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{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Short description|Canadian wrestler (1935–2023)}}
{{Short description|Canadian wrestler (1935–2023)}}
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{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox professional wrestler
{{Infobox professional wrestler
|name=Billy Two Rivers
|name=Billy Two Rivers
|names=Billy Two Rivers
|names=Billy Two Rivers
|image=Billy Two Rivers wrestler.jpeg
|image=Billy Two Rivers wrestler.jpeg
|caption=Billy Two Rivers, circa 1972
|caption=Two Rivers, {{circa|1972}}
|height={{height|ft=6|in=0}}<ref name=slam/>
|height={{height|ft=6|in=0}}<ref name=slam/>
|weight={{convert|220|lb|kg+stlb|abbr=on}}<ref name=slam/>
|weight={{convert|220|lb|kg+stlb|abbr=on}}<ref name=slam/>
|birth_date= {{birth date|1935|5|5}}
|birth_date= {{birth date|1935|5|5}}
|birth_place= [[Kahnawake]], [[Quebec]], Canada
|birth_place= [[Kahnawake|Kahnawake Mohawk Territory]], Quebec, Canada
|death_date= {{death date and age|2023|2|12|1935|5|5}}
|death_date= {{death date and age|2023|2|12|1935|5|5}}
|death_place= Kahnawake, Quebec, Canada
|death_place= Kahnawake Mohawk Territory, Quebec, Canada
|billed=
|billed=
|trainer=[[Don Eagle]]<ref name=slam2/>
|trainer=[[Don Eagle]]<ref name=slam2/>
|debut=February 1953<ref name=slam2/>
|debut=February 1953<ref name=slam2/>
|retired=1977<ref name=slam/>
|retired=1977<ref name=slam/>
||children=[[Wayne Hemingway]]}}
|}}


'''Billy Two Rivers''' ([[Mohawk nation|Mohawk]] name ''Kaientaronkwen'',<ref name=parl>{{cite web|title=37th Parliament, 2nd Session Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Northern Development and Natural Resources|publisher=Parliament of Canada|url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?DocId=798168&Language=E&Mode=2&Parl=37&Ses=2|date=March 26, 2003|access-date=July 26, 2009}}</ref> May 5, 1935 – February 12, 2023) was a Canadian [[Mohawk people|Mohawk]] professional wrestler. He began wrestling professionally in 1953 and retired in 1977, having worked in the United States, United Kingdom, Japan and Canada.
'''Billy Two Rivers''' ([[Mohawk nation|Mohawk]] name ''Kaientaronkwen'',<ref name=parl>{{cite web|title=37th Parliament, 2nd Session Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Northern Development and Natural Resources|publisher=Parliament of Canada|url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?DocId=798168&Language=E&Mode=2&Parl=37&Ses=2|date=March 26, 2003|access-date=July 26, 2009}}</ref> May 5, 1935 – February 12, 2023) was a Canadian [[Mohawk people|Mohawk]] professional wrestler, actor, and a leader of the [[Mohawks of Kahnawà:ke]].


In 1978, Two Rivers became a leader of the [[Mohawk nation]] on the [[Kahnawake]] reservation. He played a major role in blockading the [[Honoré Mercier Bridge]] during the 1990 [[Oka Crisis]]. He also appeared in several films.
He began wrestling professionally in 1953 and retired in 1977, having worked in the United States, United Kingdom, Japan and Canada. In 1978, he become leader of the [[Kahnawake]] First Nations reserve, played a major role in blockading the [[Honoré Mercier Bridge]] during the 1990 [[Oka Crisis]].


==Early life==
==Early life==
Two Rivers was born in [[Kahnawake]], [[Quebec]], on May 5, 1935.<ref name=slam>{{cite web|publisher=SLAM! Wrestling|url=http://slamwrestling.net/index.php/2000/02/10/slam-wrestling-canadian-hall-of-fame-billy-two-rivers/|access-date=July 24, 2009|title=Billy Two Rivers|first=Vance|last=Nevada}}</ref><ref name=slam2/> He grew up in Kahnawake speaking Mohawk at home. He learned English in school, which was only available till eighth grade.<ref name="Moving Images Distribution">{{cite web|title=Chiefs and Champions: Billy Two Rivers|url=https://movingimages.ca/store/products.php?billy_tworivers|website=Moving Images Distribution|publisher=Moving Images Distribution|access-date=November 1, 2017}}</ref>
Two Rivers was born on May 5, 1935 in [[Kahnawake]], a [[Mohawk people|Mohawk]] [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] reserve located near [[Montreal]], Quebec.<!-- DO NOT LINK, see [[MOS:GEOLINK]] for further guidance --><ref name="slam">{{cite web |last=Nevada |first=Vance |title=Billy Two Rivers |url=http://slamwrestling.net/index.php/2000/02/10/slam-wrestling-canadian-hall-of-fame-billy-two-rivers/ |access-date=July 24, 2009 |publisher=SLAM! Wrestling}}</ref><ref name="slam2" /> He grew up in Kahnawake speaking the [[Mohawk language]] at home and learned English in school, which was only available until eighth grade.<ref name="Moving Images Distribution">{{cite web|title=Chiefs and Champions: Billy Two Rivers|url=https://movingimages.ca/store/products.php?billy_tworivers|website=Moving Images Distribution|publisher=Moving Images Distribution|access-date=November 1, 2017}}</ref>


==Wrestling career==
==Wrestling career==
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Two Rivers was trained by [[Don Eagle]], a former World Heavyweight Champion in the [[Boston]]-based American Wrestling Association.<ref name=slam/><ref>{{cite book|first=Royal|last=Duncan|author2=Gary Will|title=Wrestling Title Histories|publisher=Archeus Communications|chapter=(United States: 19th Century & widely defended titles – NWA, WWF, AWA, IWA, ECW, NWA) AWA American Wrestling Association World Title [Paul Bowser]|pages=10–11|year=2006|isbn=0-9698161-5-4}}</ref> When he, also from Kahnawake, returned to the reservation on a break from wrestling, he met 16-year-old Two Rivers, became his guardian and took him to [[Columbus, Ohio]], for training. This lasted two years, during which time he increased his weight to 205 pounds from 185.<ref name=slam2>{{cite web|title=Canadian Hall of Fame: Billy Two Rivers|url=http://slamwrestling.net/index.php/2000/02/10/slam-wrestling-canadian-hall-of-fame-billy-two-rivers/|access-date=July 24, 2009|publisher=SLAM! Wrestling|first=Greg|last=Oliver}}</ref>
Two Rivers was trained by [[Don Eagle]], a former World Heavyweight Champion in the [[Boston]]-based American Wrestling Association.<ref name=slam/><ref>{{cite book|first=Royal|last=Duncan|author2=Gary Will|title=Wrestling Title Histories|publisher=Archeus Communications|chapter=(United States: 19th Century & widely defended titles – NWA, WWF, AWA, IWA, ECW, NWA) AWA American Wrestling Association World Title [Paul Bowser]|pages=10–11|year=2006|isbn=0-9698161-5-4}}</ref> When he, also from Kahnawake, returned to the reservation on a break from wrestling, he met 16-year-old Two Rivers, became his guardian and took him to [[Columbus, Ohio]], for training. This lasted two years, during which time he increased his weight to 205 pounds from 185.<ref name=slam2>{{cite web|title=Canadian Hall of Fame: Billy Two Rivers|url=http://slamwrestling.net/index.php/2000/02/10/slam-wrestling-canadian-hall-of-fame-billy-two-rivers/|access-date=July 24, 2009|publisher=SLAM! Wrestling|first=Greg|last=Oliver}}</ref>


Two Rivers made his professional debut in February 1953 in [[Detroit]], facing Rose Martino of Italy.<ref name="Moving Images Distribution"/> He spent the next several years in the United States, first in [[Ohio]] and then throughout the [[East Coast of the United States|Atlantic Coast]]. He worked against such wrestlers as [[Bull Curry|"Wild Bull" Curry]] and [[Larry Hamilton]].<ref name=slam/> He also formed a [[tag team]] with Don Eagle from 1956 to 1959.<ref name=slam2/> As a team, they faced a wide variety of opponents, including [[Ray Stevens (wrestler)|Ray Stevens]], [[Boris Malenko]], and [[Fritz Von Erich]]. From 1957 to 1959, he wrestled primarily in [[North Carolina]], also teaming with [[Antonino Rocca]] and [[Red Bastien]].<ref name=slam/>
Two Rivers made his professional debut in February 1953 in Detroit, facing Rose Martino of Italy.<ref name="Moving Images Distribution"/> He spent the next several years in the United States, first in [[Ohio]] and then throughout the [[East Coast of the United States|Atlantic Coast]]. He worked against such wrestlers as [[Bull Curry|"Wild Bull" Curry]] and [[Larry Hamilton]].<ref name=slam/> He also formed a [[tag team]] with Don Eagle from 1956 to 1959.<ref name=slam2/> As a team, they faced a wide variety of opponents, including [[Ray Stevens (wrestler)|Ray Stevens]], [[Boris Malenko]], and [[Fritz Von Erich]]. From 1957 to 1959, he wrestled primarily in [[North Carolina]], also teaming with [[Antonino Rocca]] and [[Red Bastien]].<ref name=slam/>


With George Becker, Two Rivers held his first championship belt. On April 6, 1959, they won the Southern version of the [[NWA Southern Tag Team Championship (Mid-Atlantic version)|NWA Southern Tag Team Championship]] by defeating Alberto and [[Enrique Torres]]. They held the title for three months before [[Glossary of professional wrestling terms#Drop|dropping]] them to the team of [[Tor Kamata|Mr. Moto]] and [[Hisao Tanaka|Duke Keomuka]].<ref name=midatl>{{cite book|first=Royal|last=Duncan|author2=Gary Will|title=Wrestling Title Histories|publisher=Archeus Communications|chapter=(Carolinas) Charlotte: NWA Southern Tag Team Title [Jim Crockett]|page=114|year=2006|isbn=0-9698161-5-4}}</ref> After losing the championship, Two Rivers considered moving to [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]], to work for [[Stampede Wrestling]]. Ray Napolitano, a wrestler from the United Kingdom, told him to consider moving overseas. He [[Coin flipping|flipped a coin]] to decide and it chose the UK, where he began working in October 1959.<ref name=slam/><ref name=slam2/>
With George Becker, Two Rivers held his first championship belt. On April 6, 1959, they won the Southern version of the [[NWA Southern Tag Team Championship (Mid-Atlantic version)|NWA Southern Tag Team Championship]] by defeating Alberto and [[Enrique Torres]]. They held the title for three months before [[Glossary of professional wrestling terms#Drop|dropping]] them to the team of [[Tor Kamata|Mr. Moto]] and [[Hisao Tanaka|Duke Keomuka]].<ref name=midatl>{{cite book|first=Royal|last=Duncan|author2=Gary Will|title=Wrestling Title Histories|publisher=Archeus Communications|chapter=(Carolinas) Charlotte: NWA Southern Tag Team Title [Jim Crockett]|page=114|year=2006|isbn=0-9698161-5-4}}</ref> After losing the championship, Two Rivers considered moving to [[Calgary]], Alberta, to work for [[Stampede Wrestling]]. Ray Napolitano, a wrestler from the United Kingdom, told him to consider moving overseas. He [[Coin flipping|flipped a coin]] to decide and it chose the UK, where he began working in October 1959.<ref name=slam/><ref name=slam2/>


===1960s===
===1960s===
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He served as the curator of the Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum section for First Nations wrestlers, "War Chiefs of the Mat".<ref name="Moving Images Distribution"/>
He served as the curator of the Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum section for First Nations wrestlers, "War Chiefs of the Mat".<ref name="Moving Images Distribution"/>


==Politics==
==Political life==
After retiring from wrestling, Two Rivers became involved in the governance of the Kahnawake reservation, serving as an [[Elder (administrative title)|elder]],<ref name=parl/> [[Tribal chief|chief]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Evidence: Transport (27)|url=https://www.ourcommons.ca/Content/Archives/Committee/352/port/evidence/27_96-10-23/port27_blk-e.html|access-date=July 26, 2009|date=October 23, 1996|publisher=Parliament of Canada}}</ref> and [[councillor]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.articlearchives.com/law-legal-system/constitutional-law-freedom-press/1488345-1.html|title=Complaints lodged against radio stations|publisher=Wind Speaker|date=March 1, 1996|first=Debora|last=Lockyer|access-date=July 26, 2009}}</ref> In 1990, Two Rivers helped lead the Mohawk nation during the [[Oka Crisis]]. A golf course in the village of [[Oka, Quebec]], planned to expand onto land claimed by the Mohawk as traditional land. The Mohawk people objected to the plan to cut down a sacred grove of pines and build on their burial ground. During the dispute, the First Nations group blockaded a bridge, and a member of the [[Sûreté du Québec]] was killed.<ref name=oka>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/mylifeatbarbeyon00pate|url-access=registration|title=My Life at the Bar and Beyond|first=Alex K.|last=Paterson|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press|isbn=0-7735-2988-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/mylifeatbarbeyon00pate/page/122 122]|year=2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=American Indian Quilt Exhibit Reflects Heritage, History|first=Luanne|last=Austin|work=The Daily News Record|date=November 15, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Film captures the intensity of Oka Crisis|work=The Edmonton Journal|url=http://www.canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/culture/story.html?id=8f84ec7f-9c45-4335-bfac-36e61ea226bd|access-date=July 26, 2009|date=June 7, 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906171229/http://www.canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/culture/story.html?id=8f84ec7f-9c45-4335-bfac-36e61ea226bd|archive-date=September 6, 2009}}</ref>
After retiring from wrestling, Two Rivers became involved in the governance of the Kahnawake reservation, serving as an [[Elder (administrative title)|elder]],<ref name=parl/> [[Tribal chief|chief]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Evidence: Transport (27)|url=https://www.ourcommons.ca/Content/Archives/Committee/352/port/evidence/27_96-10-23/port27_blk-e.html|access-date=July 26, 2009|date=October 23, 1996|publisher=Parliament of Canada}}</ref> and [[councillor]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.articlearchives.com/law-legal-system/constitutional-law-freedom-press/1488345-1.html|title=Complaints lodged against radio stations|publisher=Wind Speaker|date=March 1, 1996|first=Debora|last=Lockyer|access-date=July 26, 2009}}</ref>
In 1990, Two Rivers helped lead the Mohawk nation during the [[Oka Crisis]]. A golf course in the village of [[Oka, Quebec]], planned to expand onto land claimed by the Mohawk as traditional land. The Mohawk people objected to the plan to cut down a sacred grove of pines and build on their burial ground. During the dispute, the First Nations group blockaded a bridge, and a member of the [[Sûreté du Québec]] was killed.<ref name="oka">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/mylifeatbarbeyon00pate|url-access=registration|title=My Life at the Bar and Beyond|first=Alex K.|last=Paterson|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press|isbn=0-7735-2988-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/mylifeatbarbeyon00pate/page/122 122]|year=2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=American Indian Quilt Exhibit Reflects Heritage, History|first=Luanne|last=Austin|work=The Daily News Record|date=November 15, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Film captures the intensity of Oka Crisis|work=The Edmonton Journal|url=http://www.canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/culture/story.html?id=8f84ec7f-9c45-4335-bfac-36e61ea226bd|access-date=July 26, 2009|date=June 7, 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906171229/http://www.canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/culture/story.html?id=8f84ec7f-9c45-4335-bfac-36e61ea226bd|archive-date=September 6, 2009}}</ref>

On his death in 2023, the [[Mohawk Council of Kahnawake]] described Two Rivers as "hugely influential" during the 1990 crisis as the right-hand man to [[Joe Norton (politician)|Grand Chief Joseph Norton]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thanh |first1=Ha Tu |title=Mohawk wrestler was ‘hugely influential’ during 1990 crisis |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-mohawk-wrestler-was-hugely-influential-during-1990-crisis/ |website=The Globe and Mail |access-date=2 December 2024 |date=13 February 2023}}</ref>


==Acting==
==Acting==
Two Rivers appeared in several films, including ''[[Pocahontas: The Legend]]'',<ref>{{cite book|title=Spoken Here: Travels Among Threatened Languages|page=[https://archive.org/details/spokenheretravel00able_0/page/181 181]|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|year=2005|isbn=0-618-56583-3|first=Mark|last=Abley|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/spokenheretravel00able_0}}</ref> ''[[Black Robe (film)|Black Robe]]'', and ''[[Taking Lives (film)|Taking Lives]]''.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Blockbuster Video|url=http://www.blockbusteronline.com/movies/billy-two-rivers.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120720133325/http://www.blockbusteronline.com/movies/billy-two-rivers.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 20, 2012|title=Filmography of Billy Two Rivers|access-date=July 26, 2009}}</ref> He is in the 1973 documentary, ''The Wrestling Queen'',<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Universal Wrestling|title=Wrestling Queen DVD|access-date=July 26, 2009|url=https://www.universalwrestling.com/Merchant2/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Store_Code=UWA&Product_Code=WQDVD&Category_Code=FIDVD|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717165952/https://www.universalwrestling.com/Merchant2/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Store_Code=UWA&Product_Code=WQDVD&Category_Code=FIDVD|archive-date=July 17, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the made-for-television movies ''Red Earth, White Earth'' and ''Northern Passage''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/person/72254/Billy-Two-Rivers|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022031815/http://movies.nytimes.com/person/72254/Billy-Two-Rivers|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 22, 2012|department=Movies & TV Dept.|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2012|title=Billy Two Rivers|access-date=July 26, 2009}}</ref>
Two Rivers appeared in several films, including ''[[Pocahontas: The Legend]]'',<ref>{{cite book|title=Spoken Here: Travels Among Threatened Languages|page=[https://archive.org/details/spokenheretravel00able_0/page/181 181]|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|year=2005|isbn=0-618-56583-3|first=Mark|last=Abley|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/spokenheretravel00able_0}}</ref> ''[[Black Robe (film)|Black Robe]]'', and ''[[Taking Lives (film)|Taking Lives]]''.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Blockbuster Video|url=http://www.blockbusteronline.com/movies/billy-two-rivers.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120720133325/http://www.blockbusteronline.com/movies/billy-two-rivers.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 20, 2012|title=Filmography of Billy Two Rivers|access-date=July 26, 2009}}</ref> He is in the 1973 documentary ''The Wrestling Queen'',<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Universal Wrestling|title=Wrestling Queen DVD|access-date=July 26, 2009|url=https://www.universalwrestling.com/Merchant2/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Store_Code=UWA&Product_Code=WQDVD&Category_Code=FIDVD|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717165952/https://www.universalwrestling.com/Merchant2/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Store_Code=UWA&Product_Code=WQDVD&Category_Code=FIDVD|archive-date=July 17, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the made-for-television movies ''Red Earth, White Earth'' and ''Northern Passage''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/person/72254/Billy-Two-Rivers|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022031815/http://movies.nytimes.com/person/72254/Billy-Two-Rivers|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 22, 2012|department=Movies & TV Dept.|work=[[The New York Times]]|year=2012|title=Billy Two Rivers|access-date=July 26, 2009}}</ref>


==Personal life==
==Personal life==
Two Rivers was the father of British [[fashion designer]], [[Wayne Hemingway]].<ref name=tatt>{{cite web|title=Tattenham Corner|work=The Observer|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2002/jul/14/horseracing.theobserver1|date=July 14, 2002|access-date=July 24, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cumberland-news.co.uk/1.467679|title=Red Indian's Son in Style Pow-Wow|work=The Cumberland News|date=November 23, 2004|access-date=July 26, 2009|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120724082334/http://www.cumberland-news.co.uk/1.467679|archive-date=July 24, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Two Rivers was the father of British fashion designer [[Wayne Hemingway]].<ref name=tatt>{{cite web|title=Tattenham Corner|work=The Observer|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2002/jul/14/horseracing.theobserver1|date=July 14, 2002|access-date=July 24, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cumberland-news.co.uk/1.467679|title=Red Indian's Son in Style Pow-Wow|work=The Cumberland News|date=November 23, 2004|access-date=July 26, 2009|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120724082334/http://www.cumberland-news.co.uk/1.467679|archive-date=July 24, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>


=== Death ===
Two Rivers died in Kahnawake, Quebec on February 12, 2023, at the age of 87.<ref>{{cite news |title=Billy Two Rivers Dead at 87 ... a personal take |url=https://slamwrestling.net/index.php/2023/02/12/billy-two-rivers-dead-at-87-a-personal-take/ |access-date=February 13, 2023 |publisher=Slam Wrestling |date=February 12, 2023}}</ref>
Two Rivers died in Kahnawake on February 12, 2023, at the age of 87.<ref>{{cite news |title=Billy Two Rivers Dead at 87 ... a personal take |url=https://slamwrestling.net/index.php/2023/02/12/billy-two-rivers-dead-at-87-a-personal-take/ |access-date=February 13, 2023 |publisher=Slam Wrestling |date=February 12, 2023}}</ref>


==In pop culture==
==In popular culture==
Two Rivers' name has entered popular culture in many forms. A British racing horse shared it.<ref name=tatt/> The British band [[The Dogs D'Amour]] named a song after him on its ''[[In the Dynamite Jet Saloon]]'' album in 1988.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dynamite Jet Saloon/Graveyard [Import]|website=Amazon |url=https://www.amazon.com/Dynamite-Saloon-Graveyard-Dogs-Damour/dp/B00000JSPL|access-date=July 24, 2009}}</ref> He plays a large role in [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winner [[Paul Muldoon]]'s poem, "My Father and I and Billy Two Rivers". The poem discusses watching him in a wrestling match and compares the predetermined outcome to the [[Boston Tea Party]].<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Estudios Irlandeses|year=2007|first=Robert|last=Lesman|issue=2|page=89|title=Shams and Cover-ups: The Spectacle of History in Paul Muldoon's "Meeting the British" and "My Father and I and Billy Two Rivers"|url=http://www.estudiosirlandeses.org/Issue2/Issue%202/pdf/HistoryinPaulMuldoon(RobertLesman).pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718141542/http://www.estudiosirlandeses.org/Issue2/Issue%202/pdf/HistoryinPaulMuldoon%28RobertLesman%29.pdf|archive-date=July 18, 2010}}</ref>
Two Rivers' name has entered popular culture in many forms. A British racing horse shared it.<ref name="tatt" /> The British band [[The Dogs D'Amour]] named a song after him on its ''[[In the Dynamite Jet Saloon]]'' album in 1988.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dynamite Jet Saloon/Graveyard [Import] |url=https://www.amazon.com/Dynamite-Saloon-Graveyard-Dogs-Damour/dp/B00000JSPL |access-date=July 24, 2009 |website=Amazon}}</ref> He plays a large role in [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winner [[Paul Muldoon]]'s poem "My Father and I and Billy Two Rivers". The poem discusses watching him in a wrestling match and compares the predetermined outcome to the [[Boston Tea Party]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lesman |first=Robert |year=2007 |title=Shams and Cover-ups: The Spectacle of History in Paul Muldoon's "Meeting the British" and "My Father and I and Billy Two Rivers" |url=http://www.estudiosirlandeses.org/Issue2/Issue%202/pdf/HistoryinPaulMuldoon(RobertLesman).pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Estudios Irlandeses |issue=2 |page=89 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718141542/http://www.estudiosirlandeses.org/Issue2/Issue%202/pdf/HistoryinPaulMuldoon%28RobertLesman%29.pdf |archive-date=July 18, 2010}}</ref>


After learning a photograph of him was to be featured on the cover of [[Van Morrison]]'s September 2017 album, ''[[Roll with the Punches (album)|Roll with the Punches]]'', Two Rivers sued the singer and his label, [[Universal Music Group]], in July, claiming they did not seek permission to use his likeness. On August 4, his lawyer announced the parties had agreed in principle to settle out of court, and were negotiating details toward dismissing the now-suspended suit.<ref>{{cite web|title=Billy Two Rivers, former pro wrestler, to settle lawsuit against Van Morrison|publisher=CBC|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/billy-two-rivers-van-morrison-lawsuit-settle-1.4235037|date=August 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A Brief History of Musicians Being Sued by Their Album Cover Subjects|publisher=Pitchfork|last=Hogan|first=Marc|url=https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/a-brief-history-of-musicians-being-sued-by-their-album-cover-subjects/|date=August 26, 2021|accessdate=December 8, 2021}}</ref>
After learning a photograph of him was to be featured on the cover of [[Van Morrison]]'s September 2017 album ''[[Roll with the Punches (album)|Roll with the Punches]]'', Two Rivers sued the singer and his label, [[Universal Music Group]], in July, claiming they did not seek permission to use his likeness. On August 4, his lawyer announced the parties had agreed in principle to settle out of court, and were negotiating details toward dismissing the now-suspended suit.<ref>{{cite web |date=August 4, 2017 |title=Billy Two Rivers, former pro wrestler, to settle lawsuit against Van Morrison |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/billy-two-rivers-van-morrison-lawsuit-settle-1.4235037 |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hogan |first=Marc |date=August 26, 2021 |title=A Brief History of Musicians Being Sued by Their Album Cover Subjects |url=https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/a-brief-history-of-musicians-being-sued-by-their-album-cover-subjects/ |accessdate=December 8, 2021 |work=Pitchfork}}</ref>


==Championships and accomplishments==
==Wrestling championships and accomplishments==
*'''[[Grand Prix Wrestling]]'''
*'''[[Grand Prix Wrestling]]'''
**GPW Tag Team Championship (1 time)<ref name=oww/>
**GPW Tag Team Championship (1 time)<ref name=oww/>
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*'''[[Jim Crockett Promotions#Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling|Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling]]'''
*'''[[Jim Crockett Promotions#Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling|Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling]]'''
**[[NWA Southern Tag Team Championship (Mid-Atlantic version)]] ([[NWA Southern Tag Team Championship (Mid-Atlantic version)#Title history|1 time]])<ref name=midatl/>
**[[NWA Southern Tag Team Championship (Mid-Atlantic version)]] ([[NWA Southern Tag Team Championship (Mid-Atlantic version)#Title history|1 time]])<ref name=midatl/>

== Filmography ==

=== Film ===

* [[Black Robe (film)|''Black Robe'']] (1991) - Ougebmat (also Mohawk-language translator)
* ''[[Pocahontas: The Legend]]'' (1995) - Mochiqua
* ''Bolt'' (1995, direct-to-video) - Indian
* ''Musketeers Forever'' (1998, direct-to-video) - Elder
* [[Taking Lives (film)|''Taking Lives'']] (2004) - Car Salesman

=== Television ===
* ''[[Red Earth, White Earth]]'' (1989, TV movie) - 2nd Indian
* ''[[Heritage Minutes]]'' (1992, 1 episode) - Chief
* ''[[Tales of the Willows]]'' (1994, 1 episode) - Broken Foot
* [[Mohawk Girls (TV series)|''Mohawk Girls'']] (2015, 1 episode) - Male Elder


==References==
==References==
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==External links==
==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0878625}}
*{{IMDb name}}
*[http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/profiles/b/billy-two-rivers.html Billy Two Rivers at Online World of Wrestling]
*[http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/profiles/b/billy-two-rivers.html Billy Two Rivers at Online World of Wrestling]


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[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Native Americans]]
[[Category:20th-century Native Americans]]
[[Category:20th-century professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:20th-century male professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:Canadian male professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:Canadian male professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:Canadian Mohawk people]]
[[Category:Canadian Mohawk sportsmen]]
⚫
[[Category:Professional wrestlers from Quebec]]
[[Category:First Nations professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:First Nations professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:Mohawks of Kahnawá:ke people]]
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[[Category:Professional wrestlers from Quebec]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian sportsmen]]

Latest revision as of 20:59, 23 December 2024

Billy Two Rivers
Two Rivers, c. 1972
Born(1935-05-05)May 5, 1935
Kahnawake Mohawk Territory, Quebec, Canada
DiedFebruary 12, 2023(2023-02-12) (aged 87)
Kahnawake Mohawk Territory, Quebec, Canada
ChildrenWayne Hemingway
Professional wrestling career
Ring name(s)Billy Two Rivers
Billed height6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)[1]
Billed weight220 lb (100 kg; 15 st 10 lb)[1]
Trained byDon Eagle[2]
DebutFebruary 1953[2]
Retired1977[1]

Billy Two Rivers (Mohawk name Kaientaronkwen,[3] May 5, 1935 – February 12, 2023) was a Canadian Mohawk professional wrestler, actor, and a leader of the Mohawks of Kahnawà:ke.

He began wrestling professionally in 1953 and retired in 1977, having worked in the United States, United Kingdom, Japan and Canada. In 1978, he become leader of the Kahnawake First Nations reserve, played a major role in blockading the Honoré Mercier Bridge during the 1990 Oka Crisis.

Early life

[edit]

Two Rivers was born on May 5, 1935 in Kahnawake, a Mohawk First Nations reserve located near Montreal, Quebec.[1][2] He grew up in Kahnawake speaking the Mohawk language at home and learned English in school, which was only available until eighth grade.[4]

Wrestling career

[edit]

1950s

[edit]

Two Rivers was trained by Don Eagle, a former World Heavyweight Champion in the Boston-based American Wrestling Association.[1][5] When he, also from Kahnawake, returned to the reservation on a break from wrestling, he met 16-year-old Two Rivers, became his guardian and took him to Columbus, Ohio, for training. This lasted two years, during which time he increased his weight to 205 pounds from 185.[2]

Two Rivers made his professional debut in February 1953 in Detroit, facing Rose Martino of Italy.[4] He spent the next several years in the United States, first in Ohio and then throughout the Atlantic Coast. He worked against such wrestlers as "Wild Bull" Curry and Larry Hamilton.[1] He also formed a tag team with Don Eagle from 1956 to 1959.[2] As a team, they faced a wide variety of opponents, including Ray Stevens, Boris Malenko, and Fritz Von Erich. From 1957 to 1959, he wrestled primarily in North Carolina, also teaming with Antonino Rocca and Red Bastien.[1]

With George Becker, Two Rivers held his first championship belt. On April 6, 1959, they won the Southern version of the NWA Southern Tag Team Championship by defeating Alberto and Enrique Torres. They held the title for three months before dropping them to the team of Mr. Moto and Duke Keomuka.[6] After losing the championship, Two Rivers considered moving to Calgary, Alberta, to work for Stampede Wrestling. Ray Napolitano, a wrestler from the United Kingdom, told him to consider moving overseas. He flipped a coin to decide and it chose the UK, where he began working in October 1959.[1][2]

1960s

[edit]

Wrestling in England and Scotland, Two Rivers gained fame due to his First Nations heritage. He wore a feathered headdress, had a Mohawk hairstyle, and performed a war dance during some of his matches. He has stated that he was a "journeyman" wrestler rather than a major star, and that people wanted to see him because he was "an attraction".[2] In the UK, Paul LeDuc said he was "treated like a god".[1]

Two Rivers returned to the United States in September 1965 and resumed wrestling in North Carolina. After six months, which included teaming with Karl Gotch to defeat the Blond Bombers (Rip Hawk and Swede Hanson), he left for Japan until at least May 13, 1966, after which point there is no record of him wrestling again until 1971.[1]

1970s

[edit]

In 1971 and 1972, Two Rivers had several matches in Ontario and Quebec, often as part of a tag team with Johnny War Eagle. The following year, he returned to the United Kingdom, where he stayed to wrestle until late in 1974. At that point, he wrestled several matches in Germany before returning to Canada.[1] He returned because his family asked him to spend more time at home.[2] In the Montreal-based Grand Prix Wrestling (GPW), he held the GPW Tag Team Championship while teaming with Jean War Eagle in 1974.[7] He remained in Canada, facing such wrestlers as Sailor White, The Sheik, and Kurt Von Hess, for the rest of his career.[1] His final title victory came on August 3, 1976, when he defeated Serge Dumont to win the Canadian International Heavyweight Championship. He retired in 1977,[1] and has stated that one of the best parts of his career was "ending my career healthy".[2]

He served as the curator of the Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum section for First Nations wrestlers, "War Chiefs of the Mat".[4]

Political life

[edit]

After retiring from wrestling, Two Rivers became involved in the governance of the Kahnawake reservation, serving as an elder,[3] chief,[8] and councillor.[9]

In 1990, Two Rivers helped lead the Mohawk nation during the Oka Crisis. A golf course in the village of Oka, Quebec, planned to expand onto land claimed by the Mohawk as traditional land. The Mohawk people objected to the plan to cut down a sacred grove of pines and build on their burial ground. During the dispute, the First Nations group blockaded a bridge, and a member of the Sûreté du Québec was killed.[10][11][12]

On his death in 2023, the Mohawk Council of Kahnawake described Two Rivers as "hugely influential" during the 1990 crisis as the right-hand man to Grand Chief Joseph Norton.[13]

Acting

[edit]

Two Rivers appeared in several films, including Pocahontas: The Legend,[14] Black Robe, and Taking Lives.[15] He is in the 1973 documentary The Wrestling Queen,[16] and the made-for-television movies Red Earth, White Earth and Northern Passage.[17]

Personal life

[edit]

Two Rivers was the father of British fashion designer Wayne Hemingway.[18][19]

Death

[edit]

Two Rivers died in Kahnawake on February 12, 2023, at the age of 87.[20]

[edit]

Two Rivers' name has entered popular culture in many forms. A British racing horse shared it.[18] The British band The Dogs D'Amour named a song after him on its In the Dynamite Jet Saloon album in 1988.[21] He plays a large role in Pulitzer Prize-winner Paul Muldoon's poem "My Father and I and Billy Two Rivers". The poem discusses watching him in a wrestling match and compares the predetermined outcome to the Boston Tea Party.[22]

After learning a photograph of him was to be featured on the cover of Van Morrison's September 2017 album Roll with the Punches, Two Rivers sued the singer and his label, Universal Music Group, in July, claiming they did not seek permission to use his likeness. On August 4, his lawyer announced the parties had agreed in principle to settle out of court, and were negotiating details toward dismissing the now-suspended suit.[23][24]

Wrestling championships and accomplishments

[edit]

Filmography

[edit]

Film

[edit]
  • Black Robe (1991) - Ougebmat (also Mohawk-language translator)
  • Pocahontas: The Legend (1995) - Mochiqua
  • Bolt (1995, direct-to-video) - Indian
  • Musketeers Forever (1998, direct-to-video) - Elder
  • Taking Lives (2004) - Car Salesman

Television

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Nevada, Vance. "Billy Two Rivers". SLAM! Wrestling. Retrieved July 24, 2009.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Oliver, Greg. "Canadian Hall of Fame: Billy Two Rivers". SLAM! Wrestling. Retrieved July 24, 2009.
  3. ^ a b "37th Parliament, 2nd Session Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Northern Development and Natural Resources". Parliament of Canada. March 26, 2003. Retrieved July 26, 2009.
  4. ^ a b c "Chiefs and Champions: Billy Two Rivers". Moving Images Distribution. Moving Images Distribution. Retrieved November 1, 2017.
  5. ^ Duncan, Royal; Gary Will (2006). "(United States: 19th Century & widely defended titles – NWA, WWF, AWA, IWA, ECW, NWA) AWA American Wrestling Association World Title [Paul Bowser]". Wrestling Title Histories. Archeus Communications. pp. 10–11. ISBN 0-9698161-5-4.
  6. ^ a b Duncan, Royal; Gary Will (2006). "(Carolinas) Charlotte: NWA Southern Tag Team Title [Jim Crockett]". Wrestling Title Histories. Archeus Communications. p. 114. ISBN 0-9698161-5-4.
  7. ^ a b "Wrestler Profiles: Billy Two Rivers". Online World of Wrestling. Retrieved July 25, 2009.
  8. ^ "Evidence: Transport (27)". Parliament of Canada. October 23, 1996. Retrieved July 26, 2009.
  9. ^ Lockyer, Debora (March 1, 1996). "Complaints lodged against radio stations". Wind Speaker. Retrieved July 26, 2009.
  10. ^ Paterson, Alex K. (2005). My Life at the Bar and Beyond. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 122. ISBN 0-7735-2988-8.
  11. ^ Austin, Luanne (November 15, 2007). "American Indian Quilt Exhibit Reflects Heritage, History". The Daily News Record.
  12. ^ "Film captures the intensity of Oka Crisis". The Edmonton Journal. June 7, 2006. Archived from the original on September 6, 2009. Retrieved July 26, 2009.
  13. ^ Thanh, Ha Tu (February 13, 2023). "Mohawk wrestler was 'hugely influential' during 1990 crisis". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
  14. ^ Abley, Mark (2005). Spoken Here: Travels Among Threatened Languages. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 181. ISBN 0-618-56583-3.
  15. ^ "Filmography of Billy Two Rivers". Blockbuster Video. Archived from the original on July 20, 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2009.
  16. ^ "Wrestling Queen DVD". Universal Wrestling. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved July 26, 2009.
  17. ^ "Billy Two Rivers". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. 2012. Archived from the original on October 22, 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2009.
  18. ^ a b "Tattenham Corner". The Observer. July 14, 2002. Retrieved July 24, 2009.
  19. ^ "Red Indian's Son in Style Pow-Wow". The Cumberland News. November 23, 2004. Archived from the original on July 24, 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2009.
  20. ^ "Billy Two Rivers Dead at 87 ... a personal take". Slam Wrestling. February 12, 2023. Retrieved February 13, 2023.
  21. ^ "Dynamite Jet Saloon/Graveyard [Import]". Amazon. Retrieved July 24, 2009.
  22. ^ Lesman, Robert (2007). "Shams and Cover-ups: The Spectacle of History in Paul Muldoon's "Meeting the British" and "My Father and I and Billy Two Rivers"" (PDF). Estudios Irlandeses (2): 89. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 18, 2010.
  23. ^ "Billy Two Rivers, former pro wrestler, to settle lawsuit against Van Morrison". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. August 4, 2017.
  24. ^ Hogan, Marc (August 26, 2021). "A Brief History of Musicians Being Sued by Their Album Cover Subjects". Pitchfork. Retrieved December 8, 2021.
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