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| transcription_name = ''sak’art’velos damp’udznebeli kreba''
| transcription_name = ''sak’art’velos damp’udznebeli kreba''
| legislature = Recognized as the First Convocation of the [[Parliament of Georgia]]
| legislature = Recognized as the First Convocation of the [[Parliament of Georgia]]
| coa_pic = Coat of Arms of the Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918 document) crop.png
| coa_pic = Coat of Arms of Democratic Republic of Georgia.svg
| coa_res = 150px
| coa_res = 150px
| coa_caption=Emblem of the [[Democratic Republic of Georgia|DRG]]
| coa_caption=Emblem of the [[Democratic Republic of Georgia|DRG]]
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* {{nowrap|{{Color box|#8B0000|border=darkgray}} [[Social Democratic Party of Georgia]] (109)}}
* {{nowrap|{{Color box|#8B0000|border=darkgray}} [[Social Democratic Party of Georgia]] (109)}}
'''Opposition (21)'''<br>
'''Opposition (21)'''<br>
* {{nowrap|{{Color box|#FF9F0F|border=darkgray}} {{ill|National Democratic Party (DRG)|ka|ეროვნულ-დემოკრატიული პარტია (ისტორიული)}} (8)}}
* {{nowrap|{{Color box|#FF9F0F|border=darkgray}} [[National Democrats of Georgia]] (8)}}
* {{nowrap|{{Color box|#483D8B|border=darkgray}} [[Georgian Socialist-Federalist Revolutionary Party]] (8)}}
* {{nowrap|{{Color box|#483D8B|border=darkgray}} [[Georgian Socialist-Federalist Revolutionary Party]] (8)}}
* {{nowrap|{{Color box|#BD0000|border=darkgray}} [[Socialist-Revolutionary Party of Georgia]] (5)}}
* {{nowrap|{{Color box|#BD0000|border=darkgray}} [[Socialist-Revolutionary Party of Georgia]] (5)}}
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| meeting_place = Interior of the Plenary Hall<br/> [[Georgian National Youth Palace|National Palace]]<br/>6 [[Rustaveli Avenue]], [[Tbilisi]]}}
| meeting_place = Interior of the Plenary Hall<br/> [[Georgian National Youth Palace|National Palace]]<br/>6 [[Rustaveli Avenue]], [[Tbilisi]]}}


The '''Constituent Assembly of Georgia''' ({{lang-ka|საქართველოს დამფუძნებელი კრება}}, ''sak’art’velos damp’udznebeli kreba'') was a national [[legislature]] of the [[Democratic Republic of Georgia]] which was elected in February 1919 to ratify the Act of Independence of Georgia and enact the [[Constitution of Georgia (country)|Constitution]] of 1921. The assembly remained active until the [[Russian SFSR|Soviet Russian]] [[Red Army invasion of Georgia|military intervention]] brought Georgia’s three-year independence to an end in March 1921.
The '''Constituent Assembly of Georgia''' ({{lang-ka|საქართველოს დამფუძნებელი კრება|tr}}) was a national [[legislature]] of the [[Democratic Republic of Georgia]] which was elected in February 1919 to ratify the [[Act of Independence of Georgia]] and enact the [[Constitution of Georgia (country)|Constitution]] of 1921. The assembly remained active until the [[Russian SFSR|Soviet Russian]] [[Red Army invasion of Georgia|military intervention]] brought Georgia’s three-year independence to an end in March 1921.


== Election ==
== Election ==
After the [[Russian Revolution of 1917]], Georgia seceded from [[Russia]] first as a part of the [[Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic]] on April 9, 1918, and then as its own [[Democratic Republic of Georgia|sovereign republic]] on May 26, 1918, the day when the [[Georgian National Council]] anonymously adopted the Act of Independence of Georgia. According to this act, “the Democratic Republic of Georgia equally guarantees to every citizen within her limits political rights irrespective of nationality, creed, social rank or sex". The Council declared itself provisional Parliament in October 1918 and began preparations for a nationwide legislative elections - the only general elections in pre-Soviet Georgia.<ref>Nohlen, Dieter; Grotz, Florian & Hartmann, Christof (2001), ''Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook'', pp. 372-4. [[Oxford University Press]], {{ISBN|0-19-924958-X}}.</ref>
After the [[Russian Revolution of 1917]], Georgia seceded from [[Russia]] first as a part of the [[Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic]] on 9 April 1918, and then as its own [[Democratic Republic of Georgia|sovereign republic]] on 26 May 1918, the day when the [[Georgian National Council]] anonymously adopted the [[Act of Independence of Georgia]]. According to this act, “the Democratic Republic of Georgia equally guarantees to every citizen within her limits political rights irrespective of nationality, creed, social rank or sex". The Council declared itself provisional Parliament in October 1918 and began preparations for a nationwide legislative elections - the only general elections in pre-Soviet Georgia.<ref>Nohlen, Dieter; Grotz, Florian & Hartmann, Christof (2001), ''Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook'', pp. 372-4. [[Oxford University Press]], {{ISBN|0-19-924958-X}}.</ref>


The Constituent Assembly was elected in the free and direct elections held from February 14 to 17 1919, to ratify the Act of Independence and adopt the republic’s constitution. The elections were contested by 15 political parties and the results were a triumph for the [[Georgian Social Democratic (Menshevik) Party|Social-Democratic Party]] ([[Mensheviks]]) and its leaders. Of the 130 seats in the Assembly, they obtained 109; the [[National Democratic Party of Georgia]] (NDP) took 8 seats, the [[Social-Federalist Party of Georgia]] (SFs) – 8 and the Socialist-Revolutionary Party of Georgia (SRs) – 5, forming the corresponding four factions and the two additional factions, those of the National Party and of the [[Dashnaktsutiun]].{{cn|date=February 2018}}
The Constituent Assembly was elected in the free and direct elections held from 14 to 17 February 1919, to ratify the Act of Independence and adopt the republic’s constitution. The elections were contested by 15 political parties and the results were a triumph for the [[Georgian Social Democratic (Menshevik) Party|Social-Democratic Party]] ([[Mensheviks]]) and its leaders. Of the 130 seats in the Assembly, they obtained 109; the [[National Democratic Party of Georgia]] (NDP) took 8 seats, the [[Social-Federalist Party of Georgia]] (SFs) – 8 and the Socialist-Revolutionary Party of Georgia (SRs) – 5, forming the corresponding four factions and the two additional factions, those of the National Party and of the [[Dashnaktsutiun]].{{cn|date=February 2018}}


The election saw fifteen women candidates stand for election, five of which were successfully elected to the 130 person assembly, all on the Social democratic ticket. The five elected assemblywomen were [[Ana Sologashvili]], [[Elisabeth Nakashidze-Bolkvadze]], [[Kristine Sharashidze]], [[Eleonora Ter-Parsegova-Makhviladze]] and [[Minadora Orjonikidze-Toroshelidze]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ugrekhelidze |first1=Mariam |title=The five women who crafted the Georgian constitution |url=https://jam-news.net/founding-mothers/ |website=JAMnews |accessdate=8 February 2020 |date=2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Exhibition honours women of Georgia’s first Constituent Assembly in 1919-1921 |url=https://agenda.ge/en/news/2015/2159 |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=Agenda.ge}}</ref>
The election saw fifteen women candidates stand for election, five of whom were elected to the 130 person assembly, all on the Social democratic ticket. The five elected assemblywomen were [[Anna Sologashvili]], [[Elisabeth Nakashidze-Bolkvadze]], [[Kristine Sharashidze]], [[Eleonora Ter-Parsegova-Makhviladze]] and [[Minadora Orjonikidze|Minadora Orjonikidze-Toroshelidze]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ugrekhelidze |first1=Mariam |title=The five women who crafted the Georgian constitution |url=https://jam-news.net/founding-mothers/ |website=JAMnews |accessdate=8 February 2020 |date=2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Exhibition honours women of Georgia's first Constituent Assembly in 1919-1921 |url=https://agenda.ge/en/news/2015/2159 |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=Agenda.ge}}</ref>


[[Nikolay Chkheidze]], from the [[Georgian Social Democratic (Menshevik) Party|Social-Democratic Party]], was elected president, Ekvtime Takhaishvili from the [[National Democratic Party of Georgia]] and Samson Pirtskhalava and Simon Mdivani, from the [[Social-Federalist Party of Georgia]], vice-presidents.
[[Nikolay Chkheidze]], from the [[Georgian Social Democratic (Menshevik) Party|Social-Democratic Party]], was elected president, Ekvtime Takhaishvili from the [[National Democratic Party of Georgia]] and Samson Pirtskhalava and Simon Mdivani, from the [[Social-Federalist Party of Georgia]], vice-presidents.


On March 21, 1919, the Assembly elected [[Noe Zhordania]] head of government, and he formed a new cabinet.<ref>{{in lang|ka}} [http://www.parliament.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=184 The Constituent Assembly, 1919-21]. ''[[Parliament of Georgia]]''.</ref>
On 21 March 1919 the Assembly elected [[Noe Zhordania]] head of government, and he formed a new cabinet.<ref>{{in lang|ka}} [http://www.parliament.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=184 The Constituent Assembly, 1919-21]. ''[[Parliament of Georgia]]''.</ref>


== Legislation ==
== Legislation ==
During its two-year history, the Assembly adopted 126 laws, notably on citizenship, local elections, the country's defense, agriculture, legal system, political and administrative arrangements for ethnic minorities, a national system of public education, and some other laws and regulations on fiscal/monetary policy, the Georgian railways, trade and domestic production, etc.<ref>David Losaberidze (1998), [http://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/96-98/losaberi.pdf The Problem of Nationalism in Georgia], pp. 5-6. ''The [[NATO]] Research Fellowships Program''.</ref> In July 1919, the Assembly set up a [[Senate]] whose members were to be elected by the nation’s legislative body to "supervise the observance and defense of laws and to ensure strict adherence to them by all organizations, persons, and local government organs." The Senate was essentially an appellate court but also had the power to revoke any government decision contrary to law and to deal with complaints against courts.<ref name="counsel">Christopher Peter, Michael Waters (2004), ''Counsel in the Caucasus: Professionalization and Law in Georgia'', pp. 36-7. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, {{ISBN|90-04-13947-8}}.</ref>
During its two-year history, the Assembly adopted 126 laws, notably on citizenship, local elections, the country's defense, agriculture, legal system, political and administrative arrangements for ethnic minorities, a national system of public education, and some other laws and regulations on fiscal/monetary policy, the Georgian railways, trade and domestic production, etc.<ref>David Losaberidze (1998), [http://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/96-98/losaberi.pdf The Problem of Nationalism in Georgia], pp. 5-6. ''The [[NATO]] Research Fellowships Program''.</ref> In July 1919, the Assembly set up a [[Senate]] whose members were to be elected by the nation’s legislative body to "supervise the observance and defense of laws and to ensure strict adherence to them by all organizations, persons, and local government organs." The Senate was essentially an appellate court but also had the power to revoke any government decision contrary to law and to deal with complaints against courts.<ref name="counsel">Christopher Peter, Michael Waters (2004), ''Counsel in the Caucasus: Professionalization and Law in Georgia'', pp. 36-7. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, {{ISBN|90-04-13947-8}}.</ref>


Preoccupied with uneasy foreign relations and domestic problems in the years of the [[Russian Civil War]], the Georgian government was not able to fully implement in practice the progressive program laid out in the legislation. By early 1921, the Constituent Assembly had drafted Georgia’s first [[Constitution of Georgia (country)|constitution]], which was adopted already in the wake of the [[Red Army invasion of Georgia|invasion by Soviet troops]] on February 21, 1921, when the battle was raging at the outskirts of [[Tbilisi]], capital of Georgia.<ref name="counsel"/> On February 25, the Constituent Assembly evacuated Tbilisi first for [[Kutaisi]], and finally for [[Batumi]] where it held its last meeting on March 21, 1921, ordering the government of the republic to leave the country. On March 24, 1921, the [[Revolutionary committee (Soviet Union)|Revolutionary committee]] of Georgia – a provisional administration set up by the victorious Bolsheviks – declared the Assembly dissolved.{{cn|date=February 2018}}
Preoccupied with uneasy foreign relations and domestic problems in the years of the [[Russian Civil War]], the Georgian government was not able to fully implement in practice the progressive program laid out in the legislation. By early 1921, the Constituent Assembly had drafted Georgia’s first [[Constitution of Georgia (country)|constitution]], which was adopted already in the wake of the [[Red Army invasion of Georgia|invasion by Soviet troops]] on 21 February 1921, when the battle was raging at the outskirts of [[Tbilisi]], capital of Georgia.<ref name="counsel"/> On 25 February the Constituent Assembly evacuated Tbilisi first for [[Kutaisi]], and finally for [[Batumi]] where it held its last meeting on 21 March 1921, ordering the government of the republic to leave the country. On 24 March 1921 the [[Revolutionary committee (Soviet Union)|Revolutionary committee]] of Georgia – a provisional administration set up by the victorious Bolsheviks – declared the Assembly dissolved.{{cn|date=February 2018}}


== References ==
== References ==
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[[Category:Defunct unicameral legislatures|Georgia]]
[[Category:Defunct unicameral legislatures|Georgia]]
[[Category:Constituent assemblies|Georgia]]
[[Category:Constituent assemblies|Georgia]]
[[Category:Democratic Republic of Georgia]]
[[Category:Tbilisi in the Russian Civil War]]

Latest revision as of 12:06, 13 April 2024

Constituent Assembly of Georgia

საქართველოს დამფუძნებელი კრება

sak’art’velos damp’udznebeli kreba
Recognized as the First Convocation of the Parliament of Georgia
Coat of arms or logo
Emblem of the DRG
Type
Type
History
Established1919
Disbanded1921
Preceded byNational Council of Georgia
Succeeded bySupreme Soviet of the Georgian SSR
Leadership
President Of Constituent Assembly of Georgia
Vice-Presidents of Constituent Assembly of Georgia
Structure
Seats130
Current structure of the Parliament of Georgia
Political groups
Government (109)
  •   Social Democratic Party of Georgia (109)

Opposition (21)

Meeting place
Interior of the Plenary Hall
National Palace
6 Rustaveli Avenue, Tbilisi

The Constituent Assembly of Georgia (Georgian: საქართველოს დამფუძნებელი კრება, romanized: sakartvelos dampudznebeli k'reba) was a national legislature of the Democratic Republic of Georgia which was elected in February 1919 to ratify the Act of Independence of Georgia and enact the Constitution of 1921. The assembly remained active until the Soviet Russian military intervention brought Georgia’s three-year independence to an end in March 1921.

Election

[edit]

After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Georgia seceded from Russia first as a part of the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic on 9 April 1918, and then as its own sovereign republic on 26 May 1918, the day when the Georgian National Council anonymously adopted the Act of Independence of Georgia. According to this act, “the Democratic Republic of Georgia equally guarantees to every citizen within her limits political rights irrespective of nationality, creed, social rank or sex". The Council declared itself provisional Parliament in October 1918 and began preparations for a nationwide legislative elections - the only general elections in pre-Soviet Georgia.[1]

The Constituent Assembly was elected in the free and direct elections held from 14 to 17 February 1919, to ratify the Act of Independence and adopt the republic’s constitution. The elections were contested by 15 political parties and the results were a triumph for the Social-Democratic Party (Mensheviks) and its leaders. Of the 130 seats in the Assembly, they obtained 109; the National Democratic Party of Georgia (NDP) took 8 seats, the Social-Federalist Party of Georgia (SFs) – 8 and the Socialist-Revolutionary Party of Georgia (SRs) – 5, forming the corresponding four factions and the two additional factions, those of the National Party and of the Dashnaktsutiun.[citation needed]

The election saw fifteen women candidates stand for election, five of whom were elected to the 130 person assembly, all on the Social democratic ticket. The five elected assemblywomen were Anna Sologashvili, Elisabeth Nakashidze-Bolkvadze, Kristine Sharashidze, Eleonora Ter-Parsegova-Makhviladze and Minadora Orjonikidze-Toroshelidze.[2][3]

Nikolay Chkheidze, from the Social-Democratic Party, was elected president, Ekvtime Takhaishvili from the National Democratic Party of Georgia and Samson Pirtskhalava and Simon Mdivani, from the Social-Federalist Party of Georgia, vice-presidents.

On 21 March 1919 the Assembly elected Noe Zhordania head of government, and he formed a new cabinet.[4]

Legislation

[edit]

During its two-year history, the Assembly adopted 126 laws, notably on citizenship, local elections, the country's defense, agriculture, legal system, political and administrative arrangements for ethnic minorities, a national system of public education, and some other laws and regulations on fiscal/monetary policy, the Georgian railways, trade and domestic production, etc.[5] In July 1919, the Assembly set up a Senate whose members were to be elected by the nation’s legislative body to "supervise the observance and defense of laws and to ensure strict adherence to them by all organizations, persons, and local government organs." The Senate was essentially an appellate court but also had the power to revoke any government decision contrary to law and to deal with complaints against courts.[6]

Preoccupied with uneasy foreign relations and domestic problems in the years of the Russian Civil War, the Georgian government was not able to fully implement in practice the progressive program laid out in the legislation. By early 1921, the Constituent Assembly had drafted Georgia’s first constitution, which was adopted already in the wake of the invasion by Soviet troops on 21 February 1921, when the battle was raging at the outskirts of Tbilisi, capital of Georgia.[6] On 25 February the Constituent Assembly evacuated Tbilisi first for Kutaisi, and finally for Batumi where it held its last meeting on 21 March 1921, ordering the government of the republic to leave the country. On 24 March 1921 the Revolutionary committee of Georgia – a provisional administration set up by the victorious Bolsheviks – declared the Assembly dissolved.[citation needed]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Nohlen, Dieter; Grotz, Florian & Hartmann, Christof (2001), Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook, pp. 372-4. Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-924958-X.
  2. ^ Ugrekhelidze, Mariam (2018). "The five women who crafted the Georgian constitution". JAMnews. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  3. ^ "Exhibition honours women of Georgia's first Constituent Assembly in 1919-1921". Agenda.ge. Retrieved 2022-12-14.
  4. ^ (in Georgian) The Constituent Assembly, 1919-21. Parliament of Georgia.
  5. ^ David Losaberidze (1998), The Problem of Nationalism in Georgia, pp. 5-6. The NATO Research Fellowships Program.
  6. ^ a b Christopher Peter, Michael Waters (2004), Counsel in the Caucasus: Professionalization and Law in Georgia, pp. 36-7. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, ISBN 90-04-13947-8.
[edit]
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