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{{short description|Flatbread originating in South Asia}}
{{short description|Flatbread from South Asia}}
{{distinguish|Parotta}}{{for|Indian caste|Maratha}}
{{distinguish|Parotta}}
{{for|Sri Lankan caste|Maratha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}

{{Infobox prepared food
{{Infobox food
| name = Paratha
| name = Paratha
| image = Alooparatha.jpg
| image = Alooparatha.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_size = 250px
| caption = [[Aloo paratha]]
| caption = [[Aloo paratha]]
| alternate_name =
| alternate_name =
⚫
| region = South Asia
| country = [[Indian subcontinent]]<ref name="Banerji2008"/>
⚫
| national_cuisine = [[Bangladeshi cuisine|Bangladesh]], [[Pakistani cuisine|Pakistan]], [[Indian cuisine|India]], [[Sri Lankan cuisine|Sri Lanka]], [[Fijian cuisine|Fiji]], [[Culture of Guyana#Cuisine|Guyana]], [[Malaysian cuisine|Malaysia]], [[Maldivian cuisine|Maldives]], [[Thai Cuisine|Thailand]], [[Burmese cuisine|Myanmar]],<ref name="Cummings">{{cite book|author=Joe Cummings|title=Myanmar (Burma).|year=2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L0UuAQAAIAAJ|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=9780864427038}}</ref> [[Nepali cuisine|Nepal]], [[Middle Eastern cuisine|Middle Eastern]], [[Singaporean cuisine|Singapore]], [[Culture of Suriname#Cuisine|Suriname]], [[Trinidad and Tobago cuisine|Trinidad and Tobago]]
⚫
| region =
⚫
| creator =
⚫
| national_cuisine = [[Bangladeshi cuisine|Bangladesh]], [[Fijian cuisine|Fiji]], [[Culture of Guyana#Cuisine|Guyana]], [[Indian cuisine|India]], [[Malaysian cuisine|Malaysia]], [[Maldivian cuisine|Maldives]], [[Burmese cuisine|Myanmar]],<ref name="Cummings">{{cite book|author=Joe Cummings|title=Myanmar (Burma).|year=2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L0UuAQAAIAAJ|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=9780864427038}}</ref> [[Nepali cuisine|Nepal]], [[Pakistani cuisine|Pakistan]], [[Singaporean cuisine|Singapore]], [[Sri Lankan cuisine|Sri Lanka]], [[Culture of Suriname#Cuisine|Suriname]], [[Trinidad and Tobago cuisine|Trinidad and Tobago]]
⚫
| course =
⚫
| creator =
⚫
| served =
⚫
| course =
| main_ingredient = [[Atta flour|Atta]], [[ghee]]/[[butter]]/[[cooking oil]] and various [[stuffing]]s
⚫
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Atta flour|Atta]], [[ghee]]/[[butter]]/[[cooking oil]] and various [[stuffing]]s
| variations = [[Aloo paratha]], [[roti canai]], [[wrap roti]]
⚫
| calories =
| variations = [[Aloo paratha]], [[Roti Canai]], [[Wrap roti]]
⚫
| other =
⚫
| calories =
⚫
| other =
}}
}}


'''Paratha''' ({{IPA-all|pəˈɾɑːtʰɑː|pron}}) is a [[flatbread]] native to [[South Asia]],<ref name="Banerji2008">{{cite book|author=Chitrita Banerji|title=Eating India: An Odyssey into the Food and Culture of the Land of Spices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XfjOQfPtmw0C&pg=PA119|date=10 December 2008|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-59691-712-5|pages=119–}}</ref> prevalent throughout the modern-day nations of [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Pakistan]], [[Nepal]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Maldives]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Myanmar]],<ref name="Cummings"/> [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Mauritius]], [[Fiji]], [[Guyana]], [[Suriname]], and [[Trinidad and Tobago]] where wheat is the traditional [[Staple food|staple]]. ''Paratha'' is an amalgamation of the words ''parat'' and ''[[Atta flour|atta]]'', which literally means layers of cooked [[dough]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rim1x7fHjZgC&q=paratha+indian+cuisine+popular&pg=PA87|title=Mughlai Cook Book|first=Neera|last=Verma|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|via=Google Books|isbn=9788171825479}}</ref> Alternative spellings and names include ''parantha'', ''parauntha'', ''prontha'', ''parontay'', ''paronthi''
'''Paratha''' ({{IPA-all|pəˈɾɑːtʰɑː|pron}}, also parantha/parontah) is a [[flatbread]] native to the [[Indian subcontinent]],<ref name="Banerji2008"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pretty |first=Martin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDNijwEACAAJ |title=Indian Paratha Recipes |date=2016-02-06 |publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform |isbn=978-1-5238-1544-9 |language=en |quote=Paratha or Parantha is a category of unleavened Indian bread made with whole wheat flour, a dish wish of universal appeal.}}</ref> with earliest reference mentioned in early medieval [[Sanskrit]], [[India]];<ref name="Banerji2008">{{cite book |author=Chitrita Banerji |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XfjOQfPtmw0C&pg=PA119 |title=Eating India: An Odyssey into the Food and Culture of the Land of Spices |date=10 December 2008 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-59691-712-5 |pages=119– |quote=some believe that the poli of Maharashtra and Gujarat is a close cousin.}}</ref> prevalent throughout the modern-day nations of [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Nepal]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Maldives]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Myanmar]],<ref name="Cummings"/> [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Thailand]], [[Mauritius]], [[Fiji]], [[Guyana]], [[Suriname]], and [[Trinidad and Tobago]] where wheat is the traditional [[Staple food|staple]]. It is one of the most popular flatbreads in the Indian subcontinent and the [[Middle East]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.halaltimes.com/al-islami-foods-expands-into-frozen-dough-market-with-new-paratha/ | title=Al Islami Foods Expands into Frozen Dough Market with New Paratha - the Halal Times | date=17 March 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pY8XAAAAQBAJ&dq=parathas+middle+east&pg=PA232 | title=The Bread Bible | isbn=978-0-393-05794-2 | last1=Beranbaum | first1=Rose Levy | date=30 September 2003 | publisher=W. W. Norton & Company }}</ref> ''Paratha'' is an amalgamation of the words ''parat'' and ''[[Atta flour|atta]]'', which literally means layers of cooked [[dough]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rim1x7fHjZgC&q=paratha+indian+cuisine+popular&pg=PA87|title=Mughlai Cook Book|first=Neera|last=Verma|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|via=Google Books|isbn=9788171825479}}</ref> Alternative spellings and names include ''parantha'', ''parauntha'', ''prontha'', ''parontay'', ''paronthi'' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]), ''porota'' (in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]), ''paratha'' (in [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]]), ''palata'' ({{IPA-my|pəlàtà|pron}}; in Myanmar),<ref name="Cummings"/> ''porotha'' (in [[Assamese language|Assamese]]), ''forota'' (in [[Chittagonian language|Chittagonian]] and [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]]), ''faravatha'' (in Bhojpuri), ''farata'' (in [[Mauritius]] and the [[Maldives]]), ''prata'' (in Southeast Asia), ''paratha'', ''buss-up shut'', ''oil roti'' (in the [[Commonwealth Caribbean|Anglophone Caribbean]]) and ''[[roti canai]]'' in Malaysia and Indonesia.

([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]), ''porota'' (in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]), ''paratha'' (in [[Odia language|Odia]],[[Urdu]], [[Hindi]]), ''palata'' ({{IPA-my|pəlàtà|pron}}; in Myanmar),<ref name="Cummings"/> ''porotha'' (in [[Assamese language|Assamese]]), ''forota'' (in [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]]), ''farata'' (in [[Mauritius]] and the [[Maldives]]), ''[[roti canai]]'', ''prata'' (in Southeast Asia), ''paratha'', ''buss-up shut'', ''oil roti'' (in the [[Commonwealth Caribbean|Anglophone Caribbean]]).
== Etymology ==
⚫
The word ''paratha'' is derived from Sanskrit (S. पर, or परा+स्थः, or स्थितः).<ref>{{cite web|url= http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/search3advanced?dbname=platts&query=paratha&matchtype=exact&display=utf8|title= A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English|last= Platts|first= John|date= 1884|website= A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English|publisher= W. H. Allen & Co.|access-date= 2017-03-19|quote= "parāṭhā [S. पर, or परा+स्थः, or स्थितः], s.m. A cake made with butter or ghī, and of several layers, like pie-crust."|archive-date= 2020-06-09|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200609120411/http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/search3advanced?dbname=platts&query=paratha&matchtype=exact&display=utf8|url-status= dead}}</ref> Recipes for various stuffed wheat puran polis (which Achaya (2003) describes as parathas) are mentioned in ''[[Manasollasa]]'', a 12th-century Sanskrit encyclopedia compiled by [[Someshvara III]], a [[Western Chalukya]] king, who ruled from present-day [[Karnataka, India]].<ref>{{cite book |author=K. T. Achaya |title=The Story of Our Food |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bk9RHRCqZOkC&pg=PA85 |year=2003 |publisher=Universities Press |isbn=978-81-7371-293-7 |page=85 }}</ref> References to paratha have also been mentioned by Nijjar (1968), in his book ''Panjāb under the Sultāns'', 1000–1526 AD when he writes that parathas were common with the nobility and aristocracy in the Punjab.<ref>Nijjer, Bakhshish Singh (1968). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=QaU5AQAAIAAJ&q=+parautha Panjāb under the sultāns, 1000–1526 A.D.]''. Sterling Publishers.</ref>


== History ==
== History ==
⚫
According to Banerji (2010), parathas are associated with North Indian cooking. The method is to stuff parathas with a variety of stuffings. However, Banerji states, the Mughals were also fond of parathas which gave rise to the Dhakai paratha, multilayered and flaky, taking its name from [[Dhaka]] in [[Bangladesh]].<ref>Banerji, Chitrita (2010). [https://books.google.com/books?id=c9lJnCpfEDoC&dq=punjabi+paratha+associate&pg=PT77 ''Eating India: Exploring the Food and Culture of the Land of Spices'']. Bloomsbury.</ref> O'Brien (2003) suggests that it is not correct to state that the paratha was popularised in Delhi after the 1947 [[partition of India]], as this item was prevalent in Delhi before then.<ref>O'Brien, Charmaine (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=xeSXAAAAQBAJ&dq=punjabi+parantha&pg=PT129 ''Flavours Of Delhi: A Food Lover's Guide'']. Penguin.</ref>
⚫
The word ''paratha'' is derived from Sanskrit (S. पर, or परा+स्थः, or स्थितः).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/search3advanced?dbname=platts&query=paratha&matchtype=exact&display=utf8|title= A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English|last= Platts |first= John |date= 1884|website= A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English|publisher= W. H. Allen & Co.|access-date= 2017-03-19|quote= "parāṭhā [S. पर, or परा+स्थः, or स्थितः], s.m. A cake made with butter or ghī, and of several layers, like pie-crust."}}</ref> Recipes for various stuffed wheat puranpolis (which Achaya (2003) describes as parathas) are mentioned in ''[[Manasollasa]]'', a 12th-century Sanskrit encyclopedia compiled by [[Someshvara III]], a [[Western Chalukya]] king, who ruled from present-day [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite book |author=K. T. Achaya |title=The Story of Our Food |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bk9RHRCqZOkC&pg=PA85 |year=2003 |publisher=Universities Press |isbn=978-81-7371-293-7 |page=85 }}</ref> References to paratha have also been mentioned by Nijjar (1968), in his book ''Panjāb under the Sultāns'', 1000–1526 A.D. when he writes that parauthas were common with the nobility and aristocracy in the Punjab.<ref>Nijjer, Bakhshish Singh (1968). ''Panjāb under the sultāns, 1000–1526 A.D.'' Sterling Publishers [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QaU5AQAAIAAJ&dq=panjab+parautha&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=+parautha]</ref>

⚫
According to Banerji (2010), parathas are associated with Punjabi and North Indian cooking. The Punjabi method is to stuff parathas with a variety of stuffings. However, Banerji states, Mughals were also fond of parathas which gave raise to the Dhakai paratha, multilayered and flaky, taking its name from [[Dhaka]] in [[Bangladesh]].<ref>Banerji, Chitrita (2010). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=c9lJnCpfEDoC&pg=PT77&dq=punjabi+paratha+associate&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwju8IPZwu7gAhWOUBUIHQj8CxYQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=punjabi%20paratha%20associate&f=false ''Eating India: Exploring the Food and Culture of the Land of Spices'']. Bloomsbury.</ref> O'Brien (2003) suggests that it is not correct to state that the Punjabi paratha was popularised in Delhi after the 1947 [[partition of India]], as the Punjabi item was prevalent in Delhi before then.<ref>O'Brien, Charmaine (2003). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xeSXAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT129&dq=punjabi+parantha&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjpn9SxxO7gAhUWSRUIHezqBsIQ6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Flavours Of Delhi: A Food Lover's Guide'']. Penguin.</ref>


==Plain and stuffed varieties==
==Plain and stuffed varieties==
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{{nutritionalvalue
{{nutritionalvalue
| name = Paratha, whole wheat, commercially prepared, Frozen
| name = Paratha, whole wheat, commercially prepared, Frozen
| kCal = 327
| kcal = 327
| protein = 6.36 g
| protein = 6.36 g
| fat = 13.20 g
| fat = 13.20 g
Line 59: Line 59:
}}
}}


Parathas are one of the most popular [[leavening agent|unleavened]] flatbreads in the [[Indian subcontinent]], made by baking or cooking [[Whole grain|whole-wheat]] dough on a [[tava]], and finishing off with [[pan frying|shallow-frying]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wgtdzu2GXh8C&q=paratha+indian+cuisine+popular&pg=PA130|title=Climbing the Mango Trees: A Memoir of a Childhood in India|first=Madhur|last=Jaffrey|date=18 December 2008|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|via=Google Books|isbn=9780307517692}}</ref> Parathas are thicker and more substantial than [[chapati]]s/[[roti]]s and this is either because, in the case of a plain ''paratha'', they have been layered by coating with [[ghee]] or oil and folding repeatedly (much like the method used for [[puff pastry]] or some types of Turkish [[börek]]) using a [[laminated dough]] technique; or else because food ingredients such as mixed vegetables have been mixed in with the dough, such as potato or cauliflower, green beans, and carrots. A Rajasthani mung bean paratha uses both the layering technique together with mung dal mixed into the dough. Some so-called stuffed ''parathas'' resemble a filled pie squashed flat and shallow-fried, using two discs of dough sealed around the edges. Then by alternatively using a single disc of dough to encase a ball of filling and sealed with a series of pleats pinched into the dough around the top, they are gently flattened with the palm against the working surface before being rolled into a circle. Most stuffed parathas are not layered.
Parathas are one of the most popular [[leavening agent|unleavened]] flatbreads in the [[Indian subcontinent]], made by baking or cooking [[Whole grain|whole-wheat]] ([[atta flour|atta]]) dough on a [[tava]], and finishing off with [[pan frying|shallow-frying]].<ref name="Jaffrey">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wgtdzu2GXh8C&q=paratha+indian+cuisine+popular&pg=PA130|title=Climbing the Mango Trees: A Memoir of a Childhood in India|first=Madhur|last=Jaffrey|date=18 December 2008|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|via=Google Books|isbn=9780307517692}}</ref> Plain parathas are thicker and more substantial than [[chapati]]s/[[roti]]s because they have been layered by coating with ghee or oil and folded repeatedly, much like the method used for [[puff pastry]] or a [[laminated dough]] technique, and as a result have a flaky consistency. Stuffed parathas may include a wide variety of ingredients and be prepared in a variety of styles, traditionally depending on region of origin, and may not use folded dough techniques.

Parathas can be eaten as a breakfast dish or as a tea-time ([[tiffin]]) snack. The flour used is finely ground wholemeal ([[atta flour|atta]]) and the dough is shallow-fried.


⚫
A number of traditional techniques are used to achieve the [[laminated dough|layered dough]] for plain parathas.<ref name="Jaffrey"/> These include covering the thinly rolled-out pastry with oil, folding back and forth like a paper fan and coiling the resulting strip into a round shape before rolling flat, baking on a [[tava]] and/or shallow frying. Another method is to cut a circle of dough from the center to its circumference along its radius, oiling the dough and starting at the cut edge rolling so as to form a cone which is then squashed into a disc shape and rolled out. The method of oiling and repeatedly folding the dough as in western puff pastry also exists, and this is combined with folding patterns that give traditional geometrical shapes to the finished parathas. Parathas can be round, heptagonal, square, or triangular.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}
Perhaps the most common stuffing for parathas is mashed, spiced potatoes (''aloo ka parantha'') followed perhaps by dal (lentils). Many other alternatives exist such as [[leaf vegetable]]s, [[radish]]es, [[cauliflower]] or [[paneer]]. A paratha (especially a stuffed one) can be eaten simply with a pat of butter spread on top or with chutney, pickles, ketchup, [[Yogurt|dahi]] or a [[raita]] or with meat or vegetable curries. Some roll the paratha into a tube and eat it with tea, often dipping the paratha.


Common fillings include mashed spiced potatoes ([[aloo paratha]]), [[dal]], cauliflower ([[gobi paratha]]), and minced lamb ([[Keema matar|keema]] paratha). Less common stuffing ingredients include mixed vegetables, green beans, carrots, other meats, [[leaf vegetable]]s, [[radish]]es, and [[paneer]]. A Rajasthani mung bean paratha uses both the layering technique together with mung dal mixed into the dough. Some stuffed parathas are not layered, lacking in the flakiness of plain parathas, and instead resemble a filled pie squashed flat and shallow-fried, using two discs of dough sealed around the edges. Alternatively, they can be made by using a single disc of dough to encase a ball of filling and sealed with a series of pleats pinched into the dough around the top; they are then gently flattened with the palm against the working surface before being rolled into a circle.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}
⚫
To achieve the [[laminated dough|layered dough]] for plain parathas, a number of different traditional techniques exist. These include covering the thinly rolled out pastry with oil, folding back and forth like a paper fan and coiling the resulting strip into a round shape before rolling flat, baking on the [[tava]] and shallow frying. Another method is to cut a circle of dough from the centre to its circumference along its radius, oiling the dough and starting at the cut edge rolling so as to form a cone which is then squashed into a disc shape and rolled out. The method of oiling and repeatedly folding the dough as in western puff pastry also exists, and this is combined with folding patterns that give traditional geometrical shapes to the finished parathas. Plain parathas can be round, heptagonal, square, or triangular.


== Serving ==
== Serving ==


The paratha is an important part of a traditional breakfast from the Indian subcontinent. Traditionally, it is made using [[ghee]] but oil is also used. Some people may even bake it in the oven for health reasons. Usually, the paratha is eaten with dollops of white butter on top of it. Side dishes which go very well with paratha are curd, fried egg, omelette, mutton kheema (ground mutton cooked with vegetables and spices), [[nihari]] (a lamb dish), jeera aloo (potatoes lightly fried with cumin seeds), daal, and [[raita]] as part of a breakfast meal. It may be stuffed with potatoes, [[paneer]], [[onion]]s, [[qeema]] or [[chili pepper]]s.
The paratha is an important part of a traditional breakfast from the Indian subcontinent. Traditionally, it is made using [[ghee]] but oil is also used. Some people may even bake it in the oven for health reasons. Usually, the paratha is eaten with dollops of white butter on top of it. Common side dishes are curd, fried egg, omelette, mutton kheema (ground mutton cooked with vegetables and spices), [[nihari]], jeera aloo (potatoes lightly fried with cumin seeds), daal, and [[raita]] as part of a breakfast meal. It may be stuffed with potatoes, [[paneer]], [[onion]]s, [[qeema]] or [[chili pepper]]s.


== Types ==
== Types ==
[[File:Parathas being made.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Image showing parathas being made.]]
[[File:Parathas being made.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Parathas being made]]
* [[Aloo paratha]] (stuffed with spicy boiled potato and onions mix).
* [[Aloo paratha]] (stuffed with spicy boiled potato and onions mix).
* [[Chili parotha]] or mirchi paratha (small, spicy shredded pieces)
* Chili parotha or mirchi paratha (incorporating small, spicy shredded pieces)
* [[Dulhan paratha]] (originating from [[Hyderabad, Sindh]]), named for its elaborate presentation, which is reminiscent of the ornate appearance of a [[bride]] ('dulhan' in Urdu); this dish is known for its combination of flavorful ingredients.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyderabad's Famous Dulhan Paratha: The Paratha Queen - Dr. Saba Noor |url=https://www.youlinmagazine.com/article/hyderabad-famous-dulhan-paratha-the-paratha-queen/MjMyMg== |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=Youlin Magazine |language=en}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Gobi paratha]] (stuffed with flavoured cauliflower)
* [[Mughlai paratha]] (a deep-fried stuffed paratha filled with egg and minced meat from Bangladesh and West Bengal of India)
* [[Gobi paratha]] (stuffed with cauliflower)
* [[Paneer]] paratha (stuffed with farmer cheese)
⚫
* Murthal Paratha, deep-fried, [[Dhaba]]s of [[Haryana]] and specially at [[Murthal]] on [[Grand Trunk Road]] are famous for this<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040327/windows/main1.htm|title=The Tribune - Magazine section - Windows|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/food-safari-in-search-of-murthal-ke-paranthe/article4364734.ece|title=Food Safari: In search of Murthal Paratha The Hindu newspaper, 2-Feb-2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2013-02-02|last1=Balasubramaniam|first1=Chitra}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Highway-Bites-Dhabas-Vs-food-chains/articleshow/48843912.cms|title=Highway Bites: Dhabas Vs food chains - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
* [[Keema]] paratha (stuffed with keema, spiced ground meat usually made up of chicken or lamb)
⚫
* Pyaz paratha (stuffed with flavoured onions)
* Cheese paratha (stuffed with cheese)
* [[Mughlai paratha]] (a deep-fried stuffed paratha filled with egg and minced meat, from Bangladesh and West Bengal of India)
* [[Petai paratha]] (thin, flaky and hand-smashed paratha from West Bengal, India)
* [[Dhakai paratha]] (flaky layered paratha from Bangladesh and West Bengal of India)
⚫
* Murthal paratha, deep-fried; [[dhaba]]s of [[Haryana]] and especially at [[Murthal]] on [[Grand Trunk Road]] are famous for this<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040327/windows/main1.htm|title=Our desi drive-ins |work=The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/food-safari-in-search-of-murthal-ke-paranthe/article4364734.ece|title=Food Safari: In search of Murthal Paratha The Hindu newspaper, 2-Feb-2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2013-02-02|last1=Balasubramaniam|first1=Chitra}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Highway-Bites-Dhabas-Vs-food-chains/articleshow/48843912.cms|title=Highway Bites: Dhabas Vs food chains |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 September 2015 }}</ref>
* [[Roti prata]] (Singapore)
* [[Roti prata]] (Singapore)
* [[Roti canai]] (Malaysia)
* [[Roti canai]] (Malaysia and Indonesia)
* Buss-up-shut (Trinidad; the name is [[Trinidadian Creole]] for "busted-up shirt", for the resemblance of the shreddy bread to ragged old clothes)
* Buss-up-shut (Trinidad; the name is [[Trinidadian Creole]] for "busted-up shirt", for the resemblance of the shreddy bread to ragged old clothes)


<gallery mode="packed">
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Aloo Paratha with Butter from India.jpg|[[Punjabi cuisine|Punjabi]] Aloo Paratha served with Butter, from India
File:Aloo Paratha with Butter from India.jpg|[[Punjabi cuisine|Punjabi]] Aloo paratha served with butter, from India
File:Mughlai Kheema Paratha.JPG|[[Mughlai Paratha]] from [[Kolkata, India]].
File:Mughlai Kheema Paratha.JPG|[[Mughlai paratha]] from [[Kolkata, India]].
File:Dhakai Paratha with Bengal Gram.JPG|Dhakai Paratha from West Bengal, India
File:Dhakai Paratha with Bengal Gram.JPG|Dhakai paratha from West Bengal, India
File:Alooparatha.jpg|Aloo paratha from northern India
File:Alooparatha.jpg|Aloo paratha from northern India
File:Teaparatha.jpg|Paratha served with tea in a Pakistani Hotel
File:Teaparatha.jpg|Paratha served with tea in a Pakistani hotel
File:Paranthamumbai.jpg|Stuffed [[Bengali cuisine|Bengali]]-style paratha served in a restaurant in [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
File:Paranthamumbai.jpg|Stuffed [[Bengali cuisine|Bengali]]-style paratha served in a restaurant in [[Mumbai]], India
File:Paratharoti.jpg|[[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidadian]]-style roti paratha (buss-up shut)
File:Paratharoti.jpg|[[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidadian]]-style roti paratha (buss-up shut)
File:Palatha, Myanmar.jpg|In [[Burmese cuisine|Myanmar]], paratha is commonly eaten as a dessert, sprinkled with sugar
File:Palatha, Myanmar.jpg|In [[Burmese cuisine|Myanmar]], paratha is commonly eaten as a dessert, sprinkled with sugar.
File:Smash Paratha - Howrah 2014-04-14 0217.JPG|Petai Paratha (Smashed Paratha), a West Bengal variant served with light vegetable curry
File:Smash Paratha - Howrah 2014-04-14 0217.JPG|Petai paratha (“smashed paratha”), a West Bengal variant served with light vegetable curry
File:Lachha-paratha.jpg|Lachha Paratha
File:Lachha-paratha.jpg|Lachha paratha
</gallery>
</gallery>


== See also ==
== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
*[[Bánh xèo]]
* [[Paratha roll]]
* [[Gali Paranthe Wali]]
* [[Gali Paranthe Wali]]
* [[Roti canai]], a variant from Southeast Asia
* [[Roti canai]], a variant from Southeast Asia
* [[Scallion pancake]]
* [[Cōng yóu bǐng]], a similar Chinese flatbread stuffed with minced scallions
* [[Cōng yóu bǐng]], a similar Chinese flatbread stuffed with minced scallions
* [[Parotta]]
* [[Parotta]]
* [[Mughlai paratha]]
* [[Naan]]
* [[Naan]]
* [[List of bread dishes]]
* [[List of bread dishes]]
* [[List of Indian breads]]
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist}}


{{Bangladeshi dishes}}
{{Indian Dishes}}
{{Indian Dishes}}
{{Indian bread}}
{{Cuisine of India}}
{{Pakistani dishes}}
{{Pakistani dishes}}
{{Pakistani bread}}
{{Pakistani bread}}
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[[Category:Indian breads]]
[[Category:Indian breads]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Hindu cuisine]]
[[Category:South Asian cuisine]]
[[Category:Vegetarian cuisine]]
[[Category:Vegetarian dishes of India]]
[[Category:Kashmiri cuisine]]
[[Category:Kashmiri cuisine]]
[[Category:Nepalese cuisine]]
[[Category:Nepalese cuisine]]

Latest revision as of 06:38, 27 December 2024

Not to be confused with Parotta.
For Sri Lankan caste, see Maratha.

Paratha
Aloo paratha
Region or stateSouth Asia
Associated cuisineBangladesh, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Fiji, Guyana, Malaysia, Maldives, Thailand, Myanmar,[1] Nepal, Middle Eastern, Singapore, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago
Main ingredientsAtta, ghee/butter/cooking oil and various stuffings
VariationsAloo paratha, roti canai, wrap roti

Paratha (pronounced [pəˈɾɑːtʰɑː], also parantha/parontah) is a flatbread native to the Indian subcontinent,[2][3] with earliest reference mentioned in early medieval Sanskrit, India;[2] prevalent throughout the modern-day nations of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Maldives, Afghanistan, Myanmar,[1] Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Mauritius, Fiji, Guyana, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago where wheat is the traditional staple. It is one of the most popular flatbreads in the Indian subcontinent and the Middle East.[4][5] Paratha is an amalgamation of the words parat and atta, which literally means layers of cooked dough.[6] Alternative spellings and names include parantha, parauntha, prontha, parontay, paronthi (Punjabi), porota (in Bengali), paratha (in Odia, Urdu, Hindi), palata (pronounced [pəlàtà]; in Myanmar),[1] porotha (in Assamese), forota (in Chittagonian and Sylheti), faravatha (in Bhojpuri), farata (in Mauritius and the Maldives), prata (in Southeast Asia), paratha, buss-up shut, oil roti (in the Anglophone Caribbean) and roti canai in Malaysia and Indonesia.

Etymology

[edit]

The word paratha is derived from Sanskrit (S. पर, or परा+स्थः, or स्थितः).[7] Recipes for various stuffed wheat puran polis (which Achaya (2003) describes as parathas) are mentioned in Manasollasa, a 12th-century Sanskrit encyclopedia compiled by Someshvara III, a Western Chalukya king, who ruled from present-day Karnataka, India.[8] References to paratha have also been mentioned by Nijjar (1968), in his book Panjāb under the Sultāns, 1000–1526 AD when he writes that parathas were common with the nobility and aristocracy in the Punjab.[9]

History

[edit]

According to Banerji (2010), parathas are associated with North Indian cooking. The method is to stuff parathas with a variety of stuffings. However, Banerji states, the Mughals were also fond of parathas which gave rise to the Dhakai paratha, multilayered and flaky, taking its name from Dhaka in Bangladesh.[10] O'Brien (2003) suggests that it is not correct to state that the paratha was popularised in Delhi after the 1947 partition of India, as this item was prevalent in Delhi before then.[11]

Plain and stuffed varieties

[edit]
Paratha, whole wheat, commercially prepared, Frozen
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy327 kcal (1,370 kJ)
45.36 g
Sugars4.15
Dietary fiber9.6 g
13.20 g
6.36 g
Vitamins and minerals
VitaminsQuantity
%DV†
Thiamine (B1)
9%
0.11 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
6%
0.076 mg
Niacin (B3)
11%
1.830 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
0%
0 mg
Vitamin B6
5%
0.08 mg
Folate (B9)
0%
0 μg
Vitamin E
9%
1.35 mg
Vitamin K
3%
3.4 μg
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Calcium
2%
25 mg
Iron
9%
1.61 mg
Magnesium
9%
37 mg
Phosphorus
10%
120 mg
Potassium
5%
139 mg
Sodium
20%
452 mg
Zinc
7%
0.82 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water33.5 g
Link to USDA Database entry
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[12] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[13]

Parathas are one of the most popular unleavened flatbreads in the Indian subcontinent, made by baking or cooking whole-wheat (atta) dough on a tava, and finishing off with shallow-frying.[14] Plain parathas are thicker and more substantial than chapatis/rotis because they have been layered by coating with ghee or oil and folded repeatedly, much like the method used for puff pastry or a laminated dough technique, and as a result have a flaky consistency. Stuffed parathas may include a wide variety of ingredients and be prepared in a variety of styles, traditionally depending on region of origin, and may not use folded dough techniques.

A number of traditional techniques are used to achieve the layered dough for plain parathas.[14] These include covering the thinly rolled-out pastry with oil, folding back and forth like a paper fan and coiling the resulting strip into a round shape before rolling flat, baking on a tava and/or shallow frying. Another method is to cut a circle of dough from the center to its circumference along its radius, oiling the dough and starting at the cut edge rolling so as to form a cone which is then squashed into a disc shape and rolled out. The method of oiling and repeatedly folding the dough as in western puff pastry also exists, and this is combined with folding patterns that give traditional geometrical shapes to the finished parathas. Parathas can be round, heptagonal, square, or triangular.[citation needed]

Common fillings include mashed spiced potatoes (aloo paratha), dal, cauliflower (gobi paratha), and minced lamb (keema paratha). Less common stuffing ingredients include mixed vegetables, green beans, carrots, other meats, leaf vegetables, radishes, and paneer. A Rajasthani mung bean paratha uses both the layering technique together with mung dal mixed into the dough. Some stuffed parathas are not layered, lacking in the flakiness of plain parathas, and instead resemble a filled pie squashed flat and shallow-fried, using two discs of dough sealed around the edges. Alternatively, they can be made by using a single disc of dough to encase a ball of filling and sealed with a series of pleats pinched into the dough around the top; they are then gently flattened with the palm against the working surface before being rolled into a circle.[citation needed]

Serving

[edit]

The paratha is an important part of a traditional breakfast from the Indian subcontinent. Traditionally, it is made using ghee but oil is also used. Some people may even bake it in the oven for health reasons. Usually, the paratha is eaten with dollops of white butter on top of it. Common side dishes are curd, fried egg, omelette, mutton kheema (ground mutton cooked with vegetables and spices), nihari, jeera aloo (potatoes lightly fried with cumin seeds), daal, and raita as part of a breakfast meal. It may be stuffed with potatoes, paneer, onions, qeema or chili peppers.

Types

[edit]
Parathas being made
  • Aloo paratha (stuffed with spicy boiled potato and onions mix).
  • Chili parotha or mirchi paratha (incorporating small, spicy shredded pieces)
  • Dulhan paratha (originating from Hyderabad, Sindh), named for its elaborate presentation, which is reminiscent of the ornate appearance of a bride ('dulhan' in Urdu); this dish is known for its combination of flavorful ingredients.[15]
  • Gobi paratha (stuffed with cauliflower)
  • Paneer paratha (stuffed with farmer cheese)
  • Keema paratha (stuffed with keema, spiced ground meat usually made up of chicken or lamb)
  • Pyaz paratha (stuffed with flavoured onions)
  • Cheese paratha (stuffed with cheese)
  • Mughlai paratha (a deep-fried stuffed paratha filled with egg and minced meat, from Bangladesh and West Bengal of India)
  • Petai paratha (thin, flaky and hand-smashed paratha from West Bengal, India)
  • Dhakai paratha (flaky layered paratha from Bangladesh and West Bengal of India)
  • Murthal paratha, deep-fried; dhabas of Haryana and especially at Murthal on Grand Trunk Road are famous for this[16][17][18]
  • Roti prata (Singapore)
  • Roti canai (Malaysia and Indonesia)
  • Buss-up-shut (Trinidad; the name is Trinidadian Creole for "busted-up shirt", for the resemblance of the shreddy bread to ragged old clothes)
  • Punjabi Aloo paratha served with butter, from India
    Punjabi Aloo paratha served with butter, from India
  • Mughlai paratha from Kolkata, India.
    Mughlai paratha from Kolkata, India.
  • Dhakai paratha from West Bengal, India
    Dhakai paratha from West Bengal, India
  • Aloo paratha from northern India
    Aloo paratha from northern India
  • Paratha served with tea in a Pakistani hotel
    Paratha served with tea in a Pakistani hotel
  • Stuffed Bengali-style paratha served in a restaurant in Mumbai, India
    Stuffed Bengali-style paratha served in a restaurant in Mumbai, India
  • Trinidadian-style roti paratha (buss-up shut)
    Trinidadian-style roti paratha (buss-up shut)
  • In Myanmar, paratha is commonly eaten as a dessert, sprinkled with sugar.
    In Myanmar, paratha is commonly eaten as a dessert, sprinkled with sugar.
  • Petai paratha (“smashed paratha”), a West Bengal variant served with light vegetable curry
    Petai paratha (“smashed paratha”), a West Bengal variant served with light vegetable curry
  • Lachha paratha
    Lachha paratha

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Joe Cummings (2000). Myanmar (Burma). Lonely Planet. ISBN 9780864427038.
  2. ^ a b Chitrita Banerji (10 December 2008). Eating India: An Odyssey into the Food and Culture of the Land of Spices. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 119–. ISBN 978-1-59691-712-5. some believe that the poli of Maharashtra and Gujarat is a close cousin.
  3. ^ Pretty, Martin (6 February 2016). Indian Paratha Recipes. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1-5238-1544-9. Paratha or Parantha is a category of unleavened Indian bread made with whole wheat flour, a dish wish of universal appeal.
  4. ^ "Al Islami Foods Expands into Frozen Dough Market with New Paratha - the Halal Times". 17 March 2021.
  5. ^ Beranbaum, Rose Levy (30 September 2003). The Bread Bible. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-05794-2.
  6. ^ Verma, Neera. Mughlai Cook Book. Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. ISBN 9788171825479 – via Google Books.
  7. ^ Platts, John (1884). "A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English". A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English. W. H. Allen & Co. Archived from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2017. parāṭhā [S. पर, or परा+स्थः, or स्थितः], s.m. A cake made with butter or ghī, and of several layers, like pie-crust.
  8. ^ K. T. Achaya (2003). The Story of Our Food. Universities Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-81-7371-293-7.
  9. ^ Nijjer, Bakhshish Singh (1968). Panjāb under the sultāns, 1000–1526 A.D.. Sterling Publishers.
  10. ^ Banerji, Chitrita (2010). Eating India: Exploring the Food and Culture of the Land of Spices. Bloomsbury.
  11. ^ O'Brien, Charmaine (2003). Flavours Of Delhi: A Food Lover's Guide. Penguin.
  12. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  13. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). "Chapter 4: Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". In Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). pp. 120–121. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Retrieved 5 December 2024.
  14. ^ a b Jaffrey, Madhur (18 December 2008). Climbing the Mango Trees: A Memoir of a Childhood in India. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 9780307517692 – via Google Books.
  15. ^ "Hyderabad's Famous Dulhan Paratha: The Paratha Queen - Dr. Saba Noor". Youlin Magazine. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
  16. ^ "Our desi drive-ins". The Tribune.
  17. ^ Balasubramaniam, Chitra (2 February 2013). "Food Safari: In search of Murthal Paratha The Hindu newspaper, 2-Feb-2013". The Hindu.
  18. ^ "Highway Bites: Dhabas Vs food chains". The Times of India. 6 September 2015.
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