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{{Short description|Ethno-religious Indian Christian community of Bombay (Mumbai)}}
{{Short description|Ethno-religious Indian Christian community of Mumbai (Bombay)}}
{{For|the residents of the United States, Canada, and Caribbean countries with origins in the Indian subcontinent, that are also called East Indians|Indian Americans|Indo-Canadians|Indo-Caribbeans}}
{{Other uses|East India (disambiguation)}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}

{{Infobox ethnic group
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = East Indians or East Indian Catholics
| group = East Indians or East Indian Catholics
| image = East-Indians(Mumbai).jpg
| image = East-Indians(Mumbai).jpg
| image_caption = Bombay East Indian women in the [[Shari|saari (dress)]]
| image_caption = Bombay East Indian women donning their [[Sari|saari (dress)]].
| langs = [[East Indian language|East Indian Marathi]]<ref>{{Citation
| langs = [[East Indian language|East Indian dialects]]<ref>{{Citation
| last = James
| last = James
| first = V.
| first = V
| institution = [[Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture]], [[Nanzan University]]
| institution = [[Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture]], [[Nanzan University]]
| location = [[Nanzan]], Japan
| location = [[Nanzan]], Japan
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| url-status = live
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
| rels = [[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]])
| rels = [[Christianity]] ([[Latin Church|Latin Catholicism]])
| region1 = [[India]]
| region1 = [[India]]
| region2 = [[Mumbai metropolitan area]] (1960s)
| region2 = [[Mumbai metropolitan area]] (1960s)
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| region4 = [[File:Persian Gulf Arab States english.PNG|25px]] [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf]]
| region4 = [[File:Persian Gulf Arab States english.PNG|25px]] [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf]]
| region5 = [[File:Anglospeak(800px)Countries.png|25px]] [[Anglosphere]]
| region5 = [[File:Anglospeak(800px)Countries.png|25px]] [[Anglosphere]]
| related = [[Luso-Indian]]s, [[Goan Christian]]s, [[Mangalorean Christian]]s, [[Karwari Catholics|Karwari Christians]], [[Koli Christians]], [[Marathi Christians]], [[Latin Catholics of Malabar]]
| related = [[Luso-Indian]]s, [[Anglo-Indian]]s, [[Christianity in Maharashtra#Kudali Catholics|Kudali Christians]], [[Goan Christian]]s, [[Mangalorean Christian]]s, [[Karwari Catholics|Karwari Christians]], [[Koli Christians]], [[Marathi Christians]] & [[Latin Catholics of Malabar]]
}}
}}

The '''East Indians''', also called '''East Indian Catholics''' or '''Bombay East Indians''', are an ethno-religious [[Christianity in India|Indian Christian]] community native to the [[Seven Islands of Bombay]] and the neighbouring [[Mumbai Metropolitan Area]] of the [[Konkan Division]].<ref name="EI">{{Citation
The '''Bombay East Indians''', also called '''East Indian Catholics''' or simply '''East Indians''', are an ethno-religious [[Christianity in India|Indian Christian]] community native to the [[Seven Islands of Bombay]] and the neighbouring [[Mumbai Metropolitan Area]] of the [[Konkan division]], along the western [[coast of India]].<ref name="EI">{{Citation
| last = Kumar
| last = Kumar
| first = Raksha
| first = Raksha
| date = 2016-06-04
| date = 2016-06-04
| title = The original East Indians
| title = The original East Indians
| work = [[The Hindu]]
| work = [[The Hindu]]
| publication-date = 2013-08-02
| publication-date = 2013-08-02
| location = Bombay
| location = Bombay
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/the-original-east-indians/article4959668.ece
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/the-original-east-indians/article4959668.ece
| access-date = 2017-08-19
| access-date = 2017-08-19
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180413093645/http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/the-original-east-indians/article4959668.ece
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180413093645/http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/the-original-east-indians/article4959668.ece
| archive-date = 13 April 2018
| archive-date = 13 April 2018
| url-status = live
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name="Rangan">{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=Who are the East Indians of India's western coast and what is their Portuguese link |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/who-are-the-east-indians-of-indias-western-coast-and-what-is-their-portuguese-link/cid/2042814 |access-date=22 August 2024 |agency=My Kolkata |publisher=The Telegraph}}</ref>
}}</ref>


== History ==
== History ==
[[File:Church of Our Lady of Bethlehem 2.jpg|thumb|Church of Our Lady of Bethlehem]]

[[File:Velankanni Church, Uttan.jpg|thumb|Velankanni Church, Uttan]]
[[File:Cross near Velankanni Beach, Uttan.jpg|thumb|Cross near Velankanni Beach, Uttan]]
[[File:Gorai Beach grotto.jpg|thumb|A grotto on [[Gorai Beach]]]]
=== Pre-Portuguese era ===
=== Pre-Portuguese era ===
A [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] missionary by the name [[Jordanus]] Catalani, who was either [[Catalonia|Catalan]] or [[Occitania|Occitan]] (southern French), began evangelising the locals in [[Nala Sopara|Sopara]], [[Thana district|Thana]] & [[Kalyan-Dombivli]] towns of north [[Konkan]] in around 1323 AD. Sopara was an ancient port and an international trading center.<ref>[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-I/population_christians.html#2 Thana District Gazetteer Part – I: Population:Christians-History] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110033730/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-I/population_christians.html#2 |date=10 November 2022 }}</ref>
A [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] missionary by the name [[Jordan Catala|Jordanus]] Catalani, who was either [[Catalonia|Catalan]] or [[Occitania|Occitan]] (southern French), began evangelising the locals in [[Nala Sopara|Sopara]], [[Thana district|Thana]] & [[Kalyan-Dombivli]] towns of north [[Konkan]] in around 1323 AD. Sopara was an ancient port and an international trading center.<ref>[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-I/population_christians.html#2 Thana District Gazetteer Part – I: Population:Christians-History] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110033730/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-I/population_christians.html#2 |date=10 November 2010 }}</ref>


=== Portuguese era ===
=== Portuguese era ===
{{Main|History of Bombay under Portuguese rule (1534–1661)}}
{{Main|History of Bombay under Portuguese rule (1534–1661)}}
After ushering in the [[Age of Discovery]], [[Portuguese Armadas]] under the command of [[Vasco Da Gama]] found their way to India in 1498 via the [[Cape Route]]. In the next few years they acquired many colonial possessions in what would become the [[Portuguese East Indies]]; their main aims were to capitalise on the [[spice trade]] and [[Christianisation of Goa|promotion of Christian missions to convert indigenous peoples]],<ref name="bapp" /> for which the [[Primate of the East Indies]] was founded. Although [[Christian Brahmins|Brahmins]] and other [[high-caste]] Hindus were ceremoniously converted by the [[Portuguese Church]], and were treated with favour and distinction,<ref name="bapp" />{{vn|date=September 2021}} most of them continued to engage in agriculture, fishing, and other rural occupations handed down by their ancestors, and received neither secular nor religious education.<ref name="bapp" /> Among the converts were a number of descendants of the [[Ancient Indian Christian]] community reportedly founded by [[Bartholomew the Apostle]].<ref name="bapp" /> They coalesced into a community under Portuguese rule<ref name="bapp" /> known as ''[[Norteiro]]s'' and later as "Portuguese Christians"<ref name="bapp" /> or "Bombay Portuguese" in British Bombay.
After ushering in the [[Age of Discovery]], [[Portuguese Armadas]] under the command of [[Vasco Da Gama]] found their way to India in 1498 via the [[Cape Route]]. In the next few years they acquired many colonial possessions in what would become the [[Portuguese East Indies]]; their main aims were to capitalise on the [[spice trade]] and [[Christianisation of Goa|promotion of Christian missions to convert indigenous peoples]],<ref name="bapp" /> for which the [[Primate of the East Indies]] was founded. Although Brahmins and other higher castes were ceremoniously converted by the [[Portuguese Church]], and were treated with favour and distinction,<ref name="bapp" />{{vn|date=September 2021}} most of them continued to engage in agriculture, fishing, and other rural occupations handed down by their ancestors, and received neither secular nor religious education.<ref name="bapp" /> Among the converts were a number of descendants of the [[Ancient Indian Christian]] community reportedly founded by [[Bartholomew the Apostle]].<ref name="bapp" /> They coalesced into a community under Portuguese rule<ref name="bapp" /> known as ''[[Norteiro]]s'' and later as "Portuguese Christians"<ref name="bapp" /> or "Bombay Portuguese" in British Bombay.


The [[Franciscans]] spearheaded the [[evangelisation]] of the "Province of the North" ({{Lang|pt|Província do Norte}})<ref name="Machado1" /> headquartered at [[Fort San Sebastian of Bassein]], but the fort's officials were subordinate to the viceroy in the capital of [[Velha Goa]]. From 1534 to 1552, a priest by the name [[António do Porto]] converted over 10,000 people, built a dozen churches, convents, and a number of orphanages hospitals and seminaries. Prominent among the converts were two yogis from the [[Kanheri Caves]] who became known as Paulo Raposo and Francisco de Santa Maria. They introduced Christianity to their fellow yogis, converting many in the process.<ref name="Machado1" /> Another notable convert during this period was the Brahmin astrologer Parashuram Joshi, who was baptized on 8 September 1565 with the name Henrique da Cunha. Joshi's conversion was followed by that of 250 Hindus, including over 50 Brahmins.<ref name="Machado1" /> In Salsette, the priest Manuel Gomes converted over 6,000 Hindus in Bandra and was known as the Apostle of Salsette.<ref name="Machado1" />
The [[Franciscans]] spearheaded the [[evangelisation]] of the "Province of the North" ({{Lang|pt|Província do Norte}})<ref name="Machado1" /> headquartered at [[Fort San Sebastian of Bassein]], but the fort's officials were subordinate to the viceroy in the capital of [[Velha Goa]]. From 1534 to 1552, a priest by the name [[António do Porto]] converted over 10,000 people, built a dozen churches, convents, and a number of orphanages hospitals and seminaries. Prominent among the converts were two yogis from the [[Kanheri Caves]] who became known as Paulo Raposo and Francisco de Santa Maria. They introduced Christianity to their fellow yogis, converting many in the process.<ref name="Machado1" /> Another notable convert during this period was the Brahmin astrologer Parashuram Joshi, who was baptized on 8 September 1565 with the name Henrique da Cunha. Joshi's conversion was followed by that of 250 Hindus, including over 50 Brahmins.<ref name="Machado1" /> In Salsette, the priest Manuel Gomes converted over 6,000 Hindus in Bandra and was known as the Apostle of Salsette.<ref name="Machado1" />
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=== {{anchor|British and modern era}}British and modern eras ===
=== {{anchor|British and modern era}}British and modern eras ===
{{Main|History of Bombay under British rule|Bombay Presidency}}
{{Main|History of Bombay under British rule|Bombay Presidency}}
Changes occurred under British rule.<ref name="bapp" /> On 11 May 1661, the [[Marriage Treaty]] of [[Charles II of England|Charles Stuart II of England]] and [[Catherine de Braganza]], daughter of [[John IV of Portugal]] gave Bombay to the British Empire as intended, since the British takeover of [[Surat Agency|Surat]] (allegedly{{what|date=October 2021}} as part of Catherine's dowry to Charles). A weakened Portugal, no longer a part of the Crown of Spain, had to oblige. Nevertheless, parts of present-day Bombay (such as Bandra, Thane and Vasai) remained Portuguese well into the first third of the 18th century.<ref>{{cite web
Changes occurred under British rule.<ref name="bapp" /> On 11 May 1661, the [[Marriage Treaty]] of [[Charles II of England|Charles Stuart II of England]] and [[Catherine de Braganza]], daughter of [[John IV of Portugal]] gave Bombay to the British Empire as intended,<ref name="Rangan"/> since the British takeover of [[Surat Agency|Surat]] (allegedly{{what|date=October 2021}} as part of Catherine's dowry to Charles). A weakened Portugal, no longer a part of the Crown of Spain, had to oblige. Nevertheless, parts of present-day Bombay (such as Bandra, Thane and Vasai) remained Portuguese well into the first third of the 18th century.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A2998461
|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A2998461
|title=Catherine of Bragança (1638–1705)
|title=Catherine of Bragança (1638–1705)
Line 74: Line 77:
|archive-date=4 August 2011
|archive-date=4 August 2011
|url-status=live
|url-status=live
}}</ref> Since the early days of the [[English East India Company]], there were no other Indian Christians in the North [[Konkan division|Konkan]] except the East Indian Catholics. Employment intended for Christians was monopolised by the East Indians. With railways and steamships came immigrants from Goa who were also called "Portuguese Christians". The British adopted a designation which would distinguish
}}</ref> Since the early days of the [[English East India Company]], there were no other Indian Christians in the North [[Konkan division|Konkan]] except the East Indian Catholics. Employment intended for Christians was monopolised by the East Indians. With railways and steamships came immigrants from Goa who were also called "Portuguese Christians". For [[Queen Victoria]]'s Golden Jubilee, the Christians of North Konkan changed their name from "Portuguese Christians" to "East Indians" to impress upon the British in Bombay, that they were the earliest [[British subjects]] in India, and were entitled to certain [[natural rights]] and privileges in comparison with immigrants.<ref name="history">{{Citation
the Christians of North Konkan who were British subjects, from the [[Goan Catholics]] who were Portuguese subjects, (the [[Mangalorean Catholics]] were no longer Portuguese subjects). For [[Victoria I]]'s Golden Jubilee, the Christians of North Konkan changed their name from "Portuguese Christians" to "East Indians" to impress upon the British in Bombay, that they were the earliest [[British subjects]] in India, and were entitled to certain [[natural rights]] and privileges in comparison with immigrants.<ref name="history">{{Citation
|url=http://www.east-indians.com/history.pdf
|url=http://www.east-indians.com/history.pdf
| title = East Indians: History
| title = East Indians: History
| website = East-Indians.com
| website = East-Indians.com
| postscript = &nbsp;(Article based on {{harvnb|Baptista|1967|}})
| postscript = (Article based on {{harvnb|Baptista|1967|}})
| access-date = 2017-08-19
| access-date = 2017-08-19
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515031207/http://www.east-indians.com/history.pdf
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515031207/http://www.east-indians.com/history.pdf
Line 94: Line 96:


== Language and literature ==
== Language and literature ==
East Indian Catholics speak a dialect of [[Marathi language|Marathi]], which they retained despite Portuguese influence. The Marathi language is central to the community's identity. The author of ''Trans. Bomb. Geog. Soc., 1836–38, Vol. I.'' mentions the dialect of Marathi spoken by the East Indians of [[Salsette]], [[Mahim]], [[Matunga]] and [[Mazagaon|Mazgaon]], similar to the language spoken by the Kulbis, Kolis, Bhandaris, Palshes, [[Pathare Prabhus]], [[Somvanshi Kshatriya Pathare]]s ([[Panchkalshi]]s), Kuparis and Vadvals; this may have been [[Konkani language|Konkani]].<ref>{{harvnb|Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island I, II & III|1997|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/volume_1/Languages.html Chapter III : Population : Languages]|Ref=gz}}</ref> Some East Indian upper-class families in the Khatri ward of [[Thane]] speak Portuguese.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-I/population_christians.html#4 |title=Thane Gazetteer: Population: Christians – Speech |access-date=28 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110033730/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-I/population_christians.html#4 |archive-date=10 November 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> 110 Portuguese lexical items are found in Marathi.<ref>{{Citation | first1 = Neelam | last1 = Grover | first2 = Anath Bandhu | last2 = Mukerji | first3 = Kashi N. | last3 = Singh | editor1-first = Neelam | editor1-last = Grover | editor2-first = Kashi N. | editor2-last = Singh | title = Cultural geography, form and process: essays in honor of Prof. A.B. Mukerji |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UO0M5P9h_qgC&pg=PP1 | publisher = Concept Publishing Company | year = 2004 | page = [https://books.google.com/books?id=UO0M5P9h_qgC&lpg=PR25&pg=PA257#v=onepage&q=&f=false 275] | isbn = 978-81-8069-074-7 | access-date = 29 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622001241/http://books.google.com/books?id=UO0M5P9h_qgC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=&f=false | archive-date = 22 June 2013 | url-status = live }}</ref>
East Indian Catholics speak the [[East Indian language|East Indian dialect]] of [[Marathi-Konkani]], which they retained despite Portuguese rule. The dialect is central to the community's identity. The author of ''Trans Bomb Geog Soc, 1836–38, Vol I'' mentions the dialects spoken by the East Indians of [[Salsette]], [[Mahim]], [[Matunga]] & [[Mazgaon]]; similar to the dialects spoken by the Kulbis, Kolis, Bhandaris, Palshes, [[Pathare Prabhus]], [[Somvanshi Kshatriya Pathare]]s ([[Panchkalshi]]s), [[Kupari]]s & [[Vadval]]s; this may have been [[Konkani language|Konkani]].<ref>{{harvnb|Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island I, II & III|1997|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/volume_1/Languages.html Chapter III : Population : Languages]|Ref=gz}}</ref> Some East Indian [[Roman Catholic Kshatriya|upper-class families of the Khatri ward]] at [[Thana district]] used to speak [[Indo-Portuguese|Bombay Portuguese]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-I/population_christians.html#4 |title=Thane Gazetteer: Population: Christians – Speech |access-date=28 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110033730/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-I/population_christians.html#4 |archive-date=10 November 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> At least 110 Portuguese lexical items are found in Maharashtra sponsored Marathi.<ref>{{Citation | first1 = Neelam | last1 = Grover | first2 = Anath Bandhu | last2 = Mukerji | first3 = Kashi N. | last3 = Singh | editor1-first = Neelam | editor1-last = Grover | editor2-first = Kashi N. | editor2-last = Singh | title = Cultural geography, form and process: essays in honor of Prof A B Mukerji |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UO0M5P9h_qgC&pg=PP1 | publisher = Concept Publishing Company | year = 2004 | page = [https://books.google.com/books?id=UO0M5P9h_qgC&pg=PA257 275] | isbn = 978-81-8069-074-7 | access-date = 29 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622001241/http://books.google.com/books?id=UO0M5P9h_qgC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1 | archive-date = 22 June 2013 | url-status = live }}</ref>


⚫
Many of the characters in the book Bloodline Bandra<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pereira |first=Godfrey |title=Bloodline Bandra |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |year=2014 |isbn=9789351364429 |edition=1st |location=India |language=En}}</ref> by Godfrey Joseph Pereira<ref>{{Cite web |title=Godfrey Joseph Pereira |url=https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/11435272.Godfrey_Joseph_Pereira |access-date=2022-10-12 |website=www.goodreads.com |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010180025/https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/11435272.Godfrey_Joseph_Pereira |url-status=live }}</ref> (2014) are East Indian. The book is set in the 1950s in [[Pali Village]].
== Traditions and festivals ==

⚫
{{Main|Agera (festival)|Bandra Fest|Koswad}}
== Occasions and Festivals ==
⚫
Although the East Indians have preserved their pre-Christian Marathi culture and traditions, many Portuguese influences have been absorbed.<ref>{{cite web
⚫
{{Main|Agera (festival)|Bandra Fest|Koswad|Sanna (dish)}}
⚫
Although the East Indians have preserved their pre-Christian [[Marathi-Konkani]] culture and traditions, many Portuguese influences have been absorbed.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.east-indians.com/marriagesongs.htm
|url=http://www.east-indians.com/marriagesongs.htm
|title=The East Indian Community Original Inhabitants of Bombay, Salsette & Thana
|title=The East Indian Community Original Inhabitants of Bombay, Salsette & Thana
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}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=March 2016}}
}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=March 2016}}


== Ethnic wear ==
== {{anchor|Costumes and ornaments}}Dress ==
[[File:East Indian ladies of Chimbai performing at Bandra Gymkhana.jpg|thumb|East Indian ladies of Chimbai village performing at Bandra Gymkhana]]
[[File:East Indian ladies of Chimbai performing at Bandra Gymkhana.jpg|thumb|East Indian ladies of Chimbai village performing at Bandra Gymkhana]]
Traditional dress for women is the ''[[Kasta sari|lugra]]''. For men, traditional wear consists of [[khaki]] shorts and a white ''[[Vest|banian]]''. A Koli Christian bridegroom usually wears an older Portuguese admiral's uniform, which is preserved and lent out for such occasions.<ref name="koli">{{harvnb|Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island I, II & III|1997|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/volume_1/The%20Kolis.html Chapter III : Population : The Kolis]|Ref=gz}}</ref>
Traditional dress for women is the ''[[Kasta sari|lugra]]''. For men, traditional wear consists of [[khaki]] shorts and a white ''[[Vest|banian]]''. A Koli Christian bridegroom usually wears an older Portuguese admiral's uniform, which is preserved and lent out for such occasions.<ref name="koli">{{harvnb|Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island I, II & III|1997|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/volume_1/The%20Kolis.html Chapter III : Population : The Kolis]|Ref=gz}}</ref>
East Indian women wore a blouse and cotton lugra, with the back pleats tucked into the waist; women did not use the upper portion of the ''[[sari]]'' (covering the head and breast) until they were married. This mode of wearing the sari is known as {{Transl|mr|sakacch nesane}}. {{Transl|mr|Gol nesane}}, a cylindrical style, is popular with young girls and women.<ref name="sari">{{harvnb|Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island I|1986|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/people.html#17 Chp. People: Dress]|Ref=gz2}}</ref>
East Indian women wore a blouse and cotton lugra, with the back pleats tucked into the waist; women did not use the upper portion of the ''[[sari]]'' (covering the head and breast) until they were married. This mode of wearing the sari is known as {{Transl|mr|sakacch nesane}}. {{Transl|mr|Gol nesane}}, a cylindrical style, is popular with young girls and women.<ref name="sari">{{harvnb|Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island I|1986|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/people.html#17 Chp. People: Dress]|Ref=gz2}}</ref>

== {{anchor|Historical society}}Cultural groups ==
[[File:Meet the East Indians of Mumbai.webm|thumb|Meet the East Indians of Bombay]]
There are five East Indian cultural groups: Kulbis, Samavedi Christians (commonly called [[Kupari]]s), [[Koli Christians]], Wadvals and Salsette Christians.<ref name="history" />{{Third-party inline|date=February 2020|reason= This Website cannot be considered a reliable source since it is published by members of subject group}} As the East Indian working employed were in small numbers, they joined the groups above to distinguish themselves from Mangaloreans and Goans. All of those who converted to Roman Catholicism in Bombay were called East Indians, each divided in five East Indian cultural groups up until today: Kulbis, Samavedi Christians (commonly called [[Kupari]]s), [[Koli Christians]], Wadvals and Salsette Christians.


== {{anchor|Films}}Film industry ==
== {{anchor|Films}}Film industry ==
The film ''[[Tu Maza Jeev]]'', in the [[East Indian language]], was released on [[Maharashtra Day]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite news |title= First East Indian movie releases on Maharashtra Day |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/First-East-Indian-movie-releases-on-Maharashtra-Day/articleshow/4479958.cms?from=mdr |work= [[The Times of India]] |date= 4 May 2009 |access-date= 9 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301082000/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/First-East-Indian-movie-releases-on-Maharashtra-Day/articleshow/4479958.cms?from=mdr |archive-date= 1 March 2018 |url-status= live }}</ref>
The film ''[[Tu Maza Jeev]]'', in the [[East Indian language]], was released on [[Maharashtra Day]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite news |title= First East Indian movie releases on Maharashtra Day |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/First-East-Indian-movie-releases-on-Maharashtra-Day/articleshow/4479958.cms?from=mdr |work= [[The Times of India]] |date= 4 May 2009 |access-date= 9 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301082000/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/First-East-Indian-movie-releases-on-Maharashtra-Day/articleshow/4479958.cms?from=mdr |archive-date= 1 March 2018 |url-status= live }}</ref>


== In literature ==
⚫
Many of the characters in the book [https://harpercollins.co.in/product/bloodline-bandra/ Bloodline Bandra]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pereira |first=Godfrey |title=Bloodline Bandra |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |year=2014 |isbn=9789351364429 |edition=1st |location=India |language=En}}</ref> by [https://harpercollins.co.in/author-details/godfrey-joseph-pereira/ Godfrey Joseph Pereira]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Godfrey Joseph Pereira |url=https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/11435272.Godfrey_Joseph_Pereira |access-date=2022-10-12 |website=www.goodreads.com}}</ref> (2014), are East Indian, including the protagonist, journalist, David Cabral. The book itself is set in the 1950's with the first half of the book having most of the action in [[Pali Village]], a predominantly East Indian populace at the time.


== Singing competition ==
== Singing competition ==
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== Representation and reservation ==
== Representation and reservation ==
The East Indians were awarded the [[Other Backward Class|OBC]] (other backward Class) status by the Government of Maharashtra on 1 March 2006 by the way of official gazette.<ref>{{cite web |title=Government Resolutions (शासन निर्णय) |url=https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/Site/Upload/Government%20Resolutions/English/20060307125652001.pdf |publisher=Government of Maharashtra |access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref> In Sept 2014, local [[non-governmental organisation]]s such as the Watchdog Foundation, Mobai Gaothan Panchayat, the [[Bombay East Indian Association]], Vakola Advanced Locality Management, Kalina Civic Forum& the Kolovery Welfare Association founded the [[Maharashtra Swaraj Party]] (MSP), to give voice to the demographically minor community's concerns and interests.<ref>{{cite web
The East Indians were recognised as [[Other Backward Class|OBC]] (other backward Class) status by the Government of Maharashtra on 1 March 2006 by the way of official gazette.<ref>{{cite web |title=Government Resolutions (शासन निर्णय) |url=https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/Site/Upload/Government%20Resolutions/English/20060307125652001.pdf |publisher=Government of Maharashtra |access-date=19 February 2020 |archive-date=8 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708002941/https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/Site/Upload/Government%20Resolutions/English/20060307125652001.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In Sept 2014, local [[non-governmental organisation]]s such as the Watchdog Foundation, Mobai Gaothan Panchayat, the [[Bombay East Indian Association]], Vakola Advanced Locality Management, Kalina Civic Forum& the Kolovery Welfare Association founded the [[Maharashtra Swaraj Party]] (MSP), to give voice to the community's concerns.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.iamin.in/en/mumbai-north-central/news/msp-announces-candidate-list-assembly-elections-42738
|url=http://www.iamin.in/en/mumbai-north-central/news/msp-announces-candidate-list-assembly-elections-42738
|title=MSP announces candidate list for assembly elections
|title=MSP announces candidate list for assembly elections
Line 158: Line 156:
*[[Luke Mendes]]: Filmmaker<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_mumbai-boy-heads-to-cannes_1096824 |title=Dog Eat Dog was an official selection at the Festival De Cannes 2007 |date=14 May 2007 |access-date=26 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001223719/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_mumbai-boy-heads-to-cannes_1096824 |archive-date=1 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Luke Mendes]]: Filmmaker<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_mumbai-boy-heads-to-cannes_1096824 |title=Dog Eat Dog was an official selection at the Festival De Cannes 2007 |date=14 May 2007 |access-date=26 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001223719/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_mumbai-boy-heads-to-cannes_1096824 |archive-date=1 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Michael Ferreira]]: Amateur [[English billiards]] player
*[[Michael Ferreira]]: Amateur [[English billiards]] player
*Gilbert John Mendonca: Social welfare helper and philanthropist.
*Steven John Mendonca: Social welfare helper and philanthropist.
*[[Owen Ferreira]]: Indian hockey Olympian<ref>{{cite book|last=Dhyan|first=Chand|title=GOAL|year=1952|publisher=Sports & Pastime|location=Chennai, India|page=10|url=http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/granthalaya/goal/1936/page10.htm|access-date=3 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922090311/http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/granthalaya/goal/1936/page10.htm|archive-date=22 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Owen Ferreira]]: Indian hockey Olympian<ref>{{cite book|last=Dhyan|first=Chand|title=GOAL|year=1952|publisher=Sports & Pastime|location=Chennai, India|page=10|url=http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/granthalaya/goal/1936/page10.htm|access-date=3 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922090311/http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/granthalaya/goal/1936/page10.htm|archive-date=22 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Joseph D'souza]]: First East Indian gazetted officer
*[[Joseph D'souza]]: First East Indian gazetted officer
*[[Simon Pimenta]]: Archbishop Emeritus of Bombay<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Catholics-mourn-Cardinal-Simon-Pimenta/articleshow/21185601.cms|title=Catholics mourn Cardinal Simon Pimenta &#124; Mumbai News|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
*[[Simon Pimenta]]: Archbishop Emeritus of Bombay<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Catholics-mourn-Cardinal-Simon-Pimenta/articleshow/21185601.cms|title=Catholics mourn Cardinal Simon Pimenta &#124; Mumbai News|website=The Times of India|access-date=9 February 2019|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128031958/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Catholics-mourn-Cardinal-Simon-Pimenta/articleshow/21185601.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Mark Joseph Dharmai: Para-athlete (Bronze Medalist in the 2017 Doubles BWF Para-Badminton World Championships).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gosportsfoundation.in/our-programmes |title=Our Programmes |access-date=18 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418072906/https://www.gosportsfoundation.in/our-programmes |archive-date=18 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Mark Joseph Dharmai: Para-athlete (bronze medalist in the 2017 Doubles BWF Para-Badminton World Championships).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gosportsfoundation.in/our-programmes |title=Our Programmes |access-date=18 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418072906/https://www.gosportsfoundation.in/our-programmes |archive-date=18 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Adv. Godfrey Pimenta: President Watch Dog Foundation<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-06 |title=Mumbai: Protesting flat buyers warn of poll boycott |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/mumbai-protesting-flat-buyers-warn-of-poll-boycott-23273699 |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>
*Msgr. Benny Aguiar - Editor of the Examiner and author of several books.
*Adv. Vivian Dsouza: Advisor of The Bombay East Indian Association<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-12 |title=Renowned church of Gonsalo Garcia vandalised in Vasai |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/renowned-church-of-gonsalo-garcia-vandalised-in-vasai/articleshow/102681987.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-12 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
*Justice Aloysius Aguiar - First Catholic judge.
*Tulip Miranda: President of the Bombay East Indian Association<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-12 |title=Renowned church of Gonsalo Garcia vandalised in Vasai |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/renowned-church-of-gonsalo-garcia-vandalised-in-vasai/articleshow/102681987.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-12 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
*Karan Mosquitto - [https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=ztulo5QAAAAJ&hl=en Human Geographer]
*[[Maria Goretti (actress)]]: Indian Blogger, Chef, Actress and VJ
*[[Genelia D'Souza]]: Indian actress and model


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 172: Line 170:
* [[Norteiro people]]
* [[Norteiro people]]
* [[Kupari]]
* [[Kupari]]
*[[Sandor, Palghar|Sandori]]
*[[Portuguese Bombay and Bassein]]
*[[Portuguese Bombay]]
*[[Bombay Presidency]]
*[[Mumbai Indians]]


== Citations ==
== Citations ==
Line 195: Line 196:
|year=1997
|year=1997
|access-date=2009-01-15
|access-date=2009-01-15
|ref=gz}}
|ref=gz
|archive-date=6 July 2010
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706014916/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/volume_1/index.html
|url-status=live
}}
*{{cite book
*{{cite book
|title=Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island
|title=Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island
Line 203: Line 208:
|year=1986
|year=1986
|access-date=2009-01-15
|access-date=2009-01-15
|ref=gz2}}
|ref=gz2
|archive-date=6 September 2008
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906220718/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/volume1.html
|url-status=live
}}
*{{Citation
*{{Citation
| title = Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians
| title = Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians
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[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes]]
[[Category:Ethnoreligious groups in India]]
[[Category:Christian ethnoreligious groups]]

Latest revision as of 23:15, 4 November 2024

East Indians or East Indian Catholics
Bombay East Indian women donning their saari (dress).
Regions with significant populations
Mumbai metropolitan area (1960s)About 92,000[1]
Languages
East Indian dialects[2]
Religion
Christianity (Latin Catholicism)
Related ethnic groups
Luso-Indians, Anglo-Indians, Kudali Christians, Goan Christians, Mangalorean Christians, Karwari Christians, Koli Christians, Marathi Christians & Latin Catholics of Malabar

The Bombay East Indians, also called East Indian Catholics or simply East Indians, are an ethno-religious Indian Christian community native to the Seven Islands of Bombay and the neighbouring Mumbai Metropolitan Area of the Konkan division, along the western coast of India.[3][4]

History

[edit]
Church of Our Lady of Bethlehem
Velankanni Church, Uttan
Cross near Velankanni Beach, Uttan
A grotto on Gorai Beach

Pre-Portuguese era

[edit]

A Dominican missionary by the name Jordanus Catalani, who was either Catalan or Occitan (southern French), began evangelising the locals in Sopara, Thana & Kalyan-Dombivli towns of north Konkan in around 1323 AD. Sopara was an ancient port and an international trading center.[5]

Portuguese era

[edit]
Main article: History of Bombay under Portuguese rule (1534–1661)

After ushering in the Age of Discovery, Portuguese Armadas under the command of Vasco Da Gama found their way to India in 1498 via the Cape Route. In the next few years they acquired many colonial possessions in what would become the Portuguese East Indies; their main aims were to capitalise on the spice trade and promotion of Christian missions to convert indigenous peoples,[1] for which the Primate of the East Indies was founded. Although Brahmins and other higher castes were ceremoniously converted by the Portuguese Church, and were treated with favour and distinction,[1][verification needed] most of them continued to engage in agriculture, fishing, and other rural occupations handed down by their ancestors, and received neither secular nor religious education.[1] Among the converts were a number of descendants of the Ancient Indian Christian community reportedly founded by Bartholomew the Apostle.[1] They coalesced into a community under Portuguese rule[1] known as Norteiros and later as "Portuguese Christians"[1] or "Bombay Portuguese" in British Bombay.

The Franciscans spearheaded the evangelisation of the "Province of the North" (Província do Norte)[6] headquartered at Fort San Sebastian of Bassein, but the fort's officials were subordinate to the viceroy in the capital of Velha Goa. From 1534 to 1552, a priest by the name António do Porto converted over 10,000 people, built a dozen churches, convents, and a number of orphanages hospitals and seminaries. Prominent among the converts were two yogis from the Kanheri Caves who became known as Paulo Raposo and Francisco de Santa Maria. They introduced Christianity to their fellow yogis, converting many in the process.[6] Another notable convert during this period was the Brahmin astrologer Parashuram Joshi, who was baptized on 8 September 1565 with the name Henrique da Cunha. Joshi's conversion was followed by that of 250 Hindus, including over 50 Brahmins.[6] In Salsette, the priest Manuel Gomes converted over 6,000 Hindus in Bandra and was known as the Apostle of Salsette.[6]

In 1573, 1,600 people were converted. Beginning in 1548, Jesuits in Bassein (Baçaim) and Bandra converted many upper-caste Hindus; Bassein recorded 9,400 baptisms in 1588.[6] The Jesuit superior Gonçalo Rodrigues baptised between 5,000 and 6,000 Hindus in Thane (Tana), many of whom were orphans or the young children of lower-caste Hindus who were sold by their parents.[6] In 1634, Bassein had sixty-three friars, thirty Franciscans, fifteen Jesuits, ten Dominicans, and eight Augustines.[6] By the end of the 16th century the Catholic population of the Portuguese Province of the North was 10,000 to 15,000, centered mainly in and around Bassein.[7]

After the Province of the North came under Maratha occupation in 1739 and Catholicism was under severe threat from the Brahmin Peshwas, the native East Indian clergy under the Vicar General at Kurla managed and nursed the community back to a flourishing population[7] in British Bombay.

British and modern eras

[edit]
Main articles: History of Bombay under British rule and Bombay Presidency

Changes occurred under British rule.[1] On 11 May 1661, the Marriage Treaty of Charles Stuart II of England and Catherine de Braganza, daughter of John IV of Portugal gave Bombay to the British Empire as intended,[4] since the British takeover of Surat (allegedly[clarification needed] as part of Catherine's dowry to Charles). A weakened Portugal, no longer a part of the Crown of Spain, had to oblige. Nevertheless, parts of present-day Bombay (such as Bandra, Thane and Vasai) remained Portuguese well into the first third of the 18th century.[8] Since the early days of the English East India Company, there were no other Indian Christians in the North Konkan except the East Indian Catholics. Employment intended for Christians was monopolised by the East Indians. With railways and steamships came immigrants from Goa who were also called "Portuguese Christians". For Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee, the Christians of North Konkan changed their name from "Portuguese Christians" to "East Indians" to impress upon the British in Bombay, that they were the earliest British subjects in India, and were entitled to certain natural rights and privileges in comparison with immigrants.[9][third-party source needed]

The Bombay East Indian Association was founded on 26 May 1887 to advance the education, employment, rights and economic development of the East Indians. P F Gomes, who was knighted by Pope Leo XIII in 1888, was its first president and J L Britto its first secretary. D G D'Almeida donated ₹100,000 to establish an education fund.

During the 1960s, the Archdiocese of Bombay estimated that there were 92,000 East Indians in Bombay: 76,000 in suburban Bombay and 16,000 in the city.[1]

Architecture

[edit]

A typical Koli house consists of a veranda (oli), used for repairing nets and receiving visitors; a sitting-room (angan), used by women for household work; a kitchen, a central apartment, a bedroom, a devotional room (devaghar) and a detached bathroom.[10]

Language and literature

[edit]

East Indian Catholics speak the East Indian dialect of Marathi-Konkani, which they retained despite Portuguese rule. The dialect is central to the community's identity. The author of Trans Bomb Geog Soc, 1836–38, Vol I mentions the dialects spoken by the East Indians of Salsette, Mahim, Matunga & Mazgaon; similar to the dialects spoken by the Kulbis, Kolis, Bhandaris, Palshes, Pathare Prabhus, Somvanshi Kshatriya Pathares (Panchkalshis), Kuparis & Vadvals; this may have been Konkani.[11] Some East Indian upper-class families of the Khatri ward at Thana district used to speak Bombay Portuguese.[12] At least 110 Portuguese lexical items are found in Maharashtra sponsored Marathi.[13]

Many of the characters in the book Bloodline Bandra[14] by Godfrey Joseph Pereira[15] (2014) are East Indian. The book is set in the 1950s in Pali Village.

Occasions and Festivals

[edit]
Main articles: Agera (festival), Bandra Fest, Koswad, and Sanna (dish)

Although the East Indians have preserved their pre-Christian Marathi-Konkani culture and traditions, many Portuguese influences have been absorbed.[16][better source needed]

Ethnic wear

[edit]
East Indian ladies of Chimbai village performing at Bandra Gymkhana

Traditional dress for women is the lugra. For men, traditional wear consists of khaki shorts and a white banian. A Koli Christian bridegroom usually wears an older Portuguese admiral's uniform, which is preserved and lent out for such occasions.[10] East Indian women wore a blouse and cotton lugra, with the back pleats tucked into the waist; women did not use the upper portion of the sari (covering the head and breast) until they were married. This mode of wearing the sari is known as sakacch nesane. Gol nesane, a cylindrical style, is popular with young girls and women.[17]

Film industry

[edit]

The film Tu Maza Jeev, in the East Indian language, was released on Maharashtra Day in 2009.[18]


Singing competition

[edit]
Jacinto at an East Indian singing competition in Mumbai

East Indians organise singing competitions in their own language. The competition is primarily held in the evening of important village occasions;[19] for example, Kurla has an annual competition on the eve of the phool dongri feast in May at Holy Cross Church.[20]

Representation and reservation

[edit]

The East Indians were recognised as OBC (other backward Class) status by the Government of Maharashtra on 1 March 2006 by the way of official gazette.[21] In Sept 2014, local non-governmental organisations such as the Watchdog Foundation, Mobai Gaothan Panchayat, the Bombay East Indian Association, Vakola Advanced Locality Management, Kalina Civic Forum& the Kolovery Welfare Association founded the Maharashtra Swaraj Party (MSP), to give voice to the community's concerns.[22] The party, which represents the East Indian community, was expected to support five candidates from Mumbai's suburbs in the 13th Maharashtra Legislative Assembly elections.[23][3]

Notable East Indians

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Baptista 1967, p. 27
  2. ^ James, V (1965), "Marriage Customs of Christian Son Kolis", Asian Ethnology, 2, 24, Nanzan, Japan: Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture, Nanzan University: 131–148, archived from the original on 2 December 2013, retrieved 15 April 2017
  3. ^ a b Kumar, Raksha (4 June 2016), "The original East Indians", The Hindu, Bombay (published 2 August 2013), archived from the original on 13 April 2018, retrieved 19 August 2017
  4. ^ a b Datta, Rangan. "Who are the East Indians of India's western coast and what is their Portuguese link". The Telegraph. My Kolkata. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  5. ^ Thana District Gazetteer Part – I: Population:Christians-History Archived 10 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Machado 1999, p. 104
  7. ^ a b Machado 1999, p. 108
  8. ^ "Catherine of Bragança (1638–1705)". BBC. Archived from the original on 4 August 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
  9. ^ "East Indians: History" (PDF), East-Indians.com, archived (PDF) from the original on 15 May 2013, retrieved 19 August 2017(Article based on Baptista 1967){{citation}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  10. ^ a b Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island I, II & III 1997, Chapter III : Population : The Kolis
  11. ^ Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island I, II & III 1997, Chapter III : Population : Languages
  12. ^ "Thane Gazetteer: Population: Christians – Speech". Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 28 December 2009.
  13. ^ Grover, Neelam; Mukerji, Anath Bandhu; Singh, Kashi N. (2004), Grover, Neelam; Singh, Kashi N. (eds.), Cultural geography, form and process: essays in honor of Prof A B Mukerji, Concept Publishing Company, p. 275, ISBN 978-81-8069-074-7, archived from the original on 22 June 2013, retrieved 29 March 2016
  14. ^ Pereira, Godfrey (2014). Bloodline Bandra (1st ed.). India: HarperCollins. ISBN 9789351364429.
  15. ^ "Godfrey Joseph Pereira". www.goodreads.com. Archived from the original on 10 October 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  16. ^ "The East Indian Community Original Inhabitants of Bombay, Salsette & Thana". Archived from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 15 March 2007.
  17. ^ Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island I 1986, Chp. People: Dress
  18. ^ "First East Indian movie releases on Maharashtra Day". The Times of India. 4 May 2009. Archived from the original on 1 March 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
  19. ^ "The East Indians of Kurla". geracao.in. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  20. ^ "Phool Dongri Feast – 10th May 2015 – Holy Cross Church". holycrosschurch.co.in. Archived from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  21. ^ "Government Resolutions (शासन निर्णय)" (PDF). Government of Maharashtra. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 July 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  22. ^ "MSP announces candidate list for assembly elections". I am in DNA of India. 23 September 2014. Archived from the original on 27 September 2014. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  23. ^ "East Indian party to field 5 candidates from suburbs", The Times of India, 18 September 2014, archived from the original on 9 January 2017, retrieved 19 August 2017
  24. ^ Target Goa. "Two hats of James Ferreira couture and activism". targetgoa.com. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
  25. ^ "Dog Eat Dog was an official selection at the Festival De Cannes 2007". 14 May 2007. Archived from the original on 1 October 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
  26. ^ Dhyan, Chand (1952). GOAL. Chennai, India: Sports & Pastime. p. 10. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
  27. ^ "Catholics mourn Cardinal Simon Pimenta | Mumbai News". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
  28. ^ "Our Programmes". Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  29. ^ "Mumbai: Protesting flat buyers warn of poll boycott". Mid-day. 6 March 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  30. ^ "Renowned church of Gonsalo Garcia vandalised in Vasai". The Times of India. 12 August 2023. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  31. ^ "Renowned church of Gonsalo Garcia vandalised in Vasai". The Times of India. 12 August 2023. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 12 August 2023.

References

[edit]
Look up East Indian Catholic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bombay_East_Indians&oldid=1255435241"