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{{Short description|Proposed iron ore mine in northern Sweden}}
{{short description|Proposed iron ore mine in northern Sweden}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}{{use British English|date=February 2022}}
{{infobox mine
{{use British English|date=February 2022}}
| coordinates = {{coord
{{Infobox mine
| name = Kallak Iron Deposit
| 66 | 47 | N
| 19 | 7 | E
| image =
| region:SE | format = dms | display = inline,title }}
| width =
| country = [[Sweden]]
| caption =
| name = Kallak Iron Deposit
| pushpin_map =
| owner = [[Beowulf Mining]]
| pushpin_label =
| place = [[Jokkmokk]]
| pushpin_map_caption =
| products = [[Iron ore]]
| coordinates = {{coord|66|47|N|19|7|E|region:SE|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = Sweden
| display =
| state/province = [[Lapland (Sweden)|Lapland]]
| place = [[Kvikkjokk]]
| subdivision_type = [[Municipalities of Sweden|Municipality]]
| subdivision_type = [[Municipalities of Sweden|Municipality]]
| state/province = [[Lapland (Sweden)|Lapland]]
| country = [[Sweden]]
| owner = [[Beowulf Mining]]
| stock_exchange =
| stock_code =
| official website =
| acquisition year =
| products = [[Iron ore]]
| financial year =
| amount =
| opening year =
| closing year =
}}
}}
The proposed '''Kallak mine'''{{DEFAULTSORT:Kallak Mine}} is a controversial plan to exploit one of the largest unexploited [[iron ore]] deposits in Sweden.


== Background ==
The proposed '''Kallak mine''' is a, highly controversial, plan to exploit one of the largest unexploited [[iron ore]] deposits in Sweden.
The [[Mining in Sweden|mining of iron ore in Sweden]] is a huge industry and is centred mainly in northern Sweden. The country holds 60% of Europe's identified iron ore deposits and is {{as of|lc=yes|2021}} responsible for 90% of Europe's iron ore extraction<ref name=mentalhealth2021/> and 5% of the world's reserves in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/2014/myb3-2014-sw.pdf|title=2014 Mineral yearbook|last=Alexander Perez|first=Alberto|date=2014|access-date=7 February 2022|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143909/https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/2014/myb3-2014-sw.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sgu.se/en/mineral-resources/swedish-ore-mines/|title=Swedish ore mines|website=www.sgu.se|language=en|access-date=2018-06-01|archive-date=18 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918140122/https://www.sgu.se/en/mineral-resources/swedish-ore-mines/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k4tOAQAAMAAJ|title=Brief Outline of the Metallic Mineral Resources of Sweden|date=1975|publisher=na|isbn=9789171580849|language=en|access-date=7 February 2022|archive-date=15 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515160708/https://books.google.com/books?id=k4tOAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>


More than 96% of total ore production comes from the mines in the northern region, known as [[Norrland]]. Comprising 10 of the 12 active mines in the country, these mines lie in [[Sápmi]] (historically "Lapland"), the traditional territory of the [[Sámi people|Sámi]], the only Indigenous people in Scandinavia.<ref name=mentalhealth2021>{{cite journal | last1=Blåhed | first1=Hanna | last2=Sebastián | first2=Miguel San | title="If the reindeer die, everything dies": The mental health of a Sámi community exposed to a mining project in Swedish Sápmi | journal=[[International Journal of Circumpolar Health]] | volume=80 | issue=1 | date=2 June 2021 | pmid=34219614 | doi=10.1080/22423982.2021.1935132 | page=| pmc=8259850 }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text has been copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016190421/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |date=16 October 2020 }} licence.</ref>
==Background==
The [[Mining in Sweden|mining of iron ore in Sweden]] is a huge industry and is centred mainly in northern Sweden. The country holds 60% of Europe's identified iron ore deposits and is {{as of|lc=yes|2021}} responsible for 90% of Europe's iron ore extraction<ref name=mentalhealth2021/> and 5% of the world's reserves in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/2014/myb3-2014-sw.pdf|title=2014 Mineral yearbook|last=Alexander Perez|first=Alberto|date=2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sgu.se/en/mineral-resources/swedish-ore-mines/|title=Swedish ore mines|website=www.sgu.se|language=en|access-date=2018-06-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k4tOAQAAMAAJ|title=Brief Outline of the Metallic Mineral Resources of Sweden|date=1975|publisher=na|isbn=9789171580849|language=en}}</ref>
More than 96% of total ore production comes from the mines in the northern region, known as [[Norrland]]. Comprising 10 of the 12 active mines in the country, these mines lie in [[Sápmi]] (historically "Lapland"), the traditional territory of the [[Sámi]], the only Indigenous people in Scandinavia.<ref name=mentalhealth2021>{{cite journal | last1=Blåhed | first1=Hanna | last2=Sebastián | first2=Miguel San | title="If the reindeer die, everything dies": The mental health of a Sámi community exposed to a mining project in Swedish Sápmi | journal=[[International Journal of Circumpolar Health]] | volume=80 | issue=1 | date=2 June 2021 | pmid=34219614 | doi=10.1080/22423982.2021.1935132 | page=| pmc=8259850 }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text has been copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)] licence.</ref>


==Location and community==
== Location and community ==
The proposed site of a new mine known as Kallak (the Swedish form of ''Gállak'', the original name of the place in the [[Lule Saami]] language, derived from the sámi family name Gállak which is a lineage of sámis that gave name to many places in Sarek such as Gállakjávrre and Gállakvárre. The name has later been wrongfully distorted into Gállok) is located on an island in the [[hydropower]]-regulated Little [[Lule River]] between the (non-Sami) villages of Björkholmen and Randijaur in the municipality of [[Jokkmokk]] in the province of [[Norrbotten]] in northern Sweden. It is located near the hydropower plant Parki, and the regulation reservoirs Parkijaure and Randijaure. Björkholmen and Randijaur have around 100 inhabitants, constituting the permanent residents of Gállok/Kallak.<ref name=mentalhealth2021/>


The site is on the ancestral lands of the indigenous Sami people and forms part of the [[reindeer]] winter grazing lands of the Sami community of [[Jåhkågasska tjiellde]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallok.se/en-gb/|title=The official site of Jåhkågasskas resistance against a mine in Gallok/Kallak!|publisher=Jåhkågaska tjiellde|access-date= 30 September 2024|archive-date=30 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930193511/https://www.gallok.se/en-gb/|url-status=live}}</ref> The community consists of approximately one hundred members, of which around half work directly with reindeer herding. While this is the community primarily affected by the mining proposal, two other neighbouring Sámi communities would also be indirectly affected.<ref name=mentalhealth2021/>
The proposed site of a new mine known as Kallak (the Swedish form of ''Gállok'', the original name of the place in the [[Lule Saami]] language) is located on an island in the [[hydropower]]-regulated Little [[Lule River]] between the (non-Sami) villages of Björkholmen and Randijaur in the municipality of [[Jokkmokk]] in the province of [[Norrbotten]] in northern Sweden. It is located near to the hydropower plant Parki, and the regulation reservoirs Parkijaure and Randijaure. Björkholmen and Randijaur have around 100 inhabitants, constituting the permanent residents of Gállok/Kallak.<ref name=mentalhealth2021/>


== Mining exploration ==
The site is on the ancestral lands of the indigenous Sami people and forms part of the [[reindeer]] winter grazing lands of the Sami community of [[Jåhkågasska tjiellde]]. The community consists of approximately one hundred members, of which around half work directly with reindeer herding. While this is the community primarily affected by the mining proposal, two other neighbouring Sámi communities would also be indirectly affected.<ref name=mentalhealth2021/>

==Mining exploration==
The Kallak north and Kallak south prospects were identified by the [[Geological Survey of Sweden]] in the 1940s. In the late 1960s the SGU identified Kallak north as containing 92 million tonnes of ore and Kallak south as containing 29 million tonnes of ore at a grade of roughly 35%.
The Kallak north and Kallak south prospects were identified by the [[Geological Survey of Sweden]] in the 1940s. In the late 1960s the SGU identified Kallak north as containing 92 million tonnes of ore and Kallak south as containing 29 million tonnes of ore at a grade of roughly 35%.


[[Beowulf Mining]] acquired the Kallak north licence in 2006, and a drill program conducted in 2010 has found at least 175 Mt of Iron at an average grade of 30%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.investegate.co.uk/Article.aspx?id=201011220700065467W|title=FE Investegate -Beowulf Mining PLC Announcements - Beowulf Mining PLC: Kallak Assay Results|publisher=}}</ref> Beowulf acquired the Kallak south licence from [[Tasman Metals]] in mid-2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.investegate.co.uk/Article.aspx?id=201007120700211658P |title=FE Investegate &#124;Beowulf Mining PLC Announcements &#124; Beowulf Mining PLC: Kallak Drilling Update |publisher=Investegate.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2013-05-01}}</ref> An ongoing drill program has shown Kallak south to contain at least 400 million tonnes of Iron at an average grade of 30%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.investegate.co.uk/Article.aspx?id=201103220700193423D |title=FE Investegate &#124;Beowulf Mining PLC Announcements &#124; Beowulf Mining PLC: Update re Kallak Iron Ire Project |publisher=Investegate.co.uk |date=2011-03-22 |accessdate=2013-05-01}}</ref>
[[Beowulf Mining]] acquired the Kallak north licence in 2006, and a drill program conducted in 2010 has found at least 175 Mt of Iron at an average grade of 30%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.investegate.co.uk/Article.aspx?id=201011220700065467W|title=FE Investegate -Beowulf Mining PLC Announcements - Beowulf Mining PLC: Kallak Assay Results|publisher=|access-date=15 April 2011|archive-date=14 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314150304/http://www.investegate.co.uk/Article.aspx?id=201011220700065467W|url-status=live}}</ref> Beowulf acquired the Kallak south licence from [[Tasman Metals]] in mid-2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.investegate.co.uk/Article.aspx?id=201007120700211658P |title=FE Investegate &#124;Beowulf Mining PLC Announcements &#124; Beowulf Mining PLC: Kallak Drilling Update |publisher=Investegate.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2013-05-01 |archive-date=19 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719061046/http://www.investegate.co.uk/Article.aspx?id=201007120700211658P |url-status=live }}</ref> An ongoing drill program has shown Kallak south to contain at least 400 million tonnes of Iron at an average grade of 30%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.investegate.co.uk/Article.aspx?id=201103220700193423D |title=FE Investegate &#124;Beowulf Mining PLC Announcements &#124; Beowulf Mining PLC: Update re Kallak Iron Ire Project |publisher=Investegate.co.uk |date=2011-03-22 |accessdate=2013-05-01 |archive-date=14 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314150827/http://www.investegate.co.uk/Article.aspx?id=201103220700193423D |url-status=live }}</ref>


The combined Kallak deposit contains at least 600 million tonnes of Iron and it is believed that the north and south deposits are connected at depth to give a single iron deposit with a strike length of over {{cvt|4|km}}.{{cn|date=February 2022}}
The combined Kallak deposit contains at least 600 million tonnes of Iron and it is believed that the north and south deposits are connected at depth to give a single iron deposit with a strike length of over {{cvt|4|km}}.{{cn|date=February 2022}}


In mid-2010 an independent conceptual study performed by the [[Raw Materials Group]] showed that the Kallak north deposit, which at the time was thought to contain 150 million tonnes of iron at 30% grading, was commercially viable.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.investegate.co.uk/Article.aspx?id=201003030700099719H |title=FE Investegate &#124;Beowulf Mining PLC Announcements &#124; Beowulf Mining PLC: Conceptual Study completed Ka |publisher=Investegate.co.uk |date=2010-03-03 |accessdate=2013-05-01}}</ref>
In mid-2010 an independent conceptual study performed by the [[Raw Materials Group]] showed that the Kallak north deposit, which at the time was thought to contain 150 million tonnes of iron at 30% grading, was commercially viable.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.investegate.co.uk/Article.aspx?id=201003030700099719H |title=FE Investegate &#124;Beowulf Mining PLC Announcements &#124; Beowulf Mining PLC: Conceptual Study completed Ka |publisher=Investegate.co.uk |date=2010-03-03 |accessdate=2013-05-01 |archive-date=14 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314151036/http://www.investegate.co.uk/Article.aspx?id=201003030700099719H |url-status=live }}</ref>


In 2011 the Swedish companys Beowulf Mining Sweden AB and Jokkmokk Iron Mines AB have been registered.<ref>https://foretagsinfo.bolagsverket.se/sok-foretagsinformation-web/foretag/5568712698/foretagsform/AB</ref><ref>https://foretagsinfo.bolagsverket.se/sok-foretagsinformation-web/foretag/5568442924/foretagsform/AB</ref> All companies are connected to Beowulf Mining plc.<ref>https://www.northdata.com/Beowulf%20Mining%20Sweden%20AB,%20%C3%85sele/ON%205568712698</ref> Jokkmokk Iron Mines AB is a wholly owned subsidiary of Beowulf Mining plc.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jokkmokkiron.se/om-oss/|title=Om oss - Jokkmokkiron|publisher=jokkmokkiron.se|access-date=2024-09-30|archive-date=2024-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930202328/https://www.jokkmokkiron.se/om-oss/|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Impact and resistance==
The plans to establish a mine at the site have met resistance from the indigenous [[Saami people]] as well as other local inhabitants and have also raised concerns in regard to dam safety, within the [[hydro power]] regulated [[Lule River]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://we-make-money-not-art.com/archives/2015/04/suohpanterror.php|title=Suohpanterror. Propaganda posters from Sápmi|date=7 April 2015|publisher=}}</ref> On 1 July 2013, protesters set up a road blockade in order to prevent test drilling. On 30 July, the blockade was dismantled by the police, but on the next day the blockade was set up again.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://intercontinentalcry.org/sweden-ongoing-road-blockade-against-mining-in-saami-territory-19953/|title=Sweden: Ongoing Road Blockade Against Mining in Saami Territory|date=5 August 2013|publisher=}}</ref>


In March 2022 Swedish journalists revealed that Beowulf Mining is linked to tax savings in British Virgin Islands<ref>https://www.aftonbladet.se/a/bGb1lA</ref> and is unlikely to provide the promised 1 billion SEK extra tax revenue in 25 years to Jokmokk municipality.<ref>https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/norrbotten/beowulf-mining-lovar-en-miljard-kronor-i-skatteintakter-pa-25-ar</ref>
Dam safety research points at the problems of combining hydro power with tailing dams, within the same system. In Sweden this would be the first time such a combination is made, and thereby this would be a full-scale experiment with major risks for people and drinking water provision downstream, amongst other the cities of [[Boden, Sweden|Boden]] and [[Luleå]].<ref>[http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-214609 Designing dam safeties: perspectives on large scale dams within the intra-actions of technology, nature and human decision making]</ref>


In September 2023 the exit of three key people of Beowulf Mining and a strategic review of this main project has been reported.<ref>https://www.affarsvarlden.se/kommentar/stromavhopp-i-beowulf</ref> An Affärsvärlden analyst explains the owners of Beowulf Mining and the lacks of funding the expected 5 billion SEK.<ref>https://www.affarsvarlden.se/artikel/gruva-i-kallak-langt-borta-trots-domstolens-gladjebesked-osannolikt</ref>
In 2014, [[Norrbotten County]] said no to further mining in Kallak;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=98&artikel=5980980|title=Länsstyrelsen säger nej till Kallak - P4 Norrbotten|first=Sveriges|last=Radio|publisher=}}</ref> the case would be closed if the Swedish governmental geology decision-making body [[Bergsstaten]] had agreed with Norrbotten County. However, Bergsstaten overruled the county and it was up to the [[government of Sweden]] to give a final answer to the question.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=98&artikel=6092964|title=Bergsstaten går emot länsstyrelsen om brytning i Kallak - P4 Norrbotten|first=Sveriges|last=Radio|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sgu.se/bergsstaten/om-bergsstaten/nyheter/2015/februari/beslut-om-kallak-hanskjuts-till-regeringen/ |title=Beslut om Kallak hänskjuts till regeringen|access-date=2015-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924100956/http://www.sgu.se/bergsstaten/om-bergsstaten/nyheter/2015/februari/beslut-om-kallak-hanskjuts-till-regeringen/ |archive-date=2015-09-24| date=13 February 2015|website=Bergsstaten |url-status=dead }}</ref>


In September 2024 the company Jokkmokk Iron Mines AB published a consultation paper describing the planned operations and its main environmental impacts of the planned mining.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jokkmokkiron.se/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Samradsunderlag-Kallak.pdf|title=SAMRÅDSUNDERLAG Underlag för samråd enligt 6 kap. miljöbalken och 13 § Sevesolagstiftningen avseende tillståndsansökan för gruvbrytning i Kallak|publisher=jokkmokkiron.se|date=2024-09-25|access-date=2024-09-30|archive-date=2024-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930191245/https://www.jokkmokkiron.se/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Samradsunderlag-Kallak.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> An English version has been published on the Beowulf Mining website.<ref>{{cite web |title=CONSULTATION DOCUMENT Basis for consultation according to Chapter 6 of the Environmental Code and Section 13 of the Seveso legislation regarding permit applications for mining in Kallak. |url=https://beowulfmining.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Kallak-Consultation-Document-2024.pdf |publisher=beowulfmining.com |access-date=3 October 2024}}</ref> This consultation paper gives the company's view and mentions a number of potential impacts of the proposed mining project. These include impacts on the landscape, noise, vibrations, air quality, groundwater, surface water, reindeer husbandry, natural environment, cultural environment, conservation of natural resources, communications, outdoor recreation, hunting and fishing, powerlines, total defence, hydropower, and the World Heritage Site Laponia.
In Summer 2019 over 1.000 people got together in a tent camp of the [[Rainbow Gathering]] in Kallak in solidarity with the [[Sámi]] people.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nyheter |first=S. V. T. |last2=Wänkkö |first2=Ulrika |last3=Lång |first3=Elisabeth |date=2019-08-14 |title=Rainbow Gatherings tältläger i Kallak saknar tillstånd från markägare |language=sv |work=SVT Nyheter |url=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/norrbotten/taltlagret-saknar-tillstand-fran-markagare |access-date=2022-12-29}}</ref>


According to the local visitors of the public consultation held by the company on 15th October 2024 in Jokkmokk<ref>https://www.jokkmokkiron.se/samrad/</ref> there were general but no specific information on the project.<ref>https://www.jokkmokkiron.se/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Presentation-allmanhetens-samrad.pdf</ref><ref>https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/norrbotten/izabel-inte-imponerad-over-gruvbolagets-planer-i-kallak</ref> According to the company the application for the environmental permit is planned for spring 2025.
In February 2020, the Swedish Government finally refused their application. However Beowulf has continued to express an interest in mining at Kallak.<ref>{{cite web | title=Sweden: Beowulf Mining seeks to mine in indigenous Sámi territory despite government refusal of its application, incl. co. AGM responses| date=14 September 2020 | website=Business & Human Rights Resource Centre | url=https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/sweden-uk-company-seeks-to-mine-in-indigenous-s%C3%A1mi-territory-including-company-response/ | access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref> In December 2021, the new [[Prime Minister of Sweden]], [[Magdalena Andersson]], said that Sweden needed more mines, and shares rose in Beowulf after this announcement.<ref>{{cite web | title=Beowulf Mining shares soar on Swedish mining hopes | website=UK Investor Magazine | date=3 December 2021 | url=https://ukinvestormagazine.co.uk/beowulf-mining-shares-soar-on-swedish-mining-hopes/ | access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref> With [[Swedish Green Party]], which opposed the project, no longer in the governing coalition, the issue of allowance for the mining project reopened.<ref>{{cite web |title=Greta Thunberg condemns UK firm’s plans for iron mine on Sami land |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/feb/11/sami-people-said-no-british-firms-plans-open-pit-mine-divide-sweden-greta-thunberg |website=the Guardian |language=en |date=11 February 2022}}</ref> In February 2022 advisors of the [[U.N. Human Rights Council]]<ref>{{cite web |title=UN advisers urge Sweden to stop mine in home of indigenous Sami |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/un-advisers-urge-sweden-stop-mine-home-indigenous-sami-2022-02-10/ |website=Reuters |language=en |date=10 February 2022}}</ref> and local Saami population protested against it together with [[Greta Thunberg]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Thunberg protests against Sweden iron mine on Sámi land |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/news/thunberg-protests-against-sweden-iron-mine-on-sami-land/ |website=www.euractiv.com |date=7 February 2022}}</ref> Despite the protests, on March 22nd 2022 the Swedish [[Ministry of Enterprise, Energy and Communications]], under a set of environmental protection-related conditions, gave a permission to Beowulf to proceed with the mining project.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sweden gives qualified go-ahead for northern Kallak iron ore mine |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/sweden-gives-qualified-go-ahead-northern-kallak-iron-ore-mine-2022-03-22/ |website=Reuters |language=en |date=22 March 2022}}</ref> Before the mine is established, the project needs to be approved by the Swedish environmental court.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Welle (www.dw.com) |first1=Deutsche |title=Sweden gives green light to controversial iron mine {{!}} DW {{!}} 22.03.2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/sweden-gives-green-light-to-controversial-iron-mine/a-61225593 |website=DW.COM}}</ref>


== Impact and resistance ==
==See also==
The plans to establish a mine at the site have met resistance from the indigenous [[Sámi people]] as well as other local inhabitants and have also raised concerns in regard to dam safety, within the [[hydro power]] regulated [[Lule River]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://we-make-money-not-art.com/archives/2015/04/suohpanterror.php|title=Suohpanterror. Propaganda posters from Sápmi|date=7 April 2015|publisher=|access-date=8 April 2015|archive-date=16 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916050537/http://we-make-money-not-art.com/archives/2015/04/suohpanterror.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 1 July 2013, protesters set up a road blockade in order to prevent test drilling. On 30 July, the blockade was dismantled by the police, but on the next day the blockade was set up again.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://intercontinentalcry.org/sweden-ongoing-road-blockade-against-mining-in-saami-territory-19953/|title=Sweden: Ongoing Road Blockade Against Mining in Saami Territory|date=5 August 2013|publisher=|access-date=8 April 2015|archive-date=13 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413122953/https://intercontinentalcry.org/sweden-ongoing-road-blockade-against-mining-in-saami-territory-19953/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Alta controversy]]

* [[Environmental racism in Europe]]
Dam safety research points at the problems of combining hydro power with tailing dams, within the same system. In Sweden this would be the first time such a combination is made, and thereby this would be a full-scale experiment with major risks for people and drinking water provision downstream, amongst other the cities of [[Boden, Sweden|Boden]] and [[Luleå]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-214609 |title=Designing dam safeties: perspectives on large scale dams within the intra-actions of technology, nature and human decision making |access-date=23 June 2019 |archive-date=15 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515160744/https://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A685144&dswid=4508 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2014, [[Norrbotten County]] said no to further mining in Kallak;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=98&artikel=5980980|title=Länsstyrelsen säger nej till Kallak - P4 Norrbotten|first=Sveriges|last=Radio|publisher=|access-date=17 November 2016|archive-date=17 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117211134/http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=98&artikel=5980980|url-status=live}}</ref> the case would be closed if the Swedish governmental geology decision-making body [[Bergsstaten]] had agreed with Norrbotten County. However, Bergsstaten overruled the county and it was up to the [[government of Sweden]] to give a final answer to the question.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=98&artikel=6092964|title=Bergsstaten går emot länsstyrelsen om brytning i Kallak - P4 Norrbotten|first=Sveriges|last=Radio|publisher=|access-date=17 November 2016|archive-date=17 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117211129/http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=98&artikel=6092964|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sgu.se/bergsstaten/om-bergsstaten/nyheter/2015/februari/beslut-om-kallak-hanskjuts-till-regeringen/ |title=Beslut om Kallak hänskjuts till regeringen|access-date=2015-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924100956/http://www.sgu.se/bergsstaten/om-bergsstaten/nyheter/2015/februari/beslut-om-kallak-hanskjuts-till-regeringen/ |archive-date=2015-09-24| date=13 February 2015|website=Bergsstaten |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In summer 2019 over 1000 people got together in a [[Rainbow Gathering]] tent camp in Kallak in solidarity with the [[Sámi people|Sámi]] people.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Wänkkö |first1=Ulrika |last2=Lång |first2=Elisabeth |date=2019-08-14 |title=Rainbow Gatherings tältläger i Kallak saknar tillstånd från markägare |language=sv |work=SVT Nyheter |url=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/norrbotten/taltlagret-saknar-tillstand-fran-markagare |access-date=2022-12-29 |archive-date=25 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925110511/https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/norrbotten/taltlagret-saknar-tillstand-fran-markagare |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>https://www.svt.se/nyheter/om/T%C3%84LTL%C3%84GRET_I_KALLAK</ref>

In February 2020, the Swedish Government finally refused their application. However Beowulf has continued to express an interest in mining at Kallak.<ref>{{cite web | title=Sweden: Beowulf Mining seeks to mine in indigenous Sámi territory despite government refusal of its application, incl. co. AGM responses | date=14 September 2020 | website=Business & Human Rights Resource Centre | url=https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/sweden-uk-company-seeks-to-mine-in-indigenous-s%C3%A1mi-territory-including-company-response/ | access-date=6 February 2022 | archive-date=6 February 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206031723/https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/sweden-uk-company-seeks-to-mine-in-indigenous-s%C3%A1mi-territory-including-company-response/ | url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2021, the new [[Prime Minister of Sweden]], [[Magdalena Andersson]], said that Sweden needed more mines, and shares rose in Beowulf after this announcement.<ref>{{cite web | title=Beowulf Mining shares soar on Swedish mining hopes | website=UK Investor Magazine | date=3 December 2021 | url=https://ukinvestormagazine.co.uk/beowulf-mining-shares-soar-on-swedish-mining-hopes/ | access-date=6 February 2022 | archive-date=6 February 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206031725/https://ukinvestormagazine.co.uk/beowulf-mining-shares-soar-on-swedish-mining-hopes/ | url-status=live }}</ref> With [[Swedish Green Party]], which opposed the project, no longer in the governing coalition, the issue of allowance for the mining project reopened.<ref>{{cite web |title=Greta Thunberg condemns UK firm’s plans for iron mine on Sami land |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/feb/11/sami-people-said-no-british-firms-plans-open-pit-mine-divide-sweden-greta-thunberg |website=the Guardian |language=en |date=11 February 2022 |access-date=10 March 2022 |archive-date=15 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515160738/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/feb/11/sami-people-said-no-british-firms-plans-open-pit-mine-divide-sweden-greta-thunberg |url-status=live }}</ref> In February 2022 advisors of the [[U.N. Human Rights Council]]<ref>{{cite web |title=UN advisers urge Sweden to stop mine in home of indigenous Sami |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/un-advisers-urge-sweden-stop-mine-home-indigenous-sami-2022-02-10/ |website=Reuters |language=en |date=10 February 2022 |access-date=10 March 2022 |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404045807/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/un-advisers-urge-sweden-stop-mine-home-indigenous-sami-2022-02-10/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and local Saami population protested against it together with [[Greta Thunberg]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Thunberg protests against Sweden iron mine on Sámi land |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/news/thunberg-protests-against-sweden-iron-mine-on-sami-land/ |website=www.euractiv.com |date=7 February 2022 |access-date=10 March 2022 |archive-date=10 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310214352/https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/news/thunberg-protests-against-sweden-iron-mine-on-sami-land/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On February 2, 2022, the [[Sámi Parliament of Sweden]] submitted its opinion concerning a new mine in Kallak to the [[Ministry of Enterprise and Innovation (Sweden)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sami Parliament viewpoint on Gállok/Kallak |url=https://www.sametinget.se/164992 |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=Sametinget |language=en |archive-date=15 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515160744/https://www.sametinget.se/164992 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Despite the protests, on March 22, 2022, the Swedish [[Ministry of Enterprise, Energy and Communications]], under a set of environmental protection-related conditions, gave a permission to Beowulf to proceed with the mining project.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sweden gives qualified go-ahead for northern Kallak iron ore mine |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/sweden-gives-qualified-go-ahead-northern-kallak-iron-ore-mine-2022-03-22/ |website=Reuters |language=en |date=22 March 2022 |access-date=15 May 2024 |archive-date=17 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517210445/http://www.reuters.com/world/sweden-gives-qualified-go-ahead-northern-kallak-iron-ore-mine-2022-03-22/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Before the mine is established, the project needs to be approved by the Swedish environmental court.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Welle (www.dw.com) |first1=Deutsche |title=Sweden gives green light to controversial iron mine {{!}} DW {{!}} 22.03.2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/sweden-gives-green-light-to-controversial-iron-mine/a-61225593 |website=DW.COM |access-date=15 May 2024 |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501144410/https://www.dw.com/en/sweden-gives-green-light-to-controversial-iron-mine/a-61225593 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2022 The Greta Thunberg Foundation donated SEK 2,000,000 (~ EUR 184,000) to the indigenous Jåhkåganska Sámi community in Jokkmokk municipality to support the Sámi communities legal fight against the Swedish government's decision to allow an iron mine in Gállok/Kallak.<ref>https://thegretathunbergfoundation.org/where-the-money-goes/</ref>

The UNESCO World Heritage Committee has examined a report of the Swedish National Heritage Board and requests the authority to provide an updated report on the state of conservation of the World Heritage Laponia and the implementation of recommendations by 1st February 2025.<ref>https://whc.unesco.org/en/decisions/8571</ref>

== See also ==
* {{annotated link|Alta controversy}}
* {{annotated link|Environmental racism in Europe}}
* {{annotated link|Malmberget mine}}
* {{annotated link|Ruoutevare mine}}
* {{annotated link|Kaunisvaara mine}}
* {{annotated link|Kiruna mine}}
* {{annotated link|Mertainen}}
* {{annotated link|Beowulf Mining}}


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==External links==
== External links ==
*[http://www.beowulfmining.net/beowulf-mining-iron.html Official website of the Beowulf company]
* [http://beowulfmining.net/beowulf-mining-iron.html Official website of the Beowulf company]
* [https://www.jokkmokkiron.se/ Official website of Jokkmokk Iron Mines AB (a Swedish subsidiary of the Beowulf company)]
{{Resources in Sweden}}
* [https://www.gallok.se/en-gb/ Official website of Jåhkågasskas resistance against a mine in Gallok/Kallak]
* [https://ejatlas.org/conflict/gallok-kallak-iron-mine-sweden Gállok/Kallak Iron Mine in EJAtlas - Global Atlas of Environmental Justice]
* [https://sametinget.se/8684 Information and maps of Jåhkågaska tjiellde on the website of the Sami Parliament (in Swedish)]

{{resources in Sweden}}


[[category:Iron mines in Sweden]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kallak Mine}}
[[Category:Iron mines in Sweden]]
[[Category:Sámi in Sweden]]
[[Category:Indigenous land rights]]
[[Category:Sámi politics]]

Latest revision as of 04:46, 28 November 2024

Kallak Iron Deposit
Location
Kallak Iron Deposit is located in Sweden
Kallak Iron Deposit
Kallak Iron Deposit
LocationJokkmokk
MunicipalityLapland
CountrySweden
Coordinates66°47′N 19°7′E / 66.783°N 19.117°E / 66.783; 19.117
Production
ProductsIron ore
Owner
CompanyBeowulf Mining

The proposed Kallak mine is a controversial plan to exploit one of the largest unexploited iron ore deposits in Sweden.

Background

[edit]

The mining of iron ore in Sweden is a huge industry and is centred mainly in northern Sweden. The country holds 60% of Europe's identified iron ore deposits and is as of 2021 responsible for 90% of Europe's iron ore extraction[1] and 5% of the world's reserves in 2014.[2][3][4]

More than 96% of total ore production comes from the mines in the northern region, known as Norrland. Comprising 10 of the 12 active mines in the country, these mines lie in Sápmi (historically "Lapland"), the traditional territory of the Sámi, the only Indigenous people in Scandinavia.[1]

Location and community

[edit]

The proposed site of a new mine known as Kallak (the Swedish form of Gállak, the original name of the place in the Lule Saami language, derived from the sámi family name Gállak which is a lineage of sámis that gave name to many places in Sarek such as Gállakjávrre and Gállakvárre. The name has later been wrongfully distorted into Gállok) is located on an island in the hydropower-regulated Little Lule River between the (non-Sami) villages of Björkholmen and Randijaur in the municipality of Jokkmokk in the province of Norrbotten in northern Sweden. It is located near the hydropower plant Parki, and the regulation reservoirs Parkijaure and Randijaure. Björkholmen and Randijaur have around 100 inhabitants, constituting the permanent residents of Gállok/Kallak.[1]

The site is on the ancestral lands of the indigenous Sami people and forms part of the reindeer winter grazing lands of the Sami community of Jåhkågasska tjiellde.[5] The community consists of approximately one hundred members, of which around half work directly with reindeer herding. While this is the community primarily affected by the mining proposal, two other neighbouring Sámi communities would also be indirectly affected.[1]

Mining exploration

[edit]

The Kallak north and Kallak south prospects were identified by the Geological Survey of Sweden in the 1940s. In the late 1960s the SGU identified Kallak north as containing 92 million tonnes of ore and Kallak south as containing 29 million tonnes of ore at a grade of roughly 35%.

Beowulf Mining acquired the Kallak north licence in 2006, and a drill program conducted in 2010 has found at least 175 Mt of Iron at an average grade of 30%.[6] Beowulf acquired the Kallak south licence from Tasman Metals in mid-2010.[7] An ongoing drill program has shown Kallak south to contain at least 400 million tonnes of Iron at an average grade of 30%.[8]

The combined Kallak deposit contains at least 600 million tonnes of Iron and it is believed that the north and south deposits are connected at depth to give a single iron deposit with a strike length of over 4 km (2.5 mi).[citation needed]

In mid-2010 an independent conceptual study performed by the Raw Materials Group showed that the Kallak north deposit, which at the time was thought to contain 150 million tonnes of iron at 30% grading, was commercially viable.[9]

In 2011 the Swedish companys Beowulf Mining Sweden AB and Jokkmokk Iron Mines AB have been registered.[10][11] All companies are connected to Beowulf Mining plc.[12] Jokkmokk Iron Mines AB is a wholly owned subsidiary of Beowulf Mining plc.[13]

In March 2022 Swedish journalists revealed that Beowulf Mining is linked to tax savings in British Virgin Islands[14] and is unlikely to provide the promised 1 billion SEK extra tax revenue in 25 years to Jokmokk municipality.[15]

In September 2023 the exit of three key people of Beowulf Mining and a strategic review of this main project has been reported.[16] An Affärsvärlden analyst explains the owners of Beowulf Mining and the lacks of funding the expected 5 billion SEK.[17]

In September 2024 the company Jokkmokk Iron Mines AB published a consultation paper describing the planned operations and its main environmental impacts of the planned mining.[18] An English version has been published on the Beowulf Mining website.[19] This consultation paper gives the company's view and mentions a number of potential impacts of the proposed mining project. These include impacts on the landscape, noise, vibrations, air quality, groundwater, surface water, reindeer husbandry, natural environment, cultural environment, conservation of natural resources, communications, outdoor recreation, hunting and fishing, powerlines, total defence, hydropower, and the World Heritage Site Laponia.

According to the local visitors of the public consultation held by the company on 15th October 2024 in Jokkmokk[20] there were general but no specific information on the project.[21][22] According to the company the application for the environmental permit is planned for spring 2025.

Impact and resistance

[edit]

The plans to establish a mine at the site have met resistance from the indigenous Sámi people as well as other local inhabitants and have also raised concerns in regard to dam safety, within the hydro power regulated Lule River.[23] On 1 July 2013, protesters set up a road blockade in order to prevent test drilling. On 30 July, the blockade was dismantled by the police, but on the next day the blockade was set up again.[24]

Dam safety research points at the problems of combining hydro power with tailing dams, within the same system. In Sweden this would be the first time such a combination is made, and thereby this would be a full-scale experiment with major risks for people and drinking water provision downstream, amongst other the cities of Boden and Luleå.[25]

In 2014, Norrbotten County said no to further mining in Kallak;[26] the case would be closed if the Swedish governmental geology decision-making body Bergsstaten had agreed with Norrbotten County. However, Bergsstaten overruled the county and it was up to the government of Sweden to give a final answer to the question.[27][28]

In summer 2019 over 1000 people got together in a Rainbow Gathering tent camp in Kallak in solidarity with the Sámi people.[29][30]

In February 2020, the Swedish Government finally refused their application. However Beowulf has continued to express an interest in mining at Kallak.[31] In December 2021, the new Prime Minister of Sweden, Magdalena Andersson, said that Sweden needed more mines, and shares rose in Beowulf after this announcement.[32] With Swedish Green Party, which opposed the project, no longer in the governing coalition, the issue of allowance for the mining project reopened.[33] In February 2022 advisors of the U.N. Human Rights Council[34] and local Saami population protested against it together with Greta Thunberg.[35] On February 2, 2022, the Sámi Parliament of Sweden submitted its opinion concerning a new mine in Kallak to the Ministry of Enterprise and Innovation (Sweden).[36]

Despite the protests, on March 22, 2022, the Swedish Ministry of Enterprise, Energy and Communications, under a set of environmental protection-related conditions, gave a permission to Beowulf to proceed with the mining project.[37] Before the mine is established, the project needs to be approved by the Swedish environmental court.[38]

In September 2022 The Greta Thunberg Foundation donated SEK 2,000,000 (~ EUR 184,000) to the indigenous Jåhkåganska Sámi community in Jokkmokk municipality to support the Sámi communities legal fight against the Swedish government's decision to allow an iron mine in Gállok/Kallak.[39]

The UNESCO World Heritage Committee has examined a report of the Swedish National Heritage Board and requests the authority to provide an updated report on the state of conservation of the World Heritage Laponia and the implementation of recommendations by 1st February 2025.[40]

See also

[edit]
  • Alta controversy – Protests in Finnmark, Norway
  • Environmental racism in Europe – Exposure of poor and marginalised groups to an increased share of environmental harms
  • Malmberget mine – Iron ore mine in northern Sweden
  • Ruoutevare mine – mine in Sweden
  • Kaunisvaara mine – mine in Pajala Municipality, Norrbotten County, Sweden
  • Kiruna mine – Underground iron ore mine in Sweden
  • Mertainen – mine in Kiruna, Norrbotten County, Sweden
  • Beowulf Mining – Exploration and development company

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Blåhed, Hanna; Sebastián, Miguel San (2 June 2021). ""If the reindeer die, everything dies": The mental health of a Sámi community exposed to a mining project in Swedish Sápmi". International Journal of Circumpolar Health. 80 (1). doi:10.1080/22423982.2021.1935132. PMC 8259850. PMID 34219614. Text has been copied from this source, which is available under a Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) Archived 16 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine licence.
  2. ^ Alexander Perez, Alberto (2014). "2014 Mineral yearbook" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
  3. ^ "Swedish ore mines". www.sgu.se. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
  4. ^ Brief Outline of the Metallic Mineral Resources of Sweden. na. 1975. ISBN 9789171580849. Archived from the original on 15 May 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
  5. ^ "The official site of Jåhkågasskas resistance against a mine in Gallok/Kallak!". Jåhkågaska tjiellde. Archived from the original on 30 September 2024. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
  6. ^ "FE Investegate -Beowulf Mining PLC Announcements - Beowulf Mining PLC: Kallak Assay Results". Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  7. ^ "FE Investegate |Beowulf Mining PLC Announcements | Beowulf Mining PLC: Kallak Drilling Update". Investegate.co.uk. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  8. ^ "FE Investegate |Beowulf Mining PLC Announcements | Beowulf Mining PLC: Update re Kallak Iron Ire Project". Investegate.co.uk. 22 March 2011. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  9. ^ "FE Investegate |Beowulf Mining PLC Announcements | Beowulf Mining PLC: Conceptual Study completed Ka". Investegate.co.uk. 3 March 2010. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  10. ^ https://foretagsinfo.bolagsverket.se/sok-foretagsinformation-web/foretag/5568712698/foretagsform/AB
  11. ^ https://foretagsinfo.bolagsverket.se/sok-foretagsinformation-web/foretag/5568442924/foretagsform/AB
  12. ^ https://www.northdata.com/Beowulf%20Mining%20Sweden%20AB,%20%C3%85sele/ON%205568712698
  13. ^ "Om oss - Jokkmokkiron". jokkmokkiron.se. Archived from the original on 30 September 2024. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
  14. ^ https://www.aftonbladet.se/a/bGb1lA
  15. ^ https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/norrbotten/beowulf-mining-lovar-en-miljard-kronor-i-skatteintakter-pa-25-ar
  16. ^ https://www.affarsvarlden.se/kommentar/stromavhopp-i-beowulf
  17. ^ https://www.affarsvarlden.se/artikel/gruva-i-kallak-langt-borta-trots-domstolens-gladjebesked-osannolikt
  18. ^ "SAMRÅDSUNDERLAG Underlag för samråd enligt 6 kap. miljöbalken och 13 § Sevesolagstiftningen avseende tillståndsansökan för gruvbrytning i Kallak" (PDF). jokkmokkiron.se. 25 September 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 September 2024. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
  19. ^ "CONSULTATION DOCUMENT Basis for consultation according to Chapter 6 of the Environmental Code and Section 13 of the Seveso legislation regarding permit applications for mining in Kallak" (PDF). beowulfmining.com. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
  20. ^ https://www.jokkmokkiron.se/samrad/
  21. ^ https://www.jokkmokkiron.se/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Presentation-allmanhetens-samrad.pdf
  22. ^ https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/norrbotten/izabel-inte-imponerad-over-gruvbolagets-planer-i-kallak
  23. ^ "Suohpanterror. Propaganda posters from Sápmi". 7 April 2015. Archived from the original on 16 September 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  24. ^ "Sweden: Ongoing Road Blockade Against Mining in Saami Territory". 5 August 2013. Archived from the original on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  25. ^ "Designing dam safeties: perspectives on large scale dams within the intra-actions of technology, nature and human decision making". Archived from the original on 15 May 2024. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
  26. ^ Radio, Sveriges. "Länsstyrelsen säger nej till Kallak - P4 Norrbotten". Archived from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  27. ^ Radio, Sveriges. "Bergsstaten går emot länsstyrelsen om brytning i Kallak - P4 Norrbotten". Archived from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  28. ^ "Beslut om Kallak hänskjuts till regeringen". Bergsstaten. 13 February 2015. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  29. ^ Wänkkö, Ulrika; Lång, Elisabeth (14 August 2019). "Rainbow Gatherings tältläger i Kallak saknar tillstånd från markägare". SVT Nyheter (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
  30. ^ https://www.svt.se/nyheter/om/T%C3%84LTL%C3%84GRET_I_KALLAK
  31. ^ "Sweden: Beowulf Mining seeks to mine in indigenous Sámi territory despite government refusal of its application, incl. co. AGM responses". Business & Human Rights Resource Centre. 14 September 2020. Archived from the original on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  32. ^ "Beowulf Mining shares soar on Swedish mining hopes". UK Investor Magazine. 3 December 2021. Archived from the original on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  33. ^ "Greta Thunberg condemns UK firm's plans for iron mine on Sami land". the Guardian. 11 February 2022. Archived from the original on 15 May 2024. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  34. ^ "UN advisers urge Sweden to stop mine in home of indigenous Sami". Reuters. 10 February 2022. Archived from the original on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  35. ^ "Thunberg protests against Sweden iron mine on Sámi land". www.euractiv.com. 7 February 2022. Archived from the original on 10 March 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  36. ^ "Sami Parliament viewpoint on Gállok/Kallak". Sametinget. Archived from the original on 15 May 2024. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  37. ^ "Sweden gives qualified go-ahead for northern Kallak iron ore mine". Reuters. 22 March 2022. Archived from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  38. ^ Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "Sweden gives green light to controversial iron mine | DW | 22.03.2022". DW.COM. Archived from the original on 1 May 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  39. ^ https://thegretathunbergfoundation.org/where-the-money-goes/
  40. ^ https://whc.unesco.org/en/decisions/8571
[edit]
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