User:Kennesten/Obata: Difference between revisions

Toshishiro Obata
Toshishiro Obata
Born	Obata Toshiji (小幡利二); October 20, 1948; Gunma Prefecture, Japan
Native name	小幡利城
Nationality	Japanese
Style	Shinkendō, Aikidō, Aikibujutsu, Toyama-ryū Battōdō, Bōjutsu, Ryūkyū Kobudō
Teacher(s)	Shioda Gōzō, Yagyū Nobuharu, Uchida Tesshinsai, Inoue Motokatsu, Tanaka Shigeho [ja], Nawa Yumio [ja], Nakamura Taizaburō [ja]
Occupation	Martial artist; swordsman; actor; stunt coordinator; author; researcher;
Spouse	Obata Michiyo (m. 1976)
Children	Obata Yukishiro; Obata Michishiro; Obata Yōko;
Website	www.shinkendo.com

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Latest revision as of 09:24, 3 January 2023

Toshishiro Obata (小幡利城, Obata Toshishiro; born Obata Toshiji, 小幡利二; October 20, 1948) is a Japanese swordsman, martial artist, actor, stunt coordinator and fight choreographer, author, and researcher.^[1] He is the founder and head instructor of the Japanese swordsmanship style Shinkendō and Japanese martial art Aikibujutsu.^[1]^[2] Obata is recognized for his film and television roles in Japan and the United States, including Hollywood martial arts action films such as Showdown in Little Tokyo and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.^[1]^[3]

Obata studied aikidō for seven years as a live-in disciple of Shioda Gōzō, a pre-war student of aikidō founder Ueshiba Morihei.^[4] He trained in various modern and classical martial arts and styles of swordsmanship, including Yagyū Shinkage-ryū, Kashima Shinryū, Ryūkyū Kobudō, and Toyama-ryū, and earned a total of 75 dan (black belt) ranks, as well as shihan and menkyo kaiden licenses.^[1]^[5] Obata is noted for winning seven tameshigiri (test-cutting) championships in Japan,^[6] as well as introducing the now widespread use of rolled tatami-omote mats as a test-cutting medium.^[7] Earning a livelihood as a professional martial artist, Obata worked in the Japanese film and television industry as a member of the stunt and martial artist troupe Wakakoma Pro [ja], where he trained actors, performed stunts, and acted in various on-screen roles in a number of films and programs, including the annual NHK taiga drama series.^[1]^[2] His role as martial arts instructor to actors and fight choreographers led to the popularization of aikidō techniques in the Japanese film industry.^[4]^[8]

After moving to the United States to pursue a career in Hollywood, Obata synthesized his martial arts research and founded the Shinkendō school of swordsmanship (眞劍道) and the Japanese martial art Aikibujutsu (合気武術).^[1]^[6] He has collaborated with swordsmiths in Japan and the United States as a professional sword-tester,^[9] and he holds the world record for kabutowari (兜割), a traditional test of cutting a samurai helmet with a sword.^[2] Obata has published a number of books on the martial arts, as well as Modern Bushidō, a modern adaptation of samurai philosophy, and a translation of Heihō Okugisho, one of the earliest Japanese martial arts treatises, compiled by one of his samurai ancestors.^[1]^[10] In parallel to his martial arts career, Obata has also found success in Hollywood, appearing in nearly twenty Hollywood films opposite actors such as Michael Douglas, Dolph Lundgren, and Brandon Lee, including his breakout role as Master Tatsu in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.^[1]^[11]

Early life

Obata was born on October 20, 1948 in Shirasawa-mura (present-day Numata) in Gunma Prefecture, Japan, the second son of Obata Kaneyoshi and Obata Tama.^[2]^[12] Obata's father served in the Japanese military as a combat medic, turning to a career as a carpenter after discharge, and Obata’s mother was employed for a time at a munitions factory.^[13]

Obata’s family is of samurai lineage, which he traces back to the fifth century.^[1]^[6]An offshoot of the Heike clan^[14], the Obata clan included several prominent samurai who were vassals of the Takeda clan during the Warring States Period, among them Obata Nichijō [ja] (d. 1514), who served Takeda Nobutora and was later appointed Ashigaru Daishō [ja] (Infantry General).^[15]^[16] Nichijō's son, Obata Toramori (1491-1561), was one of the Five Retainers of the Takeda [ja] as well as one of the Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen, serving both Takeda Nobutora and Takeda Shingen, and like his father was appointed Ashigaru Daishō.[NEED BETTER CITES HERE]^[17] Toramori eventually became lord of Kaizu Castle in Shinshū Province (present-day Nagano Prefecture).^[5] Toramori's son, Obata Masamori (1534-1582), who also served as one of the Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen, fought in the Battle of Nagashino and succeeded his father as lord of Kaizu Castle.^[18]^[19] Masamori's third son, Obata Kagenori (1572–1663), served Tokugawa Ieyasu, and between 1615 and 1632 compiled the Kōyō Gunkan, a highly influential military treatise recording Takeda clan exploits as well as military strategy and martial arts techniques promulgated under Takeda Shingen and Takeda Katsuyori.^[15]^[20] The Kōyō Gunkan was read widely and became a fixture in early modern samurai education, even circulating among non-samurai,^[21] and contains the first notable use of the term bushidō.^[20]^[22] Its text also became the basis for Heihō Okugisho (兵法奥義書), one of Japan's earliest treatises on martial arts. [NEED CITE -- CHECK KOYO GUNKAN ENGLISH PAGE] Based upon his battlefield experience and the teachings of the Kōyō Gunkan, Kagenori founded the Kōshū-ryū [ja] school of military science (also called Takeda-ryū or Shingen-ryū), which became widely adopted and practiced under the Tokugawa shogunate, and was recorded in the early 18th-century Honchō Bugei Shōden [ja] as the foundation for all subsequent military science styles.^[21]^[23]

From a young age, Obata was inspired to study martial arts and swordsmanship by the examples of his samurai forebears, as well as chanbara films he enjoyed watching as a child and radio dramas like Akadō Suzunosuke [ja].^[24]^[25] He also cites the examples of Miyamoto Musashi and Yagyū Munenori as sources of inspiration for pursuing martial arts training and the study of samurai warfare and strategy^[4], as well as Kamiizumi Nobutsuna and Nitta Yoshisada, who, like Obata, hailed from Gunma prefecture.^[14]^[26] As a young child, Obata gained early exposure to swordsmanship through his father, who studied Maniwa Nen-ryū at the local dōjō in nearby Maniwa under the tutelage of the Higuchi family.^[25]^[27] Obata decided to study jūdō or kendō at his elementary school, but school martial arts practice halted when the gymnasium burned down while he was in fifth or sixth grade.^[13] His family lacking monetary means in post-war Japan, Obata recalls spending his childhood exploring the Akagi mountains around his village and "playing" martial arts with other children.^[13]^[28] Obata credits his weapon proficiency in part to his use of tools and farming implements while doing field and farm work as he grew up.^[28]^[29] He recalls cutting and fashioning tree branches to make practice swords, and trying out throwing and sweeping techniques he had learned from his father.^[13] In addition to a strong interest in martial arts, as a youth he developed a love for films and, in part inspired by the popular Shōwa-era comedian Ōmiya Toshimitsu [ja], a desire to pursue acting.^[24]^[10]

Career and education

1966–1973: Yōshinkan Era

Above: Young Obata holding sword in the seigan-no-kamae (正眼の構え) posture

After graduating high school in 1966, Obata left Gunma prefecture to pursue martial arts training in Tōkyō at the age of eighteen.^[6]^[10] Obata considered studying karate or Shōrin-ji kempō until his roommate showed him a book about aikidō, which piqued his curiosity.^[13] He visited the instructors class at the Yōshinkan Honbu Dōjō in Yoyogi led by Shioda Gōzō, a top disciple of aikidō founder Ueshiba Morihei who trained with him before the war.^[30] Obata was impressed by the rigor and technique, and joined immediately.^[13] A few days after his enrollment, confident that he would pursue martial arts as a vocation, he applied for membership in the full-time instructors class as an uchi-deshi (live-in disciple) under Shioda, and was accepted.^[13]^[31]

Obata spent seven years at the Yōshinkan as an uchi-deshi of Shioda.^[2]^[6] The Yōshinkan style was renowned for its toughness and efficiency, and Obata has described the apprenticeship as “military-style training.”^[9]^[10]

Six o'clock in the morning, like Army style – make breakfast and straight into training... after lunch, again training, then four o'clock training, six o'clock training, eight o'clock training – every day. Monday off – but even Monday sometimes some dōjō members would come, so... training!^[10]

As an uchi-deshi, Obata trained from early morning until late at night, routinely performing thousands of ukemi (falls) a day.^[5]^[30] Obata recollects that although Shioda was small in stature and only reached up to Obata's shoulder, he was in his physical prime as a teacher, and that the age difference between him and Shioda was the same as the age difference between Shioda and Ueshiba, which he suggests was likely conducive to their fruitful student-teacher relationship.^[32] Due to his aptitude, Obata soon became a Yōshinkan instructor, and he earned a small stipend and was able to support himself, though this left little for spending money during this period.^[24] Obata also assisted with the editing of Shioda's books on aikidō, and appears in technical demonstration photographs in Shioda's Dynamic Aikidō.^[33]^[34]

As part of his teaching duties, Obata was selected to train police officers during annual training sessions at the Yōshinkan.^[6]^[35]　The officers all had prior training in martial arts, having been awarded at least third dan in jūdō or kendō, and as a result the training was brisk and intensive; Obata recalls that out of a group of twelve officers, as many as ten would be vomiting by the end of a lesson.^[13] Upon reaching shodan level, Obata was loaned out regularly by Shioda as an instructor to the Tōkyō Metropolitan Police, the Riot Police, and the Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF).^[13]^[36] Obata's contact with law enforcement proved helpful when he sometimes had a few too many to drink and ended up sparring with fellow uchi-deshi in town.^[1] Obata was also sent out to teach students at Nippon University and Obirin University.^[5]^[28]

Despite his full-time commitment to training and teaching aikidō at the Yōshinkan, Obata's interest in swordsmanship and classical martial arts grew during this period.^[13] Obata practiced sword techniques with a bokken (wooden sword) as part of aikidō training, and he would closely observe other sword schools performing techniques when he participated in martial arts demonstrations at the Nippon Budōkan.^[13] Shioda encouraged Obata to gain exposure to and study other martial arts, including Yagyū Shinkage-ryū.^[5]^[28] At the time, the Yagyūkai was renting space at the Yōshinkan Dōjō for their practice sessions,^[37] and Obata was encouraged to join, thereafter training for several years under headmaster Yagyū Nobuharu.^[2]^[5] Obata also studied Zen Buddhism with the Shiyūkai [ja], which rented space from the Yōshinkan at this time as well.^[10]^[38]

While performing aikidō at a martial arts demonstration, Obata witnessed a sword demonstration by Nakamura Taizaburō [ja], a former sword instructor to the Japanese army^[39] and an instructor of Toyama-ryū and Nakamura-ryū swordsmanship.^[30]^[7] Although Nakamura was already in his fifties at the time, the power and focus of his cuts impressed Obata.^[7] At demonstrations, Obata observed that whereas some schools only cut thin reeds of bamboo, Toyama-ryū practitioners would regularly cut thick bundles of straw wrapped around a heavy piece of bamboo, intended to simulate flesh and bone.^[13]^[40] Obata volunteered to assist Nakamura, who had been setting up and cleaning up cutting targets by himself, and decided that he would like to study with him if he had the chance.^[7] This encounter with Nakamura and his experience training in Yagyū Shinkage-ryū solidified Obata's resolve to further his study of swordsmanship.^[30] However, as a full-time uchi-deshi, Obata was not able to pursue other martial arts seriously, so he made the decision to conclude his seven-year apprenticeship at the Yōshinkan in 1973.^[28]^[41]

1973-1980: Wakakoma Era

Although licensed by Shioda to open his own aikidō school and teach independently, Obata chose to broaden his martial arts training and focus on swordsmanship, as well as begin to pursue his ambition of acting in film and television.^[24] In 1973, Obata joined Wakakoma Pro [ja], a troupe of martial artists specializing in stunts and martial arts training for Japanese film and television, led by action coordinator Hayashi Kunishirō.^[2]^[4] At the time, the Wakakoma was enjoying prominence due to its ongoing work for the prestigious annual NHK taiga dramas and its recent involvement in the James Bond film You Only Live Twice, much of which was filmed in Japan using Wakakoma martial artists.^[13]

Obata was introduced to Hayashi through Nakamura, and the two quickly formed a good rapport, with Hayashi soliciting Obata's advice on martial arts matters.^[7] Hayashi eventually invited Obata to join him at the Wakakoma as bujutsu shihan (武術師範; Chief Instructor of Martial Arts), specializing in aikidō.^[5]^[7] Obata accepted, and became Hayashi's pupil at his Tate Dōjō, where he studied action coordination and Japanese film swordplay [ja].^[24]^[4] Obata recalls that Hayashi's goal was to ensure that Japanese martial arts techniques were accurately and realistically represented in his film projects for the NHK, which aligned with Obata's desire to research and study classical Japanese martial arts.^[7]^[42] Obata continued to enjoy a good rapport with Hayashi throughout his apprenticeship, and recalls leveraging that rapport on one occasion to convince Hayashi to quit smoking, threatening to quit if he refused. To Obata's surprise, Hayashi agreed, and quit smoking immediately.^[7]

After three years of training under Hayashi, Obata advanced to the role of assistant tateshi (action coordinator), and occasionally led training sessions by himself.^[43] Obata trained in and later taught historically accurate methods for wearing armor and traditional dress, as well as mounted archery and battlefield techniques of the spear and naginata (glaive).^[5]^[10] Obata recalls that portrayal of a samurai in keeping with the NHK's exacting standards necessitated exhaustive research and immersive knowledge of samurai life in great detail, to the effect that one became "in every respect a samurai persona."^[11] Wakakoma members were expected to be well-versed in samurai etiquette, and be able to handle all manner of weapons skillfully while wearing full armor and on horseback.^[13] Stunt work involved falling from horseback safely and performing acrobatics while fully armed.^[43] Obata was required to develop action coordination expertise by studying historical records of samurai warfare and treatises on battlefield strategy such that clashes between armies and small-scale skirmishes and ambushes could be reproduced faithfully on screen.^[30]^[44] Drawing on his Yōshinkan background, Obata also taught and disseminated aikidō techniques among the Wakakoma members and NHK actors.^[4] Whereas jūdō techniques had heretofore been a staple in hand-to-hand combat scenes, Obata introduced aikidō to the film industry, and is credited with popularizing aikidō techniques in Japanese film and television.^[14]^[8]

Obata worked for the Wakakoma and trained under Hayashi for seven years.^[1]^[45] During this time, Obata was involved in eight annual NHK taiga dramas (11th-18th), in which he performed stunts, choreographed fight scenes, trained actors in martial arts and samurai deportment, and acted in various on-screen roles.^[36]^[46] Actors he trained included Takita Sakae [ja], Fujioka Hiroshi, Ishizaka Kōji, Ogata Ken, Katō Tsuyoshi, Yamaguchi Takashi, Hamahata Kenkichi [ja], Sekiguchi Hiroshi, Katsuno Hiroshi, Nishida Toshiyuki, Tanaka Ken, and Nagashima Toshiyuki.^[47] Obata worked on other NHK productions as well, such as Meiji no Gunzō: Umi ni Hi Wa wo [ja] and On'yado Kawasemi.^[46] In addition to historical dramas and NHK productions, Obata coordinated action and played roles in popular variety shows, such as Hachiji da yo! Zen'in Shūgō [ja], as well as contemporary police and detective dramas, including Taiyō ni Hoero! and Oretachi wa Tenshi da!.^[46] Obata also worked on Lady Snowblood (1973) and its sequel, Lady Snowblood: Love Song of Vengeance (1974),^[46] the former of which served as a major inspiration for Quentin Tarantino's Kill Bill films (2003–2004).^[48]^[49]

See § Filmography for films.

Martial arts training and research

Despite his ascendance as a film industry professional, martial arts remained Obata's primary focus.^[43] Obata's tenure at the Wakakoma allowed him, like other professional martial artists, the opportunity to earn a livelihood working for film and television production companies while advancing his martial arts training.^[13]^[5] Hayashi sent him to research and learn authentic martial arts techniques from the foremost experts practicing at the time so that Japanese martial arts would be portrayed accurately on screen.^[4] This afforded Obata the opportunity to train with many prominent martial artists, and he states that during this time he "lived and breathed the martial arts."^[11] Obata researched and learned martial arts techniques from kendō, jūdō, karate, and various sword styles, such as Jigen-ryū, and incorporated these techniques into his film work.^[14]^[50]

Obata entered into formal training relationships with several noted martial arts instructors during this time.^[2]^[43] In furtherance of his pursuit of sword instruction, he enrolled at the Shiseikan Dōjō (至誠館) at Meiji Shrine to study Kashima Shinryū under Tanaka Shigeho [ja].^[30]^[51] Obata also became a pupil of the swordsman Uchida Tesshinsai (内田鉄心斎), from whom he learned Ioriken battōjutsu (庵剣抜刀術).^[5]^[4] Due in part to growing audience interest in seeing Japanese weapon techniques in film, Obata branched out into other weapon arts.^[13] Obata received instruction in the various weapons of Ryūkyū Kobudō from Inoue Motokatsu, renowned for his efforts at preserving Okinawan weapon martial arts, including sai, bō, tonfa, nunchaku, and kama.^[13]^[52] Obata also studied ninpō, weapons techniques, and Edo-period arresting methods under Nawa Yumio [ja], ninpō researcher and headmaster of Masaki-ryū [ja] manrikigusari-jutsu (正木流万力鎖術) and Edo-machikata jutte torinawa atsukai (江戸町方十手捕縄扱).^[38]^[53]

Having concluded his apprenticeship at the Yōshinkan, Obata was now free to study with the swordsman Nakamura Taizaburō, whose technique he had admired as an uchi-deshi.^[30]^[53] Obata enrolled as Nakamura's pupil, and studied Toyama-ryū under him, as well as Nakamura's own sword style, Nakamura-ryū.^[6]^[10] In addition to receiving direct instruction, Obata regularly assisted Nakamura at sword seminars, and used the opportunity to closely observe his technique.^[43] Obata also assisted with Nakamura's regular television appearances and extracurricular projects, appearing in Nakamura's books^[54]^[55] as well as squaring off against Nakamura in a sword duel in the last scene of the 1979 documentary film Budō: The Art of Killing.^[34]^[56]

Despite the rigors of learning several martial arts while attending to his film production duties at the Wakakoma, Obata "took to martial arts like a fish in water," and maintained his Yōshinkan-era discipline of training several hours each day.^[43] Obata went on to earn numerous dan rankings in the various arts he studied, amounting to 75 dan in total, as well as high-level licenses, including shihan (師範), keishō denju (継承伝授), and menkyo kaiden (免許皆伝).^[5]^[36] During this time, Obata also participated in and won seven national tameshigiri (test-cutting) competitions, setting speed records for cutting targets.^[6]^[8]

Obata recalls that he was "more or less penniless" for the seven years he worked for the Wakakoma and studied martial arts, but that it was "still one of the most enjoyable times in my life."^[43] His opportunity at the Wakakoma to concentrate fully on researching and practicing various Japanese martial arts later became the basis for establishing his own school of swordsmanship and martial arts.^[43]^[57] By the end of his seven-year tenure at the Wakakoma, Obata was qualified to operate independently as an action coordinator in the Japanese film and television industry.^[24] However, Obata decided to leave the Wakakoma and elected instead to move to the United States and pursue a career as an actor and action coordinator in Hollywood.^[16]^[10]

1980-present: Hollywood Era

In 1980, Obata concluded his tenure at the Wakakoma and relocated to Los Angeles, California at the age of thirty-two.^[3]^[31] Obata had long held a strong desire to travel, and had previously visited the United States once in 1978, admiring the spaciousness, as well as the agreeable climate and relaxed atmosphere of Southern California.^[24] His wife Michiyo, whom he married in 1976, remained behind in Tōkyō with their young sons while he attempted to gain traction and earn a livelihood in the United States. As a new migrant, however, Obata faced immediate challenges, as he lacked resident status, money, and employment, and spoke no English.^[24]

One of Obata's aims in moving to the United States was to introduce battōdō (the art of sword-drawing) and tameshigiri to the West.^[24]^[36] Prior to his departure to the United States, Nakamura appointed Obata the head of the USA Toyama-ryū Federation, USA Nakamura-ryū Federation, and USA Battōdō Federation, operating under the corresponding Japanese federations.^[5]^[10] With Nakamura's fiat, Obata established the United States Honbu Dōjō (headquarters) for Toyama-ryū and Nakamura-ryū in 1981, teaching initially at the Nichiren-shū Buddhist temple in Boyle Heights and later also at the Japanese Institute of Sawtelle,^[34]^[58] both Japanese-American enclaves in Los Angeles.^[59]^[60] Students from outside the community became acquainted with Obata's school through referrals from Japan, the Japanese consulate in Los Angeles, and newspaper and magazine articles reporting on Obata in English and Japanese.^[34]^[43] Early students included martial arts instructors, law enforcement personnel, and a captain in the United States Army.^[34]^[43]

Obata became a fixture in the Japanese-American community soon after his arrival, giving demonstrations of aikidō, battōdō, and test-cutting at local cultural events and appearing in Japanese-language media.^[61] He began writing articles and books on battōdō, aikidō, ninpō, and Ryūkyū Kobudō, as well as filming instructional videos and giving seminars throughout the United States.^[5]^[45] Obata's dōjō continued to attract law enforcement personnel as students,^[62] and Obata was also hired by the Long Beach Police Department to teach criminal apprehension and arresting techniques to its officers.^[63] Reuniting with Michiyo in 1983, Obata and his wife, also a Yōshinkan yūdansha, began teaching aikidō to children, with their own children training in the dōjō everyday after school.^[35]^[45] Obata also continued to teach martial arts and swordsmanship to various Japanese actors who would fly to Los Angeles to study at his dōjō for extended periods, including NHK taiga drama leads such as Takita Sakae [ja].^[47]^[64]

As his career as an independent martial artist gained momentum, Obata also found purchase in Hollywood.^[24] He started working as an action coordinator in films and television programs, training actors in various Japanese martial arts.^[24]^[65] On set, Obata often encountered superficial regard for martial arts and a lack of thoughtful preparation for fight scenes, including instances of actors in martial arts actions films who had never trained in any martial arts before shooting, and found himself motivated to create movies with "high-quality and perfectly executed martial arts" in the United States.^[24] In keeping with his work with the Wakakoma, Obata continued to prioritize accurate representation of authentic Japanese martial arts on screen, and cites this as one of his reasons for venturing into Hollywood.^[13] Soon, however, Obata caught the attention of directors and casting agents due to his intimidating appearance, martial arts ability, and personality, and found himself representing Japanese martial arts on screen directly as an actor.^[24]^[65]

Obata's first on-screen appearance in Hollywood was in the 1984 film Ghost Warrior, also known as Swordkill, a rare Hollywood film that featured a Japanese lead, Fujioka Hiroshi.^[66] In some of his subsequent films, Obata served dual roles as actor and action coordinator, such as Showdown in Little Tokyo (1991), in which he trained actors Dolph Lundgren and Brandon Lee in Japanese martial arts, as well as serving as one of the film's lead antagonists.^[31]^[45] In addition to training Lundgren in swordsmanship and tameshigiri, Obata also recorded lines of Japanese dialogue that appeared in the script in order to aid Lundgren with his pronunciation.^[45]^[67] Due to Lee's background in martial arts, Obata and Lee were able to freely choreograph their climactic fighting scene in which Obata's character is defeated.^[67]^[68] Through their work on the film, Obata and Lee developed a strong friendship, and Obata was saddened at Lee's death in 1993.^[31]^[43]

Obata went on to appear in numerous Hollywood films as well as television programs, and attained sufficient renown that he no longer was required to audition for roles.^[24] Notable films in which he appeared include Black Rain (1989), Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Movie (1990) and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze (1991), Rising Sun (1993), Demolition Man (1993), The Shadow (1994), and The Hunted (1995), appearing opposite celebrity actors including Sean Connery, Michael Douglas, Sylvester Stallone, Wesley Snipes, Ken Takakura, Matsuda Yūsaku, Christopher Lambert, and Alec Baldwin.^[5]^[9] During the filming of The Hunted in 1995, Obata recollects that he was able to reunite with one of his Wakakoma kōhai (juniors), Togo Hidenobu, who served as a special martial arts coordinator on the production.^[67] Obata also worked on several films with Cynthia Rothrock and Richard Norton, actors well known for their martial arts action film roles.^[1]^[11] Obata taught Norton swordsmanship for his role in The Sword of Bushido (1990), and Norton choreographed Obata's fight scene with Chuck Norris in a 1993 episode of Walker, Texas Ranger.^[67]

[Include photo of training Dolph Lundgren]

Obata's growing success in Hollywood was not without ongoing challenges. His main obstacle was English, having immigrated to the United States at thirty-two, which Obata felt was too old an age to learn English properly.^[43] Although Obata had difficulty understanding his directors, his long experience working in the Japanese film and television industry allowed him to intuit their intent and perform well in front of a camera, and he found himself cast in roles that relied more on character or image than substantive dialogue.^[36]^[43] Frequently, his children would help him practice pronouncing his lines correctly, and at times he requested simpler revisions of his lines from his directors; occasionally, his voice was simply dubbed over entirely.^[1]

Obata also encountered cultural difficulties as a Japanese immigrant working in Hollywood. Despite his eventual success, he likened the barriers to entry into the American film industry to the Great Wall of China, and found his Japanese set of values at times incongruous with others while working on movie sets.^[24] He also found that many Americans held an outdated view of Japanese people as typified by Mifune Toshirō and Shimura Takashi, though Obata opined that this ultimately worked in his favor, leading his samurai ancestry and profession as a martial artist to be highly valued both inside and outside the film industry.^[24] Based on his experiences, Obata has published advice for Japanese actors looking to find success in Hollywood.^[36]

Despite enjoying his work as an action coordinator and fight choreographer, Obata has also expressed criticism at the lack of recognition afforded to action coordinators in both the United States and Japan for their high level of training and accomplishment in martial arts, horsemanship, and acrobatic ability.^[43]

Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles films

Obata's breakout role in Hollywood was playing Master Tatsu in the martial arts action film Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990), produced by Golden Harvest.^[36]^[11] Despite mixed reviews from critics, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles was a box-office success, grossing $202 million against a budget of $13.5 million, becoming the highest-grossing independent film up to that time and for the next decade,^[69] as well as the ninth highest-grossing film worldwide of 1990.^[70] The film also broke the record for the biggest opening weekend for an independent film,^[71]^[72] and went on to gross $32 million in its opening week, making it the second biggest US opening ever at that point, after Tim Burton's Batman (1989).^[73] Within the martial arts action film genre, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles deposed The Karate Kid (1984) as the highest-grossing film, which had earned $130 million.^[24] Obata reprised his role as Master Tatsu in the sequel Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze (1991), which was also a box-office success, becoming the thirteenth highest-grossing film domestically that year.^[74]

Obata was originally cast as The Shredder, the leading villain role in the film, due to his formidable appearance.^[13]^[35] He initially turned down the offer, citing his reluctance to put on a mask and obscure his face.^[1] Instead, director Steve Barron decided to create another leading role for him to play, and invented the role of Master Tatsu for Obata, which was not in the original script.^[1]^[36] At Obata's request, Barron also agreed to shorten his lines, due to his difficulty with English.^[36]

Master Tatsu is nothing like me, but he has caught people's attention. Strangers come up to me and ask me if my head is all right now because in the movie I was hit with a golf club.^[13]

After the film's success, Obata became instantly recognizable overnight.^[1]^[24] As a result of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles films and other films in which he coordinated Japanese-style swordplay or appeared using a sword, Obata has been credited with precipitating the Hollywood "samurai craze,"^[24] and was even dubbed the "Samurai of Hollywood."^[3]^[75]

See § Filmography for films.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Nakagawa, Martha (February 15, 1997). "Life on the Cutting Edge". Rafu Shimpo. No. 28111. LA News Publishing Co. pp. 1, 4. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= requires |archive-url= (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Lombardo, Patrick (1998). Encyclopédie Mondiale des Arts Martiaux [World Encyclopedia of Martial Arts] (in French). Européenne de Magazines. pp. 176–77. ISBN 2-907736-21-3.
^ ^a ^b ^c Picherit, Sylvie (October 1995). "Un Samouraï à Paris" [A Samurai in Paris]. Karate Bushido (in French). No. 228 (Print ed.). Européenne de Magazines. pp. 40–43. ISSN 1243-3853.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Bénoliel, Pierre-Yves; Boulanger, Denis (October 1997). "Grand Maître: Toshishiro Obata" [Grand Master: Toshishiro Obata]. Karate Bushido (in French). No. 250 (Print ed.). Européenne de Magazines. pp. 34–38. ISSN 1243-3853.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ "L'art du sabre des samourai" [The Art of the Samurai Sword]. Art et Combat (in French). No. 5 (Print ed.). July–August 2009. pp. 14–21. ISSN 1969-4547.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Bonnefoy, Gérard (March 2006). "Une vie dédiée à la voie du Samouraï" [A Life Dedicated to the Way of the Samurai]. Karate Bushido (in French). No. 343 (Print ed.). Européenne de Magazines. pp. 82–83. ISSN 1243-3853.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Kunisawa, Sachiko (1996). "Origins of Shinkendo". International Shinkendo Federation. International Shinkendo Federation. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c Lynch, Matthew (July 2008). "Mastering Japanese Swordsmanship: Toshishiro Obata on the 5 Rings of Shinkendo". Black Belt. Vol. 46, no. 7 (Print ed.). Active Interest Media. pp. 126–132. ISSN 0277-3066.
^ ^a ^b ^c Lombardo, Patrick (March 1996). "Toshishiro Obata: Le Maitre Du Sabre" [Toshishiro Obata: The Master of the Sword]. Karate Bushido (in French). No. 233 (Print ed.). Européenne de Magazines. pp. 26–29. ISSN 1243-3853.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Stone, Ben (June 2008). "Resurrecting the Samurai". Blitz Australasian Martial Arts Magazine. Vol. 22, no. 6 (Print ed.). Blitz Publications. pp. 24–28. ISSN 0818-9595.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Karasulas, Antony (February–March 1993). "Master Obata: 20th Century Samurai". Australasian Fighting Arts. Vol. 16, no. 2 (Print ed.). Australasian Fighting Arts Publishing Co. pp. 18–21. ISSN 0729-0306.
^ "「真剣道への理解を」白沢出身、小幡さん県庁訪問" [”To Understand the True Path of the Sword” – Hailing from Shirasawa, Mr. Obata’s Prefectural Office Visit]. The Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). The Asahi Shimbun Company. October 26, 1998.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t Chambers, David (June 1991). "Meet the Real Master Tatsu". Inside Karate. Vol. XII, no. 6 (Print ed.). CFW Enterprises Inc. pp. 50–57. ISSN 0273-7574.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Biography of Obata Toshishiro". International Shinkendo Federation. International Shinkendo Federation. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
^ ^a ^b Hirayama, Yū (2008). Shibatsuji, Shunroku (ed.). 新編武田信玄のすべて [All About Takeda Shingen] (in Japanese). Yoshikawa Kōbunkan. p. 199. ISBN 978-4404035141.
^ ^a ^b Obata, Toshishiro (1996). "Swords and Tradition: Reflecting on History and Tradition Through Japanese Swords". Aikido Journal. Vol. 23, no. 2 (#107) (Print ed.). Aiki News. p. 21. ISSN 1340-5624.
^ Hauenstein, Gene; Pocock, Paul (August 1996). "A Slice of History". Blitz Martial Arts Magazine. Vol. 10, no. 8 (Print ed.). Blitz Publications. pp. 6–9. ISSN 0818-9595.
^ Turnbull, Stephen (2000). The Samurai Sourcebook. London: Cassell & Co. pp. 222–223. ISBN 1854095234.
^ Turnbull, Stephen (1987). Battles of the Samurai. London: Arms and Armour Press. p. 91. ISBN 9780853688266.
^ ^a ^b Bennett, Alexander C. (1999). "Neglected Treasure: The Koyo Gunkan". Sword & Spirit: Classical Warrior Traditions of Japan, Volume 2. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Koryu Books. pp. 35–57. ISBN 9781890536053.
^ ^a ^b Wert, Michael (November 2014). "'The Military Mirror of Kai': Swordsmanship and a Medieval Text in Early Modern Japan". Das Mittelalter. 19 (2). Walter de Gruyter: 407–419. Retrieved November 25, 2022. A bestseller, [the Kōyō Gunkan] was read by warrior and commoners alike, and influenced popular culture, intellectual treatises, and history writing.
^ Kasaya, Kazuhiko (2014). 武士道第一章武士道という語の登場 [Bushido Chapter I Appearance of the word Bushido] (in Japanese). NTT publishing. p. 7. ISBN 978-4757143227.
^ Frédéric, Louis (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674007703.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s "'夢は大きな少年剣士' アメリカに生きるサムライ" ['My Big Dream is to Become a Swordsman’ – Samurai Living in America]. Gateway U.S.A. (in Japanese). Vol. 20, no. 1 (Print ed.). January 1, 1991. pp. 40–41.
^ ^a ^b Obata, Toshishiro (Fall 1992). "Shinkendo: On the Cutting Edge". Budo Dojo (Print ed.). Pacific Rim Publishing, Inc. pp. 7–9.
^ "Spotlight on Budo: Toshishiro Obata – Shinkendo". E-Budo. August 27, 2000. Retrieved November 12, 2022. [Thread title:] Shinkendo's Influences
^ Hauenstein, Gene (March 1993). "Profile: Toshishiro Obata". Fighting Knives. Vol. 5, no. 2 (Print ed.). L.F.P., Inc. pp. 54–57.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Obata 2020, p. xix
^ Kunisawa, Sachiko (1996). "Origins of Shinkendo". International Shinkendo Federation. International Shinkendo Federation. Retrieved November 11, 2022. I remembered as a child wandering around in the mountains where I grew up. My 'toys' were things like hatchets and pick-axes!
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Mangseth, Henrik. "Konsten att hugga med svärd" [The Art of Slashing with a Sword]. Fighter (in Swedish) (Print ed.). pp. 14–17.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Toshishiro Obata: The 'Swordsman'". Budo International (in German) (Print ed.). September 1995. pp. 44–49.
^ "Spotlight on Budo: Toshishiro Obata – Shinkendo". E-Budo. August 22, 2000. Retrieved November 12, 2022. [Thread title:] EXPERIENCE IN AIKIDO
^ Shioda, Gōzō (1977). Dynamic Aikidō. Tōkyō: Kodansha International. ISBN 4-7700-0578-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Aloia, Antonio (August 24, 2020). "Interview with Guy Power: His Iaido Journey". Martial Arts of Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow: A Martial Arts History Chronicle. Retrieved November 25, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c Mabrey, Kimiko (May 1, 1990). "「特別取材」光っている人みつけた Toshishiro Obata" ['Special Interview' – I found a shining star: Toshishiro Obata]. Osagawase U.S.A (in Japanese). No. 32 (Print ed.).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ "「大の武士道」目指す:「忍者タートル」で有名に哲学説く本の出版も" [Striving towards the 'Great Bushido': Famous for Ninja Turtles and the Publication of a Philosophy Book]. Rafu Shimpo (in Japanese). No. 28106 (Print ed.). L.A. News Publishing Co. February 10, 1997. p. 9.
^ Amdur, Ellis (November 2, 2013). "It Ain't Necessarily So: Banquo's Ghost". Guillaume Erard. Retrieved October 15, 2022. 'The Yagyukai regularly rented space from the Yoshinkan, arranged by Furuta-san.'
^ ^a ^b Quick, Howard (June 2004). "Jojutsu: The Samurai Arts of Obata Kaiso". Blitz Martial Arts Magazine. Vol. 18, no. 6 (Print ed.). Blitz Publications. pp. 42–46. ISSN 0818-9595.
^ Bolling, Tom (2004). "Remembering Nakamura Taizaburo Sensei". Classical Fightings Arts (Print ed.). Dragon Associates Inc. pp. 44–46.
^ Nakamura 2013, p. 32
^ "Spotlight on Budo: Toshishiro Obata – Shinkendo". E-Budo. August 22, 2000. Retrieved November 12, 2022. [Thread title:] Yoshinkai affiliation
^ Nakamura 2013, p. 310
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Obata, Toshishiro (1994). "Shinkendo is My Life". Aikido Journal. Vol. 21, no. 4 (#101) (Print ed.). Aiki News. pp. 58–64. ISSN 1340-5624.
^ "Spotlight on Budo: Toshishiro Obata – Shinkendo". E-Budo. August 25, 2000. Retrieved November 12, 2022. [Thread title:] Questions about Shin Choku-Giri & Purpose of Shinkendo
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "ハリウッドではサイン攻め – 映画「忍者亀」にも出演してウハウハの小幡利城の人気" [A Barrage of Autographs at Hollywood — The popularity of the all-smiles actor Obata Toshishiro, who appeared in the movie Ninja Turtles]. Focus (in Japanese) (Print ed.). March 8, 1991.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "What is the Wakakoma? – Achievements". Wakakoma Pro. 2022. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
^ ^a ^b "米国抜刀道連盟・戸山流初の有段者誕生小幡利城師範の指導で3人" [Battōdō Federation of America, Toyama-ryū; Birth of the first rank holder; 3 people under the guidance of Obata Toshishiro-shihan]. Rafu Shimpo (in Japanese). No. 24880 (Print ed.). L.A. News Publishing Co. May 17, 1986. p. 10.
^ "The Complete Lady Snowblood". The Criterion Collection. Retrieved July 14, 2018.
^ Shinsuke Kasai (interviewer), Meiko Kaji (interviewee) (2012). Nihon Eiga Retorosupekutibu (in Japanese). Nihon Eiga Senmon Channeru.
^ Obata 2020, p. xx
^ "Defence technique workshop with Obata Toshishiro". Blitz Instructors Special: Blitz Presents Instructors’ Fighting Techniques (Print ed.). Blitz Publications. 2008–2009. pp. 102–103. ISSN 0818-9595.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
^ Chambers, David (April–May 1991). "OBATA!". Australasian Fighting Arts. Vol. 14, no. 4 (Print ed.). Australasian Fighting Arts Publishing Co. pp. 12–16. ISSN 0729-0306.
^ ^a ^b Hauenstein, Gene (March 1993). "Kabutowari: Helmet Test Cutting". Terry Oneill's Fighting Arts International. No. 92 (Print ed.). pp. 3–6. ISSN 0961-9380.
^ Nakamura 2013, p. 17, 301
^ Nakamura, Taizaburo (1987). 抜刀道 [Battōdō]. 叢文社 (Sōbunsha). pp. 80–81. ISBN 4794701543.
^ "Budō: The Art of Killing at Internet Movie Database (IMDb)". Retrieved November 29, 2022.
^ Katsumata (August 27, 2003). "真剣に人生を生きる日常生活の礼儀作法も" [Living Life Earnestly — The Etiquette of Daily Life]. Rafu Shimpo (in Japanese). No. 29, 985 (Print ed.). L.A. News Publishing Co. p. 13.
^ Obata, Toshishiro (2009). "Foreword". In Shu, Michael (ed.). 60 Years: Obata Toshishiro. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-1440429347.
^ "Japanese American Heritage". The Los Angeles Conservancy. Archived from the original on November 9, 2019. Retrieved October 21, 2019.
^ Okazaki, Manami (November 4, 2017), "Sawtelle Japantown: A return to one's roots?", The Japan Times
^ "日本刀試斬り演武米羅中の小幡利城氏" [Japanese Sword Test-Cutting Demonstration – Mr. Obata Toshishiro in America]. Rafu Shimpo (in Japanese). No. 23349 (Print ed.). L.A. News Publishing Co. April 21, 1981. p. 12.
^ Shu, Michael, ed. (2009). 60 Years: Obata Toshishiro. ISBN 978-1440429347.
^ "前橋の道場で演武披露" [Martial Arts Demonstration at Maebashi Dōjō]. The Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). The Asahi Shimbun Company. October 14, 1998.
^ "俳優滝田崇氏" [Actor Takita Sakae]. Bridge USA (in Japanese). No. 225 (Print ed.). October 1, 1998. pp. 59–62.
^ ^a ^b "Spotlight on Budo: Toshishiro Obata – Shinkendo". E-Budo. August 21, 2000. Retrieved November 12, 2022. [Thread title:] Budo and Hollywood
^ "Ghost Warrior at Internet Movie Database (IMDb)". Retrieved September 15, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Spotlight on Budo: Toshishiro Obata – Shinkendo". E-Budo. August 24, 2000. Retrieved November 12, 2022. [Thread title:] Curious fan
^ Allen, Terence; Coleman, Jim (February 1996). "Dynamic Duos: Martial Arts Movie Greats Work Well in Pairs". Black Belt. Vol. 34, no. 2 (Print ed.). Rainbow Publications, Inc. pp. 30–35, 149. ISSN 0277-3066.
^ Aaron Couch (April 2, 2015). "'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles': Untold Story of the Movie "Every Studio in Hollywood" Rejected". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 1, 2021.
^ "1990 Worldwide Box Office". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Retrieved March 7, 2020.
^ Broeske, Pat H. (April 3, 1990). "Turtles Wax the Opposition at Box Office : Film: Moviegoers spent more than $25 million on the opening weekend of the New Line Cinema movie". The Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 4, 2016. Retrieved November 9, 2010.
^ McBride, Joseph (September 17, 1991). "Top 10 Gets Rise Out Of Freddy". Daily Variety. p. 1.
^ Smith, Wes (May 7, 1990). "Turtle mania: Everything you need to know about America's Ninja heroes in a half shell". Anderson Independent-Mail. p. 6A. Retrieved April 21, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "1991 Domestic Grosses". Boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved September 19, 2006.
^ 堀田, 清司 (March 25, 1994). "小幡利城の兜割り" [Obata Toshishiro’s Helmet-Splitting]. Nichi Bei Times (in Japanese).

[rafu-shimpo-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Nakagawa, Martha (February 15, 1997). "Life on the Cutting Edge". Rafu Shimpo. No. 28111. LA News Publishing Co. pp. 1, 4. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= requires |archive-url= (help)

[encyclopedie_mondiale-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Lombardo, Patrick (1998). Encyclopédie Mondiale des Arts Martiaux [World Encyclopedia of Martial Arts] (in French). Européenne de Magazines. pp. 176–77. ISBN 2-907736-21-3.

[KarateBushido1995October-3] Picherit, Sylvie (October 1995). "Un Samouraï à Paris" [A Samurai in Paris]. Karate Bushido (in French). No. 228 (Print ed.). Européenne de Magazines. pp. 40–43. ISSN 1243-3853.

[KarateBushido1997October-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Bénoliel, Pierre-Yves; Boulanger, Denis (October 1997). "Grand Maître: Toshishiro Obata" [Grand Master: Toshishiro Obata]. Karate Bushido (in French). No. 250 (Print ed.). Européenne de Magazines. pp. 34–38. ISSN 1243-3853.

[ArtetCombat2009JulyAugust-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ "L'art du sabre des samourai" [The Art of the Samurai Sword]. Art et Combat (in French). No. 5 (Print ed.). July–August 2009. pp. 14–21. ISSN 1969-4547.

[KarateBushido2006March-6] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Bonnefoy, Gérard (March 2006). "Une vie dédiée à la voie du Samouraï" [A Life Dedicated to the Way of the Samurai]. Karate Bushido (in French). No. 343 (Print ed.). Européenne de Magazines. pp. 82–83. ISSN 1243-3853.

[KunisawaInterviewGeneral-7] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Kunisawa, Sachiko (1996). "Origins of Shinkendo". International Shinkendo Federation. International Shinkendo Federation. Retrieved November 11, 2022.

[BlackBelt2008July-8] Lynch, Matthew (July 2008). "Mastering Japanese Swordsmanship: Toshishiro Obata on the 5 Rings of Shinkendo". Black Belt. Vol. 46, no. 7 (Print ed.). Active Interest Media. pp. 126–132. ISSN 0277-3066.

[KarateBushido1996March-9] Lombardo, Patrick (March 1996). "Toshishiro Obata: Le Maitre Du Sabre" [Toshishiro Obata: The Master of the Sword]. Karate Bushido (in French). No. 233 (Print ed.). Européenne de Magazines. pp. 26–29. ISSN 1243-3853.

[Blitz2008June-10] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Stone, Ben (June 2008). "Resurrecting the Samurai". Blitz Australasian Martial Arts Magazine. Vol. 22, no. 6 (Print ed.). Blitz Publications. pp. 24–28. ISSN 0818-9595.

[AustralasianFightingArts1993FebMar-11] Karasulas, Antony (February–March 1993). "Master Obata: 20th Century Samurai". Australasian Fighting Arts. Vol. 16, no. 2 (Print ed.). Australasian Fighting Arts Publishing Co. pp. 18–21. ISSN 0729-0306.

[asahi1998-10-26-12] "「真剣道への理解を」白沢出身、小幡さん県庁訪問" [”To Understand the True Path of the Sword” – Hailing from Shirasawa, Mr. Obata’s Prefectural Office Visit]. The Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). The Asahi Shimbun Company. October 26, 1998.

[InsideKarate1991June-13] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t Chambers, David (June 1991). "Meet the Real Master Tatsu". Inside Karate. Vol. XII, no. 6 (Print ed.). CFW Enterprises Inc. pp. 50–57. ISSN 0273-7574.

[ISFbiopage-14] "Biography of Obata Toshishiro". International Shinkendo Federation. International Shinkendo Federation. Retrieved November 12, 2022.

[HirayamaAllAboutTakedaShingen-15] Hirayama, Yū (2008). Shibatsuji, Shunroku (ed.). 新編武田信玄のすべて [All About Takeda Shingen] (in Japanese). Yoshikawa Kōbunkan. p. 199. ISBN 978-4404035141.

[AikidoJournal107-16] Obata, Toshishiro (1996). "Swords and Tradition: Reflecting on History and Tradition Through Japanese Swords". Aikido Journal. Vol. 23, no. 2 (#107) (Print ed.). Aiki News. p. 21. ISSN 1340-5624.

[Blitz1996August-17] Hauenstein, Gene; Pocock, Paul (August 1996). "A Slice of History". Blitz Martial Arts Magazine. Vol. 10, no. 8 (Print ed.). Blitz Publications. pp. 6–9. ISSN 0818-9595.

[18] Turnbull, Stephen (2000). The Samurai Sourcebook. London: Cassell & Co. pp. 222–223. ISBN 1854095234.

[19] Turnbull, Stephen (1987). Battles of the Samurai. London: Arms and Armour Press. p. 91. ISBN 9780853688266.

[AlexanderBennettNeglectedTreasure-20] Bennett, Alexander C. (1999). "Neglected Treasure: The Koyo Gunkan". Sword & Spirit: Classical Warrior Traditions of Japan, Volume 2. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Koryu Books. pp. 35–57. ISBN 9781890536053.

[WertMilitaryMirrorofKai-21] Wert, Michael (November 2014). "'The Military Mirror of Kai': Swordsmanship and a Medieval Text in Early Modern Japan". Das Mittelalter. 19 (2). Walter de Gruyter: 407–419. Retrieved November 25, 2022. A bestseller, [the Kōyō Gunkan] was read by warrior and commoners alike, and influenced popular culture, intellectual treatises, and history writing.

[22] Kasaya, Kazuhiko (2014). 武士道第一章武士道という語の登場 [Bushido Chapter I Appearance of the word Bushido] (in Japanese). NTT publishing. p. 7. ISBN 978-4757143227.

[23] Frédéric, Louis (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674007703.

[Gateway1991-24] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s "'夢は大きな少年剣士' アメリカに生きるサムライ" ['My Big Dream is to Become a Swordsman’ – Samurai Living in America]. Gateway U.S.A. (in Japanese). Vol. 20, no. 1 (Print ed.). January 1, 1991. pp. 40–41.

[BudoDojo1992Fall-25] Obata, Toshishiro (Fall 1992). "Shinkendo: On the Cutting Edge". Budo Dojo (Print ed.). Pacific Rim Publishing, Inc. pp. 7–9.

[26] "Spotlight on Budo: Toshishiro Obata – Shinkendo". E-Budo. August 27, 2000. Retrieved November 12, 2022. [Thread title:] Shinkendo's Influences

[FightingKnives1993March-27] Hauenstein, Gene (March 1993). "Profile: Toshishiro Obata". Fighting Knives. Vol. 5, no. 2 (Print ed.). L.F.P., Inc. pp. 54–57.

[ObataBookShinkendo2020pxix-28] Obata 2020, p. xix

[KunisawaInterview-29] Kunisawa, Sachiko (1996). "Origins of Shinkendo". International Shinkendo Federation. International Shinkendo Federation. Retrieved November 11, 2022. I remembered as a child wandering around in the mountains where I grew up. My 'toys' were things like hatchets and pick-axes!

[MangsethFighter-30] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Mangseth, Henrik. "Konsten att hugga med svärd" [The Art of Slashing with a Sword]. Fighter (in Swedish) (Print ed.). pp. 14–17.

[BudoInternational1995September-31] "Toshishiro Obata: The 'Swordsman'". Budo International (in German) (Print ed.). September 1995. pp. 44–49.

[32] "Spotlight on Budo: Toshishiro Obata – Shinkendo". E-Budo. August 22, 2000. Retrieved November 12, 2022. [Thread title:] EXPERIENCE IN AIKIDO

[Shioda1977-33] Shioda, Gōzō (1977). Dynamic Aikidō. Tōkyō: Kodansha International. ISBN 4-7700-0578-4.

[GuyPowerBlog2020-34] Aloia, Antonio (August 24, 2020). "Interview with Guy Power: His Iaido Journey". Martial Arts of Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow: A Martial Arts History Chronicle. Retrieved November 25, 2022.

[OsagawaseUSA1990-35] Mabrey, Kimiko (May 1, 1990). "「特別取材」光っている人みつけた Toshishiro Obata" ['Special Interview' – I found a shining star: Toshishiro Obata]. Osagawase U.S.A (in Japanese). No. 32 (Print ed.).

[RafuShimpo28106-36] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ "「大の武士道」目指す:「忍者タートル」で有名に哲学説く本の出版も" [Striving towards the 'Great Bushido': Famous for Ninja Turtles and the Publication of a Philosophy Book]. Rafu Shimpo (in Japanese). No. 28106 (Print ed.). L.A. News Publishing Co. February 10, 1997. p. 9.

[37] Amdur, Ellis (November 2, 2013). "It Ain't Necessarily So: Banquo's Ghost". Guillaume Erard. Retrieved October 15, 2022. 'The Yagyukai regularly rented space from the Yoshinkan, arranged by Furuta-san.'

[Blitz2004June-38] Quick, Howard (June 2004). "Jojutsu: The Samurai Arts of Obata Kaiso". Blitz Martial Arts Magazine. Vol. 18, no. 6 (Print ed.). Blitz Publications. pp. 42–46. ISSN 0818-9595.

[ClassicalFightingArts2004-39] Bolling, Tom (2004). "Remembering Nakamura Taizaburo Sensei". Classical Fightings Arts (Print ed.). Dragon Associates Inc. pp. 44–46.

[NakamuraBookp32-40] Nakamura 2013, p. 32

[41] "Spotlight on Budo: Toshishiro Obata – Shinkendo". E-Budo. August 22, 2000. Retrieved November 12, 2022. [Thread title:] Yoshinkai affiliation

[42] Nakamura 2013, p. 310

[AikidoJournal101-43] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Obata, Toshishiro (1994). "Shinkendo is My Life". Aikido Journal. Vol. 21, no. 4 (#101) (Print ed.). Aiki News. pp. 58–64. ISSN 1340-5624.

[44] "Spotlight on Budo: Toshishiro Obata – Shinkendo". E-Budo. August 25, 2000. Retrieved November 12, 2022. [Thread title:] Questions about Shin Choku-Giri & Purpose of Shinkendo

[Focus1991-45] "ハリウッドではサイン攻め – 映画「忍者亀」にも出演してウハウハの小幡利城の人気" [A Barrage of Autographs at Hollywood — The popularity of the all-smiles actor Obata Toshishiro, who appeared in the movie Ninja Turtles]. Focus (in Japanese) (Print ed.). March 8, 1991.

[WakakomaWebsite-46] "What is the Wakakoma? – Achievements". Wakakoma Pro. 2022. Retrieved November 29, 2022.

[RafuShimpo24880-47] "米国抜刀道連盟・戸山流初の有段者誕生小幡利城師範の指導で3人" [Battōdō Federation of America, Toyama-ryū; Birth of the first rank holder; 3 people under the guidance of Obata Toshishiro-shihan]. Rafu Shimpo (in Japanese). No. 24880 (Print ed.). L.A. News Publishing Co. May 17, 1986. p. 10.

[48] "The Complete Lady Snowblood". The Criterion Collection. Retrieved July 14, 2018.

[49] Shinsuke Kasai (interviewer), Meiko Kaji (interviewee) (2012). Nihon Eiga Retorosupekutibu (in Japanese). Nihon Eiga Senmon Channeru.

[ObataBookShinkendo2020pxx-50] Obata 2020, p. xx

[BlitzDefenceWorkshop-51] "Defence technique workshop with Obata Toshishiro". Blitz Instructors Special: Blitz Presents Instructors’ Fighting Techniques (Print ed.). Blitz Publications. 2008–2009. pp. 102–103. ISSN 0818-9595.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)

[AustralasianFightingArts1991AprilMay-52] Chambers, David (April–May 1991). "OBATA!". Australasian Fighting Arts. Vol. 14, no. 4 (Print ed.). Australasian Fighting Arts Publishing Co. pp. 12–16. ISSN 0729-0306.

[TerryOneill1993March-53] Hauenstein, Gene (March 1993). "Kabutowari: Helmet Test Cutting". Terry Oneill's Fighting Arts International. No. 92 (Print ed.). pp. 3–6. ISSN 0961-9380.

[NakamuraBookp17-301-54] Nakamura 2013, p. 17, 301

[NakamuraBattodo-55] Nakamura, Taizaburo (1987). 抜刀道 [Battōdō]. 叢文社 (Sōbunsha). pp. 80–81. ISBN 4794701543.

[56] "Budō: The Art of Killing at Internet Movie Database (IMDb)". Retrieved November 29, 2022.

[RafuShimpo29985-57] Katsumata (August 27, 2003). "真剣に人生を生きる日常生活の礼儀作法も" [Living Life Earnestly — The Etiquette of Daily Life]. Rafu Shimpo (in Japanese). No. 29, 985 (Print ed.). L.A. News Publishing Co. p. 13.

[MichaelShu2009Foreword-58] Obata, Toshishiro (2009). "Foreword". In Shu, Michael (ed.). 60 Years: Obata Toshishiro. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-1440429347.

[59] "Japanese American Heritage". The Los Angeles Conservancy. Archived from the original on November 9, 2019. Retrieved October 21, 2019.

[60] Okazaki, Manami (November 4, 2017), "Sawtelle Japantown: A return to one's roots?", The Japan Times

[RafuShimpo23349-61] "日本刀試斬り演武米羅中の小幡利城氏" [Japanese Sword Test-Cutting Demonstration – Mr. Obata Toshishiro in America]. Rafu Shimpo (in Japanese). No. 23349 (Print ed.). L.A. News Publishing Co. April 21, 1981. p. 12.

[MichaelShu2009General-62] Shu, Michael, ed. (2009). 60 Years: Obata Toshishiro. ISBN 978-1440429347.

[asahi1998-10-14-63] "前橋の道場で演武披露" [Martial Arts Demonstration at Maebashi Dōjō]. The Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). The Asahi Shimbun Company. October 14, 1998.

[BridgeUSA1998-64] "俳優滝田崇氏" [Actor Takita Sakae]. Bridge USA (in Japanese). No. 225 (Print ed.). October 1, 1998. pp. 59–62.

[E-BudoHollywood-65] "Spotlight on Budo: Toshishiro Obata – Shinkendo". E-Budo. August 21, 2000. Retrieved November 12, 2022. [Thread title:] Budo and Hollywood

[IMDBGhostWarrior-66] "Ghost Warrior at Internet Movie Database (IMDb)". Retrieved September 15, 2022.

[E-BudoCurious-67] "Spotlight on Budo: Toshishiro Obata – Shinkendo". E-Budo. August 24, 2000. Retrieved November 12, 2022. [Thread title:] Curious fan

[BlackBelt1996February-68] Allen, Terence; Coleman, Jim (February 1996). "Dynamic Duos: Martial Arts Movie Greats Work Well in Pairs". Black Belt. Vol. 34, no. 2 (Print ed.). Rainbow Publications, Inc. pp. 30–35, 149. ISSN 0277-3066.

[HollywoodReporter2015-69] Aaron Couch (April 2, 2015). "'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles': Untold Story of the Movie "Every Studio in Hollywood" Rejected". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 1, 2021.

[70] "1990 Worldwide Box Office". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Retrieved March 7, 2020.

[71] Broeske, Pat H. (April 3, 1990). "Turtles Wax the Opposition at Box Office : Film: Moviegoers spent more than $25 million on the opening weekend of the New Line Cinema movie". The Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 4, 2016. Retrieved November 9, 2010.

[72] McBride, Joseph (September 17, 1991). "Top 10 Gets Rise Out Of Freddy". Daily Variety. p. 1.

[73] Smith, Wes (May 7, 1990). "Turtle mania: Everything you need to know about America's Ninja heroes in a half shell". Anderson Independent-Mail. p. 6A. Retrieved April 21, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.

[74] "1991 Domestic Grosses". Boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved September 19, 2006.

[NichiBeiKabutowari-75] 堀田, 清司 (March 25, 1994). "小幡利城の兜割り" [Obata Toshishiro’s Helmet-Splitting]. Nichi Bei Times (in Japanese).

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

@@ Line 40: / Line 40: @@
 Obata was born on October 20, 1948 in [[Shirasawa, Gunma|Shirasawa-mura]] (present-day [[Numata, Gunma|Numata]]) in [[Gunma Prefecture]], [[Japan]], the second son of Obata Kaneyoshi and Obata Tama.<ref name="encyclopedie_mondiale /><ref name="asahi1998-10-26">{{Cite news |date=October 26, 1998 |title=「真剣道への理解を」白沢出身、小幡さん県庁訪問 |trans-title=”To Understand the True Path of the Sword” – Hailing from Shirasawa, Mr. Obata’s Prefectural Office Visit| language=Japanese |work=[[The Asahi Shimbun]] |publisher=The Asahi Shimbun Company}}</ref> Obata's father served in the Japanese military as a combat medic, turning to a career as a carpenter after discharge, and Obata’s mother was employed for a time at a munitions factory.<ref name=InsideKarate1991June>{{cite magazine |last=Chambers |first=David |date=June 1991 |title=Meet the Real Master Tatsu |magazine=Inside Karate|publisher=CFW Enterprises Inc.|ISSN=0273-7574 |edition=Print|volume=XII|issue=6|pages=50-57|ref=InsideKarate1991June}}</ref>
-Obata’s family is of [[samurai]] lineage, which he traces back to the fifth century.<ref name="rafu-shimpo" /><ref name="KarateBushido2006March" />An offshoot of the [[Heike clan]]<ref name=ISFbiopage>{{cite web |url=https://www.shinkendo.com/bio.html |title=Biography of Obata Toshishiro |website=International Shinkendo Federation |publisher=International Shinkendo Federation |access-date=November 12, 2022}}</ref>, the Obata clan included several prominent samurai who were vassals of the [[Takeda clan]] during the [[Sengoku period|Warring States Period]], among them {{ill|Obata Nichijō|ja|小畠日浄}} (d. 1514), who served [[Takeda Nobutora]] and was later appointed {{ill|Ashigaru Daishō|ja|足軽大将}} (Infantry General).<ref name=HirayamaAllAboutTakedaShingen>{{cite book |last=Hirayama |first=Yū |editor-last=Shibatsuji |editor-first=Shunroku |date=2008 |title=新編武田信玄のすべて |trans-title=All About Takeda Shingen |language=Japanese |location= |publisher=Yoshikawa Kōbunkan |ISBN=978-4404035141| pages=199}}</ref><ref name=AikidoJournal107>{{cite magazine |last=Obata |first=Toshishiro |date=1996 |title=Swords and Tradition: Reflecting on History and Tradition Through Japanese Swords |magazine=Aikido Journal|publisher=Aiki News |ISSN=1340-5624|edition=Print|volume=23|issue=2 (#107)|pages=21}}</ref> Nichijō's son, [[Obata Toramori]] (1491-1561), was one of the {{ill|Five Retainers of the Takeda|ja|武田の五名臣}} as well as one of the [[Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen]], serving both Takeda Nobutora and [[Takeda Shingen]], and like his father was appointed Ashigaru Daishō.[NEED BETTER CITES HERE]<ref name=Blitz1996August>{{cite magazine |last1=Hauenstein |first1=Gene |last2=Pocock |first2=Paul |date=August 1996 |title=A Slice of History |magazine=Blitz Martial Arts Magazine |publisher=Blitz Publications |ISSN=0818-9595 |edition=Print|volume=10|issue=8|pages=6-9}}</ref> Toramori eventually became lord of [[Matsushiro Castle|Kaizu Castle]] in [[Shinano Province|Shinshū Province]] (present-day [[Nagano Prefecture]]).<ref name=ArtetCombat2009JulyAugust /> Toramori's son, [[Obata Masamori]] (1534-1582), who also served as one of the Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen, fought in the [[Battle of Nagashino]] and succeeded his father as lord of Kaizu Castle.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Turnbull|first1=Stephen|title=The Samurai Sourcebook|date=2000|publisher=Cassell & Co.|location=London|isbn=1854095234|pages=222–223}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Turnbull|first1=Stephen|title=Battles of the Samurai|date=1987|publisher=Arms and Armour Press|location=London|isbn=9780853688266|pages=91}}</ref> Masamori's third son, [[Obata Kagenori]] (1572–1663), served [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]], and between 1615 and 1632 compiled the [[Kōyō Gunkan]], a highly influential military treatise recording Takeda clan exploits as well as military strategy and martial arts techniques promulgated under Takeda Shingen and [[Takeda Katsuyori]].<ref name=HirayamaAllAboutTakedaShingen /><ref name=AlexanderBennettNeglectedTreasure>{{cite book |last=Bennett |first=Alexander C. |date=1999 |title=Sword & Spirit: Classical Warrior Traditions of Japan, Volume 2 |chapter=Neglected Treasure: The Koyo Gunkan |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Sword_Spirit.html?id=AQ4JAAAACAAJ |location=Berkeley Heights, NJ |publisher=Koryu Books |pages=35-57 |isbn=9781890536053}}</ref> The Kōyō Gunkan was read widely and became a fixture in early modern samurai education, even circulating among non-samurai,<ref name=WertMilitaryMirrorofKai>{{cite journal |last=Wert |first=Michael |date=November 2014 |title=‘The Military Mirror of Kai’: Swordsmanship and a Medieval Text in Early Modern Japan |url=https://epublications.marquette.edu/hist_fac/180/ |journal=Das Mittelalter |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=407-419 |access-date=November 25, 2022 |quote=A bestseller, [the ''Kōyō Gunkan''] was read by warrior and commoners alike, and influenced popular culture, intellectual treatises, and history writing.}}</ref> and contains the first notable use of the term ''[[bushidō]]''.<ref name=AlexanderBennettNeglectedTreasure /><ref>{{cite book |title=武士道 第一章 武士道という語の登場|trans-title=Bushido Chapter I Appearance of the word Bushido |first=Kazuhiko |last=Kasaya |publisher=NTT publishing |year=2014 |isbn=978-4757143227 |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivQLopD7JJsC&q=%E7%94%B2%E9%99%BD%E8%BB%8D%E9%91%91%E3%80%80%E6%AD%A6%E5%A3%AB%E9%81%93&pg=PA7 |language=Japanese}}</ref> Its text also became the basis for ''Heihō Okugisho'' (兵法奥義書), one of Japan's earliest treatises on martial arts. [NEED CITE -- CHECK KOYO GUNKAN ENGLISH PAGE] Based upon his battlefield experience and the teachings of the Kōyō Gunkan, Kagenori founded the {{ill|Kōshū-ryū|ja|甲州流軍学}} school of military science (also called Takeda-ryū or Shingen-ryū), which became widely adopted and practiced under the [[Tokugawa shogunate]], and was recorded in the early 18th-century ''{{ill|Honchō Bugei Shōden|ja|本朝武芸小伝}}'' as the foundation for all subsequent military science styles.<ref name=WertMilitaryMirrorofKai /><ref>{{cite book |last= Frédéric |first=Louis |date=2002 |title=Japan Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Japan_Encyclopedia.html?id=HIPrAAAAMAAJ |location=Cambridge |publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |isbn= 9780674007703}}</ref>
+Obata’s family is of [[samurai]] lineage, which he traces back to the fifth century.<ref name="rafu-shimpo" /><ref name="KarateBushido2006March" />An offshoot of the [[Heike clan]]<ref name=ISFbiopage>{{cite web |url=https://www.shinkendo.com/bio.html |title=Biography of Obata Toshishiro |website=International Shinkendo Federation |publisher=International Shinkendo Federation |access-date=November 12, 2022}}</ref>, the Obata clan included several prominent samurai who were vassals of the [[Takeda clan]] during the [[Sengoku period|Warring States Period]], among them {{ill|Obata Nichijō|ja|小畠日浄}} (d. 1514), who served [[Takeda Nobutora]] and was later appointed {{ill|Ashigaru Daishō|ja|足軽大将}} (Infantry General).<ref name=HirayamaAllAboutTakedaShingen>{{cite book |last=Hirayama |first=Yū |editor-last=Shibatsuji |editor-first=Shunroku |date=2008 |title=新編武田信玄のすべて |trans-title=All About Takeda Shingen |language=Japanese |location= |publisher=Yoshikawa Kōbunkan |ISBN=978-4404035141| pages=199}}</ref><ref name=AikidoJournal107>{{cite magazine |last=Obata |first=Toshishiro |date=1996 |title=Swords and Tradition: Reflecting on History and Tradition Through Japanese Swords |magazine=Aikido Journal|publisher=Aiki News |ISSN=1340-5624|edition=Print|volume=23|issue=2 (#107)|pages=21}}</ref> Nichijō's son, [[Obata Toramori]] (1491-1561), was one of the {{ill|Five Retainers of the Takeda|ja|武田の五名臣}} as well as one of the [[Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen]], serving both Takeda Nobutora and [[Takeda Shingen]], and like his father was appointed Ashigaru Daishō.{{highlight|[NEED BETTER CITES HERE]}}<ref name=Blitz1996August>{{cite magazine |last1=Hauenstein |first1=Gene |last2=Pocock |first2=Paul |date=August 1996 |title=A Slice of History |magazine=Blitz Martial Arts Magazine |publisher=Blitz Publications |ISSN=0818-9595 |edition=Print|volume=10|issue=8|pages=6-9}}</ref> Toramori eventually became lord of [[Matsushiro Castle|Kaizu Castle]] in [[Shinano Province|Shinshū Province]] (present-day [[Nagano Prefecture]]).<ref name=ArtetCombat2009JulyAugust /> Toramori's son, [[Obata Masamori]] (1534-1582), who also served as one of the Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen, fought in the [[Battle of Nagashino]] and succeeded his father as lord of Kaizu Castle.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Turnbull|first1=Stephen|title=The Samurai Sourcebook|date=2000|publisher=Cassell & Co.|location=London|isbn=1854095234|pages=222–223}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Turnbull|first1=Stephen|title=Battles of the Samurai|date=1987|publisher=Arms and Armour Press|location=London|isbn=9780853688266|pages=91}}</ref> Masamori's third son, [[Obata Kagenori]] (1572–1663), served [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]], and between 1615 and 1632 compiled the [[Kōyō Gunkan]], a highly influential military treatise recording Takeda clan exploits as well as military strategy and martial arts techniques promulgated under Takeda Shingen and [[Takeda Katsuyori]].<ref name=HirayamaAllAboutTakedaShingen /><ref name=AlexanderBennettNeglectedTreasure>{{cite book |last=Bennett |first=Alexander C. |date=1999 |title=Sword & Spirit: Classical Warrior Traditions of Japan, Volume 2 |chapter=Neglected Treasure: The Koyo Gunkan |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Sword_Spirit.html?id=AQ4JAAAACAAJ |location=Berkeley Heights, NJ |publisher=Koryu Books |pages=35-57 |isbn=9781890536053}}</ref> The Kōyō Gunkan was read widely and became a fixture in early modern samurai education, even circulating among non-samurai,<ref name=WertMilitaryMirrorofKai>{{cite journal |last=Wert |first=Michael |date=November 2014 |title=‘The Military Mirror of Kai’: Swordsmanship and a Medieval Text in Early Modern Japan |url=https://epublications.marquette.edu/hist_fac/180/ |journal=Das Mittelalter |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=407-419 |access-date=November 25, 2022 |quote=A bestseller, [the ''Kōyō Gunkan''] was read by warrior and commoners alike, and influenced popular culture, intellectual treatises, and history writing.}}</ref> and contains the first notable use of the term ''[[bushidō]]''.<ref name=AlexanderBennettNeglectedTreasure /><ref>{{cite book |title=武士道 第一章 武士道という語の登場|trans-title=Bushido Chapter I Appearance of the word Bushido |first=Kazuhiko |last=Kasaya |publisher=NTT publishing |year=2014 |isbn=978-4757143227 |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivQLopD7JJsC&q=%E7%94%B2%E9%99%BD%E8%BB%8D%E9%91%91%E3%80%80%E6%AD%A6%E5%A3%AB%E9%81%93&pg=PA7 |language=Japanese}}</ref> Its text also became the basis for ''Heihō Okugisho'' (兵法奥義書), one of Japan's earliest treatises on martial arts. {{highlight|[NEED CITE -- CHECK KOYO GUNKAN ENGLISH PAGE]}} Based upon his battlefield experience and the teachings of the Kōyō Gunkan, Kagenori founded the {{ill|Kōshū-ryū|ja|甲州流軍学}} school of military science (also called Takeda-ryū or Shingen-ryū), which became widely adopted and practiced under the [[Tokugawa shogunate]], and was recorded in the early 18th-century ''{{ill|Honchō Bugei Shōden|ja|本朝武芸小伝}}'' as the foundation for all subsequent military science styles.<ref name=WertMilitaryMirrorofKai /><ref>{{cite book |last= Frédéric |first=Louis |date=2002 |title=Japan Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Japan_Encyclopedia.html?id=HIPrAAAAMAAJ |location=Cambridge |publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |isbn= 9780674007703}}</ref>
-From a young age, Obata was inspired to study martial arts and swordsmanship by the examples of his samurai forebears, as well as ''[[chanbara]]'' films he enjoyed watching as a child and radio dramas like ''{{ill|Akadō Suzunosuke|ja|赤胴鈴之助}}''.<ref name=Gateway1991>{{cite magazine |date=January 1, 1991 |title='夢は大きな少年剣士' アメリカに生きるサムライ |trans-title='I Wanna Become a Big Boy Samurai’ – Samurai Living in America |language=Japanese| magazine=Gateway U.S.A.|edition=Print|volume=20|issue=1|pages=40-41 |quote=The quoted line is from a song from ''{{ill|Akadō Suzunosuke|ja|赤胴鈴之助}}''.}}</ref><ref name=BudoDojo1992Fall>{{cite magazine |last=Obata |first=Toshishiro |date=Fall 1992 |title=Shinkendo: On the Cutting Edge |magazine=Budo Dojo|publisher=Pacific Rim Publishing, Inc.|edition=Print|pages=7-9}}</ref> He also cites the examples of [[Miyamoto Musashi]] and [[Yagyū Munenori]] as sources of inspiration for pursuing martial arts training and the study of samurai warfare and strategy<ref name=KarateBushido1997October />, as well as [[Kamiizumi Nobutsuna]] and [[Nitta Yoshisada]], who, like Obata, hailed from Gunma prefecture.<ref name=ISFbiopage /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.e-budo.com/forum/showthread.php?1544-Shinkendo-s-Influences |title=Spotlight on Budo: Toshishiro Obata – Shinkendo |date=August 27, 2000 |website=E-Budo |access-date=November 12, 2022 |quote=[Thread title:] Shinkendo’s Influences}}</ref> As a young child, Obata gained early exposure to swordsmanship through his father, who studied [[Maniwa Nen-ryū]] at the local [[dōjō]] in nearby Maniwa under the tutelage of the Higuchi family.<ref name=BudoDojo1992Fall /><ref name=FightingKnives1993March>{{cite magazine |last=Hauenstein |first=Gene |date=March 1993 |title=Profile: Toshishiro Obata |magazine=Fighting Knives|publisher=L.F.P., Inc.|edition=Print|volume=5|issue=2|pages=54-57}}</ref> Obata decided to study [[jūdō]] or [[kendō]] at his elementary school, but school martial arts practice halted when the gymnasium burned down while he was in fifth or sixth grade.<ref name=InsideKarate1991June />  His family lacking monetary means in post-war Japan, Obata recalls spending his childhood exploring the [[Mount Akagi|Akagi mountains]] around his village and "playing" martial arts with other children.<ref name=InsideKarate1991June /><ref name=ObataBookShinkendo2020pxix>{{harvnb|Obata|2020|p=xix}}</ref>  Obata credits his weapon proficiency in part to his use of tools and farming implements while doing field and farm work as he grew up.<ref name=ObataBookShinkendo2020pxix>{{harvnb|Obata|2020|p=xix}}</ref><ref name=KunisawaInterview>{{cite web |url=https://www.shinkendo.com/origins.html |title=Origins of Shinkendo |last=Kunisawa |first=Sachiko |date=1996 |website=International Shinkendo Federation |publisher=International Shinkendo Federation |access-date=November 11, 2022 |quote=I remembered as a child wandering around in the mountains where I grew up. My 'toys' were things like hatchets and pick-axes!}}</ref>   He recalls cutting and fashioning tree branches to make practice swords, and trying out throwing and sweeping techniques he had learned from his father.<ref name=InsideKarate1991June />  In addition to a strong interest in martial arts, as a youth he developed a love for films and, in part inspired by the popular [[Shōwa era|Shōwa-era]] comedian {{ill|Ōmiya Toshimitsu|ja|大宮敏充}}, a desire to pursue acting.<ref name=Gateway1991 /><ref name=Blitz2008June />
+From a young age, Obata was inspired to study martial arts and swordsmanship by the examples of his samurai forebears, as well as ''[[chanbara]]'' films he enjoyed watching as a child and radio dramas like ''{{ill|Akadō Suzunosuke|ja|赤胴鈴之助}}''.<ref name=Gateway1991>{{cite magazine |date=January 1, 1991 |title='夢は大きな少年剣士' アメリカに生きるサムライ |trans-title='My Big Dream is to Become a Swordsman’ – Samurai Living in America |language=Japanese| magazine=Gateway U.S.A.|edition=Print|volume=20|issue=1|pages=40-41 }}</ref><ref name=BudoDojo1992Fall>{{cite magazine |last=Obata |first=Toshishiro |date=Fall 1992 |title=Shinkendo: On the Cutting Edge |magazine=Budo Dojo|publisher=Pacific Rim Publishing, Inc.|edition=Print|pages=7-9}}</ref> He also cites the examples of [[Miyamoto Musashi]] and [[Yagyū Munenori]] as sources of inspiration for pursuing martial arts training and the study of samurai warfare and strategy<ref name=KarateBushido1997October />, as well as [[Kamiizumi Nobutsuna]] and [[Nitta Yoshisada]], who, like Obata, hailed from Gunma prefecture.<ref name=ISFbiopage /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.e-budo.com/forum/showthread.php?1544-Shinkendo-s-Influences |title=Spotlight on Budo: Toshishiro Obata – Shinkendo |date=August 27, 2000 |website=E-Budo |access-date=November 12, 2022 |quote=[Thread title:] Shinkendo’s Influences}}</ref> As a young child, Obata gained early exposure to swordsmanship through his father, who studied [[Maniwa Nen-ryū]] at the local [[dōjō]] in nearby Maniwa under the tutelage of the Higuchi family.<ref name=BudoDojo1992Fall /><ref name=FightingKnives1993March>{{cite magazine |last=Hauenstein |first=Gene |date=March 1993 |title=Profile: Toshishiro Obata |magazine=Fighting Knives|publisher=L.F.P., Inc.|edition=Print|volume=5|issue=2|pages=54-57}}</ref> Obata decided to study [[jūdō]] or [[kendō]] at his elementary school, but school martial arts practice halted when the gymnasium burned down while he was in fifth or sixth grade.<ref name=InsideKarate1991June />  His family lacking monetary means in post-war Japan, Obata recalls spending his childhood exploring the [[Mount Akagi|Akagi mountains]] around his village and "playing" martial arts with other children.<ref name=InsideKarate1991June /><ref name=ObataBookShinkendo2020pxix>{{harvnb|Obata|2020|p=xix}}</ref>  Obata credits his weapon proficiency in part to his use of tools and farming implements while doing field and farm work as he grew up.<ref name=ObataBookShinkendo2020pxix>{{harvnb|Obata|2020|p=xix}}</ref><ref name=KunisawaInterview>{{cite web |url=https://www.shinkendo.com/origins.html |title=Origins of Shinkendo |last=Kunisawa |first=Sachiko |date=1996 |website=International Shinkendo Federation |publisher=International Shinkendo Federation |access-date=November 11, 2022 |quote=I remembered as a child wandering around in the mountains where I grew up. My 'toys' were things like hatchets and pick-axes!}}</ref>   He recalls cutting and fashioning tree branches to make practice swords, and trying out throwing and sweeping techniques he had learned from his father.<ref name=InsideKarate1991June />  In addition to a strong interest in martial arts, as a youth he developed a love for films and, in part inspired by the popular [[Shōwa era|Shōwa-era]] comedian {{ill|Ōmiya Toshimitsu|ja|大宮敏充}}, a desire to pursue acting.<ref name=Gateway1991 /><ref name=Blitz2008June />
+== Career and education ==
-[NOTE: If there's space, can include akazonae photo with caption: "Obata family ''{{ill|akazonae|ja|赤備え}}'' (赤備え) red armor on display at the Obata-machi museum"]
-[add young photo with dog? may be too informal]
-== Career and Education ==
 === 1966–1973: Yōshinkan Era ===
@@ Line 62: / Line 59: @@
 [[File:Toshishiro_Obata_pond_geta_uniform.jpg|thumb|right|175px|Obata at age 21 wearing ''[[keikogi|dōgi]]'' and ''[[geta (footwear)|geta]]'' at [[Meiji Jingū|Meiji-jingū]] in [[Tōkyō]]]]
-After graduating high school in 1966, Obata left Gunma prefecture to pursue martial arts training in [[Tōkyō]] at the age of eighteen.<ref name="KarateBushido2006March" /><ref name=Blitz2008June /> Obata considered studying [[karate]] or [[Shorinji Kempo|Shōrin-ji kempō]] until his roommate showed him a book about [[aikidō]], which piqued his curiosity.<ref name=InsideKarate1991June /> He visited the instructors class at the [[Yoshinkan|Yōshinkan]] [[Dojo#Honbu Dojo|Honbu Dōjō]] in [[Yoyogi]] led by [[Gozo Shioda|Shioda Gōzō]], a top disciple of aikidō founder [[Ueshiba Morihei]] who trained with him before the war.<ref name=MangsethFighter>{{cite magazine |last=Mangseth |first=Henrik  |title=Konsten att hugga med svärd |trans-title=The Art of Slashing with a Sword |language=Swedish| magazine=Fighter |edition=Print |pages=14-17}}</ref> Obata was impressed by the rigor and technique, and joined immediately.<ref name=InsideKarate1991June /> A few days after his enrollment, confident that he would pursue martial arts as a vocation, he applied for membership in the full-time instructors class as an ''[[uchi-deshi]]'' (live-in disciple) under Shioda, and was accepted.<ref name=InsideKarate1991June /><ref name=BudoInternational1995September>{{cite magazine |date=September 1995 |title=Toshishiro Obata: The ‘Swordsman’ |magazine=Budo International |language=German |edition=Print |pages=44-49}}</ref>
+After graduating high school in 1966, Obata left Gunma prefecture to pursue martial arts training in [[Tōkyō]] at the age of eighteen.<ref name="KarateBushido2006March" /><ref name=Blitz2008June /> Obata considered studying [[karate]] or [[Shorinji Kempo|Shōrin-ji kempō]] until his roommate showed him a book about [[aikidō]], which piqued his curiosity.<ref name=InsideKarate1991June /> He visited the instructors class at the [[Yoshinkan|Yōshinkan]] [[Dojo#Honbu dōjō|Honbu Dōjō]] in [[Yoyogi]] led by [[Gozo Shioda|Shioda Gōzō]], a top disciple of aikidō founder [[Ueshiba Morihei]] who trained with him before the war.<ref name=MangsethFighter>{{cite magazine |last=Mangseth |first=Henrik  |title=Konsten att hugga med svärd |trans-title=The Art of Slashing with a Sword |language=Swedish| magazine=Fighter |edition=Print |pages=14-17}}</ref> Obata was impressed by the rigor and technique, and joined immediately.<ref name=InsideKarate1991June /> A few days after his enrollment, confident that he would pursue martial arts as a vocation, he applied for membership in the full-time instructors class as an ''[[uchi-deshi]]'' (live-in disciple) under Shioda, and was accepted.<ref name=InsideKarate1991June /><ref name=BudoInternational1995September>{{cite magazine |date=September 1995 |title=Toshishiro Obata: The ‘Swordsman’ |magazine=Budo International |language=German |edition=Print |pages=44-49}}</ref>
 Obata spent seven years at the Yōshinkan as an uchi-deshi of Shioda.<ref name="encyclopedie_mondiale /><ref name="KarateBushido2006March" /> The Yōshinkan style was renowned for its toughness and efficiency, and Obata has described the apprenticeship as “military-style training.”<ref name="KarateBushido1996March" /><ref name=Blitz2008June />
@@ Line 74: / Line 71: @@
 Despite his full-time commitment to training and teaching aikidō at the Yōshinkan, Obata's interest in swordsmanship and classical martial arts grew during this period.<ref name=InsideKarate1991June /> Obata practiced sword techniques with a ''[[bokken]]'' (wooden sword) as part of aikidō training, and he would closely observe other sword schools performing techniques when he participated in martial arts demonstrations at the [[Nippon Budōkan]].<ref name=InsideKarate1991June /> Shioda encouraged Obata to gain exposure to and study other martial arts, including [[Yagyū Shinkage-ryū]].<ref name=ArtetCombat2009JulyAugust /><ref name=ObataBookShinkendo2020pxix>{{harvnb|Obata|2020|p=xix}}</ref> At the time, the Yagyūkai was renting space at the Yōshinkan Dōjō for their practice sessions,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://guillaumeerard.com/aikido/articles-aikido/it-aint-necessarily-so-banquo-s-ghost/ |title=It Ain't Necessarily So: Banquo's Ghost |last=Amdur |first=Ellis |date=November 2, 2013 |website=Guillaume Erard |access-date=October 15, 2022 |quote='The Yagyukai regularly rented space from the Yoshinkan, arranged by Furuta-san.'}}</ref> and Obata was encouraged to join, thereafter training for several years under headmaster [[Yagyu Nobuharu|Yagyū Nobuharu]].<ref name="encyclopedie_mondiale /><ref name=ArtetCombat2009JulyAugust /> Obata also studied [[Zen Buddhism]] with the {{ill|Shiyūkai|ja|師友協会}}, which rented space from the Yōshinkan at this time as well.<ref name=Blitz2008June /><ref name=Blitz2004June>{{cite magazine |last=Quick |first=Howard |date=June 2004 |title=Jojutsu: The Samurai Arts of Obata Kaiso |magazine=Blitz Martial Arts Magazine |publisher=Blitz Publications |ISSN=0818-9595 |edition=Print|volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=42-46}}</ref>
-While performing aikidō at a martial arts demonstration, Obata witnessed a sword demonstration by {{ill|Nakamura Taizaburō|ja|中村泰三郎}}, {{highlight |a student of the [[Meiji-era]] swordsman [[Nakayama Hakudō]]}}.<ref name=ClassicalFightingArts2004>{{cite magazine |last=Bolling |first=Tom |date=2004 |title=Remembering Nakamura Taizaburo Sensei |magazine=Classical Fightings Arts|publisher=Dragon Associates Inc. |edition=Print  |pages=44-46}}</ref> Nakamura had been a sword instructor to the Japanese army, and was an instructor of [[Toyama-ryū]] and [[Nakamura-ryū]] swordsmanship.<ref name=MangsethFighter /><ref name=KunisawaInterviewGeneral /> Although Nakamura was already in his fifties at the time, the power and focus of his cuts impressed Obata.<ref name=KunisawaInterviewGeneral /> At demonstrations, Obata observed that whereas some schools only cut thin reeds of bamboo, Toyama-ryū practitioners would regularly cut thick bundles of straw wrapped around a heavy piece of bamboo, intended to simulate flesh and bone.<ref name=InsideKarate1991June /><ref name=NakamuraBookp32>{{harvnb|Nakamura|2013|p=32}}</ref> Obata volunteered to assist Nakamura, who had been setting up and cleaning up cutting targets by himself, and decided that he would like to study with him if he had the chance.<ref name=KunisawaInterviewGeneral /> This encounter with Nakamura and his experience training in Yagyū Shinkage-ryū solidified Obata's resolve to further his study of swordsmanship.<ref name=MangsethFighter /> However, as a full-time uchi-deshi, Obata was not able to pursue other martial arts seriously, so he made the decision to conclude his seven-year apprenticeship at the Yōshinkan in 1973.<ref name=ObataBookShinkendo2020pxix /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.e-budo.com/forum/showthread.php?1521-Yoshinkai-affiliation |title=Spotlight on Budo: Toshishiro Obata – Shinkendo |date=August 22, 2000 |website=E-Budo |access-date=November 12, 2022 |quote=[Thread title:] Yoshinkai affiliation}}</ref>
+While performing aikidō at a martial arts demonstration, Obata witnessed a sword demonstration by {{ill|Nakamura Taizaburō|ja|中村泰三郎}}, a former sword instructor to the Japanese army<ref name=ClassicalFightingArts2004>{{cite magazine |last=Bolling |first=Tom |date=2004 |title=Remembering Nakamura Taizaburo Sensei |magazine=Classical Fightings Arts|publisher=Dragon Associates Inc. |edition=Print  |pages=44-46}}</ref> and an instructor of [[Toyama-ryū]] and [[Nakamura-ryū]] swordsmanship.<ref name=MangsethFighter /><ref name=KunisawaInterviewGeneral /> Although Nakamura was already in his fifties at the time, the power and focus of his cuts impressed Obata.<ref name=KunisawaInterviewGeneral /> At demonstrations, Obata observed that whereas some schools only cut thin reeds of bamboo, Toyama-ryū practitioners would regularly cut thick bundles of straw wrapped around a heavy piece of bamboo, intended to simulate flesh and bone.<ref name=InsideKarate1991June /><ref name=NakamuraBookp32>{{harvnb|Nakamura|2013|p=32}}</ref> Obata volunteered to assist Nakamura, who had been setting up and cleaning up cutting targets by himself, and decided that he would like to study with him if he had the chance.<ref name=KunisawaInterviewGeneral /> This encounter with Nakamura and his experience training in Yagyū Shinkage-ryū solidified Obata's resolve to further his study of swordsmanship.<ref name=MangsethFighter /> However, as a full-time uchi-deshi, Obata was not able to pursue other martial arts seriously, so he made the decision to conclude his seven-year apprenticeship at the Yōshinkan in 1973.<ref name=ObataBookShinkendo2020pxix /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.e-budo.com/forum/showthread.php?1521-Yoshinkai-affiliation |title=Spotlight on Budo: Toshishiro Obata – Shinkendo |date=August 22, 2000 |website=E-Budo |access-date=November 12, 2022 |quote=[Thread title:] Yoshinkai affiliation}}</ref>
 === 1973-1980: Wakakoma Era ===
@@ Line 82: / Line 79: @@
 Although licensed by Shioda to open his own aikidō school and teach independently, Obata chose to broaden his martial arts training and focus on swordsmanship, as well as begin to pursue his ambition of acting in film and television.<ref name=Gateway1991 /> In 1973, Obata joined {{ill|Wakakoma Pro|ja|若駒プロ}}, a troupe of martial artists specializing in stunts and martial arts training for Japanese film and television, led by action coordinator [[Kunishirō Hayashi|Hayashi Kunishirō]].<ref name="encyclopedie_mondiale /><ref name=KarateBushido1997October /> At the time, the Wakakoma was enjoying prominence due to its ongoing work for the prestigious annual [[NHK]] [[taiga drama|taiga dramas]] and its recent involvement in the [[James Bond]] film ''[[You Only Live Twice (film)|You Only Live Twice]]'', much of which was filmed in Japan using Wakakoma martial artists.<ref name=InsideKarate1991June />
-Obata was introduced to Hayashi through Nakamura, and the two quickly formed a good rapport, with Hayashi soliciting Obata's advice on martial arts matters.<ref name=KunisawaInterviewGeneral /> Hayashi eventually invited Obata to join him at the Wakakoma as ''bujutsu shihan'' (武術師範; Chief Instructor of Martial Arts), specializing in aikidō.<ref name=ArtetCombat2009JulyAugust /><ref name=KunisawaInterviewGeneral /> Obata accepted, and became Hayashi's pupil at his Tate Dōjō, where he studied action coordination and {{ill|Japanese film swordplay|ja|殺陣}}.<ref name=Gateway1991 /><ref name=KarateBushido1997October /> Obata recalls that Hayashi's goal was to ensure that Japanese martial arts techniques were accurately and realistically represented in his film projects for the NHK, which aligned with Obata's desire to research and study classical Japanese martial arts.<ref name=KunisawaInterviewGeneral /> Obata continued to enjoy a good rapport with Hayashi throughout his apprenticeship, and recalls leveraging that rapport on one occasion to convince Hayashi to quit smoking, threatening to quit if he refused. To Obata's surprise, Hayashi agreed, and quit smoking immediately.<ref name=KunisawaInterviewGeneral />
+Obata was introduced to Hayashi through Nakamura, and the two quickly formed a good rapport, with Hayashi soliciting Obata's advice on martial arts matters.<ref name=KunisawaInterviewGeneral /> Hayashi eventually invited Obata to join him at the Wakakoma as ''bujutsu shihan'' (武術師範; Chief Instructor of Martial Arts), specializing in aikidō.<ref name=ArtetCombat2009JulyAugust /><ref name=KunisawaInterviewGeneral /> Obata accepted, and became Hayashi's pupil at his Tate Dōjō, where he studied action coordination and {{ill|Japanese film swordplay|ja|殺陣}}.<ref name=Gateway1991 /><ref name=KarateBushido1997October /> Obata recalls that Hayashi's goal was to ensure that Japanese martial arts techniques were accurately and realistically represented in his film projects for the NHK, which aligned with Obata's desire to research and study classical Japanese martial arts.<ref name=KunisawaInterviewGeneral /><ref>{{harvnb|Nakamura|2013|p=310}}</ref> Obata continued to enjoy a good rapport with Hayashi throughout his apprenticeship, and recalls leveraging that rapport on one occasion to convince Hayashi to quit smoking, threatening to quit if he refused. To Obata's surprise, Hayashi agreed, and quit smoking immediately.<ref name=KunisawaInterviewGeneral />
 After three years of training under Hayashi, Obata advanced to the role of assistant ''tateshi'' (action coordinator), and occasionally led training sessions by himself.<ref name=AikidoJournal101>{{cite magazine |last=Obata |first=Toshishiro |date=1994 |title=Shinkendo is My Life |magazine=Aikido Journal|publisher=Aiki News |ISSN=1340-5624|edition=Print|volume=21|issue=4 (#101)|pages=58-64}}</ref> Obata trained in and later taught historically accurate methods for wearing armor and traditional dress, as well as mounted archery and battlefield techniques of the spear and ''[[naginata]]'' ([[glaive]]).<ref name=ArtetCombat2009JulyAugust /><ref name=Blitz2008June /> Obata recalls that portrayal of a samurai in keeping with the NHK's exacting standards necessitated exhaustive research and immersive knowledge of samurai life in great detail, to the effect that one became "in every respect a samurai persona."<ref name=AustralasianFightingArts1993FebMar /> Wakakoma members were expected to be well-versed in samurai etiquette, and be able to handle all manner of weapons skillfully while wearing full armor and on horseback.<ref name=InsideKarate1991June /> Stunt work involved falling from horseback safely and performing acrobatics while fully armed.<ref name=AikidoJournal101 /> Obata was required to develop action coordination expertise by studying historical records of samurai warfare and treatises on battlefield strategy such that clashes between armies and small-scale skirmishes and ambushes could be reproduced faithfully on screen.<ref name=MangsethFighter /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.e-budo.com/forum/showthread.php?1563-Questions-about-Shin-Choku-Giri-amp-Purpose-of-Shinkendo |title=Spotlight on Budo: Toshishiro Obata – Shinkendo |date=August 25, 2000 |website=E-Budo |access-date=November 12, 2022 |quote=[Thread title:] Questions about Shin Choku-Giri & Purpose of Shinkendo}}</ref> Drawing on his Yōshinkan background, Obata also taught and disseminated aikidō techniques among the Wakakoma members and NHK actors.<ref name=KarateBushido1997October /> Whereas jūdō techniques had heretofore been a staple in hand-to-hand combat scenes, Obata introduced aikidō to the film industry, and is credited with popularizing aikidō techniques in Japanese film and television.<ref name=ISFbiopage /><ref name=BlackBelt2008July />
@@ Line 100: / Line 97: @@
 Obata recalls that he was "more or less penniless" for the seven years he worked for the Wakakoma and studied martial arts, but that it was "still one of the most enjoyable times in my life."<ref name=AikidoJournal101 /> His opportunity at the Wakakoma to concentrate fully on researching and practicing various Japanese martial arts later became the basis for establishing his own school of swordsmanship and martial arts.<ref name=AikidoJournal101 /><ref name=RafuShimpo29985>{{cite magazine |last=Katsumata |date=August 27, 2003 |title=真剣に人生を生きる 日常生活の礼儀作法も |trans-title=Living Life Earnestly — The Etiquette of Daily Life |language=Japanese |magazine=[[Rafu Shimpo]] |publisher=L.A. News Publishing Co. |edition=Print |issue=29,985 |pages=13}}</ref> By the end of his seven-year tenure at the Wakakoma, Obata was qualified to operate independently as an action coordinator in the Japanese film and television industry.<ref name=Gateway1991 /> However, Obata decided to leave the Wakakoma and elected instead to move to the [[United States]] and pursue a career as an actor and action coordinator in [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]].<ref name=AikidoJournal107 /><ref name=Blitz2008June />
+=== 1980-present: Hollywood Era ===
+[[File:Toshishiro_Obata_Donatello_TMNT.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Obata on the set of ''[[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990 film)|Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles]]'']]
+In 1980, Obata concluded his tenure at the Wakakoma and relocated to [[Los Angeles]], [[California]] at the age of thirty-two.<ref name="KarateBushido1995October" /><ref name=BudoInternational1995September /> Obata had long held a strong desire to travel, and had previously visited the United States once in 1978, admiring the spaciousness, as well as the agreeable climate and relaxed atmosphere of [[Southern California]].<ref name=Gateway1991 /> His wife Michiyo, whom he married in 1976, remained behind in Tōkyō with their young sons while he attempted to gain traction and earn a livelihood in the United States. As a new migrant, however, Obata faced immediate challenges, as he lacked resident status, money, and employment, and spoke no English.<ref name=Gateway1991 />
+One of Obata's aims in moving to the United States was to introduce ''[[battōdō]]'' (the art of sword-drawing) and tameshigiri to the West.<ref name=Gateway1991 /><ref name=RafuShimpo28106 /> Prior to his departure to the United States, Nakamura appointed Obata the head of the USA Toyama-ryū Federation, USA Nakamura-ryū Federation, and USA Battōdō Federation, operating under the corresponding Japanese federations.<ref name=ArtetCombat2009JulyAugust /><ref name=Blitz2008June /> With Nakamura's fiat, Obata established the United States [[Dojo#Honbu dōjō|Honbu Dōjō]] (headquarters) for Toyama-ryū and Nakamura-ryū in 1981, teaching initially at the [[Nichiren-shū]] [[Buddhist temple]] in [[Boyle Heights]] and later also at the Japanese Institute of [[Sawtelle, Los Angeles|Sawtelle]],<ref name=GuyPowerBlog2020 /><ref name=MichaelShu2009Foreword>{{cite book |last=Obata |first=Toshishiro |editor-last=Shu |editor-first=Michael |author-link= |date=2009 |title=60 Years: Obata Toshishiro |chapter=Foreword |url= |location= |publisher= |pages=1-2 |isbn=978-1440429347}}</ref> both Japanese-American enclaves in Los Angeles.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.laconservancy.org/japanese-american-heritage|title=Japanese American Heritage|website=The Los Angeles Conservancy|url-status=live|access-date=2019-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109111850/https://www.laconservancy.org/japanese-american-heritage|archive-date=2019-11-09}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Okazaki|first=Manami|title=Sawtelle Japantown: A return to one's roots?|date=November 4, 2017|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2017/11/04/lifestyle/sawtelle-japantown-return-ones-roots/#.Wf-HQIFSxD8|newspaper=[[The Japan Times]]}}</ref> Students from outside the community became acquainted with Obata's school through referrals from Japan, the [[Japanese consulate]] in Los Angeles, and newspaper and magazine articles reporting on Obata in English and Japanese.<ref name=GuyPowerBlog2020 /><ref name=AikidoJournal101 /> Early students included martial arts instructors, law enforcement personnel, and a [[Captain (armed forces)|captain]] in the [[United States Army]].<ref name=GuyPowerBlog2020 /><ref name=AikidoJournal101 />
+Obata became a fixture in the Japanese-American community soon after his arrival, giving demonstrations of aikidō, battōdō, and test-cutting at local cultural events and appearing in Japanese-language media.<ref name=RafuShimpo23349>{{cite magazine |date=April 21, 1981 |title=日本刀試斬り演武 米羅中の小幡利城氏 |trans-title=Japanese Sword Test-Cutting Demonstration – Mr. Obata Toshishiro in America  |language=Japanese |magazine=[[Rafu Shimpo]] |publisher=L.A. News Publishing Co. |edition=Print |issue=23349 |page=12}}</ref> He began writing articles and books on battōdō, aikidō, ninpō, and Ryūkyū Kobudō, as well as filming instructional videos and giving seminars throughout the United States.<ref name=ArtetCombat2009JulyAugust /><ref name=Focus1991 /> Obata's dōjō continued to attract law enforcement personnel as students,<ref name=MichaelShu2009General>{{cite book |editor-last=Shu |editor-first=Michael |author-link= |date=2009 |title=60 Years: Obata Toshishiro |url= |location= |publisher= |isbn=978-1440429347}}</ref> and Obata was also hired by the [[Long Beach Police Department (California)|Long Beach Police Department]] to teach criminal apprehension and arresting techniques to its officers.<ref name="asahi1998-10-14">{{Cite news |date=October 14, 1998 |title=前橋の道場で演武披露 |trans-title=Martial Arts Demonstration at Maebashi Dōjō | language=Japanese |work=[[The Asahi Shimbun]] |publisher=The Asahi Shimbun Company}}</ref> Reuniting with Michiyo in 1983, Obata and his wife, also a Yōshinkan ''[[yudansha|yūdansha]]'', began teaching aikidō to children, with their own children training in the dōjō everyday after school.<ref name=OsagawaseUSA1990 /><ref name=Focus1991 /> Obata also continued to teach martial arts and swordsmanship to various Japanese actors who would fly to Los Angeles to study at his dōjō for extended periods, including NHK taiga drama leads such as {{ill|Takita Sakae|ja|滝田栄}}.<ref name=RafuShimpo24880 /><ref name=BridgeUSA1998>{{cite magazine |date=October 1, 1998 |title=俳優 滝田崇氏 |trans-title=Actor Takita Sakae |language=Japanese| magazine=Bridge USA|edition=Print|issue=225|pages=59-62 }}</ref>
+As his career as an independent martial artist gained momentum, Obata also found purchase in Hollywood.<ref name=Gateway1991 /> He started working as an action coordinator in films and television programs, training actors in various Japanese martial arts.<ref name=Gateway1991 /><ref name=E-BudoHollywood>{{cite web |url=https://www.e-budo.com/forum/showthread.php?1490-Budo-and-Hollywood |title=Spotlight on Budo: Toshishiro Obata – Shinkendo |date=August 21, 2000 |website=E-Budo |access-date=November 12, 2022 |quote=[Thread title:] Budo and Hollywood}}</ref> On set, Obata often encountered superficial regard for martial arts and a lack of thoughtful preparation for fight scenes, including instances of actors in martial arts actions films who had never trained in any martial arts before shooting, and found himself motivated to create movies with "high-quality and perfectly executed martial arts" in the United States.<ref name=Gateway1991 /> In keeping with his work with the Wakakoma, Obata continued to prioritize accurate representation of authentic Japanese martial arts on screen, and cites this as one of his reasons for venturing into Hollywood.<ref name=InsideKarate1991June /> Soon, however, Obata caught the attention of directors and casting agents due to his intimidating appearance, martial arts ability, and personality, and found himself representing Japanese martial arts on screen directly as an actor.<ref name=Gateway1991 /><ref name=E-BudoHollywood />
+Obata's first on-screen appearance in Hollywood was in the 1984 film ''Ghost Warrior'', also known as ''Swordkill'', a rare Hollywood film that featured a Japanese lead, [[Fujioka Hiroshi]].<ref name="IMDBGhostWarrior">{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0091110/ |title=''Ghost Warrior'' at Internet Movie Database (IMDb) |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date=September 15, 2022 |quote=}}</ref> In some of his subsequent films, Obata served dual roles as actor and action coordinator, such as ''[[Showdown in Little Tokyo]]'' (1991), in which he trained actors [[Dolph Lundgren]] and [[Brandon Lee]] in Japanese martial arts, as well as serving as one of the film's lead antagonists.<ref name=BudoInternational1995September /><ref name=Focus1991 /> In addition to training Lundgren in swordsmanship and tameshigiri, Obata also recorded lines of Japanese dialogue that appeared in the script in order to aid Lundgren with his pronunciation.<ref name=Focus1991 /><ref name=E-BudoCurious>{{cite web |url=https://www.e-budo.com/forum/showthread.php?1546-Curious-fan |title=Spotlight on Budo: Toshishiro Obata – Shinkendo |date=August 24, 2000 |website=E-Budo |access-date=November 12, 2022 |quote=[Thread title:] Curious fan}}</ref> Due to Lee's background in martial arts, Obata and Lee were able to freely choreograph their climactic fighting scene in which Obata's character is defeated.<ref name=E-BudoCurious /><ref name=BlackBelt1996February>{{cite magazine |last=Allen |first=Terence |last2=Coleman |first2=Jim |date=February 1996 |title=Dynamic Duos: Martial Arts Movie Greats Work Well in Pairs |magazine=Black Belt |publisher=Rainbow Publications, Inc. |ISSN=0277-3066|edition=Print|volume=34|issue=2|pages=30-35, 149}}</ref> Through their work on the film, Obata and Lee developed a strong friendship, and Obata was saddened at Lee's death in 1993.<ref name=BudoInternational1995September /><ref name=AikidoJournal101 />
+Obata went on to appear in numerous Hollywood films as well as television programs, and attained sufficient renown that he no longer was required to audition for roles.<ref name=Gateway1991 /> Notable films in which he appeared include ''[[Black Rain (1989 American film)|Black Rain]]'' (1989), ''[[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990 film)|Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Movie]]'' (1990) and ''[[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze]]'' (1991), ''[[Rising Sun (film)|Rising Sun]]'' (1993), ''[[Demolition Man (film)|Demolition Man]]'' (1993), ''[[The Shadow (1994 film)|The Shadow]]'' (1994), and ''[[The Hunted (1995 film)|The Hunted]]'' (1995), appearing opposite celebrity actors including [[Sean Connery]], [[Michael Douglas]], [[Sylvester Stallone]], [[Wesley Snipes]], [[Ken Takakura]], [[Matsuda Yūsaku]], [[Christopher Lambert]], and [[Alec Baldwin]].<ref name=ArtetCombat2009JulyAugust /><ref name=KarateBushido1996March /> During the filming of ''The Hunted'' in 1995, Obata recollects that he was able to reunite with one of his Wakakoma ''[[kōhai]]'' (juniors), {{highlight|Togo Hidenobu}}, who served as a special martial arts coordinator on the production.<ref name=E-BudoCurious /> Obata also worked on several films with [[Cynthia Rothrock]] and [[Richard Norton (actor)|Richard Norton]], actors well known for their martial arts action film roles.<ref name=rafu-shimpo /><ref name=AustralasianFightingArts1993FebMar /> Obata taught Norton swordsmanship for his role in ''[[The Sword of Bushido]]'' (1990), and Norton choreographed Obata's fight scene with [[Chuck Norris]] in a 1993 episode of ''[[Walker, Texas Ranger]]''.<ref name=E-BudoCurious />
+{{highlight|[Include photo of training Dolph Lundgren]}}
+Obata's growing success in Hollywood was not without ongoing challenges. His main obstacle was English, having immigrated to the United States at thirty-two, which Obata felt was too old an age to learn English properly.<ref name=AikidoJournal101 /> Although Obata had difficulty understanding his directors, his long experience working in the Japanese film and television industry allowed him to intuit their intent and perform well in front of a camera, and he found himself cast in roles that relied more on character or image than substantive dialogue.<ref name=RafuShimpo28106 /><ref name=AikidoJournal101 /> Frequently, his children would help him practice pronouncing his lines correctly, and at times he requested simpler revisions of his lines from his directors; occasionally, his voice was simply dubbed over entirely.<ref name=rafu-shimpo />
+Obata also encountered cultural difficulties as a Japanese immigrant working in Hollywood. Despite his eventual success, he likened the barriers to entry into the American film industry to the [[Great Wall of China]], and found his Japanese set of values at times incongruous with others while working on movie sets.<ref name=Gateway1991 /> He also found that many Americans held an outdated view of Japanese people as typified by [[Mifune Toshirō]] and [[Shimura Takashi]], though Obata opined that this ultimately worked in his favor, leading his samurai ancestry and profession as a martial artist to be highly valued both inside and outside the film industry.<ref name=Gateway1991 /> Based on his experiences, Obata has published advice for Japanese actors looking to find success in Hollywood.<ref name=RafuShimpo28106 />
+Despite enjoying his work as an action coordinator and fight choreographer, Obata has also expressed criticism at the lack of recognition afforded to action coordinators in both the United States and Japan for their high level of training and accomplishment in martial arts, horsemanship, and acrobatic ability.<ref name=AikidoJournal101 />
+==== ''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles'' films ====
+[[File:Temporary placeholder photo.jpg|thumb|left|175px|Theatrical poster for ''[[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990 film)|Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles]]'' (1990)]]
+[[File:Obata_TMNT_1990_set.jpg|thumb|right|250px]]
+Obata's breakout role in Hollywood was playing Master Tatsu in the martial arts action film ''[[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990 film)|Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles]]'' (1990), produced by [[Orange Sky Golden Harvest|Golden Harvest]].<ref name=RafuShimpo28106 /><ref name=AustralasianFightingArts1993FebMar /> Despite mixed reviews from critics, ''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles'' was a box-office success, grossing $202 million against a budget of $13.5 million, becoming the highest-grossing independent film up to that time and for the next decade,<ref name="HollywoodReporter2015">{{cite web |date=April 2, 2015 |author=Aaron Couch |title='Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles': Untold Story of the Movie "Every Studio in Hollywood" Rejected |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-untold-785653 |access-date=2021-04-01 }}</ref> as well as the ninth highest-grossing film worldwide of 1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/world/1990/?ref_=bo_cso_table_1|title=1990 Worldwide Box Office |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|publisher=[[IMDb]]|access-date=March 7, 2020}}</ref> The film also broke the record for the biggest opening weekend for an independent film,<ref>{{cite news|last=Broeske|first=Pat H.|date=April 3, 1990|title=Turtles Wax the Opposition at Box Office : Film: Moviegoers spent more than $25 million on the opening weekend of the New Line Cinema movie.|work=The Los Angeles Times|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-04-03-ca-826-story.html?_amp=true|url-status=live|access-date=2010-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804124917/https://articles.latimes.com/1990-04-03/entertainment/ca-826_1_weekend-box|archive-date=August 4, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Daily Variety]]|title=Top 10 Gets Rise Out Of Freddy|last=McBride|first=Joseph|page=1|date=September 17, 1991}}</ref> and went on to gross $32 million in its opening week, making it the second biggest US opening ever at that point, after [[Tim Burton]]'s ''[[Batman (1989 film)|Batman]]'' (1989).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Wes |title=Turtle mania: Everything you need to know about America's Ninja heroes in a half shell |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/811085186/ |access-date=21 April 2022 |work=[[Anderson Independent-Mail]] |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |date=7 May 1990 |page=6A |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Within the martial arts action film genre, ''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles'' deposed ''[[The Karate Kid]]'' (1984) as the highest-grossing film, which had earned $130 million.<ref name=Gateway1991 /> Obata reprised his role as Master Tatsu in the sequel ''[[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze]]'' (1991), which was also a box-office success, becoming the thirteenth highest-grossing film domestically that year.<ref>{{cite web | title=1991 Domestic Grosses| work=Boxofficemojo.com | url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?view2=wide&view=domestic&yr=1991&p=.htm | access-date=19 September 2006 }}</ref>
+Obata was originally cast as [[Shredder (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)|The Shredder]], the leading villain role in the film, due to his formidable appearance.<ref name=InsideKarate1991June /><ref name=OsagawaseUSA1990 /> He initially turned down the offer, citing his reluctance to put on a mask and obscure his face.<ref name=rafu-shimpo /> Instead, director [[Steve Barron]] decided to create another leading role for him to play, and invented the role of Master Tatsu for Obata, which was not in the original script.<ref name=rafu-shimpo /><ref name=RafuShimpo28106 /> At Obata's request, Barron also agreed to shorten his lines, due to his difficulty with English.<ref name=RafuShimpo28106 />
+{{blockquote|Master Tatsu is nothing like me, but he has caught people's attention. Strangers come up to me and ask me if my head is all right now because in the movie I was hit with a golf club.<ref name=InsideKarate1991June />}}
+After the film's success, Obata became instantly recognizable overnight.<ref name=rafu-shimpo /><ref name=Gateway1991 /> As a result of the ''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles'' films and other films in which he coordinated Japanese-style swordplay or appeared using a sword, Obata has been credited with precipitating the Hollywood "samurai craze,"<ref name=Gateway1991 /> and was even dubbed the "Samurai of Hollywood."<ref name=KarateBushido1995October /><ref name=NichiBeiKabutowari>{{Cite news |last=堀田 |first=清司 |date=March 25, 1994 |title=小幡利城の兜割り |trans-title=Obata Toshishiro’s Helmet-Splitting |language=Japanese |work=[[Nichi Bei Times]]}}</ref>
+''See {{section link||Filmography}} for films.''