subject of love, or more generally the subject of [[Eros (concept)|Eros]]. It explains the possibilities of how the feeling of love began and how it has evolved, both sexually and non-sexually, and defines genuine platonic love as inspiring a person's mind and soul and directing their attention towards spiritual matters. Of particular importance is the speech of [[Socrates]], who attributes to the prophet [[Diotima of Mantinea|Diotima]] an idea of platonic love as a means of ascent to contemplation of the divine, an ascent known as the "Ladder of Love". For Diotima and Plato generally, the most correct use of love of human beings is to direct one's mind to love of [[divinity]]. Socrates defines love based on separate classifications of pregnancy (to bear offspring); pregnancy of the body, pregnancy of the soul, and direct connection to existence. Pregnancy of the body results in human children. Pregnancy of the soul, the next step in the process, produces "[[virtue]]"—which is the soul (truth) translating itself into material form.<ref name=":0">Rojcewicz, R. (1997). Platonic love: dasein's urge toward being. ''Research in Phenomenology'', ''27''(1), 103.</ref> <blockquote>"... virtue for the Greeks means self-sameness ... in Plato's terms, Being or idea."(106)<ref name=":0"/></blockquote>
Platonic love is examined in Plato's dialogue, the ''[[Symposium (Plato)|Symposium]]'', which has as its topic the subject of love, or more generally the subject of [[Eros (concept)|Eros]]. It explains the possibilities of how the feeling of love began and how it has evolved, both sexually and non-sexually, and defines genuine platonic love as inspiring a person's mind and soul and directing their attention towards spiritual matters. Of particular importance is the speech of [[Socrates]], who attributes to the prophet [[Diotima of Mantinea|Diotima]] an idea of platonic love as a means of ascent to contemplation of the divine, an ascent known as the "Ladder of Love". For Diotima and Plato generally, the most correct use of love of human beings is to direct one's mind to love of [[divinity]]. Socrates defines love based on separate classifications of pregnancy (to bear offspring); pregnancy of the body, pregnancy of the soul, and direct connection to existence. Pregnancy of the body results in human children. Pregnancy of the soul, the next step in the process, produces "[[virtue]]"—which is the soul (truth) translating itself into material form.<ref name="Rojcewicz-1997">Rojcewicz, R. (1997). Platonic love: dasein's urge toward being. ''Research in Phenomenology'', ''27''(1), 103.</ref> {{quote|"... virtue for the Greeks means self-sameness ... in Plato's terms, Being or idea."(106)<ref name="Rojcewicz-1997"/>}}


===Eros===
===Eros===
Pausanias, in Plato's ''Symposium'' (181b–182a), defines two types of the love known as "Eros": vulgar Eros, or earthly love, and divine Eros, or [[divine love]]. Pausanias defines vulgar Eros as material attraction towards a person's beauty for the purposes of physical pleasure and reproduction, and divine Eros as starting from physical attraction but transcending gradually to love for supreme beauty, placed on a similar level to the divine. This concept of divine Eros was later transformed into the term "platonic love".
Pausanias, in Plato's ''Symposium'' (181b–182a), defines two types of the love known as "Eros": vulgar Eros, or earthly love, and divine Eros, or [[divine love]]. Pausanias defines vulgar Eros as material attraction towards a person's beauty for the purposes of physical pleasure and reproduction, and divine Eros as starting from physical attraction but transcending gradually to love for supreme beauty, placed on a similar level to the divine. This concept of divine Eros was later transformed into the term "platonic love".


Vulgar Eros and divine Eros were both considered to be connected, and part of the same continuous process of pursuing perfection of one's being,<ref name=":1"/> with the purpose of mending one's human nature and eventually reaching a point of unity where there is no longer an aspiration or need to change.<ref name=":3"/>
Vulgar Eros and divine Eros were both considered to be connected, and part of the same continuous process of pursuing perfection of one's being,<ref name="Benardete-1986"/> with the purpose of mending one's human nature and eventually reaching a point of unity where there is no longer an aspiration or need to change.<ref name="Miller-2013"/>


<blockquote>"Eros is ... a moment of transcendence ... in so far as the other can never be possessed without being annihilated in its status as the other, at which point both desire and transcendence would cease ... (84)<ref name=":3">Miller, P. A. (2013). Duras and platonic love: The erotics of substitution. ''Comparatist'', ''37''83-104.</ref></blockquote>
{{quote|"Eros is ... a moment of transcendence ... in so far as the other can never be possessed without being annihilated in its status as the other, at which point both desire and transcendence would cease ... (84)<ref name="Miller-2013">Miller, P. A. (2013). Duras and platonic love: The erotics of substitution. ''Comparatist'', ''37''83-104.</ref>}}


====Eros as a god====
====Eros as a god====
In the ''Symposium'', Eros is discussed as a Greek god—more specifically, the king of the gods, with each guest of the party giving a eulogy in praise of Eros.<ref name=":1">Benardete, S. (1986). ''Plato's Symposium.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. {{ISBN|0-226-04275-8}}.</ref>
In the ''Symposium'', Eros is discussed as a Greek god—more specifically, the king of the gods, with each guest of the party giving a eulogy in praise of Eros.<ref name="Benardete-1986">Benardete, S. (1986). ''Plato's Symposium.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. {{ISBN|0-226-04275-8}}.</ref>


==== Virtue ====
==== Virtue ====
Virtue, according to Greek [[philosophy]], is the concept of how closely reality and material form equates good, positive, or benevolent. This can be seen as a form of [[linguistic relativity]].
Virtue, according to Greek [[philosophy]], is the concept of how closely reality and material form equates good, positive, or benevolent. This can be seen as a form of [[linguistic relativity]].


Some modern authors' perception of the terms "virtue" and "good" as they are translated into English from the ''Symposium'' are a good indicator of this misunderstanding. In the following quote, the author simplifies the idea of virtue as simply what is "good".<blockquote>"... what is good is beautiful, and what is beautiful is good ..."<ref name=":2">Herrmann, F. (2013). Dynamics of vision in Plato's thought. ''Helios'', ''40''(1/2), 281-307.</ref> </blockquote>
Some modern authors' perception of the terms "virtue" and "good" as they are translated into English from the ''Symposium'' are a good indicator of this misunderstanding. In the following quote, the author simplifies the idea of virtue as simply what is "good".{{quote|"... what is good is beautiful, and what is beautiful is good ..."<ref name="Herrmann-2013">Herrmann, F. (2013). Dynamics of vision in Plato's thought. ''Helios'', ''40''(1/2), 281-307.</ref>}}


=== Ladder of Love ===
=== Ladder of Love ===
The Ladder of Love is a metaphor that relates each step toward Being as consecutive rungs of a ladder. Each step closer to the truth further distances love from beauty of the body toward love that is more focused on wisdom and the essence of beauty.<ref name=":0" />
The Ladder of Love is a metaphor that relates each step toward Being as consecutive rungs of a ladder. Each step closer to the truth further distances love from beauty of the body toward love that is more focused on wisdom and the essence of beauty.<ref name="Rojcewicz-1997" />


The ladder starts with carnal attraction of body for body, progressing to a love for body and soul. Eventually, in time, with consequent steps up the ladder, the idea of beauty is eventually no longer connected with a body, but entirely united with Being itself.<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>"[...] decent human beings must be gratified, as well as those that are not as yet decent, so that they might become more decent; and the love of the decent must be preserved."<ref name=":1" /> (187d, 17) - Eryximachus' "completion" of Pausanias' speech on Eros </blockquote>
The ladder starts with carnal attraction of body for body, progressing to a love for body and soul. Eventually, in time, with consequent steps up the ladder, the idea of beauty is eventually no longer connected with a body, but entirely united with Being itself.<ref name="Benardete-1986" />{{quote|"[...] decent human beings must be gratified, as well as those that are not as yet decent, so that they might become more decent; and the love of the decent must be preserved."<ref name="Benardete-1986" /> (187d, 17) - Eryximachus' "completion" of Pausanias' speech on Eros}}


==== Tragedy and comedy ====
==== Tragedy and comedy ====
Plato's ''Symposium'' defines two extremes in the process of platonic love; the entirely carnal and the entirely ethereal. These two extremes of love are seen by the Greeks in terms of tragedy and comedy. According to Diotima in her discussion with Socrates, for anyone to achieve the final rung in the Ladder of Love, they would essentially transcend the body and rise to immortality—gaining direct access to Being. Such a form of love is impossible for a mortal to achieve.<ref name=":0" />
Plato's ''Symposium'' defines two extremes in the process of platonic love; the entirely carnal and the entirely ethereal. These two extremes of love are seen by the Greeks in terms of tragedy and comedy. According to Diotima in her discussion with Socrates, for anyone to achieve the final rung in the Ladder of Love, they would essentially transcend the body and rise to immortality—gaining direct access to Being. Such a form of love is impossible for a mortal to achieve.<ref name="Rojcewicz-1997" />


What Plato describes as "pregnancy of the body" is entirely carnal and seeks pleasure and beauty in bodily form only. This is the type of love, that, according to Socrates, is practiced by animals.<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>"Now, if both these portraits of love, the tragic and the comic, are exaggerations, then we could say that the genuine portrayal of Platonic love is the one that lies between them. The love described as the one practiced by those who are pregnant according to the soul, who partake of both the realm of beings and the realm of Being, who grasp Being indirectly, through the mediation of beings, would be a love that Socrates could practice."<ref name=":0" /> </blockquote>
What Plato describes as "pregnancy of the body" is entirely carnal and seeks pleasure and beauty in bodily form only. This is the type of love, that, according to Socrates, is practiced by animals.<ref name="Benardete-1986" />{{quote|"Now, if both these portraits of love, the tragic and the comic, are exaggerations, then we could say that the genuine portrayal of Platonic love is the one that lies between them. The love described as the one practiced by those who are pregnant according to the soul, who partake of both the realm of beings and the realm of Being, who grasp Being indirectly, through the mediation of beings, would be a love that Socrates could practice."<ref name="Rojcewicz-1997" />}}


===== Tragedy =====
===== Tragedy =====
Diotima considers the carnal limitation of human beings to the pregnancy of the body to be a form of tragedy, as it separates someone from the pursuit of truth. One would be forever limited to beauty of the body, never being able to access the true essence of beauty.<ref name=":0" />
Diotima considers the carnal limitation of human beings to the pregnancy of the body to be a form of tragedy, as it separates someone from the pursuit of truth. One would be forever limited to beauty of the body, never being able to access the true essence of beauty.<ref name="Rojcewicz-1997" />


===== Comedy =====
===== Comedy =====
Diotima considers the idea of a mortal having direct access to Being to be a comic situation simply because of the impossibility of it. The offspring of true virtue would essentially lead to a mortal achieving immortality.<ref name=":2" />
Diotima considers the idea of a mortal having direct access to Being to be a comic situation simply because of the impossibility of it. The offspring of true virtue would essentially lead to a mortal achieving immortality.<ref name="Herrmann-2013" />


==Historical views of platonic love==
==Historical views of platonic love==
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=== Seven types of love ===
=== Seven types of love ===
Throughout these eras, platonic love was slowly categorized into seven different classical definitions. These were:
Throughout these eras, platonic love was slowly categorized into seven different classical definitions. These were:
*[[Eros_(concept)|Eros]]: sexual or passionate love, or a modern perspective of romantic love.
* [[Eros (concept)|Eros]]: sexual or passionate love, or a modern perspective of romantic love.
*[[Philia]]: the love of friendship or goodwill, often met with mutual benefits that can also be formed by companionship, dependability, and trust.
* [[Philia]]: the love of friendship or goodwill, often met with mutual benefits that can also be formed by companionship, dependability, and trust.
*[[Storge]]: the love found between parents and children, often a unilateral love.
* [[Storge]]: the love found between parents and children, often a unilateral love.
*[[Agape]]: the universal love, consisting of love for strangers, nature, or God.
* [[Agape]]: the universal love, consisting of love for strangers, nature, or God.
*[[Ludus (ancient Rome)|Ludus]]: playful and uncommitted love, intended for fun with no resulting consequences.
* [[Ludus (ancient Rome)|Ludus]]: playful and uncommitted love, intended for fun with no resulting consequences
*[[Pragma (love)|Pragma]]: love founded on duty and reason, and one's longer-term interests.
* [[Pragma (love)|Pragma]]: love founded on duty and reason, and one's longer-term interests.
*[[Self-love|Philautia]]: self-love, both healthy or unhealthy; unhealthy if one places oneself above the gods (to the point of [[hubris]]), and healthy if it is used to build self-esteem and confidence.
* [[Self-love|Philautia]]: self-love, both healthy or unhealthy; unhealthy if one places oneself above the gods (to the point of [[hubris]]), and healthy if it is used to build self-esteem and confidence.


Despite the variety and number of definitions, the different distinctions between types of love were not considered concrete and mutually exclusive, and were often considered to blend into one another at certain points.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/hide-and-seek/201606/these-are-the-7-types-love|title=These Are the 7 Types of Love|website=Psychology Today|access-date=2018-05-03}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=March 2022|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).}}
Despite the variety and number of definitions, the different distinctions between types of love were not considered concrete and mutually exclusive, and were often considered to blend into one another at certain points.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/hide-and-seek/201606/these-are-the-7-types-love|title=These Are the 7 Types of Love|website=Psychology Today|access-date=2018-05-03}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=March 2022|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).}}
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{{main|Queerplatonic relationship}}
{{main|Queerplatonic relationship}}


Some in the [[aromanticism|aromantic]] and [[asexuality|asexual]] communities, within the broader [[LGBT community]], have coined the term "queerplatonic" to refer to formal [[Intimate relationship|intimate relationships]] between [[significant other]]s that do not involve romance.<ref name="William & Mary">{{cite web |title=Queerplatonic |url=https://neologisms.blogs.wm.edu/2016/03/14/queerplatonic/ |website=21st-Century Interdisciplinary Dictionary: A William & Mary Lexicon of English Neologisms, Buzzwords, Keywords and Jargon |access-date=25 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=Counterpoint>{{cite journal |title=The 'A' in LGBT |journal=Counterpoint |date=September 2013 |volume=35 |issue=1 |page=8}}</ref><ref name=Chasin>{{cite journal |last1=Chasin |first1=C. J. DeLuzio |title=Making Sense in and of the Asexual Community: Navigating Relationships and Identities in a Context of Resistance |journal=Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology |date=2015 |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=167–180|doi=10.1002/casp.2203 }}</ref> Queerplatonic feelings are often described, like romance, as involving a deeper and more profound emotional connection than friendship.
Some in the [[aromanticism|aromantic]] and [[asexuality|asexual]] communities, within the broader [[LGBT community]], have coined the term "queerplatonic" to refer to formal [[intimate relationship]]s between [[significant other]]s that do not involve romance.<ref name="William & Mary">{{cite web |title=Queerplatonic |url=https://neologisms.blogs.wm.edu/2016/03/14/queerplatonic/ |website=21st-Century Interdisciplinary Dictionary: A William & Mary Lexicon of English Neologisms, Buzzwords, Keywords and Jargon |access-date=25 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=Counterpoint>{{cite journal |title=The 'A' in LGBT |journal=Counterpoint |date=September 2013 |volume=35 |issue=1 |page=8}}</ref><ref name=Chasin>{{cite journal |last1=Chasin |first1=C. J. DeLuzio |title=Making Sense in and of the Asexual Community: Navigating Relationships and Identities in a Context of Resistance |journal=Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology |date=2015 |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=167–180|doi=10.1002/casp.2203 }}</ref> Queerplatonic feelings are often described, like romance, as involving a deeper and more profound emotional connection than friendship.


[[Julie Sondra Decker]] writes that queerplatonic love often "looks indistinguishable from romance when outside the equation", but should not be "assigned a romantic status if participants say it is not romantic". She also notes that it can also be misread by observers as close friendship in circumstances where overtly romantic gestures are socially expected. For Decker, the essence of queerplatonic attraction is its ambiguous position in relation to normative categories: she writes that QPR "is a platonic relationship, but it is '[[queering|queered]]' in some way—not friends, not romantic partners, but something else".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Decker |first1=Julie Sondra |title=The Invisible Orientation: An Introduction to Asexuality |date=September 2014 |page=25}}</ref>
[[Julie Sondra Decker]] writes that queerplatonic love often "looks indistinguishable from romance when outside the equation", but should not be "assigned a romantic status if participants say it is not romantic". She also notes that it can also be misread by observers as close friendship in circumstances where overtly romantic gestures are socially expected. For Decker, the essence of queerplatonic attraction is its ambiguous position in relation to normative categories: she writes that QPR "is a platonic relationship, but it is '[[queering|queered]]' in some way—not friends, not romantic partners, but something else".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Decker |first1=Julie Sondra |title=The Invisible Orientation: An Introduction to Asexuality |date=September 2014 |page=25}}</ref>
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[[File:Plato i sin akademi, av Carl Johan Wahlbom (ur Svenska Familj-Journalen).png|thumb|right|[[Plato]] and his students]]
[[File:Plato i sin akademi, av Carl Johan Wahlbom (ur Svenska Familj-Journalen).png|thumb|right|[[Plato]] and his students]]
{{div-col}}
{{div-col}}
*[[Attraction (emotion)|Attraction]]
* [[Attraction (emotion)|Attraction]]
*[[Casual dating]]
* [[Casual dating]]
*[[Childhood sweetheart]]
* [[Childhood sweetheart]]
*[[Emotional affair]]
* [[Emotional affair]]
*[[Fraternization]]
* [[Fraternization]]
*[[Greek love]]
* [[Greek love]]
*[[Homosexuality]]
* [[Homosociality]]
*[[Heterosociality]]
* [[Heterosociality]]
*[[Infatuation]]
* [[Infatuation]]
*[[Interpersonal attraction]]
* [[Interpersonal attraction]]
*[[Interpersonal communication]]
* [[Interpersonal communication]]
*[[Puppy love]]
* [[Puppy love]]
*[[Queerplatonic relationship]]
* [[Queerplatonic relationship]]
*[[Relationship anarchy]]
* [[Relationship anarchy]]
*[[Romantic friendship]]
* [[Romantic friendship]]
*[[Soulmate]]
* [[Soulmate]]
*[[Work spouse]]
* [[Work spouse]]
{{div-col-end}}
{{div-col-end}}


Line 114: Line 114:
* Mish, F. C. (Ed.). (1993). ''Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary: Tenth Edition.'' Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, Inc. {{ISBN|08-7779-709-9}}.
* Mish, F. C. (Ed.). (1993). ''Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary: Tenth Edition.'' Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, Inc. {{ISBN|08-7779-709-9}}.
* Rojcewicz, R. (1997). "Platonic love: dasein's urge toward being." ''Research in Phenomenology,'' '''27''' (1), 103.
* Rojcewicz, R. (1997). "Platonic love: dasein's urge toward being." ''Research in Phenomenology,'' '''27''' (1), 103.
* Miller, P. A. (2013). "Duras and platonic love: The erotics of substitution." ''Comparatist'', '''37''' 83–104.
* Miller, P. A. (2013). "Duras and platonic love: The erotics of substitution." ''Comparatist'', '''37''' 83–104.
* Benardete, S. (1986). ''Plato's Symposium.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. {{ISBN|0-226-04275-8}}.
* Benardete, S. (1986). ''Plato's Symposium.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. {{ISBN|0-226-04275-8}}.
* Herrmann, F. (2013). "Dynamics of vision in Plato's thought." ''Helios'', '''40''' (1/2), 281–307.
* Herrmann, F. (2013). "Dynamics of vision in Plato's thought." ''Helios'', '''40''' (1/2), 281–307.

Latest revision as of 10:06, 13 September 2024


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Platonic love[1] is a type of love in which sexual desire or romantic features are nonexistent or have been suppressed, sublimated, or purgated, but it means more than simple friendship.[2][3]

The term is derived from the name of Greek philosopher Plato, though the philosopher never used the term himself. Platonic love, as devised by Plato, concerns rising through levels of closeness to wisdom and true beauty, from carnal attraction to individual bodies to attraction to souls, and eventually, union with the truth.[4][clarification needed]

Platonic love is contrasted with romantic love.

Classical philosophical interpretation

[edit]

Platonic love is examined in Plato's dialogue, the Symposium, which has as its topic the subject of love, or more generally the subject of Eros. It explains the possibilities of how the feeling of love began and how it has evolved, both sexually and non-sexually, and defines genuine platonic love as inspiring a person's mind and soul and directing their attention towards spiritual matters. Of particular importance is the speech of Socrates, who attributes to the prophet Diotima an idea of platonic love as a means of ascent to contemplation of the divine, an ascent known as the "Ladder of Love". For Diotima and Plato generally, the most correct use of love of human beings is to direct one's mind to love of divinity. Socrates defines love based on separate classifications of pregnancy (to bear offspring); pregnancy of the body, pregnancy of the soul, and direct connection to existence. Pregnancy of the body results in human children. Pregnancy of the soul, the next step in the process, produces "virtue"—which is the soul (truth) translating itself into material form.[5]

"... virtue for the Greeks means self-sameness ... in Plato's terms, Being or idea."(106)[5]

Eros

[edit]

Pausanias, in Plato's Symposium (181b–182a), defines two types of the love known as "Eros": vulgar Eros, or earthly love, and divine Eros, or divine love. Pausanias defines vulgar Eros as material attraction towards a person's beauty for the purposes of physical pleasure and reproduction, and divine Eros as starting from physical attraction but transcending gradually to love for supreme beauty, placed on a similar level to the divine. This concept of divine Eros was later transformed into the term "platonic love".

Vulgar Eros and divine Eros were both considered to be connected, and part of the same continuous process of pursuing perfection of one's being,[6] with the purpose of mending one's human nature and eventually reaching a point of unity where there is no longer an aspiration or need to change.[7]

"Eros is ... a moment of transcendence ... in so far as the other can never be possessed without being annihilated in its status as the other, at which point both desire and transcendence would cease ... (84)[7]

Eros as a god

[edit]

In the Symposium, Eros is discussed as a Greek god—more specifically, the king of the gods, with each guest of the party giving a eulogy in praise of Eros.[6]

Virtue

[edit]

Virtue, according to Greek philosophy, is the concept of how closely reality and material form equates good, positive, or benevolent. This can be seen as a form of linguistic relativity.

Some modern authors' perception of the terms "virtue" and "good" as they are translated into English from the Symposium are a good indicator of this misunderstanding. In the following quote, the author simplifies the idea of virtue as simply what is "good".

"... what is good is beautiful, and what is beautiful is good ..."[8]

Ladder of Love

[edit]

The Ladder of Love is a metaphor that relates each step toward Being as consecutive rungs of a ladder. Each step closer to the truth further distances love from beauty of the body toward love that is more focused on wisdom and the essence of beauty.[5]

The ladder starts with carnal attraction of body for body, progressing to a love for body and soul. Eventually, in time, with consequent steps up the ladder, the idea of beauty is eventually no longer connected with a body, but entirely united with Being itself.[6]

"[...] decent human beings must be gratified, as well as those that are not as yet decent, so that they might become more decent; and the love of the decent must be preserved."[6] (187d, 17) - Eryximachus' "completion" of Pausanias' speech on Eros

Tragedy and comedy

[edit]

Plato's Symposium defines two extremes in the process of platonic love; the entirely carnal and the entirely ethereal. These two extremes of love are seen by the Greeks in terms of tragedy and comedy. According to Diotima in her discussion with Socrates, for anyone to achieve the final rung in the Ladder of Love, they would essentially transcend the body and rise to immortality—gaining direct access to Being. Such a form of love is impossible for a mortal to achieve.[5]

What Plato describes as "pregnancy of the body" is entirely carnal and seeks pleasure and beauty in bodily form only. This is the type of love, that, according to Socrates, is practiced by animals.[6]

"Now, if both these portraits of love, the tragic and the comic, are exaggerations, then we could say that the genuine portrayal of Platonic love is the one that lies between them. The love described as the one practiced by those who are pregnant according to the soul, who partake of both the realm of beings and the realm of Being, who grasp Being indirectly, through the mediation of beings, would be a love that Socrates could practice."[5]

Tragedy
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Diotima considers the carnal limitation of human beings to the pregnancy of the body to be a form of tragedy, as it separates someone from the pursuit of truth. One would be forever limited to beauty of the body, never being able to access the true essence of beauty.[5]

Comedy
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Diotima considers the idea of a mortal having direct access to Being to be a comic situation simply because of the impossibility of it. The offspring of true virtue would essentially lead to a mortal achieving immortality.[8]

Historical views of platonic love

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In the Middle Ages, new interest in the works of Plato, his philosophy and his view of love became more popular, spurred on by Georgios Gemistos Plethon during the Councils of Ferrara and Firenze in 1438–1439. Later in 1469, Marsilio Ficino put forward a theory of neo-platonic love, in which he defined love as a personal ability of an individual, which guides their soul towards cosmic processes, lofty spiritual goals and heavenly ideas.[9] The first use of the modern sense of platonic love is considered to be by Ficino in one of his letters.

Though Plato's discussions of love originally centered on relationships which were sexual between members of the same sex, scholar Todd Reeser studies how the meaning of platonic love in Plato's original sense underwent a transformation during the Renaissance, leading to the contemporary sense of nonsexual heterosexual love.[10]

The English term "platonic" dates back to William Davenant's The Platonick Lovers, performed in 1635, a critique of the philosophy of platonic love which was popular at Charles I's court. The play was derived from the concept in Plato's Symposium of a person's love for the idea of good, which he considered to lie at the root of all virtue and truth. For a brief period, platonic love was a fashionable subject at the English royal court, especially in the circle around Queen Henrietta Maria, the wife of King Charles I. Platonic love was the theme of some of the courtly masques performed in the Caroline era, though the fashion for this soon waned under pressures of social and political change.

Seven types of love

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Throughout these eras, platonic love was slowly categorized into seven different classical definitions. These were:

  • Eros: sexual or passionate love, or a modern perspective of romantic love.
  • Philia: the love of friendship or goodwill, often met with mutual benefits that can also be formed by companionship, dependability, and trust.
  • Storge: the love found between parents and children, often a unilateral love.
  • Agape: the universal love, consisting of love for strangers, nature, or God.
  • Ludus: playful and uncommitted love, intended for fun with no resulting consequences
  • Pragma: love founded on duty and reason, and one's longer-term interests.
  • Philautia: self-love, both healthy or unhealthy; unhealthy if one places oneself above the gods (to the point of hubris), and healthy if it is used to build self-esteem and confidence.

Despite the variety and number of definitions, the different distinctions between types of love were not considered concrete and mutually exclusive, and were often considered to blend into one another at certain points.[11][better source needed]

Modern interpretations

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Definition

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"Platonic love in its modern popular sense is an affectionate relationship into which the sexual element does not enter, especially in cases where one might easily assume otherwise."[12] "Platonic lovers function to underscore a supportive role where the friend sees [their] duty as the provision of advice, encouragement, and comfort to the other person ... and do not entail exclusivity."[13]

Complications

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One of the complications of platonic love lies within the persistence of the use of the title itself "platonic love" versus the use of "friend".[according to whom?] It is the use of the word love that directs us towards a deeper relationship than the scope of a normal friendship.

Queerplatonic love

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Main article: Queerplatonic relationship

Some in the aromantic and asexual communities, within the broader LGBT community, have coined the term "queerplatonic" to refer to formal intimate relationships between significant others that do not involve romance.[14][15][16] Queerplatonic feelings are often described, like romance, as involving a deeper and more profound emotional connection than friendship.

Julie Sondra Decker writes that queerplatonic love often "looks indistinguishable from romance when outside the equation", but should not be "assigned a romantic status if participants say it is not romantic". She also notes that it can also be misread by observers as close friendship in circumstances where overtly romantic gestures are socially expected. For Decker, the essence of queerplatonic attraction is its ambiguous position in relation to normative categories: she writes that QPR "is a platonic relationship, but it is 'queered' in some way—not friends, not romantic partners, but something else".[17]

See also

[edit]
Plato and his students

References

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  1. ^ "8.60: When not to capitalize". The Chicago Manual of Style (16th [electronic] ed.). Chicago University Press. 2010.
  2. ^ "platonic love". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster.
  3. ^ Gillette, Hope (12 April 2022). "This Is Platonic Love". Psych Central.
  4. ^ Mish, F (1993). Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary: Tenth Edition. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. ISBN 978-08-7779-709-8.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Rojcewicz, R. (1997). Platonic love: dasein's urge toward being. Research in Phenomenology, 27(1), 103.
  6. ^ a b c d e Benardete, S. (1986). Plato's Symposium. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-04275-8.
  7. ^ a b Miller, P. A. (2013). Duras and platonic love: The erotics of substitution. Comparatist, 3783-104.
  8. ^ a b Herrmann, F. (2013). Dynamics of vision in Plato's thought. Helios, 40(1/2), 281-307.
  9. ^ De Amore, Les Belles Lettres, 2012
  10. ^ Reeser, T. (2015). Setting Plato Straight: Translating Platonic Sexuality in the Renaissance. Chicago.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  11. ^ "These Are the 7 Types of Love". Psychology Today. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
  12. ^ "Platonic love". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  13. ^ Messman, SJ (2000). "Motives to Remain Platonic, Equity, and the Use of Maintenance Strategies in Opposite-Sex Friendships". Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 17: 67–94. doi:10.1177/0265407500171004. S2CID 145745343.
  14. ^ "Queerplatonic". 21st-Century Interdisciplinary Dictionary: A William & Mary Lexicon of English Neologisms, Buzzwords, Keywords and Jargon. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  15. ^ "The 'A' in LGBT". Counterpoint. 35 (1): 8. September 2013.
  16. ^ Chasin, C. J. DeLuzio (2015). "Making Sense in and of the Asexual Community: Navigating Relationships and Identities in a Context of Resistance". Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology. 25 (2): 167–180. doi:10.1002/casp.2203.
  17. ^ Decker, Julie Sondra (September 2014). The Invisible Orientation: An Introduction to Asexuality. p. 25.

Bibliography

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  • Dall'Orto, Giovanni (January 1989). "'Socratic Love' as a Disguise for Same-Sex Love in the Italian Renaissance". Journal of Homosexuality. 16 (1–2): 33–66. doi:10.1300/J082v16n01_03. PMID 3069924.
  • Gerard, Kent; Hekma, Gert (1989). The Pursuit of Sodomy: Male Homosexuality in Renaissance and Enlightenment Europe. New York: Harrington Park Press. ISBN 978-0-918393-49-4.
  • K. Sharpe, Criticism and Compliment. Cambridge, 1987, ch. 2.
  • T. Reeser, Setting Plato Straight: Translating Platonic Sexuality in the Renaissance. Chicago, 2015.
  • Burton, N., MD (25 June 2016). These Are the 7 Types of Love. Psychology Today. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
  • Messman, S. J., Hause, D. J., & Hause, K. S. (2000). "Motives to Remain Platonic, Equity, and the Use of Maintenance Strategies in Opposite-Sex Friendships." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 17 (1), 67–94. doi:10.1177/0265407500171004
  • Mish, F. C. (Ed.). (1993). Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary: Tenth Edition. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, Inc. ISBN 08-7779-709-9.
  • Rojcewicz, R. (1997). "Platonic love: dasein's urge toward being." Research in Phenomenology, 27 (1), 103.
  • Miller, P. A. (2013). "Duras and platonic love: The erotics of substitution." Comparatist, 37 83–104.
  • Benardete, S. (1986). Plato's Symposium. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-04275-8.
  • Herrmann, F. (2013). "Dynamics of vision in Plato's thought." Helios, 40 (1/2), 281–307.
[edit]
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Platonic Love".
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