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Ayutthaya Kingdom (1351–1767)

U-thong dynasty (1351–1370)

The U-thong dynasty was originated by U-thong, a local ruler in central Thailand. In 1351, he founded the city of city of Ayutthaya on the Chao Phraya River, establishing the kingdom of the same name; he reigned with the regnal title of Ramathibodi.^[1]^: 222


Portrait	Name	Reign	Succession	Life details
	Ramathibodi I รามาธิบดีที่ ๑ Somdet Phra Ramathibodi	4 March 1351^[2] – 1369 (approx. 18 years)	Monarchy established	1314 – 1369 (aged 63) Born U-thong. Origin is disputed. Founded Ayutthaya in 1351
File:สมเด็จพระราเมศวร.jpg	Ramesuan ราเมศวร Somdet Phra Ramesuan	1369 – 1370 (less than one year)	Son of Ramathibodi I	1339 – 1395 (aged 56) First reign ended when he was usurped by his relative, the king of Suphan Buri, who would rule in Ayutthaya as Borommarachathirat I

Suphannaphum dynasty (1370–1388)

Ayutthaya was closely connected to the neighboring city of Suphan Buri ruled by the Suphannaphum dynasty, another branch of the family of Ramathibodi I. They ruled only in Suphan Buri until Borommarachathirat I usurped Ramesuan in 1370 and unified the two states.^[3] Under his rule, Sukhothai was also subjugated.

The dynasty is named for the city, originally founded as Dvaravati Sri Suvarnabhumi (Thai: ทพทวารวดีศรีสุวรรณภูมิ; RTGS: Thawarawadi Si Suwannaphum). Some historical scholars believe this etymology is evidence of Suphan Buri being the legendary Suvarnabhumi of Indian legend.^[4]


Portrait	Name	Reign	Succession	Life details
	Borommarachathirat I บรมราชาธิราชที่ ๑ Somdet Phra Borommarachathirat	1370 – 1388 (18 years)	Brother-in-law of Ramathibodi I and uncle of Ramesuan	1310 – 1388 (aged 78) King of Suphan Buri before usurping Ramesuan. Died en route to battle
1438: Unification with Ayutthaya ends Sukhothai autonomy.
	Thong Lan ทองลัน Somdet Phra Chao Thong Lan	1388 – 1388 (7 days)	Son of Borommarachathirat I	1374 – 1388 (aged 14) Usurped and executed by Ramesuan. First Thai king to be executed

U-thong dynasty, restored (1388–1409)

In 1388, Ramesuan restored himself to the throne by capturing and executing Thong Lan.^[5] This reestablished the U-thong dynasty to the throne of Ayutthaya, but the effort was short-lived.


Portrait	Name	Reign	Succession	Life details
File:สมเด็จพระราเมศวร.jpg	Ramesuan ราเมศวร Somdet Phra Ramesuan	1388 – 1395 (7 years)	Son of Ramathibodi I and cousin of Thong Lan	1339 – 1395 (aged 56) Executed Thong Lan and restored himself as king
	Ramrachathirat รามราชาธิราช Somdet Phra Ramrachathirat	1395 – 1309 (14 years)	Son of Ramesuan	1356 – unknown (age unknown) Usurped by Intharacha, nephew of Borommarachathirat I, whom he had named to rule in Suphan Buri. Died in exile at an unknown date

Suphannaphum dynasty, restored (1409–1569)

Short paragraph.

^ Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
^ Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2017). A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World. Cambridge University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-316-64113-2.
^ p. 431, 'The Collins Encyclopedia of Military History' (4th edition), Dupuy & Dupuy, 1993.
^ Manit Vallibhotama, "Muang U-Thong", Muang Boran Journal, Volume 14, no.1, January–March 1988, pp.29-44. Warunee Osatharom, Muang Suphan Through Changing Periods, Bangkok, Thammasat University Press, 2004.
^ Čhansuwan, ‘Ēkkarāt (2011). Samretthōt nư̄a rātchabanlang สำเร็จโทษเหนือราชบัลลังก์ [Deaths Over the Throne] (in Thai). Bangkok: Yipsī. ISBN 9786167071329.

[1] Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.

[2] Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2017). A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World. Cambridge University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-316-64113-2.

[3] . 431, 'The Collins Encyclopedia of Military History' (4th edition), Dupuy & Dupuy, 1993.

[4] Manit Vallibhotama, "Muang U-Thong", Muang Boran Journal, Volume 14, no.1, January–March 1988, pp.29-44. Warunee Osatharom, Muang Suphan Through Changing Periods, Bangkok, Thammasat University Press, 2004.

[5] Čhansuwan, ‘Ēkkarāt (2011). Samretthōt nư̄a rātchabanlang สำเร็จโทษเหนือราชบัลลังก์ [Deaths Over the Throne] (in Thai). Bangkok: Yipsī. ISBN 9786167071329.

[1]

[2]

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[4]

[5]

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 === U-thong dynasty (1351–1370) ===
-The U-thong dynasty was originated by [[Uthong|U-thong]], a local ruler in central Thailand whose origin is disputed. In 1351, he founded the city of [[Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya (city)|Ayutthaya]] on the [[Chao Phraya River]], establishing the [[Ayutthaya Kingdom|kingdom of the same name]]; he reigned with the regnal title of Ramathibodi I.
+The U-thong dynasty was originated by [[Uthong|U-thong]], a local ruler in central Thailand. In 1351, he founded the city of [[Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya (city)|city of Ayutthaya]] on the [[Chao Phraya River]], establishing the [[Ayutthaya Kingdom|kingdom of the same name]]; he reigned with the regnal title of Ramathibodi.<ref>{{cite book|last= Coedès|first= George|authorlink= George Coedès|editor= Walter F. Vella|others= trans.Susan Brown Cowing|title= The Indianized States of Southeast Asia|year= 1968|publisher= University of Hawaii Press|isbn= 978-0-8248-0368-1}}</ref>{{rp|222}}
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 ! width="25%" |Life details
 |-
+|[[File:อนุสาวรีย์พระเจ้าอู่ทอง342.jpg|110px]]
-|[[File:Phrajaouthong06.jpg|110px]]
 |'''[[Uthong|Ramathibodi I]]'''<br>รามาธิบดีที่ ๑<br><small>''Somdet Phra Ramathibodi''
-|4 March 1351 – 1369<br><small>({{Age in years, months, and days|1351|3|1|1369|3|1}})</small>
+|4 March 1351<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Baker|first1=Chris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHiuDgAAQBAJ|title=A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World|last2=Phongpaichit|first2=Pasuk|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=43|year=2017|isbn=978-1-316-64113-2|location=}}</ref> – 1369<br><small>(approx. {{Age in years, months, and days|1351|3|1|1369|3|1}})</small>
 |Monarchy established
-|1314 – 1369<br /><small>(aged 63)</small><hr />Born '''U-thong'''. Origin is disputed. Founded the city of [[Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya (city)|Ayutthaya]], and thus the [[Ayutthaya Kingdom|kingdom of the same name]], in 1351
+|1314 – 1369<br /><small>(aged 63)</small><hr />Born '''U-thong'''. Origin is disputed. Founded Ayutthaya in 1351
 |-
-|[[File:Portrait of King Ramesuan(2).jpg|110px]]
+|[[File:สมเด็จพระราเมศวร.jpg|110px]]
 |'''[[Ramesuan (king of Ayutthaya)|Ramesuan]]'''<br>ราเมศวร<br><small>''Somdet Phra Ramesuan''
 |1369 – 1370<br><small>(less than one year)</small>
 |Son of Ramathibodi I
-|1339 – 1396<br /><small>(aged 56)</small><hr />First reign ended when he was [[usurped]] his uncle, the king of [[Suphan Buri]], who would rule in Ayutthaya as [[Borommarachathirat I]]
+|1339 – 1395<br /><small>(aged 56)</small><hr />First reign ended when he was [[usurped]] by his relative, the king of [[Suphan Buri]], who would rule in Ayutthaya as [[Borommarachathirat I]]
 |-
 |}
 === Suphannaphum dynasty (1370–1388) ===
-Ayutthaya was closely connected to and in conflict with the neighboring city of [[Suphan Buri]], ruled by another branch of the family that Ramathibodi I (and thus, the U-thong dynasty) descended from. The Suphannaphum dynasty ruled only in Suphan Buri until [[Borommarachathirat I]] usurped [[Ramesuan (king of Ayutthaya)|Ramesuan]] in 1370 and unified the two polities.
+Ayutthaya was closely connected to the neighboring city of [[Suphan Buri]] ruled by the Suphannaphum dynasty, another branch of the family of Ramathibodi I. They ruled only in Suphan Buri until [[Borommarachathirat I]] usurped Ramesuan in 1370 and unified the two states.<ref>p. 431, 'The Collins Encyclopedia of Military History' (4th edition), Dupuy & Dupuy, 1993. </ref> Under his rule, Sukhothai was also subjugated.
-The dynasty is named for the city, which was founded by the [[Dvaravati|Dvaravati Kingdom]] as ''Dvaravati Sri Suvarnabhumi''. Some historical scholars believe this etymology is evidence of Dvaravati being the legendary [[Suvarnabhumi]] ("Land of Gold") of [[India|Indian]] legend (and the [[Golden Chersonese]] of classical Western cartography).
+The dynasty is named for the city, originally founded as ''[[Dvaravati]] Sri Suvarnabhumi'' ({{langx|th|ทพทวารวดีศรีสุวรรณภูมิ}}; {{RTGS|''Thawarawadi Si Suwannaphum''}}). Some historical scholars believe this etymology is evidence of Suphan Buri being the legendary [[Suvarnabhumi]] of Indian legend.<ref>Manit Vallibhotama, "Muang U-Thong", ''Muang Boran Journal,'' Volume 14, no.1, January–March 1988, pp.29-44. Warunee Osatharom, ''Muang Suphan Through Changing Periods'', Bangkok, Thammasat University Press, 2004.</ref>
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 ! width="25%" |Life details
 |-
+|
-|[[File:No picture Thai monarchs.svg|110px]]
 |'''[[Borommarachathirat I]]'''<br>บรมราชาธิราชที่ ๑<br><small>''Somdet Phra Borommarachathirat''
 |1370 – 1388<br><small>({{Age in years, months, and days|1370|1|1|1388|1|1}})</small>
-|Brother of Ramathibodi I and uncle of Ramesuan
+|Brother-in-law of Ramathibodi I and uncle of Ramesuan
 |1310 – 1388<br /><small>(aged 78)</small><hr />King of Suphan Buri before usurping Ramesuan. Died en route to battle
+|-
+| colspan="5" align="center" style="background-color:#a8e4a0" |1438: [[Political union|Unification]] with Ayutthaya ends Sukhothai autonomy.
 |-
 |[[File:No picture Thai monarchs.svg|110px]]
@@ Line 54: / Line 56: @@
 === U-thong dynasty, restored (1388–1409) ===
+In 1388, Ramesuan restored himself to the throne by capturing and executing Thong Lan.<ref>{{cite book | author-last = Čhansuwan | author-first = ‘Ēkkarāt | year = 2011 | title = Samretthōt nư̄a rātchabanlang | script-title = th:สำเร็จโทษเหนือราชบัลลังก์ | trans-title = Deaths Over the Throne | language = th | location = Bangkok | publisher = Yipsī | isbn = 9786167071329 | ref = ce-1 }}</ref> This reestablished the U-thong dynasty to the throne of Ayutthaya, but the effort was short-lived.
-Short paragraph.
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
@@ Line 64: / Line 66: @@
 ! width="25%" |Life details
 |-
-|[[File:Portrait of King Ramesuan(2).jpg|110px]]
+|[[File:สมเด็จพระราเมศวร.jpg|110px]]
 |'''[[Ramesuan (king of Ayutthaya)|Ramesuan]]'''<br>ราเมศวร<br><small>''Somdet Phra Ramesuan''
 |1388 – 1395<br><small>({{Age in years, months, and days|1388|1|1|1395|1|1}})</small>