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{{short description|Italian politician}}
{{short description|Italian politician (1901–1984)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Riccardo Lombardi
| name = Riccardo Lombardi
| image = Riccardo Lombardi 1966.jpg
| image = Riccardo Lombardi 1966.jpg
| order = [[Italian Minister of Transport|Minister of Transport]]
| order = [[Minister of Transport (Italy)|Minister of Transport]]
| term_start = 10 December 1945
| term_start = 10 December 1945
| term_end = 1 July 1946
| term_end = 1 July 1946
Line 12: Line 11:
| successor = [[Giacomo Ferrari (politician)|Giacomo Ferrari]]
| successor = [[Giacomo Ferrari (politician)|Giacomo Ferrari]]
| primeminister = [[Alcide De Gasperi]]
| primeminister = [[Alcide De Gasperi]]
| office1 = Member of the [[Constituent Assembly of Italy|Constituent Assembly]]
| office3 = Member of the [[Constituent Assembly of Italy|Constituent Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 25 June 1946
| term_start3 = 25 June 1946
| term_end1 = 31 January 1948
| term_end3 = 31 January 1948
| constituency3 = [[At-large|Italy at-large]]
| constituency1 = Single national constituency
| office2 = Member of the [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| office2 = Member of the [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| term_start2 = 8 May 1948
| term_start2 = 8 May 1948
| term_end2 = 11 July 1983
| term_end2 = 11 July 1983
| constituency2 = Milan
| constituency2 = [[List of Italian constituencies (1946–1994)#Milan–Pavia|Milan]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1901|08|16}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1901|08|16}}
| birth_place = [[Regalbuto]]
| birth_place = [[Regalbuto]], [[Kingdom of Italy]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1984|09|18|1901|08|16}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1984|09|18|1901|08|16}}
| death_place = [[Rome]]
| death_place = [[Rome]], Italy
| nationality = Italian
| nationality = Italian
| alma_mater = [[Polytechnic University of Milan]]
| alma_mater = [[Polytechnic University of Milan]]
| residence =
| residence =
| profession = Engineer, journalist
| profession = Engineer, journalist
| party = [[Action Party (Italy)|Action Party]] <small>(1942–47)</small> <br> [[Italian Socialist Party]] <small>(1947–84)</small><br />
| party = [[Action Party (Italy)|PdA]] (1942–1947)<br>[[Italian Socialist Party|PSI]] (1947–1984)
| otherparty =
| otherparty =
| spouse = Ena Viatto
| spouse = Ena Viatto (m. 1932)
| children = |
| children =
}}
}}
'''Riccardo Lombardi''' (16 August 1901 – 18 September 1984) was an Italian politician.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/riccardo-lombardi/|title=Lombardi, Riccardo|website=Trecanni}}</ref>
'''Riccardo Lombardi''' (16 August 1901 – 18 September 1984) was an Italian politician.<ref name="Treccani 2013">{{cite web|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/riccardo-lombardi/|title=Lombardi, Riccardo|website=Treccani|date=2013|access-date=5 August 2023}}</ref>


== Early life ==
== Early life ==
Lombardi was born in [[Regalbuto]], in the [[province of Enna]] (now in the [[province of Catania]]), in 1901. He studied at the Pennisi College of Acireale, and, after completing his high school studies, he attended the Polytechnic of Milan, where he obtained a degree in Industrial Engineering. He joined the [[Italian People's Party (1919)|Italian People's Party]] of [[Don Luigi Sturzo]], thus sympathizing with the Christian Labor Party, founded in 1920 by left-wing members of the PPI, such as Guido Miglioli, to whom he was very attached. He participated in some actions of the [[Arditi del Popolo]], including the defense of the socialist newspaper [[Avanti! (newspaper)|''Avanti!'']] from the assault of the fascist squads.
Lombardi was born in [[Regalbuto]], in the [[province of Enna]] (now in the [[province of Catania]]), in 1901. He studied at the Pennisi College of Acireale. After completing his high school studies, he attended the [[Polytechnic of Milan]], where he obtained a degree in Industrial Engineering. He joined the [[Italian People's Party (1919)|Italian People's Party]] (PPI) of [[Don Luigi Sturzo]], thus sympathizing with the Christian Labor Party, which was founded in 1920 by left-wing members of the PPI, such as Guido Miglioli, to whom he was very attached. He participated in some actions of the [[Arditi del Popolo]], including the defense of the socialist newspaper [[Avanti! (newspaper)|''Avanti!'']] from the assault of the [[Italian fascist]] squads.<ref name="Treccani 2013"/>


In 1923 he collaborated with ''Il Domani d'Italia'', a newspaper of the Catholic left. When Italian Catholicism gave up actively opposing Fascism, he approached Marxist culture, also drawing inspiration from [[Antonio Gramsci]], and, gradually, deviated from its own Catholic formation. After the suppression of political parties decreed on 5 November 1926 by the fascist regime, he continued to participate in clandestine activity with anti-fascist exponents of various tendencies, in particular with the communists whose activism he appreciated, while refusing to join the [[Communist Party of Italy]].
In 1923, Lombardi collaborated with ''Il Domani d'Italia'', a newspaper of the Catholic left. When Italian Catholicism gave up actively opposing [[fascism]], he approached [[Marxist]] culture, also drawing inspiration from [[Antonio Gramsci]], and gradually deviated from its own Catholic formation. After the suppression of political parties decreed on 5 November 1926 by the [[National Fascist Party]] (PNF) regime, he continued to participate in clandestine activity with [[anti-fascist]] exponents of various tendencies, in particular with the [[communists]] whose activism he appreciated, while refusing to join the [[Communist Party of Italy]].<ref name="Treccani 2013"/>


In those years he met his partner, and then his wife, Ena Viatto (1906–1986), who fell in love with Lombardi and separated from [[Girolamo Li Causi]]. In 1930, following a leafleting action, he was attacked by the black shirts, then arrested and tortured with batons by the police at the Fascist headquarters. The beatings injured his lung and he never fully recovered from the after-effects of the violence.
In those years, Lombardi met his partner and future wife, Ena Viatto (1906–1986), who fell in love with him and separated from [[Girolamo Li Causi]]. In 1930, following a leafleting action, he was attacked by the [[Blackshirts]], then arrested and tortured with batons by the police at the PNF headquarters. The beatings injured his lung and he never fully recovered from the after-effects of the violence.<ref name="Treccani 2013"/>


== Italian resistance and political activity ==
== Italian resistance and political activity ==
A leader of the [[Italian resistance movement|Italian Resistance]] against [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]] during [[World War II]], he was one of the founders of the [[Action Party (Italy)|Action Party]] in 1942.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25876623/riccardo_lombardi/|title=Riccardo Lombardi|date=19 September 1984|work=Statesman Journal}}</ref>
A leader of the [[Italian resistance movement]] against [[Benito Mussolini]] during [[World War II]], Lombardi was one of the founders of the [[Action Party (Italy)|Action Party]] (PdA) in 1942.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25876623/riccardo_lombardi/|title=Riccardo Lombardi|date=19 September 1984|work=Statesman Journal}}</ref> He was member of the [[National Liberation Committee for Northern Italy]], from which at the Liberation he was appointed Prefect of [[Milan]] (from 30 April 1945 to December 1945). In this office, he testified in favour of the former fascist prefect of Milan, [[Piero Parini]]. He participated in the [[first De Gasperi government]] (10 December 1945 – 1 July 1946) as [[Italian Minister of Transport]], starting the rapid reconstruction of the railway network.<ref>[https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/riccardo-lombardi_res-98c55ecc-87ee-11dc-8e9d-0016357eee51_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/ Giuseppe Sircana, Riccardo Lombardi, Dizionario biografico degli italiani, Treccani]</ref>


Lombardi represented the PdA in the [[Constituent Assembly of Italy]] from 1946 to 1948 and the [[Italian Socialist Party]] (PSI) in Italy's [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]] from 1948 to 1983.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pertini.it/TURATI/a_lombardi.html|title=Riccardo Lombardi (1901-1984)|website=La Fondazione di Studi Storici Filippo Turati}}</ref> In 1980, he was appointed president of the PSI and represented the party left wing.<ref name="Treccani 2013"/>
He was member of the [[National Liberation Committee for Northern Italy|CLNAI]] from which at the Liberation he was appointed Prefect of [[Milan]] (from 30 April 1945 to December 1945): in this office he testified in favor of the former Fascist prefect of Milan [[Piero Parini]]. He participated in the [[De Gasperi I Cabinet|first De Gasperi government]] (10 December 1945 – 1 July 1946) as Minister of Transport, starting the rapid reconstruction of the railway network.<ref>[https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/riccardo-lombardi_res-98c55ecc-87ee-11dc-8e9d-0016357eee51_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/ Giuseppe Sircana, Riccardo Lombardi, Dizionario biografico degli italiani, Treccani]</ref>

He represented the [[Action Party (Italy)|Action Party]] in the [[Constituent Assembly of Italy]] from 1946 to 1948 and the [[Italian Socialist Party]] in the [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]] from 1948 to 1983.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pertini.it/TURATI/a_lombardi.html|title=Riccardo Lombardi (1901-1984)|website=La Fondazione di Studi Storici Filippo Turati}}</ref> In 1980, he was appointed president of the Italian Socialist Party.


== Forged NATO document incident ==
== Forged NATO document incident ==
On 18 June 1970 Lombardi made claims before the Italian Chamber of Deputies, based on a document printed on [[NATO]] stationery, that the organization was planning to move troops into Italy as a result of the perceived political instability.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The KGB and Soviet Disinformation: An Insider's View|last=Bittman|first=Ladislav|publisher=Pergamon-Brassey's|year=1985|location=McLean, Virginia|pages=104}}</ref> Lombardi stated that he had received the document at the end of a meeting of NATO foreign ministers on 25 May 1970.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/06/20/archives/a-nato-document-branded-a-forgery.html|title=A "NATO Document" Branded a Forgery|date=20 June 1970|work=New York Times|access-date=2018-12-01|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dl1wKolapXIC&dq=Riccardo+Lombardi+forgery+NATO&pg=PA126|title=The Dynamics of Subversion and Violence in Contemporary Italy|last=Pisano|first=Vittorfranco S.|date=1987|publisher=Hoover Press|isbn=9780817985530|language=en}}</ref>
On 18 June 1970, Lombardi made claims before the country's Chamber of Deputies, based on a document printed on [[NATO]] stationery, that the organization was planning to move troops into Italy as a result of the perceived political instability.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The KGB and Soviet Disinformation: An Insider's View|last=Bittman|first=Ladislav|publisher=Pergamon-Brassey's|year=1985|location=McLean, Virginia|pages=104}}</ref> Lombardi stated that he had received the document at the end of a meeting of NATO foreign ministers on 25 May 1970.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/06/20/archives/a-nato-document-branded-a-forgery.html|title=A "NATO Document" Branded a Forgery|date=20 June 1970|work=New York Times|access-date=2018-12-01|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dl1wKolapXIC&dq=Riccardo+Lombardi+forgery+NATO&pg=PA126|title=The Dynamics of Subversion and Violence in Contemporary Italy|last=Pisano|first=Vittorfranco S.|date=1987|publisher=Hoover Press|isbn=9780817985530|language=en}}</ref> The document was later rejected as a forgery by the Italian Foreign Ministry and by NATO headquarters.<ref name=":0" />

The document was later rejected as a forgery by the Italian Foreign Ministry and by NATO headquarters.<ref name=":0" />


== Death ==
== Death ==
Lombardi died of pulmonary fibrosis and respiratory failure at the Roman clinic Mater Dei and, by his explicit will, was cremated without religious rites.<ref>[https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1984/09/19/morto-roma-riccardo-lombardi.html E' MORTO A ROMA RICCARDO LOMBARDI]</ref>
Lombardi died of pulmonary fibrosis and respiratory failure at the Roman clinic Mater Dei. By his explicit will, he was cremated without religious rites.<ref>[https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1984/09/19/morto-roma-riccardo-lombardi.html E' MORTO A ROMA RICCARDO LOMBARDI]</ref>


==Electoral history==
==References==
{|class=wikitable style="width:58%; border:1px #AAAAFF solid"
|-
! width=12%|Election
! width=23%|House
! width=35%|Constituency
! width=5% colspan="2"|Party
! width=12%|Votes
! width=12%|Result
|-
! [[1946 Italian general election|1946]]
| {{nowrap|[[Constituent Assembly of Italy|Constituent Assembly]]}}
| [[At-large|Italy at-large]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Italian Socialist Party}}" |
| {{nowrap|[[Italian Socialist Party|PSIUP]]}}
| –{{efn|Elected in a closed list proportional representation system.}}
| {{nowrap|{{tick|15}} '''Elected'''}}
|-
! [[1948 Italian general election|1948]]
| [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| [[List of Italian constituencies (1946–1994)#Milan–Pavia|Milan–Pavia]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Popular Democratic Front (Italy)}}" |
| [[Popular Democratic Front (Italy)|FDP]]
| 22,954
| {{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
! [[1953 Italian general election|1953]]
| [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| [[List of Italian constituencies (1946–1994)#Milan–Pavia|Milan–Pavia]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Italian Socialist Party}}" |
| [[Italian Socialist Party|PSI]]
| 10,805
| {{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
! [[1958 Italian general election|1958]]
| [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| [[List of Italian constituencies (1946–1994)#Milan–Pavia|Milan–Pavia]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Italian Socialist Party}}" |
| [[Italian Socialist Party|PSI]]
| 9,068
| {{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
! [[1963 Italian general election|1963]]
| [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| [[List of Italian constituencies (1946–1994)#Milan–Pavia|Milan–Pavia]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Italian Socialist Party}}" |
| [[Italian Socialist Party|PSI]]
| 18,207
| {{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
! [[1968 Italian general election|1968]]
| [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| [[List of Italian constituencies (1946–1994)#Milan–Pavia|Milan–Pavia]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Italian Socialist Party}}" |
| [[Italian Socialist Party|PSI]]
| 14,133
| {{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
! [[1972 Italian general election|1972]]
| [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| [[List of Italian constituencies (1946–1994)#Milan–Pavia|Milan–Pavia]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Italian Socialist Party}}" |
| [[Italian Socialist Party|PSI]]
| 22,704
| {{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
! [[1976 Italian general election|1976]]
| [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| [[List of Italian constituencies (1946–1994)#Milan–Pavia|Milan–Pavia]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Italian Socialist Party}}" |
| [[Italian Socialist Party|PSI]]
| 32,344
| {{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
! [[1979 Italian general election|1979]]
| [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| [[List of Italian constituencies (1946–1994)#Milan–Pavia|Milan–Pavia]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Italian Socialist Party}}" |
| [[Italian Socialist Party|PSI]]
| 25,224
| {{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|}
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

{{Commons category}}{{Authority control}}
{{Commons category}}
{{authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Lombardi, Riccardo}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lombardi, Riccardo}}

Latest revision as of 17:18, 18 February 2024

Riccardo Lombardi
Minister of Transport
In office
10 December 1945 – 1 July 1946
Prime MinisterAlcide De Gasperi
Preceded byUgo La Malfa
Succeeded byGiacomo Ferrari
Member of the Chamber of Deputies
In office
8 May 1948 – 11 July 1983
ConstituencyMilan
Member of the Constituent Assembly
In office
25 June 1946 – 31 January 1948
ConstituencyItaly at-large
Personal details
Born(1901-08-16)16 August 1901
Regalbuto, Kingdom of Italy
Died18 September 1984(1984-09-18) (aged 83)
Rome, Italy
Political partyPdA (1942–1947)
PSI (1947–1984)
SpouseEna Viatto (m. 1932)
Alma materPolytechnic University of Milan
ProfessionEngineer, journalist

Riccardo Lombardi (16 August 1901 – 18 September 1984) was an Italian politician.[1]

Early life

[edit]

Lombardi was born in Regalbuto, in the province of Enna (now in the province of Catania), in 1901. He studied at the Pennisi College of Acireale. After completing his high school studies, he attended the Polytechnic of Milan, where he obtained a degree in Industrial Engineering. He joined the Italian People's Party (PPI) of Don Luigi Sturzo, thus sympathizing with the Christian Labor Party, which was founded in 1920 by left-wing members of the PPI, such as Guido Miglioli, to whom he was very attached. He participated in some actions of the Arditi del Popolo, including the defense of the socialist newspaper Avanti! from the assault of the Italian fascist squads.[1]

In 1923, Lombardi collaborated with Il Domani d'Italia, a newspaper of the Catholic left. When Italian Catholicism gave up actively opposing fascism, he approached Marxist culture, also drawing inspiration from Antonio Gramsci, and gradually deviated from its own Catholic formation. After the suppression of political parties decreed on 5 November 1926 by the National Fascist Party (PNF) regime, he continued to participate in clandestine activity with anti-fascist exponents of various tendencies, in particular with the communists whose activism he appreciated, while refusing to join the Communist Party of Italy.[1]

In those years, Lombardi met his partner and future wife, Ena Viatto (1906–1986), who fell in love with him and separated from Girolamo Li Causi. In 1930, following a leafleting action, he was attacked by the Blackshirts, then arrested and tortured with batons by the police at the PNF headquarters. The beatings injured his lung and he never fully recovered from the after-effects of the violence.[1]

Italian resistance and political activity

[edit]

A leader of the Italian resistance movement against Benito Mussolini during World War II, Lombardi was one of the founders of the Action Party (PdA) in 1942.[2] He was member of the National Liberation Committee for Northern Italy, from which at the Liberation he was appointed Prefect of Milan (from 30 April 1945 to December 1945). In this office, he testified in favour of the former fascist prefect of Milan, Piero Parini. He participated in the first De Gasperi government (10 December 1945 – 1 July 1946) as Italian Minister of Transport, starting the rapid reconstruction of the railway network.[3]

Lombardi represented the PdA in the Constituent Assembly of Italy from 1946 to 1948 and the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) in Italy's Chamber of Deputies from 1948 to 1983.[4] In 1980, he was appointed president of the PSI and represented the party left wing.[1]

Forged NATO document incident

[edit]

On 18 June 1970, Lombardi made claims before the country's Chamber of Deputies, based on a document printed on NATO stationery, that the organization was planning to move troops into Italy as a result of the perceived political instability.[5] Lombardi stated that he had received the document at the end of a meeting of NATO foreign ministers on 25 May 1970.[6][7] The document was later rejected as a forgery by the Italian Foreign Ministry and by NATO headquarters.[6]

Death

[edit]

Lombardi died of pulmonary fibrosis and respiratory failure at the Roman clinic Mater Dei. By his explicit will, he was cremated without religious rites.[8]

Electoral history

[edit]
Election House Constituency Party Votes Result
1946 Constituent Assembly Italy at-large PSIUP –[a] checkY Elected
1948 Chamber of Deputies Milan–Pavia FDP 22,954 checkY Elected
1953 Chamber of Deputies Milan–Pavia PSI 10,805 checkY Elected
1958 Chamber of Deputies Milan–Pavia PSI 9,068 checkY Elected
1963 Chamber of Deputies Milan–Pavia PSI 18,207 checkY Elected
1968 Chamber of Deputies Milan–Pavia PSI 14,133 checkY Elected
1972 Chamber of Deputies Milan–Pavia PSI 22,704 checkY Elected
1976 Chamber of Deputies Milan–Pavia PSI 32,344 checkY Elected
1979 Chamber of Deputies Milan–Pavia PSI 25,224 checkY Elected
  1. ^ Elected in a closed list proportional representation system.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e "Lombardi, Riccardo". Treccani. 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  2. ^ "Riccardo Lombardi". Statesman Journal. 19 September 1984.
  3. ^ Giuseppe Sircana, Riccardo Lombardi, Dizionario biografico degli italiani, Treccani
  4. ^ "Riccardo Lombardi (1901-1984)". La Fondazione di Studi Storici Filippo Turati.
  5. ^ Bittman, Ladislav (1985). The KGB and Soviet Disinformation: An Insider's View. McLean, Virginia: Pergamon-Brassey's. p. 104.
  6. ^ a b "A "NATO Document" Branded a Forgery". New York Times. 20 June 1970. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
  7. ^ Pisano, Vittorfranco S. (1987). The Dynamics of Subversion and Violence in Contemporary Italy. Hoover Press. ISBN 9780817985530.
  8. ^ E' MORTO A ROMA RICCARDO LOMBARDI
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