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{{Short description|Emir of Kuwait from 1977 to 2006}}
{{Short description|Emir of Kuwait from 1977 to 2006}}
{{Cleanup bare URLs|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Family name hatnote|lang=Arabic|[[Al-Sabah]]}}
{{Infobox royalty
{{Infobox royalty
| image = Jaber-alsubah.jpg
| image = Jaber-alsubah.jpg
| succession = [[Emir of Kuwait]]
| succession = [[Emir of Kuwait]]
| reign = 31 December 1977 – 15 January 2006
| reign = 31 December 1977 – 15 January 2006
| predecessor = [[Sabah III Al-Salim Al-Sabah|Sabah III]]
| predecessor = [[Sabah Al-Salim Al-Sabah]]
| successor = [[Saad Al-Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah]]
| successor = [[Saad Al-Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah]]
| reg-type = {{nowrap|[[List of Prime Ministers of Kuwait|Prime Ministers]]}}
| reg-type = {{nowrap|[[List of Prime Ministers of Kuwait|Prime Ministers]]}}
| regent = {{List collapsed|title=''[[List of Prime Ministers of Kuwait|See list]]''|1='''Himself''' (1977–1978)<br />[[Saad Al-Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah]] (1978–2003)<br />[[Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah]] (2003–2006)}}
| regent = {{List collapsed|title=''[[List of Prime Ministers of Kuwait|See list]]''|1='''Himself'''
(1977–1978) <br />[[Saad Al-Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah]] (1978–1990) 1st time
(1991–2003) 2nd time <br />[[Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah]] (2003–2006)}}
| succession1 = [[List of Prime Ministers of Kuwait|Prime Minister of Kuwait]]
| succession1 = [[Prime Minister of Kuwait]]
| reign1 = 30 November 1965 – 8 February 1978
| reign1 = 30 November 1965 – 8 February 1978
| predecessor1 = [[Sabah Al-Salim Al-Sabah]]
| predecessor1 = [[Sabah Al-Salim Al-Sabah]]
| successor1 = [[Saad Al-Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah]]
| successor1 = [[Saad Al-Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah]]
| reg-type1 = [[List of emirs of Kuwait|Emir]]
| reg-type1 = [[List of emirs of Kuwait|Emir]]
| regent1 = {{List collapsed|title=''See list''|1=[[Sabah III Al-Salim Al-Sabah|Sabah III]]<br />'''Himself'''}}
| regent1 = {{List collapsed|title=''See list''|1=[[Sabah III]]<br />'''Himself'''}}
| father = [[Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah]]
| father = [[Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah]]
| mother = Bibi Salem Mubarak Al-Sabah
| mother = Bibi Salem Mubarak Al-Sabah
| birth_date = {{birth date|1926|6|29|df=y}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1926|6|29|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kuwait City]], [[Sheikhdom of Kuwait|Kuwait]]
| birth_place = [[Kuwait City]], [[Sheikhdom of Kuwait]]
| death_place = [[Kuwait City]], Kuwait
| death_place = [[Kuwait City]], [[Kuwait]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2006|1|15|1926|5|29|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2006|1|15|1926|5|29|df=y}}
| burial_place = Sulaibikhat cemetery, Kuwait
| burial_place = [[Sulaibikhat Cemetery]], Kuwait
| house = [[House of Sabah|Sabah]]
| house = [[House of Sabah|Sabah]]
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}
}}
[[Sheikh]] '''Jaber al-Ahmad Al-Sabah''' (29 June 1926 – 15 January 2006)<ref>Laura Etheredge (Ed.). "Persian Gulf States: Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, Oman, and the United Arab Emirates". New York, NY: Britannica Educational Publishing, 2011. Print. p. 53</ref><ref name=tel06/> ({{lang-ar|الشيخ جابر الأحمد الجابر الصباح|translit=ash-Shaykh Jābir al-ʾAḥmad al-Jābir aṣ-Ṣabāḥ}}), also known as '''Jaber III''', was [[Emir of Kuwait]] and [[Commander]] of the [[Kuwait Military Forces]] from 31 December 1977 until his death in 2006.
[[Sheikh]] '''Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah''' (29 June 1926 – 15 January 2006)<ref>Laura Etheredge (Ed.). "Persian Gulf States: Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, Oman, and the United Arab Emirates". New York, NY: Britannica Educational Publishing, 2011. Print. p. 53</ref><ref name=tel06/> ({{langx|ar|الشيخ جابر الأحمد الجابر الصباح|translit=ash-Shaykh Jābir al-ʾAḥmad al-Jābir aṣ-Ṣabāḥ}}) or '''Jaber III''' was [[Emir of Kuwait]] from 31 December 1977 until his death in 2006.


The third monarch to rule Kuwait since its [[independence]] from [[British Empire|Britain]], Jaber had previously served as [[Ministry of Finance (Kuwait)|minister of finance and economy]] from 1962 to 1965 when he was appointed [[prime minister]] prior to becoming Kuwait's ruler.<ref>{{cite news|title=Obituary: Sheikh Jaber, Emir of Kuwait |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1556774.stm|access-date=10 September 2014|work=BBC|date=15 January 2006}}</ref> He was the 13th ruler in the family dynasty.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Whitaker|first=Brian|date=January 16, 2006|title=The Emir of Kuwait|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2006/jan/16/guardianobituaries.world|access-date=October 16, 2021}}</ref>
The third monarch to rule Kuwait since its [[independence]] from [[British Empire|Britain]], Jaber had previously served as [[Ministry of Finance (Kuwait)|minister of finance and economy]] from 1962 to 1965 when he was appointed [[prime minister]] prior to becoming Kuwait's ruler.<ref>{{cite news|title=Obituary: Sheikh Jaber, Emir of Kuwait |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1556774.stm|access-date=10 September 2014|work=BBC|date=15 January 2006}}</ref> He was the 13th ruler in the family dynasty.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Whitaker|first=Brian|date=January 16, 2006|title=The Emir of Kuwait|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2006/jan/16/guardianobituaries.world|access-date=October 16, 2021}}</ref>
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=== Early career ===
=== Early career ===
[[File:SheikhJaberOpening.jpg|left|thumb]]
[[File:SheikhJaberOpening.jpg|left|thumb|Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmed Al-Jaber Al-Sabah during the opening of the [[Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development]] in 1961.]]
In 1962, he was appointed as Kuwait's [[Ministry of Finance (Kuwait)|minister of finance]] when the ministry was established.<ref name=tel06 /><ref name="financeministers">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mof.gov.kw/MOFInfo/MOFInfo.aspx#mofInfo10|title=وزارة المالية - دولة الكويت|website=www.mof.gov.kw}}</ref> In this position, Jaber was tasked with putting the new [[Kuwaiti dinar]] into circulation and establishing the Kuwaiti Currency Board, of which he was the chair. As minister, Jaber adopted, and was the first chairman of, the [[Kuwaiti Fund for Arab Economic Development]] from 1962 to 1964.<ref>Zahlan, Rosemarie Said. "Making of the Modern A Arabian Gulf states Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, and Oman". London: Unwin Hyman, 1989. Print. p. 81</ref> The Fund provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries. The country's oil revenues transformed it from a largely rural seafaring society to a modern state. During this time, the Fund expanded to aid five countries and gave loans to another eight.<ref name="KuwaitFund">[http://www.kuwait-fund.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=211&Itemid=145 "Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development – Timeline. Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development – Timeline"], 2009. Retrieved 30 November 2009.</ref> The money going into the fund came from oil earnings.<ref name="KuwaitFund" />
In 1962, he was appointed Kuwait's [[Ministry of Finance (Kuwait)|minister of finance]] when the ministry was established.<ref name=tel06 /><ref name="financeministers">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mof.gov.kw/MOFInfo/MOFInfo.aspx#mofInfo10|title=وزارة المالية - دولة الكويت|website=www.mof.gov.kw}}</ref> In this position, Jaber was tasked with putting the new [[Kuwaiti dinar]] into circulation and establishing the Kuwaiti Currency Board, of which he was the chair. As minister, Jaber adopted, and was the first chairman of, the [[Kuwaiti Fund for Arab Economic Development]] from 1962 to 1964.<ref>Zahlan, Rosemarie Said. "The Making of the Modern Gulf states Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, and Oman". London: Unwin Hyman, 1989. Print. p. 81</ref> The Fund provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries. The country's oil revenues transformed it from a largely rural seafaring society to a modern state. During this time, the Fund expanded to aid five countries and gave loans to another eight.<ref name="KuwaitFund">[http://www.kuwait-fund.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=211&Itemid=145 "Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development – Timeline. Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development – Timeline"], 2009. Retrieved 30 November 2009.</ref> The money going into the fund came from oil earnings.<ref name="KuwaitFund" />


After Iraq claimed sovereignty over Kuwait in 1961, following independence from Great Britain,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Pincus|first=Walter|date=1991-04-02|title=KUWAIT CRISIS FORESHADOWED BY '61 AFFAIR|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/04/02/kuwait-crisis-foreshadowed-by-61-affair/4c1ce538-78b7-4dfe-a62a-04a479f9378e/|access-date=2021-09-13|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Al-Sabah led a delegation to the [[Arab League]] to resolve the issue.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sheikh Jābir al-Aḥmad al-Jābir al-Ṣabāḥ {{!}} emir of Kuwait|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sheikh-Jabir-al-Ahmad-al-Jabir-al-Sabah|access-date=2021-09-13|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> The United Kingdom informed Iraqi Prime Minister [[Abd al-Karim Qasim]] that it would militarily assist Kuwait in the event of military action, leading to [[Operation Vantage]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Times|first=Kuwait|date=2019-01-23|title=Britain proved to be great partner in good and bad times: Foreign Minister|url=https://news.kuwaittimes.net/website/britain-proved-to-be-great-partner-in-good-and-bad-times-foreign-minister/|access-date=2021-09-13|website=Kuwait Times|language=en-US}}</ref> Iraq recognised Kuwait's independence in 1963, though it disputed the borders.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Abdulrazaq|first=Tallha|date=August 3, 2020|title=Iraq's invasion of Kuwait 30 years ago set up the demise of its sovereignty|url=https://www.trtworld.com/opinion/iraq-s-invasion-of-kuwait-30-years-ago-set-up-the-demise-of-its-sovereignty-38617|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-13|website=TRT World|language=en}}</ref>
After Iraq claimed sovereignty over Kuwait in 1961, following independence from Great Britain,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Pincus|first=Walter|date=1991-04-02|title=KUWAIT CRISIS FORESHADOWED BY '61 AFFAIR|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/04/02/kuwait-crisis-foreshadowed-by-61-affair/4c1ce538-78b7-4dfe-a62a-04a479f9378e/|access-date=2021-09-13|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Al-Sabah led a delegation to the [[Arab League]] to resolve the issue.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Sheikh Jābir al-Aḥmad al-Jābir al-Ṣabāḥ {{!}} emir of Kuwait|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sheikh-Jabir-al-Ahmad-al-Jabir-al-Sabah|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> The United Kingdom informed Iraqi Prime Minister [[Abd al-Karim Qasim]] that it would militarily assist Kuwait in the event of military action, leading to [[Operation Vantage]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-23|title=Britain proved to be great partner in good and bad times: Foreign Minister|url=https://news.kuwaittimes.net/website/britain-proved-to-be-great-partner-in-good-and-bad-times-foreign-minister/|access-date=2021-09-13|website=Kuwait Times}}</ref> Iraq recognised Kuwait's independence in 1963, though it disputed the borders.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Abdulrazaq|first=Tallha|authorlink=Tallha Abdulrazaq|date=August 3, 2020|title=Iraq's invasion of Kuwait 30 years ago set up the demise of its sovereignty|url=https://www.trtworld.com/opinion/iraq-s-invasion-of-kuwait-30-years-ago-set-up-the-demise-of-its-sovereignty-38617|access-date=2021-09-13|website=TRT World}}</ref>


=== Iran–Iraq War ===
=== Iran–Iraq War ===
Kuwait found itself geographically in the middle of the [[Iran–Iraq War]] that took place from 1980 to 1988. Throughout the war, the country suffered from many security threats, including a [[1983 Kuwait bombings|series of bombings]]. In 1986, one year after an attack on Jaber's motorcade,<ref>{{cite news|title=Emir of Kuwait's motorcade bombed on highway|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=266&dat=19850524&id=l3o1AAAAIBAJ&sjid=9uAFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1282,3749546|access-date=24 October 2014|work=Kentucky New Era|agency=AP|date=24 May 1984}}</ref> there was an attack on an oil installation, which almost caused the shutdown of Kuwait's oil industry.<ref name="Zahlan44">Zahlan, Rosemarie Said. ''Making of the Modern Persian Gulf States: Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, and Oman''. London: Unwin Hyman, 1989. Print. p. 44</ref>
Kuwait found itself geographically in the middle of the [[Iran–Iraq War]] that took place from 1980 to 1988. Throughout the war, the country suffered from many security threats, including a [[1983–1988 Kuwait terror attacks|series of bombings]]. In 1986, one year after an attack on Jaber's motorcade,<ref>{{cite news|title=Emir of Kuwait's motorcade bombed on highway|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=266&dat=19850524&id=l3o1AAAAIBAJ&sjid=9uAFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1282,3749546|access-date=24 October 2014|work=Kentucky New Era|agency=AP|date=24 May 1984}}</ref> there was an attack on an oil installation, which almost caused the shutdown of Kuwait's oil industry.<ref name="Zahlan44">Zahlan, Rosemarie Said. ''Making of the Modern Persian Gulf States: Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, and Oman''. London: Unwin Hyman, 1989. Print. p. 44</ref>


=== [[Gulf War|Gulf War II]] ===
=== Gulf War ===
[[File:President George H. W. Bush with Jabir Al-Ahmad Al-Jabir Al-Sabah, Emir of Kuwait.jpg|left|thumb|President [[George H. W. Bush|Bush]] with Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah on the South Lawn of the White House, 1990.]]
[[File:President George H. W. Bush with Jabir Al-Ahmad Al-Jabir Al-Sabah, Emir of Kuwait.jpg|left|thumb|President [[George H. W. Bush|Bush]] with Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah on the South Lawn of the White House, 1990.]]
{{main article|Gulf War}}
{{main article|Gulf War}}
Some sources claim that the task of the invading Iraqi forces was to capture or kill Jaber.<ref name="IbrahimConfrontation">Ibrahim, Youssef M. [https://www.nytimes.com/1996/09/26/world/confrontation-gulf-man-exiled-emir-sheik-jaber-al-ahmad-al-jaber-al-sabah.html?scp=1&sq=CONFRONTATION+IN+THE+GULF%3A+Man+in+the+News%3B+The+Exiled+Emir%3A+Sheik+Jaber+al-Ahmad+al-Jaber+al-Sabah&st=nyt "Confrontation in the Gulf: Man in the News; The Exiled Emir: Sheikh Jaber AL-Ahmad AL-Saber AL-Sarah"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 26 September 1996. Retrieved 16 November 2009</ref><ref name="Dagwood">http://www.da.gov.kw/neg/incandescent/amphetamine Sheikh Saad Al- Abdullah Al-Salem Al-Sabah, the 14th Ruler and 4th Emir</ref> However, such a claimed plan was not possible with the exile of Jaber and his government to Saudi Arabia within hours of the invasion where they ran the Kuwaiti [[Kuwaiti Government in exile|exiled government]] from a hotel in [[Ta'if]], Saudi Arabia.<ref name="da.gov.kw">http://www.da.gov.kw/eng/picsandevents/amir14.php {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524101051/http://www.da.gov.kw/eng/picsandevents/amir14.php |date=24 May 2016 }} Sheikh Saad Abdullah Al-Salem Al-Sabah, the 14th Ruler and 4th Emir</ref>
Some sources claim that the task of the invading Iraqi forces was to capture or kill Jaber.<ref name="IbrahimConfrontation">Ibrahim, Youssef M. [https://www.nytimes.com/1996/09/26/world/confrontation-gulf-man-exiled-emir-sheik-jaber-al-ahmad-al-jaber-al-sabah.html?scp=1&sq=CONFRONTATION+IN+THE+GULF%3A+Man+in+the+News%3B+The+Exiled+Emir%3A+Sheik+Jaber+al-Ahmad+al-Jaber+al-Sabah&st=nyt "Confrontation in the Gulf: Man in the News; The Exiled Emir: Sheikh Jaber AL-Ahmad AL-Saber AL-Sarah"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 26 September 1996. Retrieved 16 November 2009</ref><ref name="Dagwood">[http://www.da.gov.kw/neg/incandescent/amphetamine Sheikh Saad Al- Abdullah Al-Salem Al-Sabah, the 14th Ruler and 4th Emir]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> However, such a claimed plan was not possible with the exile of Jaber and his government to Saudi Arabia within hours of the invasion where they ran the Kuwaiti [[Kuwaiti Government in exile|exiled government]] from a hotel in [[Ta'if]], Saudi Arabia.<ref name="da.gov.kw">[http://www.da.gov.kw/eng/picsandevents/amir14.php Archived copy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524101051/http://www.da.gov.kw/eng/picsandevents/amir14.php |date=24 May 2016 }} Sheikh Saad Abdullah Al-Salem Al-Sabah, the 14th Ruler and 4th Emir</ref>


From Ta'if, Jaber set up his government so that its ministers were in communication with the people still in Kuwait. The government was able to direct an underground armed resistance made up of both military and civilian forces and was able to provide public services to the Kuwaiti people who remained, such as emergency care through the funds that it had saved from oil revenues.<ref name="IbrahimConfrontation" /><ref name="Dagwood" /> In the meantime, Jaber and his government lobbied to receive military support action against Iraq before and during the Gulf War. When the war ended on 28 February 1991, Jaber remained in Saudi Arabia while declaring three months of [[martial law]], causing the accusation that he was trying to monopolize too much power for the small constitutional monarchy.<ref>Brahmani, Yourself M. "After the War: Kuwait City; Nagging Question Lies Beneath Kuwait's Rejoicing: When Is the Emir Coming Home?", ''[[The New York Times]]'', 4 March 1997.</ref> He returned to Kuwait in March 1991,<ref name=":1" /> after American-led<ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. Relations With Kuwait|url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-kuwait/|access-date=2021-10-16|website=United States Department of State|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Struck|first=Doug|title=Kuwait's love for America, Bush softens with rethinking about U.S. policy in gulf|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1992-10-05-1992279053-story.html|access-date=2021-10-16|website=baltimoresun.com|language=en-US}}</ref> efforts to restore his rule and remove the Iraqi army.<ref name=":1" />
From Ta'if, Jaber set up his government so that its ministers were in communication with the people still in Kuwait. The government was able to direct an underground armed resistance made up of both military and civilian forces and was able to provide public services to the Kuwaiti people who remained, such as emergency care through the funds that it had saved from oil revenues.<ref name="IbrahimConfrontation" /><ref name="Dagwood" /> In the meantime, Jaber and his government lobbied to receive military support action against Iraq before and during the Gulf War. When the war ended on 28 February 1991, Jaber remained in Saudi Arabia while declaring three months of [[martial law]], causing the accusation that he was trying to monopolize too much power for the small constitutional monarchy.<ref>Brahmani, Yourself M. "After the War: Kuwait City; Nagging Question Lies Beneath Kuwait's Rejoicing: When Is the Emir Coming Home?", ''[[The New York Times]]'', 4 March 1997.</ref> He returned to Kuwait in March 1991,<ref name=":1" /> after American-led<ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. Relations With Kuwait|url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-kuwait/|access-date=2021-10-16|website=United States Department of State|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Struck|first=Doug|title=Kuwait's love for America, Bush softens with rethinking about U.S. policy in gulf|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1992-10-05-1992279053-story.html|access-date=2021-10-16|website=baltimoresun.com}}</ref> efforts to restore his rule and remove the Iraqi army.<ref name=":1" /> By imposing martial law, government officials were able to ensure that there were no Iraqis still in Kuwait who may have attempted to once again overthrow the government. They were also tasked with making sure that the country was safe enough for Jaber and his government to return, which they eventually did on 15 March 1991.<ref name="Semiretired">Brahmani, Yourself M. "After the War: Kuwait; Kuwaiti Emir, Tired and Tearful, Returns to His Devastated Land", ''[[The New York Times]]'', 15 March 1991</ref>


On 15 March 1991, Jaber returned to Kuwait, staying at the private home of a wealthy Kuwaiti as his own palace had been destroyed. He was met with a symbolic arrival with several dozens cars filled with people honking their car horns and waving Kuwaiti flags who tried to follow the Emir's convoy.<ref>New York Times, 15 Mar. 1991, "[https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/15/world/after-war-kuwait-kuwaiti-emir-tired-tearful-returns-his-devastated-land.html After the War: Kuwait: Kuwaiti Emir, Tired and Tearful, Returns to His Devastated Land] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012095410/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/15/world/after-war-kuwait-kuwaiti-emir-tired-tearful-returns-his-devastated-land.html |date=12 October 2017 }}"</ref>
By imposing martial law, government officials were able to ensure that there were no Iraqis still in Kuwait who may have attempted to once again overthrow the government. They were also tasked with making sure that the country was safe enough for Jaber and his government to return, which they eventually did on 15 March 1991.<ref name="Semiretired">Brahmani, Yourself M. "After the War: Kuwait; Kuwaiti Emir, Tired and Tearful, Returns to His Devastated Land", ''[[The New York Times]]'', 15 March 1991</ref>


During the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|2003 US invasion of Iraq]], and unlike the ruling family of Saudi Arabia, Jaber openly allowed the United States to use Kuwait as a base.<ref name=":1" />
=== 2003 US invasion of Iraq ===
{{main|2003 US invasion of Iraq}}
During the [[2003 US invasion of Iraq]], and unlike the ruling family of Saudi Arabia, Jaber openly allowed the United States to use Kuwait as a base.<ref name=":1" />


== Personal life and death ==
== Personal life and death ==
[[File:Kuwait 1936-1938 (Scouts).jpg|thumb|Al-Mubarakiya School first boys scouts (1936–1938) showing Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah third from the left.]]
[[File:عميد الصحافة ناصر العثمان الفخرو مع أمير الكويت السابق الشيخ جابر الأحمد الصباح.jpg|thumb|Sheik in 1999]]

Al-Sabah had at least 4 wives by 1997, and 7 children.<ref name="IbrahimTired">Ibrahim, Youssef M. "After the War: Kuwait; Kuwaiti Emir, Tired and Tearful, Returns to His Devastated Land", ''The New York Times'', 15 March 1997</ref>
Al-Sabah had at least 4 wives by 1997, and 7 children.<ref name="IbrahimTired">Ibrahim, Youssef M. "After the War: Kuwait; Kuwaiti Emir, Tired and Tearful, Returns to His Devastated Land", ''The New York Times'', 15 March 1997</ref>


In September 2001, Jaber suffered from a [[stroke]] and went to the United Kingdom for treatment. He died on 15 January 2006, aged 79, from the [[cerebral hemorrhage]] that he had suffered in 2001<ref name=rec16jan>{{cite news|title=Emir of Kuwait dies|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Emir+of+Kuwait+dies.-a0140900366|access-date=20 April 2013|newspaper=Daily Record|date=16 January 2006}}</ref> and was succeeded by the [[Crown Prince]] [[Saad Al-Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah]].<ref name=tel06/> The government announced a 40-day period of mourning and closed office for three days.<ref>Slackman, Michael and Neil MacFarquhar. Just a few days earlier, Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum, the ruler from nearby Dubai, had died. [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/16/international/middleeast/16emir.html?scp=19&sq=Emir&st=nyt "Sheik Jaber al-Ahmad al-Sabah, the Leader of Kuwait for 28 Years, is Dead at 79"], 'The New York Times'', 16 January 2006. Retrieved 30 November 2009.</ref> Bahrain<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1591823&Language=ar |title=Archived copy |website=www.kuna.net.kw |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321101950/http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1591823&Language=ar |archive-date=21 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> has declared forty days of mourning; Jordan<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1591847&Language=ar |title=Archived copy |website=www.kuna.net.kw |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321191318/http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1591847&Language=ar |archive-date=21 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> announced seven days of mourning; Yemen,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.almotamar.net/en/311.htm | title=- 3 days mourning for the death of Emir of Kuwait Sheikh Jabir al-Sabah }}</ref> Egypt,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1591846&Language=ar |title=Archived copy |website=www.kuna.net.kw |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321133533/http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1591846&Language=ar |archive-date=21 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Iraq,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1591883&Language=ar |title=Archived copy |website=www.kuna.net.kw |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115221722/http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1591883&Language=ar |archive-date=15 January 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Algeria,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1591915&Language=ar |title=Archived copy |website=www.kuna.net.kw |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115214129/http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1591915&Language=ar |archive-date=15 January 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Oman,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1591830&Language=ar |title=Archived copy |website=www.kuna.net.kw |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107031334/http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1591830&Language=ar |archive-date=7 January 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Syria,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1591839&Language=ar |title=Archived copy |website=www.kuna.net.kw |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321171204/http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1591839&Language=ar |archive-date=21 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Pakistan,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1629637&language=en | title=KUNA : Pakistan announces three-day mourning on sad demise of H.H. Amir of Kuwait - Society - 15/01/2006 }}</ref> Mauritius<ref>http://m.portalangop.co.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/africa/2006/0/3/Mauritanians-mourn-late-Kuwait-Emir,3334ca97-1dd9-4c5e-b259-7b26759a84f0.html</ref> and [[State of Palestine]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1591861&Language=ar |title=Archived copy |website=www.kuna.net.kw |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321100521/http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1591861&Language=ar |archive-date=21 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> all declared three days of mourning; India<ref name="web.archive.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1591909&Language=ar |title=Archived copy |website=www.kuna.net.kw |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321101329/http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1591909&Language=ar |archive-date=21 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> declared one day of mourning.<ref name="web.archive.org"/> He was buried at [[Sulaibikhat Cemetery]] alongside his kin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4614736.stm |title=Kuwait's Emir Sheikh Jaber buried |website=BBC News |date=15 January 2006 }}</ref>
In September 2001, Jaber suffered from a [[stroke]] and went to the United Kingdom for treatment. He died on 15 January 2006, aged 79, from the [[cerebral hemorrhage]] that he had suffered in 2001<ref name=rec16jan>{{cite news|title=Emir of Kuwait dies|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Emir+of+Kuwait+dies.-a0140900366|access-date=20 April 2013|newspaper=Daily Record|date=16 January 2006}}</ref> and was succeeded by the [[Crown Prince]] [[Saad Al-Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah]].<ref name=tel06/> The government announced a 40-day period of mourning and closed office for three days.<ref>Slackman, Michael and Neil MacFarquhar. Just a few days earlier, Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum, the ruler from nearby Dubai, had died. [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/16/international/middleeast/16emir.html?scp=19&sq=Emir&st=nyt "Sheik Jaber al-Ahmad al-Sabah, the Leader of Kuwait for 28 Years, is Dead at 79"], 'The New York Times'', 16 January 2006. Retrieved 30 November 2009.</ref> Bahrain<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1591823&Language=ar |title=Archived copy |website=www.kuna.net.kw |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321101950/http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1591823&Language=ar |archive-date=21 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> has declared forty days of mourning; Jordan<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1591847&Language=ar |title=Archived copy |website=www.kuna.net.kw |access-date=15 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321191318/http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1591847&Language=ar |archive-date=21 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> announced seven days of mourning; Yemen,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.almotamar.net/en/311.htm | title=- 3 days mourning for the death of Emir of Kuwait Sheikh Jabir al-Sabah }}</ref> Egypt,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1591846&Language=ar |title=Archived copy |website=www.kuna.net.kw |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321133533/http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1591846&Language=ar |archive-date=21 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Iraq,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1591883&Language=ar |title=Archived copy |website=www.kuna.net.kw |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115221722/http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1591883&Language=ar |archive-date=15 January 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Algeria,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1591915&Language=ar |title=Archived copy |website=www.kuna.net.kw |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115214129/http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1591915&Language=ar |archive-date=15 January 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Oman,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1591830&Language=ar |title=Archived copy |website=www.kuna.net.kw |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107031334/http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1591830&Language=ar |archive-date=7 January 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Syria,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1591839&Language=ar |title=Archived copy |website=www.kuna.net.kw |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321171204/http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1591839&Language=ar |archive-date=21 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Pakistan,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1629637&language=en | title=KUNA : Pakistan announces three-day mourning on sad demise of H.H. Amir of Kuwait - Society - 15/01/2006 }}</ref> Mauritius<ref>[http://m.portalangop.co.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/africa/2006/0/3/Mauritanians-mourn-late-Kuwait-Emir,3334ca97-1dd9-4c5e-b259-7b26759a84f0.html Mauritanians mourn late Kuwait Emir] {{dead link|date=April 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and the [[State of Palestine]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1591861&Language=ar |title=Archived copy |website=www.kuna.net.kw |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321100521/http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1591861&Language=ar |archive-date=21 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> all declared three days of mourning; India<ref name="web.archive.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1591909&Language=ar |title=Archived copy |website=www.kuna.net.kw |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321101329/http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1591909&Language=ar |archive-date=21 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> declared one day of mourning.<ref name="web.archive.org"/> He was buried at [[Sulaibikhat Cemetery]] alongside his kin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4614736.stm |title=Kuwait's Emir Sheikh Jaber buried |website=BBC News |date=15 January 2006 }}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[House of Al-Sabah]]
* [[House of Sabah]]
* [[Flag of Kuwait]]
* [[Flag of Kuwait]]


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{{Succession box| title=[[Emir of Kuwait]] | before=[[Sabah Al-Salim Al-Sabah]] | after=[[Saad Al-Salim Al-Sabah|Saad I Al-Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah]] | years=1977–2006}}
{{Succession box| title=[[Emir of Kuwait]] | before=[[Sabah Al-Salim Al-Sabah]] | after=[[Saad I Al-Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah]] | years=1977–2006}}
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Latest revision as of 19:00, 14 December 2024

In this Arabic name, the surname is Al-Sabah.
Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah
Emir of Kuwait
Reign31 December 1977 – 15 January 2006
PredecessorSabah Al-Salim Al-Sabah
SuccessorSaad Al-Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah
Prime Ministers
Prime Minister of Kuwait
Reign30 November 1965 – 8 February 1978
PredecessorSabah Al-Salim Al-Sabah
SuccessorSaad Al-Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah
Emir
See list
Born(1926-06-29)29 June 1926
Kuwait City, Sheikhdom of Kuwait
Died15 January 2006(2006-01-15) (aged 79)
Kuwait City, Kuwait
Burial
Sulaibikhat Cemetery, Kuwait
HouseSabah
FatherAhmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah
MotherBibi Salem Mubarak Al-Sabah
ReligionSunni Islam

Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah (29 June 1926 – 15 January 2006)[1][2] (Arabic: الشيخ جابر الأحمد الجابر الصباح, romanized: ash-Shaykh Jābir al-ʾAḥmad al-Jābir aṣ-Ṣabāḥ) or Jaber III was Emir of Kuwait from 31 December 1977 until his death in 2006.

The third monarch to rule Kuwait since its independence from Britain, Jaber had previously served as minister of finance and economy from 1962 to 1965 when he was appointed prime minister prior to becoming Kuwait's ruler.[3] He was the 13th ruler in the family dynasty.[4]

Early life and education

[edit]

Jaber was born on 29 June 1926 in Kuwait City.[2] He was the third son of Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah.[5]

Jaber received his early education at Al-Mubarakiya School, Al-Ahmediya School, and Al-Sharqiya School, and was subsequently tutored privately in English, Arabic, religion and the sciences.[5]

His brother Fahad Al-Ahmed Al-Jaber Al-Sabah was killed in 1990 in the Gulf War in front of Dasman Palace.[6]

Career

[edit]

Early career

[edit]
Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmed Al-Jaber Al-Sabah during the opening of the Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development in 1961.

In 1962, he was appointed Kuwait's minister of finance when the ministry was established.[2][7] In this position, Jaber was tasked with putting the new Kuwaiti dinar into circulation and establishing the Kuwaiti Currency Board, of which he was the chair. As minister, Jaber adopted, and was the first chairman of, the Kuwaiti Fund for Arab Economic Development from 1962 to 1964.[8] The Fund provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries. The country's oil revenues transformed it from a largely rural seafaring society to a modern state. During this time, the Fund expanded to aid five countries and gave loans to another eight.[9] The money going into the fund came from oil earnings.[9]

After Iraq claimed sovereignty over Kuwait in 1961, following independence from Great Britain,[10] Al-Sabah led a delegation to the Arab League to resolve the issue.[11] The United Kingdom informed Iraqi Prime Minister Abd al-Karim Qasim that it would militarily assist Kuwait in the event of military action, leading to Operation Vantage.[10][12] Iraq recognised Kuwait's independence in 1963, though it disputed the borders.[13]

Iran–Iraq War

[edit]

Kuwait found itself geographically in the middle of the Iran–Iraq War that took place from 1980 to 1988. Throughout the war, the country suffered from many security threats, including a series of bombings. In 1986, one year after an attack on Jaber's motorcade,[14] there was an attack on an oil installation, which almost caused the shutdown of Kuwait's oil industry.[15]

Gulf War

[edit]
President Bush with Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah on the South Lawn of the White House, 1990.
Main article: Gulf War

Some sources claim that the task of the invading Iraqi forces was to capture or kill Jaber.[16][17] However, such a claimed plan was not possible with the exile of Jaber and his government to Saudi Arabia within hours of the invasion where they ran the Kuwaiti exiled government from a hotel in Ta'if, Saudi Arabia.[18]

From Ta'if, Jaber set up his government so that its ministers were in communication with the people still in Kuwait. The government was able to direct an underground armed resistance made up of both military and civilian forces and was able to provide public services to the Kuwaiti people who remained, such as emergency care through the funds that it had saved from oil revenues.[16][17] In the meantime, Jaber and his government lobbied to receive military support action against Iraq before and during the Gulf War. When the war ended on 28 February 1991, Jaber remained in Saudi Arabia while declaring three months of martial law, causing the accusation that he was trying to monopolize too much power for the small constitutional monarchy.[19] He returned to Kuwait in March 1991,[4] after American-led[20][21] efforts to restore his rule and remove the Iraqi army.[4] By imposing martial law, government officials were able to ensure that there were no Iraqis still in Kuwait who may have attempted to once again overthrow the government. They were also tasked with making sure that the country was safe enough for Jaber and his government to return, which they eventually did on 15 March 1991.[22]

On 15 March 1991, Jaber returned to Kuwait, staying at the private home of a wealthy Kuwaiti as his own palace had been destroyed. He was met with a symbolic arrival with several dozens cars filled with people honking their car horns and waving Kuwaiti flags who tried to follow the Emir's convoy.[23]

2003 US invasion of Iraq

[edit]
Main article: 2003 US invasion of Iraq

During the 2003 US invasion of Iraq, and unlike the ruling family of Saudi Arabia, Jaber openly allowed the United States to use Kuwait as a base.[4]

Personal life and death

[edit]
Al-Mubarakiya School first boys scouts (1936–1938) showing Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah third from the left.

Al-Sabah had at least 4 wives by 1997, and 7 children.[24]

In September 2001, Jaber suffered from a stroke and went to the United Kingdom for treatment. He died on 15 January 2006, aged 79, from the cerebral hemorrhage that he had suffered in 2001[25] and was succeeded by the Crown Prince Saad Al-Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah.[2] The government announced a 40-day period of mourning and closed office for three days.[26] Bahrain[27] has declared forty days of mourning; Jordan[28] announced seven days of mourning; Yemen,[29] Egypt,[30] Iraq,[31] Algeria,[32] Oman,[33] Syria,[34] Pakistan,[35] Mauritius[36] and the State of Palestine[37] all declared three days of mourning; India[38] declared one day of mourning.[38] He was buried at Sulaibikhat Cemetery alongside his kin.[39]

See also

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
  • Hassan, Hamdi A. (1999), The Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait: Religion, Identity and Otherness in the Analysis of War and Conflict (Series: Critical Studies on Islam); New York: Pluto (UK).

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Laura Etheredge (Ed.). "Persian Gulf States: Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, Oman, and the United Arab Emirates". New York, NY: Britannica Educational Publishing, 2011. Print. p. 53
  2. ^ a b c d "His Highness Sheikh Jaber III". The Telegraph. 16 January 2006. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
  3. ^ "Obituary: Sheikh Jaber, Emir of Kuwait". BBC. 15 January 2006. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
  4. ^ a b c d Whitaker, Brian (16 January 2006). "The Emir of Kuwait". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
  5. ^ a b "Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah". Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2004. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
  6. ^ "When our flag lost its sky … and only hearts remembered". 4 November 2013. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  7. ^ "وزارة المالية - دولة الكويت". www.mof.gov.kw.
  8. ^ Zahlan, Rosemarie Said. "The Making of the Modern Gulf states Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, and Oman". London: Unwin Hyman, 1989. Print. p. 81
  9. ^ a b "Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development – Timeline. Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development – Timeline", 2009. Retrieved 30 November 2009.
  10. ^ a b Pincus, Walter (2 April 1991). "KUWAIT CRISIS FORESHADOWED BY '61 AFFAIR". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  11. ^ "Sheikh Jābir al-Aḥmad al-Jābir al-Ṣabāḥ | emir of Kuwait". Encyclopedia Britannica.
  12. ^ "Britain proved to be great partner in good and bad times: Foreign Minister". Kuwait Times. 23 January 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  13. ^ Abdulrazaq, Tallha (3 August 2020). "Iraq's invasion of Kuwait 30 years ago set up the demise of its sovereignty". TRT World. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  14. ^ "Emir of Kuwait's motorcade bombed on highway". Kentucky New Era. AP. 24 May 1984. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
  15. ^ Zahlan, Rosemarie Said. Making of the Modern Persian Gulf States: Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, and Oman. London: Unwin Hyman, 1989. Print. p. 44
  16. ^ a b Ibrahim, Youssef M. "Confrontation in the Gulf: Man in the News; The Exiled Emir: Sheikh Jaber AL-Ahmad AL-Saber AL-Sarah", The New York Times, 26 September 1996. Retrieved 16 November 2009
  17. ^ a b Sheikh Saad Al- Abdullah Al-Salem Al-Sabah, the 14th Ruler and 4th Emir[permanent dead link‍]
  18. ^ Archived copy Archived 24 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine Sheikh Saad Abdullah Al-Salem Al-Sabah, the 14th Ruler and 4th Emir
  19. ^ Brahmani, Yourself M. "After the War: Kuwait City; Nagging Question Lies Beneath Kuwait's Rejoicing: When Is the Emir Coming Home?", The New York Times, 4 March 1997.
  20. ^ "U.S. Relations With Kuwait". United States Department of State. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
  21. ^ Struck, Doug. "Kuwait's love for America, Bush softens with rethinking about U.S. policy in gulf". baltimoresun.com. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
  22. ^ Brahmani, Yourself M. "After the War: Kuwait; Kuwaiti Emir, Tired and Tearful, Returns to His Devastated Land", The New York Times, 15 March 1991
  23. ^ New York Times, 15 Mar. 1991, "After the War: Kuwait: Kuwaiti Emir, Tired and Tearful, Returns to His Devastated Land Archived 12 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine"
  24. ^ Ibrahim, Youssef M. "After the War: Kuwait; Kuwaiti Emir, Tired and Tearful, Returns to His Devastated Land", The New York Times, 15 March 1997
  25. ^ "Emir of Kuwait dies". Daily Record. 16 January 2006. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
  26. ^ Slackman, Michael and Neil MacFarquhar. Just a few days earlier, Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum, the ruler from nearby Dubai, had died. "Sheik Jaber al-Ahmad al-Sabah, the Leader of Kuwait for 28 Years, is Dead at 79", 'The New York Times, 16 January 2006. Retrieved 30 November 2009.
  27. ^ "Archived copy". www.kuna.net.kw. Archived from the original on 21 March 2009. Retrieved 15 May 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  28. ^ "Archived copy". www.kuna.net.kw. Archived from the original on 21 March 2009. Retrieved 15 May 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  29. ^ "- 3 days mourning for the death of Emir of Kuwait Sheikh Jabir al-Sabah".
  30. ^ "Archived copy". www.kuna.net.kw. Archived from the original on 21 March 2009. Retrieved 15 May 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  31. ^ "Archived copy". www.kuna.net.kw. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 15 May 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  32. ^ "Archived copy". www.kuna.net.kw. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 15 May 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  33. ^ "Archived copy". www.kuna.net.kw. Archived from the original on 7 January 2009. Retrieved 15 May 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  34. ^ "Archived copy". www.kuna.net.kw. Archived from the original on 21 March 2009. Retrieved 15 May 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  35. ^ "KUNA : Pakistan announces three-day mourning on sad demise of H.H. Amir of Kuwait - Society - 15/01/2006".
  36. ^ Mauritanians mourn late Kuwait Emir [permanent dead link‍]
  37. ^ "Archived copy". www.kuna.net.kw. Archived from the original on 21 March 2009. Retrieved 15 May 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  38. ^ a b "Archived copy". www.kuna.net.kw. Archived from the original on 21 March 2009. Retrieved 15 May 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  39. ^ "Kuwait's Emir Sheikh Jaber buried". BBC News. 15 January 2006.
Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah
Born: 29 June 1926 Died: 15 January 2006
Regnal titles
Preceded by Emir of Kuwait
1977–2006 		Succeeded by
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